Executive summary on Phonetics and Phonology Videos

(American English Consonant)

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation makes it easy

for students to learn any foreign languages, especially English because English alphabets can
be pronounced differently. The IPA has already written the phonetic symbol for each sound.
This video focuses on consonant listed as follows:

[d] occurs in /dime/, /redo/, and /smiled/ [] is in /polish/, /ocean/, and /issue/

[t] is in /washed/, /untie/, and /tip/ [] occurs in /beige/, /vision/, and /azure/

[v] occurs in /value/, /of/, and /love/ [t] as in /ancient/, /march, and /chapter/

[f] is in /staff/, /enough/, and /phone/ [d] as in /joy/, grudge/, and /change/

[b] is in /big/, /sob/ and /abandon/ [h] is in /happy/, /rehash/, and /hi/

[p] occurs /pan/, /snip/, and /reapply/ [r] is in /wrong/, /operate/, and /ear/

[g] is in /gap/, /exhibit/, and /fog/ [j] as in /yummy/, /yes/, [ju] /music/

[k] is in /choir/, /quite/, and /back/
[] occurs in /thanks/, filthy/, and /with/
[] is in /bother/, /this/, and /bathe/
[s] occurs in /ice/, /some, and /ax/
[z] is in /lazy/, /flowers/, and /possess/
[m] occurs in words /my/, /mumble/, and
/some/
[n] occurs in /nine/, /no/, and /undo/
[] is in /ring/, /thanks/, and /anger/
[l] as in /follow/, /lie/, and /feel/
[w] is in /quiet/, /will/, and /one/
 (American vs. British Vowel Sounds)

There are several differences between American and British English in pronounciation
which can be seen from:

1. [o] is pronounced as [e] as in /no/

2. [] very often represents [o] as in /hot/, /honest/, /mom/, /top/; in British English its
pronounced as []

3. [] with [n], [m], [] American English has extra [] sounds; British doesnt

4. [r] such as in /girl/, /world/, the [r] sound is included in American English, while in
British English its not.
 (British English Accent)

Accent is your way of speaking (the influence of region you were born in and the first
language). Dialect is the variation of a language you use (the same form of language
produced differently in terms of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation). Those are
reflected by three English native speaking countries: US, UK, and New Zealand.

1. US: me /mi/; sit /st/; day /deI/; bed /bd/; cat /kt/; bird /bd/; jump /dmp/; lot
/lt/; boot /but/; book /bk/; coat /cot/; saw /s/

2. US: [r] is commonly pronounced in American, but there are regional differences: 3
diphthongs are included. E.g. cheers /tz/; hair /h/; sure //; four /f/

(Learn Pronunciation)

All English vowel sounds are voiced which you can feel the vibrations when you
touch your throat when you say each word. The air flows out from mouth when we produce
them.

1. Position of our lips: it can be rounded, spread, relaxed

2. Tongue position: it can be high inside, low, in the middle.

3. Vowel length: Vowel are some short and some are longer

4. Tense: tense vs. relaxed

(pronunciation of English vowel sound)

Front vowels are /i/ /I/ /eI/ /I/ //: they have the same tongue position that is forward
enough, and the front is high enough, with the very tip down and touching the back of bottom
front teeth. Further, our lip position needs to be more spred, more pulled out. The last, it
relates to how open or closed our mouth to be.

The length of the sounds can change depending on the surrounding when its inside a
word.
 (Pronunciation of English vowel sound back vowels)

Back vowels are /u/ // /o/ //. For the longer sounds (/u/ and/o/ ) they require the
lips to be rounded, the tongue to be pulled back and the tip is slightly down and touches the
back of the bottom front teeth, and, it also needs our mouth to be open and closed in different
scale. For the short ones, the lips are more relaxed circle, a very open and rounded sound.

(Three Central Vowel Sounds)

There are three central vowel sounds: // // and //. The position of lips is between
the position of front and back vowels. And the tongue should be more central. Those three are
differnet in the high and low position of our tongue.