What is diffrence between TCP/IP and UDP?

1. TCP(Transmission Control Protocol). TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, a connection can be made

from client to server, and from then on any data can be sent along that connection.
o Reliable - when you send a message along a TCP socket, you know it will get there unless the
connection fails completely. If it gets lost along the way, the server will re-request the lost part. This
means complete integrity, things don't get corrupted.
o Ordered - if you send two messages along a connection, one after the other, you know the first
message will get there first. You don't have to worry about data arriving in the wrong order.
o Heavyweight - when the low level parts of the TCP "stream" arrive in the wrong order, resend
requests have to be sent, and all the out of sequence parts have to be put back together, so requires a
bit of work to piece together.
2. UDP(User Datagram Protocol). A simpler message-based connectionless protocol. With UDP you send
messages(packets) across the network in chunks.
o Unreliable - When you send a message, you don't know if it'll get there, it could get lost on the way.
o Not ordered - If you send two messages out, you don't know what order they'll arrive in.
o Lightweight - No ordering of messages, no tracking connections, etc. It's just fire and forget! This
means it's a lot quicker, and the network card / OS have to do very little work to translate the data
back from the packets.

What is different between layer 2 Switch and Layer

layer 2 is for peer to peer communication,

layer 3 is for process to process commmunication

There is only one big diffrence between layer 2 and layer 3 swithces is that we are able to do routing in interanetwork
with Layer 3 swithces which is not possible to do with layer 2. Cisco 2950 catalyst swithe is the example of that.

Ex: of layer 2 switches 1912, 2950,

layer 3 switches 4503, 5500

Peer is identified by MAC address

Process is identified by Socket ( ie IP address+Port Number)
So, Layer 2 switch works on Layer 2 & it uses MAC address for operation,so we called it peer-to-peer
whereas Layer 3 switch works on Layer 3 & it uses Socket (IP address & Port Number) for operations,Thats Y we
call it Process-to-Process

What is tcp/ip?
TCP/IP full form is transmission control protocol / Internet protocol
TCP/IP is the commucation protocol in simple terms . Protocol here means set of rules being defined to establish
connection between two nodes and have secure transfer between them.
There are various protocols to talk about when we are focusing tcp/ip
1) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
2) IP ( Internet Protocol )
3) UDP ( User Datagram Protocol )
4) ICMP ( internet Control Message Protocol )
5) DHCP ( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

TCP and UDP

TCP is basically concerned with the communication between the applications over the internet. It is reliable than
UDP ( User datagram Protocol ). It is connection oriented protocol.

Responsibility of TCP is to create packet before it has been sent through network.

IP : -IP here means Internet Protocol. It is connection less protocol. As it is connection less communication protocol
it does not occupy communication line between the computers. This reduces the need of network lines. So many
computer can interact each other.

Responsibility of IP protocol is to send the packet form by TCP to the destination. It should be send in correct
address.

ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP takes care of error handling in the network.

DHCP is used for allocation of dynamic IP addresses to computers in a network

Lastly i want to say that tcp and ip works together to have secure data transfer from one computer to another.

TCP/IP is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. Primarily it is a set of two communication protocols
(TCP/UDP) that an application uses to package its information for sending across a network or networks.

TCP/IP is a protocol suite as it consists of a collection of protocols. this collection of protocols includes application
protocols that helps to perform tasks as email, file transfers, and terminal emulation. the other additional supporting
protocols like TCP and IP help to package the applications data for transmission. Apart from this there are protocols
like Ethernet and Token Ring that help to transmit the data physically through the cable.
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The dominant protocol suite in the worldwide Internet,
TCP is Layer 4, the transport layer. IP is Layer 3, the network layer.

What is difference between public ip and private ip

A Public IP address allows a network to be identified on the Internet and is usually the IP address of the device's
interface that connects to the Internet, public IP addresses are usually issued by the ISP. Any IP address behind the
Public IP address would not be viewable by anyone on the Internet whether they were public or private. Private is
actually a range of IP addresses reserved for use on any device behind the Internet connection and was
established for good practice.

IP Classes and Ranges

A-10.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0 /8
B-128.0.0.0 - 191.0.0.0 /16
C-192.0.0.0 - 223.0.0.0 /24
D-224.0.0.0 - 247.0.0.0 Used for MULTICASTING
E-248.0.0.0 - 255.0.0.0 Used for EXPERIMENTAL purposes

Private addresses as specified by RFC 1918

10.0.0.0/8
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0/16
192.168.0.0/24
-----------------------------
169.254.0.0 automatic private
-----------------------------
*** Please note: 127.0.0.0 is reserved for loopback purposes.
A Public IP address are the address which are routable on the Internet and it is visible to everone.It is usually the IP
address of the device's interface that connects to the Internet, public IP addresses are usually issued by the ISP.
A Private IP address are the range of address which is spcified by IEANA for use in internal LAN.it is not visible to
everyone and ip address cannot be routed on the internet.The range of private Ip address are:
class A 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.254

class B 172.16.0.1 to 172.31.255.254

class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.254

A Private IP address are the range of address which is spcified by IEANA for use in internal LAN.it is not visible to
everyone and ip address cannot be routed on the internet.The range of private Ip address are: class A 10.0.0.1 to
10.255.255.254class B 172.16.0.1 to 172.31.255.254class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.254public ip address are
the address which are used by ISP(Internet Service Provider)

What is the difference between layer 3 switch and router

Generally, Layer 3 switches are faster than routers, but they usually lack some of the advanced functionalities of
routers. Specifically, a router is a device that routes the packets to their destination. What this means is that a router
analyzes the Layer 3 destination address of every packet, and devises the best next hop for it. This process takes
time, and hence every packet encounters some delay because of this.
In a Layer 3 switch, on the other hand, whenever a routing table searches for any specific destination, a cache entry
is made in a fast memory. This cache entry contains the source-destination pair and next hop address. Once this
cache entry is in place, the next packet with the same source and destination pair does not have to go through the
entire process of searching the routing table. Next hop information is directly picked up from the cache. That's why
it is called route once switch many. This way, a Layer 3 switch can route packets much faster than the router.

Having explained the mechanism of both a router and a Layer 3 switch, let me also tell you that router has some
advanced routing functionality, which Layer 3 switches lack. Layer 3 switches are primarily used in the LAN
environment, where you need routing. Routers are used in the WAN environment. These days lots of people have
started using layer 3 switches in WAN environment, like MPLS.

What is the difference between windows server 2003 and windows server 2000 and operating system ?
The Main Difference Between Win 2000 Server and Win 2003 Server are1)Windows 2003 server is more secure
than Windows 2000 sever.2)In win 2000 sever IIS version is 5.0, In win 2003 server IIS version is 6.0 so it contain
some advanced features.3)In Win 2003 Server we can apply more Group policies.4)In Win 2003 Server Active
Directory also contain more features.5)There are 4 types of Editions available in Win 2003 server 1.Windows 2003
server standard Edition. 2.Windows 2003 server Enterprise Edition. 3.Windows 2003 server Web Edition.
4.Windows 2003 server Datacenter Edition.

In Win 2000 server we can apply 620 group policies but in 2003 we can apply nearly 720 so Win2003 server is
more secure than win 2000 server.

A) In 2000 we cannot rename domain whereas in 2003 we can rename Domain

B) In 2000 it supports of 8 processors and 64 GB RAM (In 2000 Advance Server) whereas in 2003 supports up to
64 processors and max of 512GB RAM

C)2000 Supports IIS 5.0 and 2003 Supports IIS6.0

D) 2000 doesn’t support Dot net whereas 2003 Supports Microsoft .NET 2.0
E) 2000 has Server and Advance Server editions whereas 2003 has Standard, Enterprise, Datacentre and Web
server Editions.

F) 2000 doesn’t have any 64 bit server operating system whereas 2003 has 64 bit server operating systems
(Windows Server 2003 X64 Std and Enterprise Edition)

G) 2000 has basic concept of DFS (Distributed File systems) with defined roots whereas 2003 has Enhanced DFS
support with multiple roots.

H) In 2000 there is complexality in administering Complex networks whereas 2003 is easy administration in all &
Complex networks

I) In 2000 we can create 1 million users and in 2003 we can create 1 billion users.

J) In 2003 we have concept of Volume shadow copy service which is used to create hard disk snap shot which is
used in Disaster recovery and 2000 doesn’t have this service.

K) In 2000 we don’t have end user policy management, whereas in 2003 we have a End user policy management
which is done in GPMC (Group policy management console).

L) In 2000 we have cross domain trust relation ship and 2003 we have Cross forest trust relationship.

M) 2000 Supports 4-node clustering and 2003 supports 8-node clustering.

N) 2003 has High HCL Support (Hardware Compatibility List) issued by Microsoft

O) Code name of 2000 is Win NT 5.0 and Code name of 2003 is Win NT 5.1

P) 2003 has service called ADFS (Active Directory Federation Services) which is used to communicate between
branches with safe authentication.

Q) In 2003 their is improved storage management using service File Server Resource Manager (FSRM)

R) 2003 has service called Windows Share point Services (It is an integrated portfolio of collaboration and
communication services designed to connect people, information, processes, and systems both within and beyond
the organizational firewall.)

S) 2003 has Improved Print management compared to 2000 server

T) 2003 has telnet sessions available.

U) 2000 supports IPV4 whereas 2003 supports IPV4 and IPV6

The Main Difference Between Win 2000 Server and Win 2003 Server are In win2000 There is no concept of
domail renaming Where as in 2003 domain renaming is possiable.&In win 2000 it will not support cross forest trust
relationship Where as in 2003 we can.&In win 2000 IIS,NET FRAMEWORK installed manually But in 2003
IIS,.NET FRAMEWORK installed automatically& there is more updation on DFS

Windows 2000:
1. We can apply 620 group policy
2 No restore option
3. Simultaneously 10 users can access on network
4. We can make nearly 1 million users
Windows 2003:
1. We can apply 720 group policy
2. Restore option
3. Simultaneously unlimited users can access on the network
4. We can make one billion users

Why do we use Subnet mask? What are its uses?

Subnetmask is use to isolate the network ID and Host ID. eg- if an IP is:192.168.0.1 then the default subnet
is:255.255.255.0 because it is a C Class Address C Class Add. have 3 network octate and 1 host octate i.e.network
ID :192.168.0.0

host ID : 0.0.0.1

A subnet allows the flow of network traffic between hosts to be segregated based on a network configuration. By
organizing hosts into logical groups, subnetting can improve network security and performance. the most
recognizable aspect of subnetting is the subnet mask. Like IP addresses, a subnet mask contains four bytes (32
bits) and is often written using the same "dotted-decimal" notation. For example, a very common subnet mask in its
binary representation
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
is typically shown in the equivalent, more readable form
255.255.255.0

What is a DNS ? How it works ?

DNS stands for Domain name server . It's primary purpose is to convert user friendly names to ip adresses . We
have two zones in DNS 1. Forward look-up zone : converts names to ip-addresses .2. Reverse look-up zone :
convert ip addresses to name or FQDN .Usually when we configure mail servers we have to configure reverse
look-up zone . This zone configuration provides a feature of spam protection in mail servers .Now lets look how it
works :1.When a DNS name resolution request is forwarded to a DNS server, the DNS server examines its local
DNS cache for the IP address. 2. If the IP address is not in the DNS server's cache, it checks its Hosts file. (Since
the Hosts file is a static text file, it is not commonly used.) 3. If the DNS server is not authoritative and configured
for forwarding, the DNS server forwards the request to a higher-level DNS server4.If the DNS server cannot
forward the request, or if forwarding fails, the DNS server uses its Root Hints file (also known as Cache.dns). The
Root Hints file lists the 13 root DNS servers. 5. The root DNS server responds with the address of a com, edu, net,
or other DNS server type (depending on the request). 6.The DNS server forwards the request to the high-level DNS
server, which can respond with a variety of IP addresses.

dns refers to domain name server.it is basically a table which contains the ip addresses corresponding to each and
every url.whenever we hit any url in internet explorer,dns is called and the corresponding ip address is called thus
calling the corresponding server.it is used because it is really hard to remember ip addresses of each and every
server.thus we remember names easily and no need of remembering ip addresses when we use dns.

What is the difference between win 2000 ADS and win 2003 ADS?
1) In 2000 we cannot rename domain where as in 2003 we can rename domain.
2) 2000 supports IIS 5.0 and 2003 supports IIS 6.0 .
3) 2000 supports 4-node clustering and 2003 supports 8-node clustering .
4) Code name of 200 is Win NT 5.0 and Code name of 2003 is Win NT 6.0 .
5) 2000 supports IP V.04 where as 2003 supports IP V.04 & 0.6 both .
6) 2000 doesn't support Dot Net where as 2003 supports Dot Net 0.2 .

There are many features in windows 2003 domain controller as compares to windows 2000 DC like
1- We can create cross forest link trust .
2- Can rename domain name.
3- More scaleable
4- Have the features of ADAM (active directory application mode)
5- Support more processor compares to windows 2000

how to configure dhcp server?

For Configuring DHCP 1stly u need 2 have one static IP Address. Win2000/2003 server, DNS Service should be
stared for Replication. After meeting minimum requirements go to Network services in control panel and install
DHCP service.

For configure DHCP u need to first choose which ip range u want to assign for your Network. Before that u need to
authorize dhcp server in Active Directory. After that u need to create pool of ip address that is scope. It also need to
activate.

And finally Installing DHCP is easy. Authorizing and Activating are straightforward. The toughest part is
investigating all the Scope options and decide whether to implement them at the Server or Scope leve

You should have a Active Directory then follow the below process:

Start-> Settings -> Control Panel -> Add or Remove Programs -> Add/Remove Windows Components -> Select
Networking services -> goto Details -> Check Box DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol -> ok -> ok -> ok
-> Next -> Finish.

Then you have to goto programs -> Admin tools -> DHCP -> then create a new scope and assign range of IP
address which will assign to the clients automatically through Dora Process.

in tcp/ip udp is connection less , why?

the UDP is connectionless is because,Packets are sent over the network without regard to whether they actually
arrive at their destinations. There are no acknowledgments or guarantees, but you can send a datagram to many
different destinations at the same time. Connectionless protocols are fast because no time is used in establishing and
tearing down connections. Connectionless protocols are also referred to as best-effort protocols.

Can we have 2 DHCP servers within 1 network ?

Yes, we can create as much scopes on the same network. For this what we have to do:- First we can create more
than one scope and afterwards we have to create superscope, and merge as much scopes in that. This is mainly use
for load balancing of network and fault tolerance.

Yes, we can have as many multiple DHCP servers, as it can asign IPs from the same scope are different scope.
Depends upon the requirement. Like we can have some thing called as stand-by server or secondary server incase
the primary fails.

Describe the OSI model?

Open System Interconnection, an ISO standard for worldwide communications that defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven
layers.The seven layers & Functions are:

1)Application Layer: Data in the form of Messages.

2)Presentation Layer: Data in the form of segments.

3)Session Layer : Data in the form of segments.

4)Transport Layer : Date in the form of segments.

5)Network Layer : Data in the form of Packets.

6)Datalink Layer : Data in the form of Frames.

7)Physical Layer : Data in the form of Bits.

1) Application Layer:Interface between user and network.It provide user interface application.

2) Presentation Layer:Negoiate the data exchange format.

3)Session Layer:Allow user to establish connection using easily remember names.

4) Transport Layer:Provides end to end reliable transfer.

5) Network Layer:Routes the data through a large network.

6) Data Link Layer: it determine access to the network media.

7) Physical Layer:it convert frames into bits.

Open system interconnecting its a standerd model by ISO for comminication all over the world .

Its seven layer

1. Application layer:- Example Like TElnet

2. Prestation Layer:- Encoding,decoding data or How to present like jpg many other

3. Session layer: It creat session Between the application

4. Transport Layer: It Transfer the data (UDP and TCP)

5. Network Layer:IT determine the path or packect swiching

6. Data Link Layer: It depend on LLC

7. Phisical Layer: Examle cable or hub

What is difference between terminal service and remote desktop?

Terminal Services is a component of Microsoft Windows operating systems (both client and server versions) that
allows a user to access applications or data stored on a remote computer over a network connection. Terminal
Services is Microsoft's take on server centric computing, which allows individual users to acces network resources
easily.

Remote desktop is working with the help of Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a multi-channel protocol that
allows a user to connect to a computer running Microsoft Terminal Services. The server listens by default on TCP
port 3389.

Terminal service is client server environment where one computer acting as a terminal server which will serve the
requests from the TS clients. This can be two modes one is Application Server mode, the other is Remote
Administration mode. The former is used to access the applications on the server which requires licence and the later is
used to remote administration which does not require licence.
Remote Desktop sharing is similar to Terminal service's Remote Administration mode.But the diffrence is there is
no client and server environment. This is simply used to share one another's desktop in the network

What is difference between Domain and Work group?

Workgroup:
1. All computers are peers; no computer has control over another computer.
2. Each computer has a set of user accounts. To use any computer in the workgroup, you must have an account on
that computer.
3. There are typically no more than ten to twenty computers.
4. All computers must be on the same local network or subnet.

Domain:
1. One or more computers are servers. Network administrators use servers to control the security and permissions
for all computers on the domain. This makes it easy to make changes because the changes are automatically made
to all computers.
2. If you have a user account on the domain, you can log on to any computer on the domain without needing an
account on that computer.
3. There can be hundreds or thousands of computers.
4. The computers can be on different local networks.