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Abstract - In this theoretical study a mathematical model The fact that the hemodynamic factors play a commendable
is developed to study the effect of stenosis on flow behaviour role in the genesis and growth of the disease has attracted
of the streaming blood through an atherosclerotic artery in many researchers to explore modern approach and
the presence of magnetic field. The non-Newtonian sophisticated mathematical models for investigation on
character of blood is taken into account using Casson fluid flow through stenosed arteries. To illuminate the effects of
model of the blood. The coupled differential equations stenosis present in the arterial lumen intensive
governing the MHD flow of blood are solved by a combined experimental and theoretical researches have been carried
use of analytical and numerical techniques in the out worldwide for both normal and stenotic arteries. In
appropriate boundary conditions. The geometry of the most of the investigations relevant to the domain under
asymmetric shape of the stenosis assumed to be manifested discussion, the Newtonian model of blood (single phase
in the arterial segment is given due consideration in the homogeneous viscous fluid) was accepted. This model of
analysis. An extensive quantitative analysis is performed blood is acceptable for high shear rate in case of flow
through large scale numerical computations of the through narrow arteries of diameter 1000m.
measurable flow variables having more physiological Experimental observations reveal that blood being
significance by developing computer codes. Some important predominantly a suspension of erythrocytes in plasma
observations having medical interest in the flow of the blood exhibits remarkable non-Newtonian behaviour when it
in the stenosed arteries are obtained. flows through narrow arteries, at low shear rate
particularly, in diseased state when clotting effects in small
Key Words: Stenosis; Casson fluid; Magnetic field; Shear arteries are present. A more comprehensive study on the
stress; Slip velocity diagnosis, prevention and treatment of stenosis related
diseases suggest that an accurate description of blood flow
1. INTRODUCTION requires consideration of erythrocytes (red cells) as
discrete particles in small arteries. In view of their
Stenosis , (borrowed from Ancient Greek ) is observations it is preferable to represent the flow of blood
defined as the abnormal narrowing of body passage tube in narrow arteries by a non-Newtonian fluid. H-B fluid
or orifice that cause serious circulatory disorders leading model and Casson fluid models are generally used in the
to cardiac failure. While the exact mechanism of the theoretical investigation of blood through narrow arteries.
formation of stenosis in a conclusive manner is unclear Due to the presence of the substances like proteins,
from the standpoint of anatomy, physiology and pathology, fibrinogens and globulin in an aqueous base plasma human
the abnormal deposition of various substances like red blood cells can form a chain like structure, known as
cholesterol, fat on the endothelium of the arterial wall and aggregates or rouleaux. As the rouleaux behaves like a
proliferation of connected tissues accelerate the growth of plastic solid then there exists a yield stress that can be
the disease. Once the constriction in the artery develops identified with the constant yield stress in Cassons fluid. So,
cholesterol, fat and other substances build up in the inner many investigations have reported that blood may be better
lining of the artery and this natural process is called described by Casson fluid model at low shear rates as blood
possesses a finite non-zero yield stress.
1.1 Carotid Circulatory Disorders:
Also blood may be considered as a suspension of magnetic
particles (red cells) in non-magnetic plasma due to the
It generally disturbs the normal blood flow leading to
presence of hemoglobin (an iron compound) in red cells.
malfunctioning of the hemodynamic system and the
Many researchers have investigated the effect of magnetic
cardiovascular system. Carotid Artery Stenosis is a major
field on blood flow treating blood as an electrically
risk factor for Ischemic Stroke (most common form of
conductive fluid. The conductive flow in the presence of a
stroke usually caused by blood clot plugging in artery.)
magnetic field induces voltage and current leading to a
decrease in flow. The importance of heat transfer on artery
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1856
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
r cr
0
c
0
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
r
cr 2
r c o
r
2 0
1 1
u 2 cr 2
2 1
cr cr 0 F2
r c c 2
2 2 r 2
1 1
u 2 cr 2
1
F 2 0 2
r 2
1
u cr
F 2 0 2
2 cr 0 2
r 2 2
1
u cr 02
r F 22 2 0 2 F 22
1 cr
u
cr 2
0r
2 2 r
3
2
c 0 2 k
2 2
4F 2 F2 3F 2 2 (5)
At, u = us at r = Rz
1
cR 2 z 0 R z 3
c 0 2 k
us 2 2 R 2
z
4F 22 F 22 3F 2 2
(6)
1 1
P
u F1
H r 2
0r
3
P F 1 H us P F 1 H R 2 z 0 2 2
2
2 2 r
z z 4 F 2 2 F 2 2 3F 2 2 z z z z 4 F 2 2
1 1
0R z 3
0 2 P H 2
2 2R 2
z F1
F 22 3F 2 2 z z
(7)
The volumetric flow rate Q, is given by:
R z
Q 0
ru.dr
R z
= cr 4
1 1
0r 3
4 2r
7
2
0 2 12
c usr c
R2 z r 2 0 R z r 2
3
2 2R z
2
0 2 2 12
rc
16 F 2 3F 2
2 2
7F 2 2
8F 2 2
2F 2 2
6F 2 2
0
1 1
cR 4 z 0 R 3 z 7
0 2 c 12 usR z c R 4 z 0 R3 z 2 2 R 72 z 0 2 c 12
4 2 R 2
z 2 (8)
16 F 2 2 3F 2 2 7 F 22 8F 2 2 2F 22 6F 2
1 1
P H R4 z 0R z 0 2 P H 2
3 7
Q F1 2 R 2
z F1 usR z (9)
z z 8F 2 z z
2 2
6F 2 7 F 22
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
R z
2 2 0cR z c 0
F2 2
(11)
P H P H R z
c 2
2 0 F 1 R z F 1 0
F 2 z z z z 2
(12)
Fig.3 Variation of Blood velocity (u) vs Radial axis (r) for
different values of H/z with us=0.05
3. NUMERICAL RESULTS & DISCUSSION
In Fig.3 the above case is considered with slip velocity and
A specific numerical illustration is presented in the there is slight increase in the magnitude of u.
analysis considering some particular values of the
different physical and rheological parameters. The
purpose of this numerical computation is to examine the
validity of the model under consideration. To discuss the
results of the study quantitatively, the values of the
different constants and rheological parameters from
standard literatures are taken.
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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Variation of flow rate Q with axial distance z for different Fig.18 exhibit the variation of Q with axial distance z with
values of stenosis height are given due consideration in varying pressure gradient . It is easy to see that flow rate
Fig.16. It is observed that the flow rate increases from z =0 shows an increasing trend but as pressure gradient
to z=1 and then remains constant. The consideration of slip increases its magnitude decreases.
velocity in Fig.17 enhances the magnitude of Q by a very
small amount.
Fig.16 Variation of Volumetric flow (Q) vs Axial axis (z) Fig.19 Variation of Volumetric flow (Q) vs Axial axis (z)
for different values of /Ro with us = 0 for different values of P/z with us = 0.05
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4. CONCLUSION
Fig.27 Variation of Shear stress (c) vs Axial axis (z) for 5. REFERENCES
different values of m.
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