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    Información para diseño, escalación y selección de agitadores

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    Información para diseño, escalación y selección de agitadores

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    338 views42 pages

    Mixing of Liquids

    Uploaded by

    Ricardo Ramos
    Información para diseño, escalación y selección de agitadores

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 42
    Chapter 5 Mixing of Liquids ‘Mixing of fluids is necessary in many chemical process- es, Itmay include mixing of liquid with liquid, gas with lig- uid, or solids with liquid. Agitation of these fluid masses does not necessarily imply any signif al intimate and homogencous distribution of the fluids or particles, and for this reason mixing requires a definition. of degree and/or purpose to properly define the desired state of the system, amount of actu: Iu order for the snixing operation to accomplish the overall process requirement of this step in the system, itis necessary to establish which factors are significant for a mixing device that provides the required end result for the industrial application. Because the “art” of mixing is still not an exact science, itis really not practical for the design engineer to expect to totally design a mixer, that is, define its type, diameter, operating speed, and shape/ ‘ype of impeller. Rather itis reasonable for the engineer to understand the mechanical and processing essentials and anticipated performance when dealing echnically with a mixing equipment representative. For standard nomenclature See references (47, 48]. The technical per- formance and economics of various designs often need to bbe examined in order to make a good, costeffective selec- tion of the device that will be the “heart” of this step in a process. In some situations, particularly chemical reaction and/or mass transfer, it may be necessary to conduct test work to develop a sound basis for a larger scale industrial unit. In other cases, the aceded data may be drawn from the public technical literature or a manufacturer's appl cation files (see References (1, 4, 10, 11, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, $1, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48) Mixer performance is often related in terms of the uid velocity during agitation, total pumping capacity (flow of the fluid in the system) generated by one impeller, and the total flow in the tank (or sometimes as blending time or a solidssuspension criterion) [25]. Mixing applications often include one or more of the following [26] bulk mixing ‘chemical reaction ‘heat transfer f= mass transfer « phase interaction (suspending /dispersing) Mixing is accomplished by the rotating action of an impeller in the continuous fluid, This action shears the fluid, setting up eddies which move through the body of the system, In general the fluid motion involves (a) the mass of the fluid over large distances and (b) the small scale eddy motion or turbulence which moves che fluid over short distances [21, 15]. ‘The size and shape of the vessel to be used for the mix- ing operation is important in achieving the desired mix- ing results; therefore, this aspect of the design must accompany the actual mechanical mixer design/size selection, ‘The performance of mixers involves high volume or flow operations, or high head or shear operations. Many mixing processes utilize a combination of these two, although, surprisingly enough there are many which can have only high volume or only high head. Some opera tions listed in decreasing order of high volume require ‘ments include: blending, heat transfer, solids suspension, solids dissolving, gas dispersion, liquid-liquid dispersion (immiscible), solid dispersion (high viscosity) Impeller types usually used with mixing and listed in decreasing order of high volume ability (hence in increas: ing order of high head ability or requirement) are: pad dle, turbine, propeller, sawtooth impeller or propeller, ‘cutout impeller disc (no blades), colloid mill Figures 6-1 and 52 are uscful as guides in the general selection of mixing impellers and associated vessels. Note Mixing of Liquids 209 Wisng Device 2 sae “0 ie gs iP State | Siete al aie Agitation Lule Bae Propellers Sai Figure 5-1. Range of operation of mixers. By permission, Quien, 9:8, Chom. Engr, June 1964, p.177 18). that the shape relationships of Figure 5-2 are applicable turbine type impellers only. An example of the use of the chart occurs in the leaching of a 50% water slurry of a 202mesh, 3.8 gravity ore by a dilute acid of equal volume, the heat ‘of solution to be removed by cooling coils. The con- trolling factor is suspension of the solids to promote the reaction in which heat is developed. The eriteria for solid suspension are circulation and liquid veloc- ity sufficient to overcome the setling rate of the solids, The same criteria are also pertinent to good heat transfer and reaction, The large particle size and gravity difference between solids and solution suggest fast selement. Best impeller position is therefore on the vessel bottom so that its radial dis- charge will sweep all solids up into the tank, Tn order to maintain maximum distribution of solids yet allow sufficient depth of liguid for the cooling, coils, the maximum tank-height ratio of 1:1 from the chart would be used. Impeller ratio is regulated by resetion and suspension, with the latter controlling, because of particle size. Tank depth and particle size in this case suggest a large impeller diameter, or a ratio of about 25:". As the circulation pattern now established is radially across the bottom and up the sides, the sucry will flow up across and through 3 helical coil for good transfer rate. This pattern will be assured by four full vertical baffles mounted ae ses" a Seti = Mills a Gon ly cao = ‘Saeed (ES re Bie Sra (tie sen 7ooooeaa] Figure 5-2. General geloction chart for mixing. By permission, Lyons, Ed.and Parker, N. H., Chem. Engr: Prog, V. 50, 1954, p. 629 [12) inside the cooling coil [12]. With this size informa- tion and reference to the horsepower charts, the preliminary design is complete All syles and designs of mixing impellers produce either an axialflow ora radialflow of the fluid during the impeller rotation. There are, of course, degrees of variation of each of these patterns, which then become a part ofthe selection and specifying process to achieve the mixing objective. Axial flow impellers in an wnbaffled tank will produce vortex swirling about the vertical shaft. This will be dis- cussed later in more detail Mechanical Components Figure 5.3 highlights the most commonly used radial and axial flow impeiler styles for process applications id for special specific applica tions to accomplish the mixing objectives (Figures 5-4 and Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Figure 6-3. Impeller styles and general sizes commonly in use in process industry plant. By permission, Oldshuo, J. ¥., "Fluid Mixing Tech- ology and Practice,” Chem. Engr, June 13, 1969, p. 84 [25} Mixing of Liquids 291 Figure 5-48. Axial-‘tow patter preduced by a pitched-blade tur- bine. By permission, Oldshue, J ¥. (2a), A VEN wVAKY Figure 5-48. Racialsiow patter produced by a fat-blade turbine. By permission, Oldshue, J. ¥. (25) 5:5), but Figure 53 has been found to cover most of the ‘common applications. Fluid flow patterns for the axial sand radial flows are shown in Figures 5-44 and B. Impellers General Types, Figure 55. A. Propeller, Marine type 1 10, Circulates by axial flow parallel to the shaft and its flow pattern is modified by baffles, normal downward flow. Operates over wide speed range. Can be pitched at various angles, most common ig three blades on square pitch (pitch equal t0 diameter). . Shearing action very good at high speed, but not generally used for this purpose. Atlow speed itis not easily destroyed. Economical on power. Generally self cleaning, Relatively difficult 10 locate in vessels to obtain optimum performance Not effective in viscous Tiquids, unless special design, Cost: moderate B. Open Turbine: Radial 1. Cireulates by radially directed centrifugal force using turbine blades. Circufation good for tank extremes; less danger of fluid short circuiting in tank, 2. Generally limited to a maximum speed, range may be narrow for some services. 3, Used for fairly high shear and turbulence. 4. Better axial unit for tanks with cone bottom 15° angle, to lift material from. of cone and mix sith bulk of liquid. fective in high viscosity systems, 6. Generally requires slower speeds and hence greater gear reduction than propeller, higher power per unit volume Cost: moderate, ©. Open Turbine: Axial Four Blades (25), Most Com- mon Applications 1. Fourbladed 45° pitched blade, blade wideh is function of diameter: 2, Made in wide range of sizes for top entering mix: ers from 1 to 500 motor hp, and in diameters of 18 in. to 120 in. 3. Primarily for flow control requirements, such as solids suspensions, heat transfer, and other high pumping efficiency applications. Preferred for shallow tanks of low Z/T with low liquid cover over turbine of 1.20% of turbine diameter, 5. Cost: moderate, D. Open Turbine: Bar Turbine, Radial Flow 1. Produces highest shear rate of any basic impeller. Runs at high speed, uses lower torque. 2. Blade width and height normally 1/20 of impeller diameter. E, Open Turbine: Axial, Three Blades [25} 1. Provides more flow and less shear than the four bladed design. 2, Produces nearly constant, uniform velocity across ‘entire discharge area; has nearly constant pitch ratio. 3. Close to hub the blade angle is steeper, and blade is wider than at tp. 4, Size ranges 20 to 120 in. diameter for motors of 1 to 500 hp. Impeller speeds range fiom 56 10 125 pm, Large flow-dlirecting stabilizer fins improve pump- ing capacity for viscosity ranges 500 to 1500 cen- (ts coil age 294) 292 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants sie FFiguro 5-5A. A fat blade turbine can han «io the majority ofall uid mixing applica- tions when correctly applied. Its high pumping capacity makes it preferable for general mixing operations. It is well adapt- fe to the application of protective cover Ings, such as load, rubber and plastics. Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly. Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal Figure 5-50. Gate paddle impeller is designed for materials of high viscosity land operates at low shaft speeds. It is ‘most desirable for shallow, wide tanks and ‘wherever low shear Is @ requifoment. Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal Figure 5-56. Curved-blade turbine, devel ‘oped especially for agitating fous mate- rials such as paper stock. Also used on oil wall dling muds. This impeller gives fast, thorough turnover without need for the ‘usual tank batfing or mid-feather con- struction. Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal. Figure 6-5B. Small openings are no prob- tom with turbines. With blades removed, a turbine can pass through openings about % as large as the assembled impeller, or impeller can be spit, a8 above, to pass through openings 1/3 of turbine diameter. Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal. Figure 5-5E. Marine propelir is designed with extra section thickness to give longest lite in comsive or abrasive matorals. It is polished to a high finish and accurately balanced. Many special propeller types and alloys available. Satistactory in 95% of applications. tives liquid ahead in ahel- cal cone while doing considerable "work" ‘on material passing through it. Courtesy of LUghtnin formeriy Mixing Equipment Co), {.unit of Genoral Signal. Figure 5-5H. A typical radial impeller agi- tator. Operates as agitating turbine or a conventional propeller, wide range of applications. Courtesy of Struthers-Wells, Corp, Warren, Pa Figure 5-5C. Curved.blade turbine creates a dual suction fow pattern the same as the flat blade. This design is used when rela tively low shear is @ requirement, when bration must be considered, and) when ‘many other variables are of prime impor- tance. Courtesy of Lightnin formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal Figure 5-5F. Liter turbine is ficient for pumping large volumes against static heads of less than 36 inches. As shown, it is used below a drat tube, Inverted, itis used above an orifice plane in tank bot- tom. Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signa Figure 5-81 Flat blade pitched paddle. A simple, low cost design that handles a wide variety of jobs. Operating at low speeds, it gives maximum pumping {capacity with a minimum of turbulence. Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal Figure 5-5). Bottom of fat-blado turbine ‘with stabilzing ring to prevent shaft whip. Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal. Dia. places a large amount of liquid and com- bines a cutting and tearing action. Suit- able for fibrous materials. Courtesy of Lightnin (formery Mixing Equipment Co), 8 unit of General Signal Figure 5-5P. Propeller with ring guard. For extra safely where sounding rods are used for where samples are taken by hand dip ping, Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal Mixing of Liquids Figure §-5K. Plain cage beater. Imparts a ‘cutting and beating action. It is usually combined with a standard propel, which supplies movement inthe mix. Courtesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), 2 unit of General Signal. Figure 5-5N. Perforated propeller. Occa sionally recommended for wetting dry powders, especially those that tend to form into lumps. Courtesy of Lightnin (tor- Imery Mixing Equipment Co}, @ unit of Goneral Signa. Figure 5-50. Weedless propeller. Handles long flrous materials that would become ‘entangled in tho ordinary propeller. Cour tesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equip- ‘mont Co), a unit of General Signal Figure §-5L. Studded cage beater. Enor- ‘mous contact aroa gives extremely violent cutting and shredding action to certain ‘emulsions, pulps, etc. Courtesy of Lightnin {formerly Mixing Equipment Ca), a unit of Genera! Signal. Figure 5-50. Folding propeller. May be passed through a very small opening, Blades assume working position through ‘centrfugal force only while rotating. Cour- tesy of Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equip- ment Co), a unit of General Signal O Figure 5-8R. Cutout propelie. Displaces 8 small amount of liquid combined with a high rate of shear for shredding, breaking Up pulps, ete. Courtesy of Lightnin (for mmerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal (Pica 3: cotinand on ne fo) 204 (Pig 55 cot fom prion oe) Ne Figure 5-88, Four-blade, vertical fat blade turbine impel. Very versatile, one of the most used in wide application range. Cour- tesy of Philadelphia Gear Corp. Figure 5-5U. Shrouded turbine {or high pumping capactty, Usu- aly used with low static heads, creates minimum of direct shear. Courtesy of International Pracoss Equipment C2, Ov. of Patterson Foundry and Machine Co. Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Figure 5-51, Standard sie-blade vertical curved blade turbine impel. Gives good atficiency per unit of horsepower for sus- pensions, mixing fibrous materl= als Gives high pumping capaci- ‘y. Courtesy of Philadelphia Gear Corp. Figure §-5V. Turbine with three, four, or sx radial blades, Handles wide range of appictions. Cour- tesy of fnternational Process Equipment Co,, Div. of Patorson Foundry and Machine Co. Figure 5-5W, Jet-flow mixer. Twin flow jets from submerged con- ‘ritugal pump allow for a maximum hydraulic shear per unit of power ‘input high velocities useful for thick slurries. By permission, Penny, WER, Chom. Eng, Mar. 22,1971, p.97 31), Figure 5-5X. Type R-500. Very Figure 5-5¥. A-310 Impeller high shear radial low impeller Develops 50% more action than {or particle size reduction and ordinary propellers and Is goo Uniform dispersion in iguids. By metrically similar for accurate permission, Lightnin, (Formerty scale-up. By permission, Light- Mixing Equipment Co) @ unit of nin, @ unit of General ‘Signal General Signal, (Formerly Mixing Equipment co) Figure 5-82. A-410 Composite Impeller. Strong axial flow at very high flow efficiency. Operates through a wide range of viscosities. ‘By permission, Lightnin, (Formerly Mixing Equipment Co.) a unit of Genera Signal (1 ominu fom pe 291) tipoise. Performs much like a marine propeller, but does not have some of its disadvantages. 6. Cos moderate, less than marine propeller F. Double-Spiral Impeller [25] 1. Used for viscous materials; has inner and outer flights. 2.The inner fights pump down, and the outer fights pump upward. 8. Diameter of inner flight is one-third the impeller diame 4, Width of outer ribbon is one-sixth diameter of impeller. 5. Impeller height is equal to its di 6 Available in 20 in. to 190 in. diameter for onte to, 250 motor hp, and speeds of 5.5 to 45 mph. 7. Cost: moderate Mixing of Liquids 295 G, Shrouded Turbine 1. Cireulates by radially directed centrifugal force using enclosed impeller stators. Circulation very 00d, . Speed range may be limited. At reasonable speeds not easily destroyed. Not self cleaning, fouls and plugs relatively easily Flow capacity limited, relatively low. Effective in high viscosity systems. Cost: relatively high. H, Paddle 1. Girculates radially, but has no w unless baffles used, 2. Covers wide viscosity range, blending. 3. Not easily destroyed in operation, 4, Not easily fouled. Flow capacity can be high for multiple blades. 6. Cosi: relatively low ical circulation L Anchor, Two blades, Contoured [25] 1, For higher viscosity applications: £0,000 to 50,000 ccentipoise. 2. Nominal blade width is impeller/10, with litte power change from D/8 to D/12 (D = impeller diameter), 8. Power requirements vary directly with the impeller heightto-diameter ratio. 4, Used for blending and heat transi Detween 5,000 to 50,000 ep. Pumping capacity falls off above 50,000 cp, as it "bores. hole” in the fluid. Speed range 5.5 to 45 mph, for motor of 1 to 150 hp and impeller diameter 24 to 120 in. for viscosities J. Lifter Turbine, Figure §-6A and Figure 5-6B, This type unit [29] is used for 2 combination of pump- ing and mixing purposes. The unit has a closed disk on the top side. The feed flow into the unit comes from Girectly below the rotating impeller. The performance is dependeut on the Size of the unit and dhe physical Loca- tion with respect to the distance up from the bottom of the vessel, As this clearance increases, the head decreases for constant flow and increases the power requirement. Figures 53 and 55 illustrate a few of the wpes of impellers used for mixing. They may be basicaly classified as axial, radial and mixed. In general the most generally applicable are the bladed propeller, the fav-blade tur bine, the curved blade turbine, and the paddle, The many other designs are either modifications of these or special- ly designed for a very special purpose with respect to a Suid system and/or its performance. = iypentes othevER ROTATION yeessen cevemcine wacanen [THYPESSEE SFSTESE MEG ch, Figure 6-68. Drawing of typical iter turbine. By permission, Old- shue, J. Ya Fluid Mixing Technology, 1988, Chemical Engineering eGraw-Hil Publications Co. [2 pemyyyiren t Ef attsadosne | —« oncries 8 Figure 5-08. Velocity vectors in R-Z plane (Lifter Turbine). By por= mission, Oldshue, J. ¥., Fluid Mixing Technology, 1983, Chemical Engineering MeGrawHit Publicatione Co. [28]. Figure 5-7 is an analysis flow chart for examining types of turbine impeller performance requirements For some services there may be more than one impeller on the shaft, attached partway up the shaft from the lower one (Figures 5-84 and 582). The use of dual impellers on a shaft should be deter- mined by the physical properties and characteristics of 296 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Phases presen | protien [casos | Sots to wot Ll of Degre solide mspenion ns dperion Seal of sation Power ane satt pend Powe arc shat speed ower and shat peed Spa poraty Syriem worty Sa a =o ao Figure 5-7. Analysis flow chat for examining types of turbine impeller appications. By permission, Gates, LE. etal, Chem. Eng., Dec. 8 4975, p.110 (26). Mixing of Liquids 297 be - Figure 6-8A. Dual impollor mixer and drive. Courtesy of Lightnin (tor- ‘merty Mixing Equipment Co), unit of General Signal. Figure 5-88. Multiple impellers. Courtesy of Struthers-Wells Corp. the system, in general being a fimetion of viscosi impeller diameter and liquid depth in the tank. In gene al, dual impellers may be indicated for fluids of 43 cen- tipoise and greater and where the fluid travels more than four feet before being deflected, The circulating capacity of $blade square pitch pro- pellers is theoretically of the magnitude given in Figure 5: 9. The speed ranges indicated may be grouped as [2] high speed, 1750 rpm: for low viscosity fluids, such as water for medium viscosity fluids, ‘has light syrups and medium speed, 1150 rpm: low speed, 420 rpm: for high viscosity fluids such as oils, paints, or for tender crystals or fibers: or if foaming is a problem. ‘The mixing efficiency is generally higher (40%-60%) for the slow 400 rpm speed and lower (25%=45%) for the 1750 and 1150 rpm speeds. This is given in Figure 5-10 for general estimating use. Note that the turnover of tank Capacity is involved through the selected impeller diaine tet and speed Mixing Concepts, Theory, Fundamentals ‘A mixer unit or impeller, regardless of its physical design features, isa pump of varying efficiency for pumping of fu ids. Generally speaking, all designs are low heads compared to a conventional centrifugal pump, because there is no defined confining casing for the mixing clement. The action of the impeller design produces flow of the fluid, head on the fluid, or shear in the fuid, all to varying. degrees depending on the specific design. A general identi fication of these characteristics for several types of impellers isgiven by [27]. (Note: Use consistent dimensions). Flow Decreases from Top ‘Head (Shear) Increases from Top ‘ype Impeller Rakes, Gates Spirals, Anchors, Paddles Propellers Axial Flow Turbines Flat Blade Turbine Bar Turbine Bladeless Impeller Close Clearance Impeller and Suator Colloid Mi, ’ Y Homogenizer Decreases 298 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants 100, 6 00 1000 10,000 190,000 Circulating Capacity, opm. Figure 5-9. Theoretical circulating capacity of single propeller mixers. By permission, Fuld Agitation Handbook, Chemineer, c- The horsepower required for any impeller is partly used for pumping flow and party for shear requirements. To accomplish a given mixing performance for a process operation, the objective usually becomes a matching of the quantity of flow from an impeller with the shear chat- acteristics ata specific power input. The flow/shear input ratio to a fluid system can be shifted or changed by chang- ing the type/physical characteristics of the impeller, not the dimensions of a specific impeller design. For particu- lar dimensional features (angles of blades, height/depth of blades, number of blades, etc.), the performance will remain the same as long as the dimensions are in the same relative relationship as the impeller, that is, in the same performance family. Flow The quantity of flow is defined as the amount of fuid that moves axially or radially away from the impeller at the surface or periphery of rotation. This flow quantity is never actually measured, but its relative relation to head characterizes the particular system. The flow rate, Q, is usually available from the manufacturer for a given impeller (21) Q= KIND? = NDS wn) where Q-= low rate from impeller, cu ft/sec speed of rotation, revolutions per sec D-= impeller diameter, fe Ky = proportionality constant, a function of the impeller shape, = 0.40 for $lade propeller in Figure 5-9 indicates the theoretical circulation from a propeller, and Figure 5-10 gives its efficiency for estimat: ing purposes. Efficiency must be used in converting theo- retical to actual horsepower, or in converting theoretical to actual circulation of the propeller. Flow Number This is probably the most important dimensionless group used to represent the actual flow during mixin, a vessel. Flow Number, Ng (or pumping umber). No Q/ Na D9) 62) where Ng = Impeller speed of rotation, rev per min = flow rate or pumping capaci, cu ft/min D = impeter diameter ft Ng is strongly dependent on the flow regime, Reynolds Number, Ngc, and installation geometry of the impeller. The flow from an impelier is only that produced by the impeller and does not include the entrained flow, which can be a major part of the total “motion” flow from the impeller. The entrained flow refers to fluid set in motion, by the turbulence of the impeller output stream [27]. To compare different impellers, itis important to define the type of flows being considered. Iis important to recognize that in the system: "Process Result” p Flow Figure 5-11 [28} presents an analysis of pumping num- ber sersus Reynolds Number for various vessel dimen- sional relationships, for turbine mixers. Mixing of Liquids 299 cei L @- y » 3 \ woot NP tis $% wl | QT oo \ : * t 1180 gt5 Ethene of 54% Figure 6-10. Propel eitculation efficiency. This is used with theo- rotlca! propeller capacity to determine actual capacity. By permis sion, Fluid Agitation Handbook, Chemineer, Inc. Power, P; Power Numbex, P,; and Reynolds Number, Nre Power Power is the external measure of the mixer perfor mance, The power put into the system must be absorbed through friction in viscous and turbulent shear stresses and dissipated as heat. The power requirement of a sy tem isa funetion of the impeller shape, size, speed of rora- tion, fluid density and viscosity, vessel dimensions and internal attachments, and position of the impeller in this enclosed sy The power requirements cannot always be calculated for any system with a great degree of reliability. However, for those systems and/or configurations with known data, good correlation is the result, The relations are [21] 63) Qpet Viscous flow, Ngo less than 10 10 300 is expressed: HON)? (D)* 6-4) Ky = from Table 51 P= power, not power number, Py Fully developed turbulent flow, Nzy over 10,000, in a tank containing four equally spaced baffles having a width of 10% of the tank diameter: (8,99 (ys K, = from Table 5:1 where g = conversion factor, 82.2 Ib masefi/tb f (sec) (see) H= tral potential head during Slow, f P= power, fulb sec W = impeller blade width fe = viscosity, Ib/ftsee p = density, pounds/cu f. N, = revolutions/see Horsepower, (HE) = P/: (5-6) N NSD} Sg Imp. HP = 2" turbine fe ° 1.528310 ) {Symbols below) 129] ‘Table 5-1 shows that in a eylinder tank, four baffles, cach % tank diameter above flat bottom, liquid depth is equal to tank diameter, impeller shaft is vertical and at centerline of tank The Reynolds number Ng. for mixing is: (dimension less) = BENae 6-7) 0 or, (29), Nae = (10.734 ND? 89) /(u!) where for these abe tion , above equal = impeller diameter, No = impeller speed, rpm Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Figure 5-11. Pumping number is the basis for design procedures involving blending and motion. By permission, Hicks, FW, et.al, Chom. Eng., Apt. 26, 1976, p. 104 [28]. , = impeller diameter in. = fuid viscosivy, centipoise H = Shui viscosity Iby/see f ‘uid density Ib/eu f fluid specific gravity, (not density) power no ‘The Froude number is (33) N,, = DN2 6-9) 5 1g = graviutional constant, 3240/secsee Estimated turbine impeller diameter (28): Dy = 994 [(1H,}/(n 8, Nu]! 10) Calculate Reynolds number, Nae. ftom Equation 58, then correct for viscosity effects. jay Dat = Dr Ce Representative Cy values from [28] are: means g In general, below a Reynolds number of 50, all impellers give viscous flow mixing; between 50 and 1,000 the patterp is in the transition range; and from Ng above 1000 the action is turbulent. For Nec $ 10, the liquid motion moves with the impeller, and off from the impeller, the fluid is stagnant [34]. The Froude number accounts for the force of gravi- ty when it has a part in determining the motion of the uid. The Froude numbers must be equal in scale-up sit- uations for the new design to have similar flow when grav- ity controls the motion [16]. Mixing of Liquids 301 ‘Table 5-1 Baffled Cylindrical Tanks diameter. ‘blade, wi diameters: 43.5 Propeller, Propeller, 3blade, pitch ene aa tie nes 3 Peale Ake de SBMS Too Bo ‘Panne A Made § BAGS ooo se Fer taegade at 88 nda? FOB showed ob ges ES BRvary se (ee PE) aa sun paddles, 3G BAW a8 Flat paddles, 2 blades, B/W: Flat paddles, 4 blader, D/W: Plat paddles, 6 blader, Dy "By pormision, R. HL. Rushton and J. ¥. Oléshuo, Chem. En Prog. #8, 161” (188) t “ * Oldshue [23] points out that to identify the curbulent range as beginning ata specific Nye may not be exactly correet, as it actually varies with different impeller designs. This range may vary from Nyc 108 10 Nye = 10°, so for common use Nye = 10° is taken as the turbulent range for all impellers Power Relationship For same family design/styles of impellers [29], see Fi 12: Pen Pee nip’ (513) Pep coin Pentop 15) Pep 6) Px Op Note: (Horsepower) (33000) = f1b/min (Horseporver} (550) = fLTb/sec The power number, P,, (dimensionless) Gas) Pa = (Nx) Py PEs/IPN'D, (520) 1.523 P (10!) /(NSD%p) 0.06: 0.05) 0.081 =a" 9,03 0.025}. 0.02} 0.015}. 0.010 0.001 4 14 100 150 200250300 490500 N Figure 5-12, Power vs. RPM with impeller diameter parameters. us: tration of impeller input power versus speed for a family of mpellor signs, but ony of various clameters, showing uniformity of pertor- ‘anes, By permission, Oshue, J. ¥, Fluid Mixing Technology, 1983, (Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hil Publications Co. (29) is used in most correlations to represent the relationship to system performance for wurbulent flow in a baffled tank, For tanks containing no baffles, the uid motion remains switling and a vortex develops, These conditions are characterized by the lower curves in Figures 5-13, 514, nd 5-15, which include the Froude effect. This effect is, not prominent in bafMled tanks. For unballled tanks: ON DY ( sep) Be) 302 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants where ® is read from the charts and the constants a and bare given in Figure 5-16, Figure 517 is useful for determination of horsepower during turbulent flow for various types of impellers, and Figure 5-18 is useful for laminar flow. Also see Figure 5-19. Flow and power numbers each decrease as the Reynolds number increases. In unbaffled tanks, a vortex forms that takes over the flow regime and does not allow the usual relationship to describe the performance of the mixing operation. It is proper and good practice to pro- vide baffles in all vessels (see later description for the physical configurations). ‘At high Nye, the power number, P,, stays reasonably constant, thus, viscosity has little effect on the power requirements. When moving to lower Nge through the laminar region into the viscous region, the viscosity effect increases. In the laminar range [29] Pip WNaci Nee < 50 628) on Pp W © 4) for all other parameters constant For 50 < Nx < 1000 [29] is the transition range. In the immediate impeller area, the flow is fully turbulent; how- ever, in the extremities ofa vessel, the motion would be laminar. In this case, asin all others, the tank baffling isa major factor for performance ofthe system and the power and flow results. For Ny. > 1000, the properly baffled tank is turbulent throughout. No and P, are independent of Ng. If the tank is not baffled, a “forced vortex” dominates the flow in the vessel. For Nae > 1000, in fully baffled tank is turbulent. Np = P/O DIG) 535) Pumping effectiveness or pumping per power is impor- tant for flow controlled processes (29) ‘The shape, size, and baffling ofa specific mixing vessel significant influences the Reynolds number, low, and power numbers. D, = 394 (HP/n Sy (525A) Other relationships (20] for one type of impeller (not dierent types) 6-26) 100 0 29 wo 6 i . fe 2 i vo) f os s 2 fi oz . 2S 2S 2 8 2 8 ge ee ro? Fo wot cS ot 1 ot D-ingeter anater ey 4 Geely Contnt A Inper Retail Spee eynsies tamper DEKE if 2 Cigna beet > sb Constante Uigee Vicoty Ny & ewer Pst. Mpg Reese None Figure 5-18. Power consumption of impellers. By permission, Fushton, J. H., Costich, E. W. and Everett,H. L, Chem. Engr Prog, V. 46, No Band No. 9, 1950 (18). Mixing of Liquids 303 9 5 2 10 Propatere to Satie, Osf Belew geet 300, 8 | Above Mae of 200, $+( oe Wits Botte, For A Nae oe 2S ' ° of Figure 6-15. Roynolds number corlation fer a fat blade turbine. By permission, Rushton, J. H. et al. This is dependent on the impeller type, speed, diame ter, and the geometry of the installation, Torque; t,t = Np (pN'D)/20, (5-27) ‘Lateral fluid forces on mixer; F = Nip N*D! (3-28) For two different impellers, comparing performance of power, flow and flow per power at constant flow and speed [29] in terms of flow, Q, at speed, N: Fluid forces, INs (@NMQWMYI/NGM (5-29) wet oF of Sorque, += INp NY QV1/ (Nei? On) (5-30) Flow per poser input [xe] ape | Xe | arsqzapy 6-30) s, | Power, input, net to impeller shat: P= (NY/NG) (ONO) (5-52) 904 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrachemical Plants (Gut 6 Bide for Figure §-16. Factors in Froude number exponent, n. By permission, Fushton, JH, etal. (18), 500 450 400 350 300 250 180 100 30 80 70 om 60 = biso Fiso Fiso 20t 120 Ho 100 20 HO 18-90 100 90 80 80 70 70 60 Hapanetla pb e Density, ba/cu Feet Diameter, D = (5-33) Where using consistent units: P= impeller power dravy, FL/t or ML!/18 L= length P= fluid force on wrbine, perpendicular to shalt, ML/e Impeller diameter, L volumetric flow, 1/1 T= tank diameter, I = fluid density, N/E uid viscosity M/(L1) torque, FL, or MLE iquid dep power number, dimensionless, 2 P/(N'D*p) 25) Turbine, Curved ata Peddle 3/shott(0/W @ ) Poddte 2/Shett (0/W=6) Peddle U/Shott (0/w=4 bine itched Bladl6) Figur 6-17, Power con- Pasate anan(o/We) Sousa by peor Peddle U/Shet (0/20) ‘ype/diensions for tur Eirantad Tetaine Stetor ulent ow conditions Propeller Piteh = 20 Knowing impeller type, Giameter,speed and baton density connect Few wath damotor Intersection with ~ Coonected tote dnsty Seale, makes an ite fection on "8." Aine from ins pomt to te inpoler scale intersects tho horsepower sel at tho coneat val. prt msson, Quilon. Shem Engrs dune 1058, priTr ish Mixing of Liquids 305. 400 400,000 ores 90: + tod i000 200t 35 100 0 to. 70 soho p00 2 x sore aot 7 6 sotos as a4 20. she z Is Srolaer® * Fo 2 Flot paddies (0/w=6) Figure 5-18, Laminar flow mixing. For known impeller type, diameter, speed, and vicosity, this nomograph wil give power consumption. Con- rect RPM and diameter, also vecosity and impeller scale, The intersection of these two separate lines with alpha and beta respectively fs then connected to give horsepower on the HP scale. By permission, Quillen, C. S., Chem. Engr, June 1954, p. 177 [15] Ng = flow nuraber, dimensionless, Nq® Q/(NaD*) 62) Nee = Reynolds number, dimensionless Nae = P NDIA or) Np = force a mbes, Np = F/(PN'DY (3s) when M = mess L 1 = temperature F = force, ML/® length Oldshue [29] expresses pumping effectiveness as pumping per power and rec akey function for processes that are flow controlled or need more flow than head or shear izes ita Ng ND? Pe N pNP Then Q/P = (No/N,) (1/p N2D9) sn When comparing flow (or pumping) per pow determine that it is dependent on the impeller type, speed, diameter, and geomeuy of the installation. The mixer is not fully specified until torque, t, and lateral loads (fluid force, F) are included in the analysis [28] = NppN3D/(2R) 38) F=Nrp NDE (39) ‘Table 5-2 presents the effeets of expected performance on various parameters or relationships for mixing. To actually calculate a numerical result of comparing impeller performances, the dimensionless numbers for flow power and force are needed. Note that in Table 5-2 the constant basis is across the horizontal top of the chart and the finetion 1 be examined or compared is along the vertical left side. The fimctions in the body of the table are used a8 ratios for condition (1) and condition (2), holding the basis constant. For example, referring to Table 52, if power input (P) and impeller diameter, D, are kept constant, then speed, 906 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants. &| as fe | (5 =o pot rune «No = i roemaienonmae ana o flow ae 82 mine be Figure 5-19. Characteristic curves: flow, power, and mixing time. (WD = 1, B-blade paddle H/D ~ ¥%, d/D ~ 1/10, Ho/D = %) By per- mission, Nagata, S., Mixing Principles and Applications, Halsted Press, John Wiley & Sons, Kodasnsha Scientific p. 125 [34 N, is proportional to 1/N)/%; or holding flow (Q) and speed, N, constant then Q/P is proportional to Ngh9/Np (@, (QP, hus (5-40) eI, Me ‘This is a valuable relationship as expressed in Table 5:2, because it expresses the working relationship between all the important variables. Note that as one variable changes all others are changed. One variable cannot be changed alone without affecting the others Shaft ‘The proper size of shaft is very important to avoid whip, and vibration, destruction of bearings, gears, and damage Table 5-2 Performance Relationships for Mixing Variables: More ‘Than One Variable Changing or Held Constant Basis Function N,D *Q,N BNt xi 1 1 4 Ng No ON e 1 Xe 1 1 & neo oNE Np Ne os ! ' Me NY No NYE N Ny 7 ONE No! No * No; NB rN, NY Ny N, Ny, ~ \ a 7 NF NE Sexample: Q/P is proportional to NY*/Ne on a comparison bass of keeping flow Qand speed N constant By permission, Oldsbue, Hd Mixing Technology” Ohanica! Engine ‘ng. McGraw ill Pablieatons Go, Ine, 1985 (2). (o the vessel. The manufacturers usually take a conserva- Live view of this problem, nevertheless itis well to under- stand the expected operating conditions for any installa- tion. Normally an impellershaft system should operate at about 40% of the critical speed. However, the turbine with, bottom side stabilizer can go as high as 80% of critical The manufacturer should provide this information for the specific system. Drive and Gears Most mixers are driven by electric motors, or in some cases by mechanical turbines, with gears ratioed to give the proper performance speed of the impeller. A variable or 2speed driver or gear system often proves worth the extra cost, since it is difficult to predict the exact speed requirements for some new installations. This is particu Mixing of Liquids 307 larly tue in continuous chemical processes where the general nature of the fluid remains constant but the vis cosity, density or solid particle content may change as the plant progress from ‘just erected” to steady production and even on to new and different products. This trans tion may take from a few months to several years and should be economically evaluated. The gear mechanism is not a place to reduce costs for this equipment, since improper application can create costly maintenance. Usual practice, particularly for good estimating is to assume that the gear drive requires 5% of the impeller horsepower and that ystem “surging or variations” require a minimum of 10% of this impeller horsepower. Thus Actual motor hp = impeller required bp/0.85 (minimum) (oy When the actual maxitum gear box horsepower is known from the manufacturer, it should be used as long as it is equal to or greater than the 5% allowance noted above. The impeller/fuid horsepower allowable variation shoukt still be 10% or greater. For example, if the caleu- Jated required motor drive (or turbine drive) hp = 23, (ic, 19.55/0,85), the next standard motor is 25 hp, so use this, never less than the 23 indicated above because 23 hp is nonstandard, and no such motor hp exists. Figure 5-20 illustrates a vertical propeller mixer assem- bly, with vertical mounting with gear box and motor. Fig- ture 521 isa typical right angle, vertical impeller shaft with horizontal gear at motor drive. The mixer manufacturer should always be consulted for proper mechanical features design and strength char- acteristics, such as horsepower, gear rating AGA, shaft diameter, shaft deflection, critical speeds, bottom steady bearing, and side shaft bearings. Steady Bearings The installation of mixers on long shafis in tall tanks may become a problem if “whip” of the shaft develops. To reduce this possibility, a bearing support in the bottom of the tank will hold the shaft steady. Lubrication is by the tank fluid. Therefore this has limited application if abra- sive particles are present. Normally the manufacturers’ designs avoid this extra bearing. Sometimes a guide bear ing is installed about midway in the tanks to steady the shaft at this point. Again it is preferable to avoid this, if possible, and the manufacturer should make recommen dations for the installation. Figure 5-20. Portable Vektor™ vertical propeller mixer assembhi By permission, Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Ca), a unt of General Signa. Materials of Construction In general, just about any material that can be worked. into the impeller design is available, including steel, stainless alloys, copper alioys, nickel and alloys, hard rub- ber, and lead, rubber and plastic coatings on impellers and shafts. Design Normally the proper impeller selections and horse- power requirements are handled in a cooperative manner with the manufacturer of this equipment in order to obtain the best analysis of a given application. There is no substitute for performing the proper test runs to evaluate 308 1. Motor bracket 2. Standard foot-mounted motor 3, Fabricated housing 4: Lifting eyes. 5. High speed shaft 6. Change pinion 7. Change gear 8, Change gear cover 9. Drain plug 10. Spiral bevel pinion cartridge ‘Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants 11. Timken tapered roller bearings 12, Removable low-speed coupling halt 13. Dry wel oll seal 14, Spiral bevel gear 15, Low-speed shaft Figure 5-21. Right angle drive for vertical impeller shaft. By permission, Chemineer, Inc. Bulletin 711 one or more types of impellers in a particular application. Even is this is carried out on a small scale, properly evalu- ated it can lead to the correct selection of impeller and horsepower. The horsepower seems to be the factor that is missed in some evaluations. Any foreseeable process changes, or ranges of operation, 1 order to have sufficient power for startup as well as nor- mal running, be considered in Specifications The suggested specification sheet of Figure 52s help- ful asa gencral checklist forthe mixing inquiry and can be used in setting forth the known as the desired information with a manufacturer, In general, the specification sheet should not be expected to establish the whole story or information on a mixing problem, unless the problem is known to be fairly straight forward or data is known which, can be given to the manufacturer (for example, blending, dispersing or dissolving crystals, etc.). For the unique problems, one-ofakind, laboratory data should be taken under the guidance of technical advice from the manufac- turer, or other qualified authority in order that adequate scale-up data will be taken and evaluated. Itisimportant t0 either describe and give dimensions for the vessel to be Mixing of Liquids 909 used, or request the mixer manufacturer to recommend the type best suited to the service, Flow Patterns The pattern of the fluid motion is a funetion of the uid system, impeller, vessel configuration, and location of the impeller in the fluid system relative to the vessel walls and/or bottom. The patterns illustrated in Figures 5- 23A-5-23K indicate that almost any pattern can be esta lished provided the particular impeller type is located in the proper position. This is easier to accomplish in some systems thaa others. The use of vertical side wall baffles usually destroys the rotary and swirling motion in vertical tanks. This also can be accomplished to a degree by setting the mixer off cen- ter. These bafiles should be Ys to % of the width or diam eter of the tank, Six baffles generally give slightly better performance than four; although four is the usual num- ber, with three not being as good for most situations. Draft Tubes ‘The application of draft tubes as related to various mix- ing operations is shown in Figures 5-231 and 5:24A-5.241, The raft tubes are basically a tube or shell around the shaft of the mixer including the usual axial impeller, Which allows a special or top-to-bottom fixed flow pattern, to be set up in the fluid system. The size and location of the tube are related to both the mechanical and mixing performance characteristics as well as peculiar problems Of the system, Usually they are used to ensure a mixing flow pattern that cannot or will not develop in the system, Weber gives the following points for draft tubes 123) ‘With a draft tube inserted in a tank, no sidewall baffles are required, and, the flow into the axial impeller mount ced inside the tube is flooded to give a uniform and high flow pattern into the inlet to the impeller. The upflow in the annulus around the tube has sufficient velocity to keep particles in suspension, if necessary. A. Increase mixing efficiency 1, Prevent short circuiting of fluid, define a specific path, 2. Improve heat transfer coefficient by forcing flow past coil surfaces. 3. Provide more comple’ eaction in a gasliquid system by recirculation of unreacted gases 4. Minimize areas of inadequate turbulence in vessel, 5, Accentuate the direct mechanical shearing action of the mixing impeller upon the fluid, lily mixing action by effectively increasing the ratio of mixer to container diameter, B. Decrease Design Problems 1, Reduce required shaft diameter and length, while maintaining complete mixing effectiveness. 2. Limit or climinate the need for submerged or internal guide bearings. Entrainment Entrainment is an important element in the mixing operation and involves incorporation of low velocity fluid imto the mass of the fMuie stream or jet issuing from a source such as a mixing impeller. The axial flow from a propeller under prope: physical conditions serves as a ci cular crosssection jet to produce mixing by turbulence and entrainment. The Mlatblade turbine issues a jet for entrainment at the top and bottom areas of the ring [2] cis significant to estimate the relative amount of liquid involved due to entrainment, as this helps to describe the effectiveness of the operation, From a propeller, the entrainment by circular jet is (4] ofen(a oo where Q. = volume entrained, eu ft/sec X = distance from impeller source, not to exceed 100, jet diameters, f fiameter of jt at origin, ‘This relation is sufficiently accurate for large scale design. The maximum Q/PV$ for a circular jet is at X= 17.1 Dy (Refs. [9, 211) oF in other words the optimum jet or gin diameter is 1/17.1 of the distance desired for elfective entrainment. Since the entrainment efficiency does not fall off wo rapidly, itis not necessary to use only the ratio given, but rather to stay in close proximity, say + 25-3: percent, Large diameter jet streams are more effective for the same power than small streams [17]. Data on flat blade turbines has not been fully evaiuated Batch or Continuous Mixing Often pilot plant or research data for developing a process are obtained on a batch operation. Later, a con: tinuous process will usually prove that smaller equipment can be used and that the operation will be more ical. Normally batch mixing requires 10%~25% more power than continuous [29] for stable conditions; howev- er, the reaction time for continuous flow is always longer than the reaction time for batch flow, but the practical result may show batch time cycle is increased by filling, (et coin age 312) 310 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants MIXING EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS Bsicy Dey Sellen Oot Semanson Sp. Go ~ Seting Vlei Clans Blending Dvveiving Cnn = et ee Dippin a ‘4 wing Tye OVclew Ouedion Gud ‘Faom Cyeet Bete Sellst Gok Kore ot DW Wi Net be operate dering Ailing ar Dloeter —— Tyee te et Nemel BHP (acting Gee) Type ewig Sioly Bening Rag? Yes Ges Gade Bowing Regt Yer ON ech i ‘Outsei_____RPW See Changable Yer ON Drives Monterey Fee ‘geet rou Figure 5-22. Mixing equipment specifications. Mixing of Liquids ant Figure 5-28A. Fluid flow pattern for propeller mounted center with no baffles. Note vortex formation, By permission, Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co, a unit of General Signal. Ri aia bry Aww) Figure 5-238. Fluid flow patter for propeller mounted center with battles, axial flow patter. By permission, Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co), a unit of General Signal Siview eaten view Figure 5-280. Fuid flow pattern for turbine mounted on-center with bafes, racial flow. By permission, Lightnin formerly, Mixing Equip- ‘ment Go.),a unit of General Signal. Figure 5-296. Entraining mixing jots. By permission, Rushton, J. H, Petroleum Reiner, V.33, 1954, p. 101 [17} Figure 6.29F Introducing liquid during mixer operation. By permis- sion, Rushton, J. H., Petroleum Refiner, V. 83, 1954, p. 101 [17}, CC Ya Figure 5-280. Fluid flow pattern for propeller mounted in angular- ‘off-center position. By permission, Lightnin (formery, Mixing Equip ‘ment Co}, a unit of General Signa Figure 5-236. Sido-ontering propeller mixer position large tanks. By permission, Rushton, J. H., Petroleum Fefiner, V. 33, 1984, p. 101, 07), idm et pe) 312 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants (Pee 3:2 cond om out og Figure 5-23H. Liquid motion patterns. A) Vortica-tube battles; B.) Helical coll, no other bales. By permission, Dunlap, J. R, J and ushton, J. H,, ACRE. Symposium Series, No. 5, V. 48, 1853, p. 187, American Intitute of Chemical Engineers [6). Figure 5-231, Coll used as draft tube. By permission, Dunlap, J. R, Je and Rushton, J. H., ALCH.E. Symposium Series, No. 5, V. 49, 41083, p. 137. American nttute of Chemical Enginoers (6. gaa eats Eats rai Figure §-28J. Feed of iuids and gases to turbine. By permission, Dunia, JR Je and Rushton, J. H,, AIChE: Symposium Series, Rushton, J. H. ACHE. Sympo- No. 5, V. 49, 1983, p. 187. Ameri- sium Series, No ,V. 49,1953, p, ‘can Institute of Chomical Engi 197. American Institute of noors 6). Chomical Engineers (6) Floure 5-23K. Food of liquids land gases to dual propellers. By permission, Dunlap, JR Jt. and (at omindrm ge 209) cleaning, and emplying the reactor (sce Figures 5254 and B) In batch operations, mixing takes place until a desired composition or concentration of chemical products or solids/crystalsis achieved. For continuous operation, the feed, intermediate, and exit streams will not necessarily be of the same composition, but the objective is for the end/exit stream to be of constant composition as a result of the blending, mixing, chemical reaction, solids suspet sion, gas dispension, or other operations of the process, “Perfect” mixing is rarely totally achieved, but represents the instantzneous conversion of the feed to the final bulk and exit composition (see Figure 5.26). When conducting pilot plant testing to develop a process involving mixing, which later may be used in the design of a large scale plant, itis wise to discuss the test- ing with a mixing specialist and outline the needed pilot, data required to later scale-up the process, generally from batch pilot plant to continuous commercial process. Scale-Up and Interpretation Scale-up techniques for using the results of pilot plant for bench scale test work to establish the equivalent process results for a commercial or large scale plant mix ing system design require careful specialized considera tions and usually are best handled by the mixer manu turer's specialist. The methods to accomplish scale-up will, vary considerably, depending on whether the actual oper ation is one of blending, chemical reaction with product concentrations, gas dispersions, heat transfer, solids sus- pensions, or others. These scaleup methods will necessarily at times include fundamental concepts, dimensional analysis, empirical correlations, test data, and experience (32) Similarity concepts use physical and mathematical rele. tions between variables to compare the expected perfor- mance of mixing/agitaion in different sized systems [33]. This is usually only a part answer to the scaleup problem. Geometric similarity is often considered the most important feature to establishing similarity in mixing, bas- ing the scaled-up larger unit on the smaller initia! model or test unit, The scale-up of mixing dara has heen treated with a variety of approaches, soine to rather disastrous results. The principles are now well established, and it is a matter of truly understanding the particular systems that poses Mixing of Liquids 313 Figure 5-240. Draft tubes prevent short cetoultng of liquid from ‘let to outst in a Continuous mixing vessel. By permission, Weve, Abr Chen Eng, O60 188, F. 189 (23). 183 (23). Li HL eerie 4 Figure 5-240, Capaclty of @ draft tube ‘assembly to suck in gasesis a function of ‘the liquid height above the rotor hub. By permission, Weber, A. P, Chem. Eng Oct. 1965, 8.183 123} Figure §-24G, Direct mechanical action can be Increased by the addition of agral- ing plate tothe draft tube. By permission, Weber A. P, Chem. Engr, Oct. 1953, p 183 (23). the real problem. The important similitude concept involves the following: 1. Geometric similarity requires all corresponding dimensions of a new system to fave the same ratio with a test snodel which has proven acceptable These dimensions should inclide vessel diameter and liquid lel, baffle width and number in vessel impels number of blades and width ratio, For example, a tank four times the diameter of the original model also requires a turbine ten times the diameter of the original turbine. diameter [starsnendee Figure 5-248. Forced convection past heat transfor surfaces improves the overall Costicient of heat transfer. By permission, ‘A.B, Ghem. Engr, Oct, 1983, p. Figure 5-246. Baffles positioned in the draft tube accentuate the direct moctani- cal action of low speed mixing elements By permission, Weber, A.P, Chem. Engr, (ct. 1983, p, 183 (23. Figure 5-24H. Helicin-dratttube assem- bles are effective for etching pastry or fibrous materials. By purmission, Weber, AP, Chem. Engr, Oct. 1983, p. 188 [23]. 2 Figure 6-240. Gas-liquid mixing Is more complete when concentric drat tubes are Used to recirculate ganes. By permission, Weber, AP, Cher. Engr, Oct. 1983, p 189 123. Figure 5-248. Settled solids or ayerea lig lids are quickly dispersed by the direc tionalized flow from the daft tubs. By Pere mission. Weber, A. P, Chem. Engr, Oct, 41082, 0.189 (23) Figure 5-241. Mechanical design problems, may be solved by using a draft tubo tO ampliy te action of the mixer. By permis sion, Weber, A.P, Chem. Engr, Oct. 1953, 1.183 (23) Kinematic similarity requires geometric similarity ‘and requires corresponding points in the system (0 have the same velocity ratios and move in the same direction between the new system and the model Dynamic similarity requires geometric and Kinemat- ic similarity in addition (© fore sponding points being equal, involving properties of gravitation, surface tension, viscosity and inertia (8, 21]. With proper and careful application of this principle scrie-up from test model to large scale sys tems is often feasible and quite suecessful. Tables 5- 314 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants s.0 6 0 a a a8 5 x E30 > BE i is 5 ae be By 2 a 19) conrmmuous ~—~ 5 7 “80 00 ve PERCENT REACTED Figure 625A. lustration of chemical reaction ina batch system in Figure 5-258, Fora fist order reaction, the ratio of time in a contin- ‘uhlch concentration decreases with time, with a tree-stage contin, UOUS tank to the time in a batch tank for various percentages of ous mixing system superimposed. By permission, Oldshue, J. ¥, Teaction completion. By permission, Oldshue, JY. (28). Fluid Mixing Technology, 1983, Chemical Engineering McGraw-Hill Publications Co, Inc. p: $40, 347, 248 [29 [CONT ENUOUS MIXING CONCENTRATION = ¢ bad Figure 5-26. Concept of perfect mixin, in which the feed is

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