#Very essential and required.

#Money
#The basics of a subject etc
#Basis of a theory/ construction etc
#Form sth

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#Very essential and required.
Basic(3): basic human rights, the cost of basic food.
Bare(5): bare minimum of work, the family was short of the bare necessities of
life, we had only the bare essentials in the way of equipment, nothing more is
known apart from the bare statement issued to the press, she provided me with the
bare facts of the case, that was the barest hint of a smile.
Vital(3): the vital organs.

Keep(n): It's about time you got a job to earn your keep.
Necessaries,
Essential(n): I only had time to pack the bare essentials (= the most necessary
things).
The studio had all the essentials like heating and running water.
The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials.
Requisite(n): toilet requisites (= soap, toothpaste, etc.)
requisite for/of something A university degree has become a requisite for entry
into most professions.
COMPARE prerequisite
Nurishment: Can plants obtain adequate nourishment from such poor soil?
(figurative) As a child, she was starved of intellectual nourishment.
These seeds can be a great source of nourishment to birds in winter.
lack of adequate nourishment
You need natural, fresh food with lots of nourishment.
Sustenance: There's not much sustenance in a bowl of soup.
(figurative) Arguing would only give further sustenance to his allegations.
Supplies: Our supplies were running out.
a transport plane carrying food and medical supplies for refugees
Staple(3): Aid workers helped distribute corn, milk and other staples.
The staff of life.
Foodstuff: basic foodstuffs
Cross-border trade in foodstuffs and consumer goods is increasing.
Rationing of basic foodstuffs was introduced.

Vital(2): trust is vital to a successful marriage, vitamins are vital for life,
reading is of vital importance in language learning, the police play a vital role
in our society, it's vital that you keep a record/ to understand the significance.
Amenity: The campsite is close to all local amenities.
Many of the houses lacked even basic amenities (= baths, showers, hot water,
etc.).
Creature comforts.
Comfort(4): The hotel has all modern comforts/every modern comfort.
material comforts (= money and possessions)
SEE ALSO creature comforts
Comfortless: a grey and comfortless room
Convenience(2): It was a great convenience to have the school so near.
The house had all the modern conveniences (= central heating, etc.) that were
unusual at that time.
SEE ALSO public convenience
Primary: SYNONYM prime
The primary aim of this course is to improve your spoken English.
Our primary concern must be the children.
Good health care is of primary importance.
In general: In general, Japanese cars are very reliable and breakdowns are rare.
Mainly: SYNONYM chiefly, primarily
They eat mainly fruit and nuts.
Where do you export to? France, mainly.
The population almost doubles in summer, mainly because of the jazz festival.
During the day itll become mainly dry with clear skies.
Principally: SYNONYM chiefly
The book is aimed principally at beginners.
No new power stations have been built, principally because of the cost.
Primarily: SYNONYM chiefly
a course designed primarily for specialists
The problem is not primarily a financial one.
The report is primarily concerned with aircraft safety.
The person primarily responsible is the project manager.
Mostly: The sauce is mostly cream.
We're mostly out on Sundays.
Bulk: The bulk of the population lives in cities.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Fundamental(adj): SYNONYM basic

There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view.
A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required.
a question of fundamental importance
Basically: SYNONYM essentially
Yes, that's basically correct.
The two approaches are basically very similar.
There have been some problems but basically it's a good system.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Substantially(2): What she says is substantially true.

Substance(3): Love and guilt form the substance of his new book.
I agreed with what she said in substance, though not with every detail.
There seems to be no difference in substance between the two procedures.

Unsophisticated: SYNONYM crude

unsophisticated equipment
OPPOSITE sophisticated
Rude SYNONYM primitive
rude shacks
Primitive(3): SYNONYM crude
The methods of communication used during the war were primitive by today's
standards.
The facilities on the campsite were very primitive.
Transport remained very primitive.
Rudimentary: SYNONYM basic
Some dinosaurs had only rudimentary teeth.
the most rudimentary forms of life
a very rudimentary writing system
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015
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#Money and living

Livelihood: SYNONYM living
Communities on the island depended on whaling for their livelihood.
a means/source of livelihood
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Exist(v2): We existed on a diet of rice.

They can't exist on the money he's earning.
Subsist: Old people often subsist on very small incomes.
Manage(3): he has to manage on less than 30$ a week.
Scrape by on sth: I can just scrape by on what my parents give me.
Live on sth: You can't live on forty pounds a week.
My salary isn't enough for us to live on.
Live on sth(3): Small birds live mainly on insects. see: dine on sth

Subsistance: Many families are living below the level of subsistence.

to live below (the) subsistence level
They had no visible means of subsistence.
subsistence agriculture/farming (= growing enough only to live on, not to sell)
subsistence crops
Our ancestors lived in basic subsistence economies where cash never changed hands.
He worked a 16-hour day for a subsistence wage (= enough money to buy only basic
items). see: exiguous salary. see: living wage, see here: liveable salary. see:
precarious living

Eke sth out: For years he eked out a miserable existence in a dreary bedsit in
Bristol. see: budget(v)
Earn your crust: Ive been an actor for 20 years, earning a crust wherever I can.
Breadwinner: When the baby was born, I became the sole breadwinner.

Make both ends meet: Many families struggle to make ends meet.
Keep soul and body together: SYNONYM survive
They barely have enough money to keep body and soul together.
Live from hand to mouth
Keep your head above water: Im not sure how much longer well be able to keep our
heads above water.
Keep the wolf from the door
Survive: She was the last surviving member of the family.
Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived.
The children had to survive by begging and stealing.
(humorous) How are you these days? Oh, surviving.
Don't worry, it's only a scratchyou'll survive.
survive from something Some strange customs have survived from earlier times.
survive on something I can't survive on 40 a week (= it is not enough for my
basic needs).
They spent two months in the jungle, surviving on small animals and fruit.
survive as something He survived as party leader until his second election defeat.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Live by doing sth: a community that lives by fishing

See: what do you do for a living ? see: live by your wit.
Living(n): She earns her living as a freelance journalist.
to make a good/decent/meagre living
What do you do for a living?
to scrape/scratch a living from part-time tutoring
Scratch(v6): 75% of the population scratch a living from the soil.
Livable: a liveable salary. see here: subsistance salary
Bring home the bacon: his friends either had gone to college or we're bringing home
the bacon.
Your daily bread

Rough(v): We can sleep on the beach. I don't mind roughing it for a night or two.
Slum(v): There are plenty of ways you can cut costs on your trip without slumming.
Slum it: Several businessmen had to slum it in economy class.

Hardscrabble: a hardscrabble life/upbringing

Privation: SYNONYM hardship
the privations of poverty
They endured years of suffering and privation.
Destitute: When he died, his family was left completely destitute.
Deprived: a deprived childhood/background/area
economically/emotionally/socially deprived

Self-supporting
Live off the land
Frugal: a frugal existence/life
He has always been hard-working and frugal.
a frugal Methodist background
OPPOSITE extravagant
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Life force(2): In Hindi philosophy the life force is known as prana.

Life force(1): He looked very illhis life force seemed to have drained away.
Lifeblood: Tourism is the lifeblood of the city.
See: Importance: mainstay, mainspring etc.
Lifeline: The extra payments are a lifeline for most single mothers.

With human face: This was science with a human face.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

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#The basics of a subject etc

Element(7): SYNONYM basics
He taught me the elements of map-reading.
Rudiments: SYNONYM basics
Youll only have time to learn the rudiments of windsurfing in a week.
Fundamental(n): the fundamentals of modern physics
He taught me the fundamentals of the job.
Essential(adj): SYNONYM fundamental
The essential difference between Sara and me is in our attitude to money.
The essential character of the town has been destroyed by the new road.
Elementary(2): the elementary laws of economics
an elementary mistake
Elemental: an elemental truth
Meat and potatoes: a meat-and-potatoes argument
meat-and-potatoes police work
Essential(n2): the essentials of English grammar
ABC: the ABC of gardening
The bare bones: the bare bones of the story.
The nitty-gritty: Time ran out before we could get down to the real nitty-gritty.
The nuts and bolts of sth
Rudimentary: SYNONYM basic
They were given only rudimentary training in the job.
His understanding of the language is very rudimentary.

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#Basis of a theory/ construction etc
Pillar(6): the central pillar of this theory
Education and investment are the twin pillars on which a successful economy is
built. see: importance: core.
Footing(2): The company is now on a sound financial footing.
The country has been on a war footing (= prepared for war) since March.
Found(v3): Their marriage was founded on love and mutual respect.
SEE ALSO ill-founded, unfounded, well founded
Foundation(2): Respect and friendship provide a solid foundation for marriage.
The rumour is totally without foundation (= not based on any facts).
These stories have no foundation (= are not based on any facts).
Basis(3): the basis of a good marriage is trust, the article forms the basis of our
discussion, the theory seems to have no basis in fact. . nothing is
further from the truth. see: baseless, unfounded etc
Base: SYNONYM basis
She used her family's history as a base for her novel.
His arguments have a sound economic base.

Building blocks: Single words are the building blocks of language.

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#Form sth
Constitute: SYNONYM make up
Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.
Comprise: SYNONYM make up
Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty.
Represent: SYNONYM constitute
This contract represents 20% of the company's annual revenue.
This decision represents a significant departure from previous policy.
He got rid of anyone who represented a challenge to his authority.
The peace plan represents (= is the result of) weeks of negotiation.
These results represent a major breakthrough in AIDS research.
Account for sth: The Japanese market accounts for 35% of the company's revenue.

Consist of sth: The committee consists of ten members.

Their diet consisted largely of vegetables.
Their conversation consisted almost entirely of gossip.
a gas station that basically consists of two gas pumps and a vending machine
consist of doing something Most of the fieldwork consisted of making tape
recordings.
Comprise: SYNONYM consist of
The collection comprises 327 paintings.
The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private
sectors.

Constitute: SYNONYM establish, set up

 The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament.
Constitution: SYNONYM establishment
He recommended the constitution of a review committee.

Consist in sth: The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings.
consist in doing something True education does not consist in simply being taught
facts.
See: lie in sth

In the person of sth: Help arrived in the person of his mother.

The firm has an important asset in the person of the sales director.

Compound(v2): The DNA molecule is compounded from many smaller molecules.