Ms. Jocelyn P.

Luyon
BIOL 106k

References:
Miller & Spoolman ( 2011). Introduction to Environmental Science
Greenpeace (2007). The State of Water Resources in the Philippines.
 Water as a resource
Distribution
Water demand
State of Water Resources in the Philippines

Global water cycle

Definition
Processes

Water Pollution
Point source
Non-point source

Sustainable usage of water

 The worlds thirst for water is
likely to become one of the
most pressing resource issues
of the 21st century.
- World Resources, a publication of the United
Nations Environment Program, the World Bank
and the World Resources Institute
 The experts foresee that war
of the next century will be
fought over water and not for
the oil.
- Manzoor, 2011
 Helps to sculpt the surface of the
earth

Moderates our climate

Removes and dilute waste pollutants

 Yet our water needs are so much greater
than simply keeping our bodies hydrate:
grow our food
generate our electricity
manufacture our clothes

2,000 gallons of water per person each

day to support an American lifestyle
(National Geographics Water Footprint
calculator)
That places a lot of strain on the freshwater
systems of our planet.
 The answer depends on where they live and on
their socioeconomic status
Under primitive conditions a person will consume
3 to 5 gallons per day for drinking and
subsistence farming
In a city where water is also used for cleaning,
manufacturing, and sanitation,

In the United States, which has among the

highest water consumption rates in the world,
each person uses an average of 1,340 gallons of
water per day.

 As of 2002, 1.1 billion people around the world (17

percent of global population) did not have access to
safe drinking water
2.6 billion people (42 percent of global population)
lived without adequate sanitation
As a result, millions of people die each year of
preventable water-related diseases
Most of the countries with inadequate supplies of
safe drinking water are located in Africa, Asia, and the
Pacific, but problems persist elsewhere as well
For example, many households lack adequate sewage
treatment services in Eastern Europe. And inequity among
water users is widespread: cities often receive better service
than rural areas, and many poor communities in both rural
and urban areas lack clean water and sanitation
Table 2 shows how much water is required to produce common
goods and services.
 Of the water withdrawn for human use:
65 percent went to agriculture
10 percent to domestic use (households,
municipal water systems, commercial use, and
public services)
20 percent to industry (mostly electric power
production)
5 percent evaporated from reservoirs
About 70 percent of the water used for agriculture was
consumed, compared to 14 percent of water used for
domestic consumption and 11 percent of water used for
industry.
 Process of providing water in systematic way
through installed pumps and pipe lines
Before water is provided to a specific area, it
undergoes sanitation to ensure that the quality
of water is safe for human consumption
Water supply system dates back to 1946 after the
country achieved its independence
Government, local institutions, NGO, and other
corporations are incharge in the operation and
administration
 Main sources of water:
Rivers
Lakes
River basins
Groundwater reservoirs

Cagayan River-longest and largest river;

discharges 53,943 million cubic meters (m3)
annually; its groundwater reserves are 47,895
million cubic meters replenished by rainfall
and seepage from rivers and lakes
Lakes utilized mainly for fish cultivation
 4 major groundwater reservoirs: Cagayan,
Central Luzon, Agusan and Cotabato
438 major dams and 423 smaller dams
Dams and reservoirs- mainly used for water
storage, water supply, irrigation, regulation of
flood, and hydropower.

Manila metropolitan area water is mostly

supplied by the Angat dam, Ipo dam, and La
Mesa dam (also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa
water system)
 Ambuklao Dam - Photo of Ambuklao Dam
developed for flood
control, irrigation, and
hydroelectric power
source of Baguio and
some places in Luzon.
Magat Dam a major
source of irrigation water
and hydroelectric power
in Isabela
 28.52 billion cubic meter of water was
withdrawn from various sources in 2000:
AGRICULTURAL: 74% (21.10 billion cubic
meter)
INDUSTRIAL: 9% ( 2.57 billion m3 )
DOMESTIC : 17% (4.85 billion m3 )
 AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES:
Agricultural management primarily
focuses on the subject of irrigation
The country has 3.126 million hectares
of irrigable land; 50% (1.56 million
hectares) of which has irrigation
facilities
 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES:
Utilization of water in factories, industrial plants
and mines, and the use of water as an ingredient of
a finished product
Industries that are found to be water intensive:
manufacturing of food and dairy, pulp and chemical
products and textile materials
Found in NCR, CALABARZON and REGION 3
According to UNIDO (1999): the intensive use of
water in industry is critical in terms of the
production of hazardous wastes; thousand of tons
of solvent wastes, heavy metals, lubricants are
improperly disposed annually in Metro Manila.
 DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION:
The medium of water provision is dependent
on the income class of a certain household:
higher income brackets rely on private
waterworks as a source of water, while lower
income brackets consume less by depending
on vended (sold to those who have access to
private waterworks)
Lower income households pay much higher
water prices than higher income households
because of their lack of access to water
service providers.
Current Charges Before Tax
Basic charge: This covers the cost of operating, maintaining, improving and expanding the distribution network, as
well as the facilities responsible for bringing potable water to the end user. The Basic Charge is based on the latest
approved tariff schedule.
Foreign Currency Different Adjustment (FCDA): This is a percentage of the Basic Charge which accounts for
fluctuations of the Philippine Peso against other countries' currencies subject to periodic review and adjustment. The
FCDA for the second quarter of 2015 is 0.18% of the Basic Charge.
Environmental Charge: This is for the mitigation of environmental impacts in the course of water and wastewater
operation. It is 20% of the Basic Charge applicable to all customers.
Sewer Charge: 0% of the Basic Charge is added for Residential and Semi-Business customers with a sewer line
connection. 30% of Basic Charge, on the other hand, is charged for Commercial and Industrial customers.
Maintenance Service Charge: This covers the maintenance of the water meter. The charge changes depending on
the size of the water meter. The minimum charge is 1.50 Philippine pesos for a 13mm-sized meter.
Value Added Tax
The value added tax (VAT) is charged by the government and accounts to 12% of the sum of the items included in
current charges before tax.
Other charges
These are special miscellaneous charges such as connection fees, unscheduled desludging of septic tank service fees,
etc.
Previous Unpaid Amount
This pertains to charges billed prior to the billing period. This should be settled immediately together with the current
charges to avoid disconnection of water service.
Tariffs
The fragmented sector led to different tariff structures and levels according to the respective management model.
The connection fees, which are charged in most of the cases, often impede new connections for poverty-stricken
 In 2000, the average water production: 175 liters
per day per capita (l/d/c)
According to National Water Resources Board
(NWRB): 118 l/d/c average consumption of
water in 2004
 1 out of 5 Filipinos does not get water from
formal sources (2005 Little Green Data Book of
the World Bank)
Only 77% of rural population and 90% of those in urban
areas have access to an improved water source and only
44% have direct house connections
Acess water from wells, springs, communal faucet and/or
from small scale informal providers (Madarzo, 2002).
Metro Manila is being served primarily by the Metropolitan
Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) through its 2
private concessionaires, the Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
and the Manila Water Company
WATER SUPPLY COMES MAINLY FROM SURFACE WATER
 9 water-critical urbanized areas where water is
consumed intensively (NWRB):
Metro Manila
Metro Cebu
Davao
Baguio City
Angeles City
Bacolod City
Iloilo City
Cagayan de Oro City and
Zamboanga City
 Freshwateris an irreplaceable
resource that we are managing
poorly
 WHO estimates that an average of 3,900 children
(< age 5) die from water-borne infectious
diseases
Lack of access to safe drinking water
Miller & Spoolman, 2011
 Increasing tensions within and between nations
over access to limited water resources that they
share
 Excessive withdrawal of water from rivers and
aquifers results in:
Dropping water tables
Lower river flows
Shrinking lakes
Losses of wetlands

Water Pollution results in:

Declining water quality
Lower fish population
Species extinction
Degradation of aquatic ecosystem
Core Case Study

Colorado River
 is one of the most used and contested waterways on
Earth
provides water for 30 million people
has many dams and diversions along its 1,450 miles
(2,333 kilometers)
Because it is so heavily tapped for agriculture, industry,
and municipal uses along its course, the Colorado River
rarely reaches its delta and the Gulf of California
About one-tenth of the river's former flow now makes it
to Mexico, but most of that is used for farming and cities
south of the border
Brian Clark Howard
 1. Unsustainable use of available water:
Wasting
Polluting
Charging too little

2. One of every six people does not have sufficient

access to clean water
 II-2: How can we increase water supplies?
II-2A: Groundwater
used to supply cities
grow food
is being pumped from aquifers in some areas later than it is
renewed by precipitation
 II-2B: Using dams, reservoirs, and water transfer projects to
provide water to arid regions
increased water supplies in some areas but has disrupted
ecosystems and displaced people

II-2C: convert salty ocean water to freshwater

resulting salty brine must be disposed of without harming
aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems
 II-I Will we have enough usable
water?
 The hydrologic cycle (WATER CYCLE) is also coupled
with material cycles because rainfall erodes and
weathers rock
Weathering breaks down rocks into gravel, sand, and
sediments, and is an important source of key
nutrients such as calcium and sulfur
Estimates from river outflows indicate that some 17
billion tons of material are transported into the
oceans each year, of which about 80 percent is
particulate and 20 percent is dissolved
On average, Earth's surface weathers at a rate of
about 0.5 millimeter per year
Actual rates may be much higher at specific locations and
may have been accelerated by human activities, such as
emissions from fossil fuel combustion that make rain and
snowfall more acidic.
 Water is an amazing substance that is necessary for life on earth
There is a fixed supply of it on our planet
Collects, purifies, and distributes this supply of water
Powered by energy from the sun- evaporation
3 processes: evaporation, precipitation and transpiration
Gravity draws back the water back to the earths surface as
precipitation
Precipitation takes various paths: surface run off, stored in glaciers,
groundwater,
Water flowing above ground through streams and lakes and below
ground in aquifers is naturally filtered and partially purified by
chemical and biological processes-mostly by the actions of
decomposer bacteria-as long as these natural processes are not
overloaded- thus, water cycle can be viewed as a cycle of natural
renewal of water quality
 II-3:How can we use water more sustainably ?
cutting water waste
raising water prices
slowing population growth
protecting aquifers, forests, and other ecosystems that
store and release water
 II-4: How can we reduce the threat of flooding?
protecting more wetlands and natural vegetation in
watersheds
by not building in areas subject to frequent flooding
 II-5: How can we deal with water pollution?
Do not overload the streams or reduce their flows
Water Pollution Reduction:
preventing it
working with nature in treating sewage
cutting resource use and waste
reducing poverty
slowing population growth
When the well is dry,

we know the worth of

water.
- BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, (1706-1790), Poor
Richard's Almanac, 1746