Chapter 2: Body Coordination

Answer

Exercise 1
1. body coordination
2. (a) Nervous system (b) Endocrine system
3. (a) constant (b) detect (c) function
4.

Nervous System

Central nervous system peripheral nervous system

s

brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

Nerves from Nerves from

The control centre of the brain the spinal cord
the nervous system

Link receptor and effector

with the central nervous
system

Exercise 2
1. (a) & (b)

dendrite Flow of impulse

muscles

(c) neurone

Axon
Cell body
2.

Part of neurone Function

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 Nucleus Control the activities of the neurone

Dendrite Receive and transmit nerve impulses

Axon transmit nerve impulses

Myelin Sheath Protect the axon

3.

Neurone Function

Transmit impulses from sensory neurone to

motor neurone

Relay neurone

Transmit impulses from receptors to central

nervous system

Sensory neurone

Transmit impulses from central nervous

system to effector

Motor neurone
Exercise 3
1.
Sensory neurone
Stimulus Receptor

Central nervous system

2
Response Effector
 motor neurone.

2. (a) (i) sensory (ii) sensory organs (iii) detect stimulus

(b) (i) muscle (ii) glands
(c) central nervous system

3. (a) A rapid and automatic reaction.

(b) (i) Knee jerk (ii) Withdrawal of hand from a hot object.
(c) For protection in critical situations.
(d)

Stimulus Heat

Receptor Pain receptors in the finger

Part of the central nervous
Spinal cord
system involved
Effector Muscles in the arm

Response Withdrawal of hand from the hot object

(e) (i) Heat, pain receptors

(ii) sensory, spinal cord
(iii) relay , motor
(iv) motor, muscles
(v) muscles , contract and relax
(vi) withdrawn from the hot object.

Exercise 4

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 Found in:
Muscle
Tendon
Ligament

Sensitive to:
Cells involve: Pressure
Receptor cells
Movement
Stretching

Importance:
Exercise 5 Coordinate movement
1. Maintain balance

cerebrum

cerebellum

Medulla oblongata
2.
Part of brain Function
Control voluntary action
Cerebrum

(i) Control movement

Cerebellum
(ii) Maintain balance

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 Control involuntary action
Medulla oblongata

3. (a)

Voluntary action Involuntary action

Reading Heartbeat
Raising your hand Blinking of the eye
Running Digestion
Climbing a tree Blood circulation
Skipping Dilation of pupil
(b)
Voluntary action Aspect Involuntary action
Ability to control the
Can be controlled action by the conscious Cannot be controlled
mind
Part of brain that control
Cerebrum Medulla oblongata
the action
4. (a) Hard blow/ pressure
(b) Stroke
(c) Infection
5.
Part of brain injured Effect
Loss of memory, Sight and hearing,
Cerebrum Paralysis
Lose coordination
Cerebellum Cannot maintain balance

Medulla oblongata Death/Can be fatal

Exercise 6
1. (a) endocrine , hormones
(b) (i) ductless (ii) blood stream (iii) target organs
2.
A

B
A : Pituitary gland

B : Thyroid gland

C
C : Adrenal gland
D D : Pancreas
E 5
E : Ovary
3.

Endocrine gland Location Function of hormone

Base of the Controls growth and other endocrine
Pituitary
cerebrum glands.
In the neck Controls rate of metabolism
Thyroid
Behind the stomach Controls blood sugar level
Pancreas
On top of each Increase heartbeat and breathing rate
Adrenal
kidney
In the scrotum Controls the development of secondary
Testis
sexual characteristics in male.
Each side of the Controls the development of secondary
Ovary
uterus sexual characteristics in female.

4.

Effect of
Endocrine
gland under secretion over secretion

Pituitary Dwarfism Gigantism

Low metabolic rate High metabolic rate
Thyroid Goiter
Low capacity to overcome Fatigue
Adrenal stress
Pancreas High blood sugar level Low blood sugar level
Underdevelopment of male Masculinisation in women
Testis
secondary sexual characteristic
Menstrual problem
OvaryNervous coordination Highly feminine
Hormonal coordination

Exercise 7
1.

Similarities

(i) Can sense changes in the

environment.
(ii) Control and regulate activities in the
body.

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Differences
 Aspect

Nerve impulses Means of control Hormones

Electrical and chemical Nature of message Chemical

Stimulus
Rapid Speed of transmission Slow

Effector Destination of message Target organ

Localised Eyes Area

detect stimulus
affected Widespread

Short lived Duration of effect Long lasting

Send nervous impulse to the

2. brain

Brain interpret message and

send new impulse

send impulse

Adrenal glands Body muscles

Effect:
Pupils dilate
Breathing rate increase
Heartbeat increase Response
Blood pressure increase
Glucose level increase.
Energy production increase 7
Exercise 8

1. misuse, doctors , non-medical

2.
Type of drug Example Effect on body coordination
Will increase :
Heartbeat
(i) Amphetamine
Breathing rate
Stimulants (ii) Nicotine
Blood pressure
Blood sugar level

(i) Opium Slow down:

Depressants (ii) Heroine nerve impulses
reaction to stimuli
Hallucinogens (i) LSD Can cause:
(ii) Marijuana hallucination
Impair muscular coordination.
erratic behaviour.
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Exercise 9

1. alcohol
2. (a) Beer (b) Wine (c) Spirit

3.
Slows down transmission
of impulse

Depressant Effect of alcohol on Impairs judgement

body coordination

Slower reaction time. Impairs functioning of the

brain

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4. (a) Cirrhosis
(b) brain, stomach/ liver
(c) Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
(d) mouth, throat, Oesophagus, stomach.

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