Q400 - Fuel Efficiency Manual PDF

Fuel Efficiency
MANUAL
Q400 Fuel Efficiency Manual 2
1.Introduction 3
CONTENTS
2.Abbreviations 5
3.Summary of Techniques 8
4.Flight Planning 11
4.1Aircraft Weight 12
4.2Center of Gravity (CG) 14
4.3Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) 14
4.4Taxi 15
4.5Take-Off 17
4.6Climb 17
4.7Cruise 19
4.8Descent 23
4.9Optimum Cruise Altitude 25
4.10Fuel Reserves and Contingency Fuel 27
4.11Flight Planning Example 28
5.Higher Resolution of SAR Data Using Cost Index Tables 30
6.Flight Management 35
6.1Enroute Winds 36
6.2Performance Monitoring 37
6.3Approach and Landing 38
6.4Tankering 38
7.Maintenance 39
7.1Airframe Maintenance 40
7.2Engine Maintenance 40
7.3Dispatch under MEL and CDL 42
8.Conclusion 45
INTRODUCTION
2.0INTRODUCTION
B!
ombardiers Q400 NextGen turboprop aircraft has benefited from an
ongoing program of investment and continuous improvement. Since
2000, when the Q400 entered service, the price of fuel has risen
significantly. Airlines are continually seeking solutions to counter the impact of
rising fuel costs and economic challenges. Bombardier has developed a broad
range of solutions and countermeasures to the rising cost of fuel. The Q400
Fuel Efficiency Manual serves as a guide for airlines to maximize their opera-
tional and performance techniques, enabling them to generate significant fuel
savings across all mission profiles and phases of flight.
The Q400 NextGen airliner, which is built at Bombardiers Toronto, Canada

facility, is the most recent development in the evolution of the Q400 aircraft,
and the advanced successor to Bombardiers Dash 8/Q-Series family of
aircraft. The Q400 airliner was developed after the introduction of regional
jets and is the only turboprop designed to meet the modern definition of
regional flying. Optimized for short-haul regional operations the 70-to-86-
seat Q400 NextGen aircraft is a large, fast, quiet and fuel-efficient turbo-
prop. Now available with seating configurations up to 86 seats, the Q400
provides an un-matched combination of productivity, passenger comfort
and operating economics with a reduced environmental footprint.
The Q400 aircraft is most often used on routes of 200 to 500 NM. As a
2.0INTRODUCTION
modern turboprop, it also has the speed and range to be deployed on

routes up to 1000 NM. The Q400 aircrafts maximum cruise speed of 360
knots TAS lets the aircraft fly on demand-driven interchangeable schedules
with jets. But, throttle back to 280 knots TAS and the Q400 aircraft is the
most fuel efficient turboprop on a per-seat basis, while providing advantages
in operating cost, speed, passenger capacity and baggage capacity. The
Q400 turboprop delivers the operational flexibility and operating economics
to meet the needs of regional flying in the modern era.
Setting new environmental standards, the Q400 aircraft uses 30 to 40 per

cent less fuel and produces 30 to 40 per cent fewer emissions on routes
where it has replaced similar-capacity, older jets. Importantly, the Q400
turboprops Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), located in the tail of the aircraft,
vents its exhaust and noise upward, resulting in a better operating environ-
ment for ground crews. Overall, the Q400 aircraft is 15 decibels quieter than
ICAO Chapter 4 noise standards; raising the bar for the entire industry. The
Q400 aircraft is also participating in biofuel test programs that could make
a significant contribution in reducing aviations carbon footprint.
The Q400 aircrafts high rate of climb, single-engine service ceiling, higher
take-off weight (thus greater payload), optional drop down oxygen system
and jetway-compatibile front air stair passenger door are important factors
that contribute to its operational flexibility. In addition, the Q400s indus-
try leading navigation capabilities, such as WAAS/LPV, RNP AR, Heads-up
guidance, Coupled VNAV etc contribute to the efficiency of
operations and flight completion rates in challenging environments.
The commercial aviation industry has gone through significant changes

since the recent global recession. The industrys unwavering focus on opti-
mization and efficiency is the key reason for its resilience. Economic growth
will drive the demand for more aircraft. Rising oil prices and continued price
volatility will drive airlines to accelerate the retirement of older less efficient
aircraft, thereby increasing the demand for new-technology and fuel-
efficient aircraft such as the Q400.
The Q400 FEH will help airlines find
the optimum fuel efficiency solutions
for todays challenges, and it provides
the tools to adapt to tomorrows
challenges as well.
ABBREVIATIONS
A/C Aircraft
1.0ABBREVIATIONS
AEO All Engines Operating

AFM Airplane Flight Manual
AOM Airplane Operating Manual
APU Auxiliary Power Unit
BA BOMBARDIER AEROSPACE
CG Center of Gravity
CI Cost Index
FPM Feet Per Minute
FT, ft Feet
GPU Ground Power Unit
HSC High Speed Cruise
IAS Indicated Air Speed
IATA International Air Transport Association
IFR Instrument Flight Rules
ISC Intermediate Speed Cruise
ISA International Standard Atmosphere
KG, kg Kilogram
LB, lb Pound
LRC Long Range Cruise
ME Maximum Endurance
MCL Maximum Climb Power Rating
MCR Maximum Cruise Power Rating
MIN, min Minute
MLG Main Landing Gear
MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List
MRC Maximum Range Cruise
MTOW Maximum Take-Off Weight
NLG Nose Landing Gear
NM, nm Nautical Mile
OEI One Engine Inoperative
ROD Rate Of Descent
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
SAR Specific Air Range
SE Single Engine
TAS True Air Speed
TOC Top Of Climb
TOD Top Of Descent
TOW Take-Off Weight
USG U. S. Gallon
SUMMARY OF
TECHNIQUES
A!
lthough fuel price and emissions costs have become very important
3.0SUMMARY OF TECHNIQUES
operational factors, it is important to remember that a minimum

fuel optimized operation is not necessarily the best for every oper-
ator, since there are factors and situations that can diminish or negate the
fuel saving benefits, such as:
Ineffective use of the APU

Start-up delays and taxi speeds
High time-related costs (maintenance, flight and cabin crew, leasing, etc.)
Missing or unfiled ATC clearances
Missing slot times
Airspace access or overflight costs
Passenger related delay costs (missing connecting flights)
Not taking advantage of en-route winds
Reduced weather avoidance capabilities
Poor scheduling
Crew understanding and compliance
For these reasons many operators use a minimum cost strategy. All aspects
of fuel efficiency, such as fuel price, cost of emissions, fuel weight and
tankering can be included in a Cost Index method, which is a method to
minimize total operational cost as a function of all or a selection of operating
variables.
As the purpose of this manual is to focus on fuel efficiency, it will first show
the minimum fuel techniques for ground operations and for each flight seg-
ment (climb, cruise, descent, approach and landing), with the understand-
ing that optimizing each flight segment does not always mean that the trip
is optimized; this is further explained in the flight level selection section. It
is up to the operator or flight planning provider to use this knowledge and
data to optimize the overall flight profile.
Next, a few Cost Index methods are explained, followed by practical flight
management recommendations and maintenance implications on fuel burn.
Summary Fuel Burn Reduction Techniques12

3.0SUMMARY OF TECHNIQUES
Technique Block Fuel Saving Potential

Aircraft Weight Management Up to 1%
C of G Management Up to 0.5%
APU Usage Up to 0.7%
Single Engine Taxi Up to 3%
Climb Technique Up to 6%
Cruise Technique Up to 12%
Descent Technique Up to 5%
FL270 Operation Up to 3%
Fuel Reserves and Contingency Fuel Up to 1%
Higher Resolution SAR data Up to 2%
Enroute Winds Up to 15%
Visual Approaches Up to 0.5%
Tankering Up to 1%
RNP AR Approaches Up to 3.0%
Airframe Maintenance Up to 1%
Engine Maintenance Up to 0.5%
1 Individual techniques are not additive and results will vary according to particular conditions
2 Based on 500 NM
FLIGHT
PLANNING
A!
flight plan that is accurate in all its components (ground operations,
4.0FLIGHT PLANNING
climb, acceleration, cruise, descent, approach & landing, reserves

and contingency factors) is critical for fuel efficiency. Optimized
routing must be examined, taking into consideration any en-route fees that
may be charged as a result of specific routings. Any optimization bene-
fit must be balanced against the need for accurate and efficient on-time
performance for passenger movements and connections. The impact of a
non-optimal flight planning or carrying unnecessary fuel is multiple:
cost of additional fuel

more emissions (CO2, NO)
additional fuel weight leading to reduced performance, in turn leading
to further limitations and additional fuel required
payload reduction when limited by MTOW
4.1Aircraft Weight
Aircraft weight is one of the key factors in determining the fuel burn. Starting
with an accurate weight on the ground and continuing to have a correct fuel
consumption and aircraft weight estimate for all flight segments will allow
the aircraft route to be planned and flown effectively.
As much as possible, it is recommended to reduce the aircraft weight, as

any excess weight is always detrimental to fuel efficiency. The chart below
shows the Block Fuel3 increment associated with TOW increase, for a
medium sector distance (450 nm).
3 Block Fuel includes: start , taxi-out, take-off , climb, cruise, descent , approach, landing, taxi-in
For example, if take-off weight is increased by 1% from 58,000lbs to

4.1FLIGHT PLANNING
58,580lbs and with a HSC setting the block fuel will increase by 0.51%,
which translates into 16lbs of fuel.
When the take-off weight is increased, there will be an increase in block fuel.
The table below offers some examples of the fuel increase with an addi-
tional take-off weight increase of 1000 lb.
300 nm 450 nm 600 nm

LRC 16 20 lb 25 29 lb 32 39 lb
HSC 6 10 lb 7 13 lb 9 15 lb
An aircraft weight reduction can be achieved by minimizing each of its com-

ponents: Operating Weight Empty (OWE), payload and fuel.
The OWE is the Manufacturers Empty Weight (MEW) plus operational

items. This would include flight crew and their baggage, passenger service
items, manuals, galley supplies, carts, supplementary equipment, and con-
sumables food, water, etc. An audit should be conducted to ensure only
essential items are carried. The following items could be minimized or
removed entirely:
Old magazines and newspapers

Empty galley containers, extra supplies
Excess duty free material (consider removing this entirely)
Extra water in storage tanks
Pillows and blankets
Excessive flight crew baggage
Extra magazines, seatback advertising
Heavy seats, carpets, spare equipment
Flight manuals and documentation (consider an Electronic Flight Bag
Potable water weight implications under normal and MEL use
The MEW tends to increase during operational life due to repairs, upgrades
and moisture accumulation. These weight increments should be monitored
and kept to a minimum.
Consider drying out insulation

Keep the aircraft clean and free of dirt (inside and out)
Infrequent lavatory servicing
The Payload weight (passenger + carry-on baggage + checked baggage)

4.1FLIGHT PLANNING
should be accurately assessed by statistical or other methods.

Where feasible, use actual weights of passengers and baggage
Assumed or average weights may be limiting
Optimize weight and balance calculations
Avoid zonal calculations due to curtailment requirements
More zones provide a more precise calculation
The total Fuel quantity on board is discussed in Section 4.11.
4.2Center of Gravity (CG)

The Q400 AOM cruise data is produced based on the aircraft loaded to
the Forward CG Limit. There is lower drag if the aircraft is loaded aft of the
forward limit. The drag reduction improves the fuel burn by approximately
0.04% per 1% MAC change in CG position.
That is approximately 0.76% fuel burn improvement in cruise for a CG shift

from full forward (17%) to full aft (36%), for an aircraft weight of 28690
kg (63250 lb). The effect is reduced for lighter weights (linearly scaled by
weight). For a 1 hour flight at MRC this translates in 3.6 kg (8 lb) fuel saved in
cruise.
4.3Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

The Q400 APU/Bleed combination uses an average 1.5 kg/minute
(3.3 lb/minute) of fuel. The fuel burn is reduced by almost half when the
Bleed Air is selected OFF. There is great potential to save fuel and reduce
maintenance costs by reducing APU useage, and the useage of bleed air
from the APU.
APU and Bleed Air (22 deg C) 103 kg/hr (227 lb/hr) or
1.7 kg/min (3.8 lb/min)
APU Only (22 deg C) 53.5 kg/hr (118 lb/hr) or
0.9 kg/min (2 lb/min)
4
Excessive use of the APU can be caused by the following:
4.3FLIGHT PLANNING
Inadequate SOPs detailing the use of the APU

Ground electrical power unavailable
Ground air conditioning unavailable
APU Bleed used on unattended aircraft
APU Generator used on unattended aircraft
Maintenance action using APU instead of Ground Power
APU used for longer turnaround times (greater than 1 hour)
Consider reduction of APU usage when environmental conditions allow (suf-

ficient ambient light and comfortable cabin temperature) and avoid early
starting or running during extended turnarounds. Further, consider closing
window shades/blinds to minimize thermal heating in the cabin. Ensure all
vents are open in the flight deck and cabin to maximize the heating/cooling
effects when the APU Bleed is operating.
When available, the crew should consider the use of Ground Power Unit
(GPU) and air carts when practical and economical, considering cost, time
delays, and noise.
4.4Taxi
Engine Start
Starting engines during the pushback phase, instead of at the gate may
minimize the fuel burn. However, this would require the APU to be operating
or would require a battery only start. Starting one engine at the gate while
on ground power and then pushing back may be the best alternative and
most efficient method. Delaying the start of the second engine until just
prior to the completion of the pushback procedure will provide additional
savings.
Consider holding the start and pushback procedure if a departure delay is

anticipated.
4 Sector distance: 274nm, cruise segment 197nm, fuel used in cruise: 1056lb
Q400 Fuel Efficiency Manual
Single Engine Taxi

4.4FLIGHT PLANNING
The Q400 average fuel burn for Two Engine Taxi is approximately 12 lb/minute.
The Single Engine Taxi Operations Considerations and Procedures are

presented in the Q400 AOM, Section 3.4.3.11. The potential fuel savings (for
1 engine operating, one engine shutdown) are on the order of 40% for the
Start and Taxi fuel.
For example, a standard departure that includes a two engine start

followed by a 15 minute taxi will result in a fuel burn of 92.5 kg (204 lb). A
single engine start, followed by a 15 minute taxi and delayed second engine
start will consume approximately 54.4 kg (120 lb) of fuel.
Taxi-out
When multiple runways are available, choose a runway that will minimize taxi
and ground holding times. However, it may be more beneficial to choose a
runway that is aligned with the initial en route heading, even though it may
take longer to taxi. The fuel burn on the ground is much less than the fuel
required to depart in the opposite direction and make the turn en route
while airborne.
Consider the use of intersection departures where applicable to minimize

taxi time. Where possible, choose the most direct taxiing route from gate
to runway.
Taxi-in
Single engine taxi operations could be employed during the taxi-in phase
as well. A reduction in fuel consumption, pollution, noise and brake wear is
possible. It is important that the flight crew consider taxiway surface condi-
tions, taxi time, ramp and parking congestion before employing this strategy.
When waiting excessively for a stand or gate after landing (after the AFTER
LANDING checklist is complete), the crew may opt to select
START/FEATHER on both Condition Levers. The loss of A/C power has no
subsequent effect on the remaining taxi. The difference between DISC/1020
rpm and START/FEATHER is approximately 90 kg/hour (198.4 lb). Once the
gate becomes available, return the Condition Levers to 1020 RPM and wait
for the propellers to unfeather before continuing to taxi.
4.5Take-Off
4.5FLIGHT PLANNING
Supplement 13 Reduced Power take-off may result in lower overall

engine operating costs as a result of the lower engine temperatures. The
fuel burn benefits of the lower power settings become offset by the extra
time required for acceleration on the ground and when airborne. The
benefits of Supplement 13 are specific to the circumstances of individual
airline operations.
4.6Climb
Q400 can continuously climb from SL to its maximum operational ceiling
(25000 ft) for any combination of take-off weight, temperature and propeller
RPM. No step climbs are required.
The following climb techniques are currently provided in the Q400 AOM:
Climb Type 1 (High Speed): is using the most fuel but it takes more
time and the longest distance to Top of Climb (TOC).
Climb Type 2 (Intermediate Speed): is a speed approximately halfway
between Type 1 and Type 3 climb speeds, and the times, distances and
fuel are approximately averages of the times, distances and fuel to
TOC of Type 1 and Type 3.
Climb Type 3 (Low Speed): is using the least fuel, it takes the least time
and the shortest distance to TOC (best climb gradient).
In addition, a Pitch Attitude climb (higher indicated speed, low pitch) is
also considered, as some operators use this technique due to ATC/
operational considerations.
The climb speed profiles are shown below, in Indicated Air Speed. The Con-
4.6FLIGHT PLANNING
stant Pitch Attitude climb and Type 1 climbs overlap or exceed (in some
areas) the LRC speed. This suggests that for those conditions these high
climb speeds are not the best for a minimum fuel technique, since the climb
is performed at MCL (Maximum Climb power), a power rating which is
higher than any cruise power.
In order to minimize fuel burn for the climb segment, the most fuel
efficient is Climb Type 3. For example, using Type 3 climb instead of Type 1
from SL to FL 160 will save 217 kg (478.4 lb) 206 kg (454.1 lb) = 11 kg (24.3
lb) which represents 5% in the climb segment. However, upon reaching the
Top Of Climb, the cruise segment will have to be extended to reach the same
point downstream of the Type 1 Top Of Climb. The overall impact of climb/
cruise fuel burn will have to be assessed when optimizing the flight profile.
In addition, climbing at 900 RPM instead of 850 RPM saves fuel by an aver-
age 0.5% for the climb segment. The climb time, distance, and fuel data for
all climb types are presented in the AOM for both 850 and 900 propeller
RPM. With the same example conditions as above, but using 900 propeller
RPM instead of 850 RPM, using Type 3 climb instead of Type 1 will save 213
kg (469.6 lb) 201 kg (443.1 lb) = 12 kg (26.5 lb) which represents 5.6% in the
climb segment.5
5 ISA, 850 RPM, 28000kg (61730 lb)

4.7Cruise
4.7FLIGHT PLANNING
The Q400 AOM presents fuel flow, speed and torque in tabular format for
specific weight, altitude and temperature increments for the following:
Maximum Endurance cruise (ME)

Maximum Range Cruise (MRC)
Long Range Cruise (LRC)
Intermediate Speed Cruise (ISC)
High Speed Cruise (HSC)
Maximum Cruise Rating (MCR)
The tabular data in the AOM is derived from charts similar to the exam-
ple provided below. This chart highlights the Specific Air Range (nm/lb of
fuel) for 3 different weights, and is valid specifically for ISA temperatures at
FL250. The various cruise speed options (listed above) have been added to
the chart for convenience.
Weights 18000 kg 24000 kg 29574 kg

(39683 lb) (52911 lb) (65200 lb)
The best cruise SAR (best fuel efficiency) is achieved at MRC speed as high-
4.7FLIGHT PLANNING
lighted below. Simply put, it will provide the furthest distance traveled for a
given amount of fuel burned.
LRC has been historically defined as the speed above MRC that will result in
1% SAR reduction. The benefit of using LRC is that 1% of SAR is traded for
3% to 5% higher cruise speed. The minor fuel burn increase is offset by the
increase in speed and cruise time reduction.
18000 KG (39683 LB)

Cruise Setting Speed (KTAS) SAR (nm/lb)
MRC 252 0.2107
LRC 271 0.2086
In contrast, the least fuel efficient but fastest jet-like operation is at MCR
(minimum time). Flying at HSC will trade a small speed reduction (20 kt) for
a significant SAR improvement (7%). The ISC makes a compromise between
a fuel efficient operation and time efficient operation, and is defined as the
average speed between LRC and HSC.
4.7FLIGHT PLANNING
29574 KG (65200 LB)

Cruise Setting Speed (KTAS) SAR (nm/lb)
MCR 355 0.1426
HSC 335 0.1527
For a relatively short trip, Toronto

(CYYZ) to Montreal (CYUL), the fuel
savings achieved in cruise when
using MRC instead of MCR is 24.2%6,
for an increase in cruise time of 11.6
minutes (35.3%).
Similarly, on a relatively long route,

Toronto (CYYZ) to Halifax (CYHZ),
the fuel savings achieved when
using MRC instead of MCR is also
24%7. The increase in cruise time is
33.5 minutes (35.3%).
6 ISA, FL250, 24000 kg cruise weight, 274 nm total distance (cruise portion 197 nm),
Type 3 climb/descent
7 ISA, FL250, 24000 kg cruise weight, 697 nm total distance (cruise portion 569 nm),
Type 3 climb/descent
If saving fuel in cruise is most important and overall flight time is not a con-
4.7FLIGHT PLANNING
cern8 , the flight crew can use speeds even lower than MRC, leading to fur-
ther fuel burn reductions. This is illustrated in the following chart, which is
showing the same data as above, but presented in terms of fuel flow (lb/hr).
For flight planning (cruise segment only, or the climb/cruise/descent profile)

it is important to remember that fuel consumption has to be continuously
interpolated and integrated along the flight path using appropriate software
as the aircraft weight, speed, engine power and ambient conditions are con-
tinuously changing. The final results are not always intuitive or comparable
when checking against discrete fuel consumption values or hand calcula-
tions. The data and discrete values are provided by Bombardier in the AOM.
Bombardier has developed and is offering additional & refined performance
data in our cost index data package.
8 Factors may include favorable enroute tailwinds, fixed arrival time, unavailable/early arrival slots;
short sectors and short cruise sections; flight schedules; or to provide slower speeds, similar to
competition turboprop aircraft.
4.8Descent
4.8FLIGHT PLANNING
A properly planned and executed descent profile can offer some of the
greatest fuel savings. The ideal profile would include an uninterrupted
descent from cruise altitude without the use of any power. This is often
unachievable in busy airspace. Descents that begin too early or late can
also increase the fuel burn. If given a choice, it would be better to begin the
descent early, rather than late. An early (shallow) descent affords the oppor-
tunity to regain the optimal profile and find savings in fuel. A late descent
will require in increased rate of descent from the optimal profile, and this
added energy would eventually have to be dissipated through alternative
means increasing drag, increasing propeller RPM, or a premature level off.
The following descent types are currently provided in the Q400 AOM:
Descent Type 1, limited by a/c ROD=2000fpm and/or

cabin ROD=300fpm
cabin ROD=300fpm
cabin ROD=300fpm
cabin ROD=500fpm
cabin ROD=400fpm
The aircraft ROD and cabin ROD limitations are shown on the
illustration below.
The actual descent speeds are shown below in Indicated Air Speed.
4.8FLIGHT PLANNING
The most fuel efficient descent segment is achieved with a Type 5 descent,
followed sequentially to Type 1.
Descent Types 4 and 5 provide an overall higher ROD and significant

fuel savings, compared with Types 1 and 2 respectively (up to 40% when
descending from FL250). However, these savings are reduced by a longer
cruise portion as a result of the shorter descent segment. This is very similar
to the climb - cruise trade off discussed earlier.
In summary, various descent techniques can save up to 5% on fuel burn on a

500nm sector flight.
4.9Optimum Cruise Altitude

4.9FLIGHT PLANNING
From a fuel efficiency perspective, the most important aspect is the block
fuel optimization, not the individual flight segments optimization. For a fixed
sector length, optimizing the individual flight segments does not translate
into overall flight profile optimization. Similarly, when flying jet-like speeds
and profiles, the most important aspect is the block time.
For a given sector length, temperature and wind condition, the most impor-
tant factor that impacts the block fuel and block time is the cruise altitude,
as that defines TOC position, the cruise segment length and TOD point.
To determine the optimum cruise altitude for each technique, the block
fuel/block time charts are plotted for all sector lengths, altitudes, temper-
atures and winds, and the optimum altitudes for each technique (minimum
block time, minimum block fuel) are selected for each combination of sector
length, wind and temperature.
The AOM optimum cruise altitudes for a minimum time technique are based
on HSC. The minimum fuel techniques are based on LRC. The related per-
formance is presented in Q400 AOM Section 5.2.
As mentioned before, the only way to accurately perform these calculations

and to integrate the optimum cruise altitudes is by using specialized route
analysis software.
To illustrate this concept (block fuel versus block time), data for different
techniques related to the same cruise speed regimes as presented in the
Cruise section (4.7) are shown below. The chart, for demonstration purposes
only, shows a sector length of 600 nm and three possible cruise altitudes
(FL180, FL220, and FL250)9.
High speed, short time technique

ISC or HSC
CL1 / DC1
Fuel saving technique
MRC or LRC
CL2 / DC2
9 Both chart assumptions consist of: ISA, 0 wind, IFR Reserves, 100 nm diversion, High TOW

4.9FLIGHT PLANNING
From the chart above:

For a 600 nm sector at FL180, it is possible to complete the high speed
flight as follows:
Time Fuel
Climb 1, ISC and Descent 1 133.7 minutes 2163 kg (4768 lb)
Climb 1, HSC and Descent 1 124.7 minutes 2358 kg (5198 lb)
However, for the same distance and altitude, the fuel saving flight
results are:
Time Fuel
Climb 2, MRC and Descent 2 157.3 minutes 2017 kg (4447 lb)
Climb 2, LRC and Descent 2 150.0 minutes 2035 kg (4487 lb)
Cruise at FL270:
4.9FLIGHT PLANNING
The Q400 maximum operational cruise altitude was recently increased from
FL250 to FL270. The following chart shows the fuel savings that can be
achieved when flying long sector distances at FL270.
For a typical 500 nm sector, fuel savings will equate to approximately 3%.
4.10Fuel Reserves and Contingency Fuel

Fuel reserves consist of holding fuel, diversion (alternate) fuel, contingency
fuel and extra fuel. On many occasions reserve fuel estimates are conservative;
in some cases the pilots will take extra fuel due to lack of confidence in the
flight planning data, although most of the time the flight planning providers
apply their own safety factors to cover various operational unknowns. The
overall result is that too much reserve fuel is carried.
Holding fuel should be estimated based on Maximum Endurance speed

(ME) since this speed provides the minimum fuel flow. The holding fuel
estimate should also be based on the expected weight at arrival, as the fuel
burn for holding is less at lower aircraft operating weights. The expected
holding altitude may not necessarily be at the standard 1500 ft ASL. If appli-
cable, calculating the fuel burn at a higher assumed holding altitude will
allow for less fuel to be carried. Holding data (including holding in icing with
minimum speed required in icing) are provided in Q400 AOM Chapter 5.10.
Diversion fuel10 can be minimized in a similar manner to the sector fuel. This
4.10FLIGHT PLANNING
would include using a minimum fuel technique, and optimum cruise altitude
selection for the distance and ambient conditions. Depending on the juris-
diction, choosing appropriate alternates (enroute alternates) allows a reduc-
tion of the contingency factor.
Contingency factors are designed to account for meteorological variations

and unforeseen operational constraints. One method to reduce the contin-
gency factor is to take into account seasonal variations and statistical data
obtained from performance monitoring for specific routes and flight profiles.
Another method is to consider decision / diversion points along the route.
Overall, contingency factors can be reduced from very conservative 5% or
6% to more accurate and realistic 2% to 3%.
Extra (discretionary) fuel should not be added without a good reason, as it

might duplicate reserve fuel components already accounted for in the flight
planning, and unnecessarily increase to overall aircraft weight11.
An accurate fuel reserve estimate should be tailored to route specific oper-

ational and weather conditions, and be very close to the minimum required
by regulations.
4.11Flight Planning Example

The flight planning example below illustrates the impact of using the fuel
saving methods described in this manual. A typical high speed operation12
can be optimized for minimum fuel13 with the following procedures:
Typical
Savings
Fuel Saving High Speed Optimized for Savings % of Block
Action Operation Minimum Fuel kg/(lb) Fuel
OWE reduction 17819 kg 17690 kg

- -
(39284 lb) (39000 lb)
Payload estimate 8489 kg 8339 kg
- -
(18715 lb) (18385 lb)
TOW 29574 kg 28476 kg
- -
(65200 lb) (62780 lb)
10 Using the flight planning standard of 100 nm or actual diversion/alternates
11 Operators employing a Flight Efficiency program highlight this topic as one of the most difficult to
convince Flight Crew to adhere to, but result in large savings. Flight Crew awareness and compli-
ance is critical.
12 Sector length 500nm, ISA, IFR Reserve 45 min
13 Typical High Speed Operation and Optinized for Minimum Fuel calculations are performed with
the same route analysis program and database.
4.11FLIGHT PLANNING
Typical
Savings
Fuel Saving High Speed Optimized for Savings % of Block
Action Operation Minimum Fuel kg/(lb) Fuel
APU Bleeds (ON/ 34 kg 18 kg 16.8 kg 0.7%

OFF) (76 lb) (39 lb) (37 lb)
Taxi-out (SE/AE 93 kg 54 kg 38 kg 1.6%
Taxi) (204 lb) (120 lb) (84 lb)
Take-Off 42 kg 42 kg
- -
(93 lb) (93 lb)
Air Manoeuvre 28 kg - 28 kg 1.2%
(62 lb) (62 lb)
Climb Type/RPM 324 kg 375 kg 50 kg -2.2%
(715 lb) (827 lb) ( 112
lb)
Cruise altitude 23000 ft 27000 ft - -
Cruise Speed/ 1335 kg 897 kg 439 kg 18.8 %
Winds/CG (2944 lb) (1977 lb) (967 lb)
Descent Type/ 318 kg 166 kg 153 kg 6.6 %
ROD (703 lb) (365 lb) (338 lb)
App./Landing/ 89 kg 22 kg 67 kg 2.9%
RNP (196 lb) (49 lb) (147 lb)
Taxi-in (SE/AE 93 kg 54 kg 38 kg 1.6%
Taxi) (204 lb) (120 lb) (84 lb)
Reserve altitude 5000 ft 10000 ft
- -
Reserve fuel 817 kg 532 kg 286 kg

-
(1802 lb) (1172 lb) (630 lb)
Diversion fuel 413 kg 362 kg 47 kg
-
(912 lb) (799 lb) (103 lb)
Contingency 6.00% 2.00%
- -
factor
Total Reserves 1359 kg 924 kg
- -
(2997 lb) (2038 lb)
Block Fuel 2329 kg 1628 kg 700 kg 30.1%
(5135 lb) (3590 lb) (1545 lb)
Trip Fuel 2138 kg 1502 kg 636 kg 29.7%
(4713 lb) (3311 lb) (1402lb)
HIGHER RESOLUTION
OF SAR DATA USING
COST INDEX TABLES
The Flight Planning section presented fuel efficient methods for ground
5.0COST INDEX
operation, and each individual phase of flight. These methods can be used
either separately, or for trip optimization, within a simple (static) or a
dynamic Cost Index solution.
Total Cost = Fixed Costs + Time Dependent Costs + Fuel Cost
Cost Index is a concept or a tool used to minimize the total operational cost,
not necessarily isolated to minimize fuel burn. Cost Index is defined as the
ratio of time-related costs to fuel-related costs, and is specific to each oper-
ating environment and each operator, since every operator has different
routes, marketing strategies and cost structures.
Cost Index can be measured in:

Cost ($)/minute : Cost ($)/kg fuel = kg fuel/minute
For example, the ratio of 100 kg fuel : 1 minute shows that from a cost
perspective 100 kg of fuel can be traded for 1 minute of flight, or vice versa,
while maintaining the same operational cost.
The fuel related cost is really just the price of fuel on board; however the
5.0COST INDEX
time dependent cost is influenced by many factors. The most important

time dependent costs are related to:
flight crew salary and benefits

maintenance and overhaul intervals
missed connecting flights
late flight charges and expenses
Each of these costs can be further analyzed and quantified. For example,
the cost of an arrival delay (missing connecting flights):
can rise sharply in discrete steps and raise sharply to high amounts as
more and more people lose connections
can be quantified and it can help to determine the recovery plan, and
be modeled in a (dynamic) Cost Index, when fuel savings are negated
by arrival delay costs
A modern, efficient and safe flight planning requires consideration of many

operational aspects (weather, navigational data, airspace rules and restric-
tions) and advanced flight management (optimum vertical and horizontal
flight profile, at optimum speed), as the optimum altitude and speed change
with time, weight and weather. All the operational aspects can be correlated
with costs by using a dynamic Cost Index method.
IATA14 identified that the main impediment for fuel efficient operations is the
lack of sophisticated Flight Planning tools (i.e. Cost Index methods). Using
Cost Index methods has the biggest savings potential once it is
developed, understood and correctly implemented at each level/depart-
ment in the organization (management/accounting, maintenance, flight
planning, dispatch, flight crew) and continuously monitored and adjusted.
With various Cost Index methods and other fuel saving initiatives, there
is always a risk of confusion with regards to who is saving either fuel or
money, at what level and how, which can lead to conflicting strategies and
overall inefficiencies.
Flight crews need to be aware that a properly implemented Cost Index

takes into account not only operational, but more importantly business deci-
sions, and that they do not always have visibility to all the factors considered
when required to fly a specific Cost Index.
14 Guidance Material and Best Practices for Fuel Management, 1st Edition 2004
If a Cost Index solution is developed, or the flight profile is already

5.0COST INDEX
optimized either for minimum time, optimum cost or minimum fuel, it is det-
rimental if the flight crew deviates from the plan. However, the flight crew
need to be aware of the plan, and be able to make good and safe decisions
when operational restrictions or weather changes require deviations.
Ideally, the crew should have the Cost Index tools (FMS, EFB, in-flight sup-
port from ground stations, etc.) and the capability to re-optimize when flight
milestones or enroute changes occur.
A sophisticated, dynamic Cost Index solution is a software solution that can

access and use performance, financial, weather and operational data
in real time.
Bombardier has made available a detailed Cost Index performance data

package to support flight planning/cost index solutions.
The Q400 Cost Index Data package consists of detailed high resolution
climb, cruise and descent performance digital data (AEO and OEI) in small
increments of weight, altitude, temperature and speed, in a generic, easy to
use and implement format.
For example, with reference to the SAR chart below, the Cost Index Data
5.0COST INDEX
is provided in additional speed increments of 7 kt, additional weight incre-

ments of 227 kg (500 lb), temperature increments of 2 degrees C, and
altitude increments of 500 ft. This Cost Index data set has vastly more infor-
mation as opposed to the AOM, which for practical reasons, shows only the
six cruise regimes described earlier in this document
Therefore, the Q400 Cost Index Data allows for a higher accuracy in all opti-
mization calculations, eliminating linear interpolation and other related errors,
which will result in a more accurate cruise fuel burn estimate by 2% to 10%.
FLIGHT
MANAGEMENT
6.1Enroute Winds
6.1FLIGHT MANAGEMENT
The effect of predicted enroute winds (tailwinds or headwinds) are consid-

ered in the dispatch flight planning and eventually can be reconsidered in
flight, when advantageous. Cruise altitudes can be changed, either to take
advantage of tailwinds or to alleviate the effect of headwinds.
For example, the chart below shows the influence of headwinds on SAR, for
a LRC cruise segment at different altitudes. The chart illustrates how it is
possible to estimate if a cruise altitude change would be beneficial.
In this specific example, in order to maintain the original SAR of 0.1300 nm/lb
fuel planned for FL210, zero wind, an unpredicted headwind of 25 kt would be
alleviated by climbing to FL230 .
Or, reading left to right in the chart, the same SAR of 0.1300 nm/lb can be
achieved if climbing to FL250 with a 50 kt headwind.
The effect of en-route winds is best accounted for within a flight

planning or a Cost Index software program, since the winds are dynamic
and frequently changing.
6.2Performance Monitoring
Aircraft and engine performance monitoring (airspeed, torque, RPM, fuel

flow, fuel quantity on board, correlated with the aircraft weight and the
actual ambient conditions) is highly recommended, as it allows to identify
trends in engine fuel flow, airframe drag and overall trends at aircraft level.
Performance monitoring also allows the statistical assessment of the flight

planning accuracy and the potential reduction or customization of fuel
contingency factors. Performance monitoring is often a regulatory audit
requirement for IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA).
It is very useful to have a record of fuel on board at critical points: Take-Off,

TOC, TOD, and fuel remaining at destination. This data will help identify spe-
cific areas of flight planning or Cost Index methods that need to be further
addressed or refined. This data should be recorded from the actual fuel indi-
cations, and not be taken from the FMS.
6.3Approach and Landing

Whenever possible and safe, shorten the approach procedure. When prac-
tical and permitted, the flight crew can choose to fly a visual approach in
order to save both time and fuel. Properly programming the FMS and aligning
the descent with the approach will also help reducing the fuel burn.
The advantages of new technology, including RNP, can offer significant

savings by shortening approaches and reducing track miles, which equate
to fuel savings. Operators have reported saving anywhere between 5 40
track miles with the advent of SIDs or STARs. The savings can amount to
over 3% of block fuel.15
A decelerated approach (low noise, low drag) can lower fuel consumption
and reduce noise. Keeping the aircraft clean, delaying flap and gear selec-
tions will help increase the fuel savings.
Consideration should be given to the flap setting used on landing. Maximum

flap will have increased drag, and may not be optimum on approaches or
runways that do not require their use. Reduced flap landings, where applica-
ble, can offer savings.
6.4Tankering
For each type of operation, especially for return routes, a specific tanker/
transport coefficient should be derived. Using route analysis or flight plan-
ning software, it will be easy to determine the ratio of fuel price at the origin
airport compared to the fuel price at the destination airport, and whether it
is economical to transport (tanker) fuel. This data can be further refined to
determine the optimal tankered fuel quantity.
When tankering, always remember to consider the impact on TOW,

payload and landing weight limitations. The cost of tankering can be deter-
mined using the chart presented in 4.1.
15 34 nm savings on approach due to RNP capabilities can equate to roughly 180 lb of descent/
approach fuel. Assuming a block fuel of 2610 lb, this equates to 6.9% total savings.
MAINTENANCE
7.1Airframe Maintenance
7.1MAINTENANCE
As airframe deterioration is expected over the aircraft operational life16, it

is important to efficiently maintain the aircraft operational efficiency by per-
forming regular airframe inspections and performing repairs or adjustments
when required.
The following represent items with the highest potential to have a negative
impact on aerodynamic performance and therefore on fuel efficiency:
rough surfaces
paint condition
dents, blisters, gaps
surface mismatches
door seals, panel seals and wheel well doors
fairings, engine nacelle
flight controls rigging
dirt, oil leaks, other contamination
airframe asymmetry (following ground or other impacts)
Bombardier has created an Aircraft Economics Working Group to further

reduce the per hour operating cost of the aircraft. To date, the hourly oper-
ating cost has been reduced by over $75 with various maintenance related
initiatives.17
7.2Engine Maintenance
Monitoring engine performance allows for the determination of fuel con-
sumption degradation. This will help in determining the savings expected
from maintenance performance improvements versus the cost to perform
these activities or refurbishments. All these aspects should be reviewed in
detail with the engine manufacturer.
The best plan for maintenance of good engine performance is to maintain

the engine gas path as close to original condition as possible, in terms of
parts surface condition and compressor and turbine running clearances.
This involves cleaning, repairing and replacing components as required, and
accepting certain conditions in accordance with AMM and Engine Manuals
and CIR. Defining the extent of a work scope is a decision between cost and
engine turn time versus expected gains in performance.
16 Airframe components include but are not limited to doors, panels, flight control surfaces, fairings,
seals, engine nacelle, etc.
17 AEWG improvements since 2005 can be found on www.iflybombardier.com
The following elements have a negative impact on fuel burn:

7.2MAINTENANCE
FOD
dirty compressor
shroud rubbing
HP and LP turbine blade increased tip to shroud clearances.
General recommendations are:
The LPC1 rotor should be examined for leading edge foreign object
damage and erosion. In situ repairs may be carried out in accordance
with approved manuals
Perform a performance recovery wash on a routine schedule
Engine shop visit for HSI or overhaul will re-establish the proper
clearances and parts condition to improve on engine performance
hence lower fuel burn.
Performance recovery wash is a detergent wash which has significant per-

formance recovery potential, hence direct fuel savings. Detergent washing is
recommended to be performed on a routine schedule; the interval is to be
optimized based on visual inspection of the compressor rotors. An engine
wash can recover 0.5% in terms of fuel efficiency.
7.3Dispatch under MEL and CDL

7.3MAINTENANCE
The Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) allows for higher dispatch
reliability. However, some of the MMEL items have significant impacts and
impose additional restrictions on flight planning (either altitude, temperature,
speed or weather limitations). These limitations bring fuel consumption pen-
alties by not allowing optimum flight planning, for example by not flying at
the optimum altitude, or by having to fly above/below/around icing condi-
tions. In the context of maximizing fuel efficiency, these MMEL items should
be fixed or replaced as soon as possible:
Component Condition Limitation

21-30-1 CABIN PRESS Inoperative Max altitude: 10000 ft
Warning Light
21-30-2 CABIN ALT Indicator Inoperative Max altitude: 10000 ft
21-30-3 CABIN DIFF Inoperative Max altitude: 10000 ft
Press. Indicator
21-30-4 CABIN RATE Indicator Inoperative Max altitude: 10000 ft
21-30-5 Cabin Pressure AUTO & Max altitude: 10000 ft
Control System MAN modes
Inoperative
21-30-6 Aft Valves Indicator Inoperative Max altitude: 10000 ft
27-30-2 Stick Shaker Inoperative No flight in icing
27-30-3 Flap Discrepancy Inoperative No flight in icing
27-30-4 Stall Warning Inoperative No flight in icing
27-30-5 Stick Pusher Inoperative No flight in icing
28-40-2 Fuel Tank Temperature Inoperative Max altitude: 20000 ft
Indication, if using Jet B/
JP-4 fuel
30-10-1 TAIL De-Ice Boots Inoperative No flight in icing
Advisory Lights
30-10-2 DEICE PRESS Inoperative No flight in icing
Caution Light
30-10-3 DEICE PRESS Inoperative No flight in icing
Indicators
30-10-4 Low Pressure Inoperative No flight in icing
Warning Switches
7.3MAINTENANCE

30-10-6 Timer Monitor Unit Inoperative No flight in icing
30-10-7 Airframe De-Icing Inoperative No flight in icing
30-20-2 ENGINE INTAKE HTR One No flight in icing
Advisory Lights Inoperative
30-20-4 Engine Intake Adapter One No flight in icing
Heater Assemblies Inoperative
30-30-1 Pitot/Static Heaters Two No flight in icing
Inoperative
30-30-2 Pitot HEAT 1, 2, STBY Inoperative No flight in icing
Caution Lights
30-40-2 Windshield Heaters One No flight in icing
Inoperative
30-60-1 Propeller De-Icing Inoperative No flight in icing
30-80-2 Ice Detector Probes Inoperative No flight in icing
32-30-1 Landing Gear Inoperative Max speed: 215 KIAS
Retraction System
AFM Supp. 94
Max altitude: 20000 ft
35-20-1 Passenger Oxygen Inoperative Max altitude: 13000 ft
System (APPOS)
36-10-1 Bleed Systems One Max altitude: 10000 ft
Inoperative
52-10-2 Door Seal Drain Inoperative Max altitude: 10000 ft
Valve Open
71-60-1 Engine Intake Doors No flight in icing
Bypass Doors Inoperative
71-60-1 Engine Intake Inoperative Max Temp. = ISA+25
Bypass Doors Open
Similarly, the Q400 AFM Supplement 41 Configuration Deviation List (CDL)

7.3MAINTENANCE
allows the airplane to be operated with certain missing parts that cause
a performance degradation or limitation. In the context of optimum flight
planning and fuel efficiency, the following should be replaced as soon as
possible:

30-1 Wing Root Cold Bonded One No flight in icing
Leading Edge De-ice Boot Inoperative
30-2 Engine Intake De-ice Boot One No flight in icing
Inoperative
32-1 MLG Shock Strut Fairings All weight reduced
Performance limited Inoperative by 450 kg
32-1 NLG Aft Doors One Maximum Speed =
Inoperative 190 KIAS
CONCLUSION
F!
uel efficiency is very important and there are many ways of improv-
8.0CONCLUSION
ing it, as shown in this manual. However, it is always important to

remember that fuel efficiency is just one component of an overall
cost efficient and safe operation.
Summary of best practices:
flight plan using accurate data and minimum fuel techniques

fly at speeds and at altitudes appropriate to economic priorities when
using a cost index method
use flight planning based on contingency factors derived from aircraft
performance monitoring
ensure proper maintenance of engine and airframe; avoid significant
MEL/CDL items
The data presented in this manual are for illustration and not subject
to regular revisions. They are not intended to replace or amend any data,
procedures or recommendations presented in the AFM or AOM. For oper-
ational use and flight planning, always refer to Q400 AFM, AOM and Cost
Index Data.
Recommended additional reference: IATA Guidance Material and Best Prac-

tices for Fuel and Environmental Management including the Efficiency
Checklist.
For any observations, comments or questions, please contact Technical

Help Desk at thd.qseries@aero.bombardier.com
Bombardier would like to recognize the leadership shown by Flybe with

their Fuel Efficiency program, and would like to thank Ben Davies, Chris
Nagle, and Chris Coney Jones for their individual contributions to this effort.

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Fuel Efficiency

5.Higher Resolution of SAR Data Using Cost Index Tables 30

The Q400 NextGen airliner, which is built at Bombardiers Toronto, Canada

modern turboprop, it also has the speed and range to be deployed on

Setting new environmental standards, the Q400 aircraft uses 30 to 40 per

The commercial aviation industry has gone through significant changes

AEO All Engines Operating

operational factors, it is important to remember that a minimum

Ineffective use of the APU

Summary Fuel Burn Reduction Techniques12

Technique Block Fuel Saving Potential

climb, acceleration, cruise, descent, approach & landing, reserves

cost of additional fuel

As much as possible, it is recommended to reduce the aircraft weight, as

For example, if take-off weight is increased by 1% from 58,000lbs to

300 nm 450 nm 600 nm

An aircraft weight reduction can be achieved by minimizing each of its com-

The OWE is the Manufacturers Empty Weight (MEW) plus operational

Old magazines and newspapers

Consider drying out insulation

The Payload weight (passenger + carry-on baggage + checked baggage)

should be accurately assessed by statistical or other methods.

The total Fuel quantity on board is discussed in Section 4.11.

4.2Center of Gravity (CG)

That is approximately 0.76% fuel burn improvement in cruise for a CG shift

4.3Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

Inadequate SOPs detailing the use of the APU

Consider reduction of APU usage when environmental conditions allow (suf-

Consider holding the start and pushback procedure if a departure delay is

Single Engine Taxi

The Single Engine Taxi Operations Considerations and Procedures are

For example, a standard departure that includes a two engine start

Consider the use of intersection departures where applicable to minimize

Supplement 13 Reduced Power take-off may result in lower overall

5 ISA, 850 RPM, 28000kg (61730 lb)

Maximum Endurance cruise (ME)

Weights 18000 kg 24000 kg 29574 kg

18000 KG (39683 LB)

29574 KG (65200 LB)

For a relatively short trip, Toronto

Similarly, on a relatively long route,

For flight planning (cruise segment only, or the climb/cruise/descent profile)

Descent Type 1, limited by a/c ROD=2000fpm and/or

Descent Types 4 and 5 provide an overall higher ROD and significant

In summary, various descent techniques can save up to 5% on fuel burn on a

4.9Optimum Cruise Altitude

As mentioned before, the only way to accurately perform these calculations

High speed, short time technique

From the chart above:

4.10Fuel Reserves and Contingency Fuel

Holding fuel should be estimated based on Maximum Endurance speed

Contingency factors are designed to account for meteorological variations

Extra (discretionary) fuel should not be added without a good reason, as it

An accurate fuel reserve estimate should be tailored to route specific oper-

4.11Flight Planning Example

OWE reduction 17819 kg 17690 kg

APU Bleeds (ON/ 34 kg 18 kg 16.8 kg 0.7%

Reserve fuel 817 kg 532 kg 286 kg

Total Cost = Fixed Costs + Time Dependent Costs + Fuel Cost

Cost Index can be measured in:

time dependent cost is influenced by many factors. The most important

flight crew salary and benefits