1.

Thermal energy is transferred through the glass windows of a house mainly by

A. conduction.

B. radiation.

C. conduction and convection.

D. radiation and convection.

(1)

2. This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running.

When running, a person generates thermal energy but maintains approximately constant
temperature.

(a) Explain what thermal energy and temperature mean. Distinguish between the two
concepts.

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(4)

The following simple model may be used to estimate the rise in temperature of a runner
assuming no thermal energy is lost.

A closed container holds 70 kg of water, representing the mass of the runner. The water is
heated at a rate of 1200 W for 30 minutes. This represents the energy generation in the runner.
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(b) (i) Show that the thermal energy generated by the heater is 2.2 10 J.

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(2)

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 (ii) Calculate the temperature rise of the water, assuming no energy losses from the
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water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg K .

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(3)

(c) The temperature rise calculated in (b) would be dangerous for the runner. Outline three
mechanisms, other than evaporation, by which the container in the model would transfer
energy to its surroundings.

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(6)

A further process by which energy is lost from the runner is the evaporation of sweat.

(d) (i) Describe, in terms of molecular behaviour, why evaporation causes cooling.

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(3)

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 (ii) Percentage of generated energy lost by sweating: 50%
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Specific latent heat of vaporization of sweat: 2.26 10 J kg

Using the information above, and your answer to (b) (i), estimate the mass of sweat
evaporated from the runner.

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(3)

(iii) State and explain two factors that affect the rate of evaporation of sweat from the
skin of the runner.

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(4)
(Total 25 marks)

3. The kelvin temperature of an object is a measure of

A. the total energy of the molecules of the object.

B. the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.

C. the maximum energy of the molecules of the object.

D. the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.

(1)

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4. The distance between the 0C and 100C marks on a mercury-in-glass thermometer is 20 cm.
When the thermometer bulb is placed in a mixture of ice and salt, the mercury level is 4 cm
below the 0C mark. The temperature of the mixture is

A. +20C.

B. +5C.

C. 5C.

D. 20C.
(1)

5. During an experiment, a solid is heated from 285 K to 298 K.

Which one of the following gives the rise in temperature, in deg C, and the final temperature,
in C, of the solid?

Rise in temperature in deg C Final temperature in C

A. 13 571

B. 13 25

C. 286 571

D. 286 25
(1)

6. The Kelvin temperature of an ideal gas is a measure of the

A. average speed of the molecules.

B. average momentum of the molecules.

C. average kinetic energy of the molecules.

D. average potential energy of the molecules.

(1)

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7. This question is about electrical components.

(a) In the space below, draw a circuit diagram that could be used to determine the current-
voltage (I-V) characteristics of an electrical component X.

com ponent X

(2)

The graph below shows the I-V characteristics for the component X.

I/A 6

0
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
V /V

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The component X is now connected across the terminals of a battery of emf 6.0 V and negligible
internal resistance.

(b) Use the graph to determine

(i) the current in component X;

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(1)

(ii) the resistance of component X.

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(2)

A resistor R of constant resistance 2.0 is now connected in series with component X as shown
below.

X R
2 .0

(c) (i) On the graph in (a), draw the I-V characteristics for the resistor R.
(2)

(ii) Determine the total potential difference E that must be applied across component X
and across resistor R such that the current through X and R is 3.0 A.

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(2)

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 (d) (i) A resistor is to be used as a temperature-measuring device. List two desirable
properties of such a device.

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(2)

(ii) Explain how a temperature scale could be constructed for this resistance
thermometer.

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(3)
(Total 14 marks)

8. Temperature is the only property that determines

A. the total internal energy of a substance.

B. the phase (state) of a substance.

C. the direction of thermal energy transfer between two bodies in thermal contact.

D. the process by which a body loses thermal energy to the surroundings.

(1)

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9. The nuclear notation for lithium-7 is 3
Li . Which one of the following is the mass of 1 mol of
lithium-7?

A. 10 g

B. 7g

C. 4g

D. 3g
(1)

10. This question is about temperature and internal energy.

Two solid copper spheres, having different radii, undergo the same temperature change. A
student states that the change in internal energy of the two objects would be the same. Briefly
discuss this statement.

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(Total 3 marks)

11. Temperature and thermal energy

(a) Outline how a temperature scale is constructed.

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(2)

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(b) Discuss why even an accurate thermometer may affect the reliability of a temperature
reading.

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(2)

(c) (i) Define specific heat capacity.

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(2)

(ii) The table below gives data for water and ice.

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specific heat capacity of water 4.2 kJ kg K
specific latent heat of fusion of ice 1
330 kJ kg

A beaker contains 450 g of water at a temperature of 24C. The thermal (heat)

capacity of the beaker is negligible and no heat is gained by, or lost to, the
atmosphere. Calculate the mass of ice, initially at 0C, that must be mixed with the
water so that the final temperature of the contents of the beaker is 8.0C.

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(4)

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 (d) (i) Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.

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(2)

(ii) Explain, in terms of molecular behaviour, why boiling involves a transfer of

thermal energy with no change in temperature.

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(3)
(Total 15 marks)

12. A solid is at an initial temperature of 500 K. The solid is heated so that its temperature rises by
50 K.

What are the initial temperature and the temperature rise of the solid, as measured on the
Celsius scale of temperature?

initial temperature temperature rise

A. 227C 50C
B. 227C 323C
C. 773C 50C
D. 773C 323C
(1)

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