Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
7.What plasma albumin levels will you expect in a patient of nephritic syndrome/ chronic
liver disease?
Low levels
8. In Iron deficiency anemia what is the change in total plasma iron binding capacity?
It is increased, representing an increased transferin concentration, which is a feedback response
to low serum iron levels.
10.Which ONE test will you order in a suspected hyper/hypothyroid patient? What result
will you expect?
TSH assay, which can pick up hyperthyroidism even in subclinical forms. It is low in
hyperthyroidism and high in hypothyroidism.
11. If a patient has low TSH, what would be the usual outcome of a free T4 assay?
It will be very high, except in few cases of T3 toxicosis in which it is the free T3 levels which
are high and causing the symptoms.
It is elevated.
13.If serum calcium is increased due to malignancy or excess Vit D (toxicity), what
parathyroid hormone levels would you expect?
Low to undetectable
15.In a patient developing tetany after thyroid surgery with low serum calcium levels,
what is the cause?
Secondary hypoparathyroidism due to accidental removal of parathyroid glands causing
hypocalcemic tetany
16.What are the three main types of glucose measurements performed in the lab/
Fasting, Random and Oral Glucose tolerance test after a loading oral Carbohydrate dose.
20.What K+ levels would you expect in a patient with an aldosterone producing adenoma
of the adrenal gland?
Hypokalemia, aldosterone spares Na at the cost of K excretion by renal tubules.
24.In a patient suspected of gout what serum measurements would you do?
Serum Uric acid levels, which are raised.
3
25.What is the role of C reative protein in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease?
CRP measurements predict risk of reinfarct in a patient of MI and risk of first time infarct in a
patient of angina 584
26.In a patient with chest pain and equivocal ECG changes what test will you do to rule
out MI?
CK, CK-MB initial two days and tropinin later on; an absence of change in levels rules out MI
584
28.What biochemical marker will you use to monitor a patient of Hepatic cirrhosis for
development of Hepatocellular carcinoma?
Serum alpha fetoprotein
29.A raised CA 125 level would lead you to investigate which organ for malignancy?
Ovaries
30.What will you look for in urine specimen of a patient of Multiple Myeloma?
Light chain/Bence Jones proteins >6g/dl 680
35.What is the first test you will order to confirm a myocardial infarction?
Tropinin T and Tropinin I, these are proteins which regulate Calcium mediated contractility of
the heart. They have complete tissue specificity and high sensitivity.
37. In a chemical analysis of gallstones from 100 patients what type of stones are you likely
to find most frequently?
Cholesterol stones
4
38.How will you differentiate between Nephrotic and Nephritic syndrome on the basis of
24-hour urinary proteins?
Nephrotic syndrome - >3.5g/dLNephritic syndrome - <3.5g/dL
LIVER
GIT
79. what are goblet cells
80. What is the effect of aspirin on stomach (ulcer)
81. What are adenomas
82. what are polyps ,its types?
83. What are Signet ring cells ,where are they found, why they are clear due to?
84. What are the predisposing factors for peptic ulcer, what is its commonest site ,it is a
predisposing factor for what?
85. name the cells found in chronic inflammation and acute inflammation
86. what are the cells found in acute appendicitis
87. What is Barrets esophagus 1
88. What are the commonest site for carcinoids? Appendix
89. what are carcinoids
90. What is TNM ?
91. What is Dukes classification
92. What is Meckhels Diverticulum
93. What are inflammatory Bowel diseases
94. How you differentiate between ulcerative colitis and Crohons disease.
95. What is Gluten enteropathy
96. what is metaplasia
97. How bile is formed
98. What is the carcinoma of gall bladder called .
99. How gall stones are formed, what are their types
100.What is mucocele
100. What is ascites
102. What is Whipple disease,which bacteria is responsible (Trophyrma whippllie)
103. Where is intrinsic factor found
104. What is the role of intrinsic factor
105. What is Hirushsrung disease( leads to megacolon)
106. What is Malabsorption syndrome.
107. predisposing factors for gall stones
108. What are the enzymes of pancreas ( pepsin, trypsin)
109. Which tests are advised for pancreatitis.
110. What is the name of pancreatic carcinoma (Insulinoma)
111. What are malabsorption syndrome
112. what is congenital pyloric stenosis
113. Define aphthous ulcers:
Ans. Painful superficial ulcers of unknown etiology that are often triggered by stress.
114. What is tropical sprue (hypersensitivity to gluten)
115. What are the causes of peritonitis
7
ii.Beta cell dysfunction, both quantitative and qualitative, Beta cells are unable to adapt to long-
term demands of peripheral insulin resistance
Breast
162. What is the association of estrogen exposure with risk of breast cancer?
ANS; It increases the risk, thus early menarche is an important risk factor, and so are exogenous
hormones
Bone
Genital system
169. What are germ cell tumors?
170. Classify ovarian tumors?
171. What are krukenberg tumors?
172. What is CIN
173. Any vaccine available for prevention of HPV carcinoma.
174. What is polycystic disease of ovaries
175. What is teratoma ,what are its sites and its microscopic features found in it, it is
derived from which line?
176. What are the causes of hirsutism?
177. What is endometriosis, what is its commonest site, how it is produced?
178. What is endometritis ,what is the difference b/w endometritis and endometriosis.
179. What is the most common benign tumor of uterus?
180. What is leiomyoma? What is its source?
181. What is leiomyosarcoma?
182. What is peritonitis ,what is its source?
183. What is HCG ,it is raised in which conditions?
184. What is molar pregnancy ?
185. What is choriocarcinoma?
186. What is hydatiform mole ?it is the complication of which condition(pregnanacy)
187. What are the predisposing factors for cervical carcinoma?
188. How you are going to diagnose cervical carcinoma?
189. What is PAP smear,what does it stands for? How it is prepared, which stain is used.
190. What are Brenners tumors
191. what are the symptoms in polycystic disease of ovary.
192. What is the classification of ovarian tumours
193. What viral infection predisposes to cervical cancer?
Ans; HPV (High risk types)
194. What screening test is used for cervical cancer in at risk populations?
Ans ;Papanecoleau test of cervical cytology
Ans; No
201. How carcinoids are produced (endocrine tumors due to serotonin)
202. What are the features in carcinoids syndromes,
203. specific markers in carcinoid syndrome
204. What is phenyl ketoneuria
205. What is homocystine uria
206. what is Addisons disease
207. What is the source of catacholamines
208. What are paraneoplastic syndromes.
12
Renal system
209. Enumerate Renal function tests
210. What is the most common kidney tumor in children?
211. Enumerate renal tumors
212. Classify renal cell carcinomas?
213. What are clear cells ,in which carcinoma they are found?
214. Which stain is taken by chromophobe cells(silver stains)
215. Name bladder tumors ?
216. Which dye has been associated with bladder tumors?
217. Which bladder carcinoma is associated with Scistomiasis?
218. What are the causes of hematurea?
219. What is Gleasons grading?
220. Enumerate Prsotatic tumours?
221. What is glomeluronephritis ,what are its causes?
222. What is post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, what is its etiology?
223. Enumerate the renal function tests?
224. what is pylonephritis, what are its causes?
225. Name different renal stones, which stone is associated with proteus infections?
226. What are the shapes of different crystals found in urine?
227. What is transitional cell carcinoma of bladder ?
228. What is polycystic disease of kidneys,what are its complications?
229. what is hydronephrosis ,what are its causes
230. What is PSA velocity
231. What are the causes of painless hematuria
232. what is renal tubular necrosis
233. What is analgesic nephropathy
234. Types of testicular tumors
235. CA bladder has been associated with which predisposing factor( leather dye)
Brain
259. What is the etiology of meningitis, what are the chemical findings in it , how you
diagnose it .
260. what is encephalitis ,what is its etiology
261. Enumerate brain tumors, which is the most common tumor in adults.
262. what is neurofibroma.
263. What is the cause of butter fly rash in a young female, what is its diagnosis, what
antibodies are formed ,what is its etiology.
264. what is Rhematoid arthritis, what is its etiology, which joints are most commonly
involved, what antibodies are formed.
265. what is Sarcoidosis
266. What is wegeners granulomatosis.
267. what is medulloblastoma
15
Respiratory system
268. What are the different types of tuberculosis, what are its route of transmission, which
cells are raised in it,
269. what is a granuloma , how it is formed, what is the central cheesy material ,what it is
called, what is found it ,what is the source of eptheloid cells.
270. what is ghon focus
271. what is ghon complex
272. What is lupus vulgaris
273. Is tuberculosis transmitted through skin and milk and which?
274. what is military tuberculosis
275. what is the site of tuberculosis, what is its diagnosis
276. Name the tumors of lungs
277. What are the chemical carcinogens involved in the bronchogenic carcinoma
278. What are the different types of lung carcinoma, which has worst prognosis, the cells of
small cell CA resemble which cells.
279. what is Emphysema ,what are its types, what happen to alveoli in it .
280. Alpha 1 antitrypsin is increased in which condition.
281. What are pneumocytes, what is the secretion of type two pneumocytes?
282. what is ARDS
283. What is Hyaline membrane disease
284. What is mesothelioma (tumor of pleura due to asbestos found in glass industry)
285. Define Chronic Bronchitis, what happens to bronchi in this condition
286. What is asthma, what are its types, what is atopic asthma, which antibody is raised .
which chemical mediators are released ,by which cells, which type of hypersensitivity is
involved.
287. What is swine flue
288. What are the problems associated with tobacco smoking.
289. Asbestos is the cause of which tumor (mesothelioma)
290. what are the environmental agents causing lung conditions.
291. What is pneumoconiosis,(occupational disease)
292. What are the stages of lobar pneumonia
293. What are the types of pneumonias
294. what is atypical pneumonia, what are its causes
295. inflammation occurs in which part of lung in pneumonia alveoli or interstitium.
296. What are interstitial lung diseases
297. which cells are found in pneumonia, is it acute or chronic type
298. What are the causes of lung abscess
299. what are antioxidants (vit A,E, glutathione)
300. what is gangrene ,what are its types
16
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
301. What are the major diffuse obstructive disorders of the lung?
Ans. Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis & asthma
SKIN
313. What are the malignant conditions of skin
314. What are squamous pearls
315. Where Basal cell carcinoma metastasize, what is its site.
316. What is mole,which change can occur in a mole.
317. What is nevus
318. What is malignant melanoma
319. What is the site of malanocarcinoma
320. What are Kangri ulcers ,where they are found .
321. what is leukoplakia
322. What is genetic engineering
323. what is cloning
324. What is Dollie, Why it die in early age
BLOOD