47. An objects position is given by x= bt + ct^3, where b= 1.50m/s, c= 0.

640m/s^3, and t is time

in seconds. To study the limiting process leading to the instantaneous velocity, calculate the objects
average velocity over time intervals from (a) 1.00s to 3.00s, (b) 1.50s to 2.50s, and (c) 1.95s to 2.05s.
(d) Find the instantaneous velocity as a function of time by differentiating, and compare its value

at 2s with your average velocities.

Ans)

x(t=1.00s) = 2.14m , x(t=3.00s) = 21.78m , (average velocity) = = 9.82m/s

x(t=1.50s) = 4.41m , x(t=2.50s) = 13.75m , (average velocity) = = 9.34m/s

x(t=1.95s) = 7.67m , x(t=2.05s) = 8.59m , (average velocity) = = 9.2m/s

By differenciating X=bt+ct^3, V(t)=b+3ct^2=1.5m/s+3*(0.640m/s^3)*t^2

V(t=2s)=1.5m/s+3*(0.640m/s^3)*(2s)^2=9.18m/s

54. A particle leave its initial position x0 at time t=0, moving in the positive x-direction with speed

v0 but undergoing acceleration of magnitude a in the negative x-direction. Find expressions for (a)

the time when it returns to x0 and (b) its speed when it passes that point.

Ans)

a) v=v0-at so, x=vot-1/2at^2. For x=0, t(2v0-at)=0. t=2v0/a

b) Substitude the t=2v0/a to v=v0-at. v=-v0

69. Youre atop a building of height h, and a friend is poised to drop a ball from a window at h/2.

Find an expression for the speed at which you should simultaneously throw a ball downward, so

the two hit the ground at the same time.

(Ans)

The time for the ball to reach the ground is derived by

h/2=1/2gt^2. So t=(h/g)^1/2 is left.

The travel range of the thrown ball at time t is

S=Vt+1/2gt^2. Since the thrown ball must reach the ground at t=(h/g)^1/2,

h=v*{(h/g)^1/2}+1/2g{(h/g)^1/2}^2. So V=1/2(gh)^1/2

73. Youre an investigator for the National Transportation Safety Board, examining a subway accident
in which a train going at 80km/h collided with a slower train traveling in the same direction at
25km/h. Your job is to determine the relative speed of the collision, to help establish new crash
standards. The faster trains black box shows that it bean negatively accelerating at 2.1 m/s^2

when it was 50m from the slower train, while the slower train continued at constant speed. What

do you report?

Ans)

Va=(80km/h)-(2.1m/s^2)t

So Xa=(80km/h)t-1/2(2.1m/s^2)t^2, Xb=50m+(25km/h)t

The two train meet at t such that

Xa=Xb. In other word, (80km/h)t-1/2(2.1m/s^2)t^2=50m+(25km/h)t

So t=4.97s

Va(t=4.97s)=(22.22m/s)-(2.1m/s^2)*(4.97s)=11.79m/s

Vb(t=4.97s)=25km/h=6.94m/s

So the relative speed is 4.85m/s

82. An object starts moving in a straight line from position x0, at time t=0 with velocity v0. Its

acceleration is given by a = a0 +bt , where a0 and b are constants. Find expressions for (a) the
instantaneous velocity and (b) the position, as functions of time.

Ans)

(a) V=V0+at=V0+(a0+bt)t=V0+a0t+bt^2

(b) X=X0+V0t+1/2a0t^2+1/3bt^3