CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1 4.1 Introduction

In this chapter, the result of tensile and fatigue test simulation for AISI 4340
steel at four different temperatures.

2 4.2 Fatigue Test Simulation

The purpose of this simulation was to determine the fatigue life in cycle of AISI
4340 steel. This simulation was done for four different temperatures which are
23C, 315C, 427C and 538C. This simulation was done using ANSYS
software. The following table shows achieved data of this simulation.

Fatigue Test for AISI 4340 at 23C

Applied Stress Fatigue Life (Cycle)

No. Error (%)
(MPa) Previous Research Simulation

1 620 1.60E+05 1.41E+05 -0.12315

2 590 6.99E+05 2.46E+05 -0.64723

3 550 1.19E+06 5.35E+05 -0.54937

4 500 2.20E+06 6.61E+05 -0.69915

Avg.Error -0.43992
Fatigue Test for AISI 4340 at 315C

Applied Stress Fatigue Life (Cycle)

No. Error (%)
(MPa) Previous Research Simulation

1 550 3.43E+05 7.34E+05 1.138901

2 520 3.89E+05 1.48E+06 2.812962

3 480 3.00E+06 4.78E+06 0.595755

4 450 1.11E+07 1.44E+07 0.293951

5 410

6.10E+07 9.00E+07 0.475317

Avg.Error 1.063378

Fatigue Test for AISI 4340 at 427C

Applied Stress Fatigue Life (Cycle)

No. Error (%)
(MPa) Previous Research Simulation

1 5.92E+04 -0.69625
550 1.95E+05
2 450 9.54E+05 1.02E+06 0.068469

3 410 1.98E+06 2.50E+06 0.264744

4 310 1.71E+07 9.88E+06 -0.42391

Avg.Error
-0.19673
Fatigue Test for AISI 4340 at 538C

Applied Stress Fatigue Life (Cycle)

No. Error (%)
(MPa) Previous Research Simulation

1 2.23E+06 55.02265
450 39737.5
2 410 2.46E+05 3.09E+06 11.54082

3 380 1.20E+06 4.17E+06 2.470937

4 310 9.61E+06 8.34E+06 -0.132

5 275
1.42E+07 0.024578
1.39E+07
Avg.Error
13.7854

Chart Title
700
620
590
600 550 550
550
520
500 SN23
480
500 450 450 450 SN315
410 410
380 SN427
400
310
310 SN538
275
300 Log. (SN23)
Log. (SN315)
200
Log. (SN427)
Log. (SN538)
100

0
1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07 1.00E+08
3 4.4 Discussion of Fatigue Test Simulation

From the result tables above, the graph of stress against fatigue life in cycle is
plotted. All the results are compared based on the previous researchers
results and the percentage error between them are evaluated. From the
calculated percentage error, it shows that the higher 90% of the simulation
results have less than 10% of errors.

Based on the plotted graph, it proves that the fatigue simulation shows
the higher the applied stress the lower the fatigue life of the specimen. It also
shows that the higher temperature applied the lower the fatigue life of the
specimens too.

However, it also can be seen that as the applied temperature increases,

the error also increases. Through this, it proves that the Ansys simulation has
lacking with higher than 500 C temperature computation.

Overall, by comparing the result of both methods, it can be concluded

that the estimating method for fatigue life at elevated temperature by using
Ansys simulation is reliable.

4 .8 Summary

The results of tensile test and three point bending test from the experimental
and the results from previous researchers are comparable. These result was
expected because there are similarly same with the previous researchers.
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 5.1 Conclusions

In this research the experimental of mechanical properties for 316L stainless

steel at room temperature are presented. The experiment that have been
made to investigate the mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel at room
temperature are achieved. The mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel
strongly depended on the materials strength which was a function of specimen
orientation. The results for mechanical properties of this specimen as defined
in this thesis were the same between experimental and theoretical. The results
of bending test conducted at room temperature has completed, where the
modulus elasticity and flexural strength are 169.65MPa and 127.65MPa
respectively.

4.2 5.2 Recommendations

Conduct a fatigue test using 316L stainless steel at room temperature. Use a
different load for tensile test and three point bending test. Finally use a different
type of specimen shape
 5 REFERENCES

Abdulkareem, S., Talabi, S. I., Adebisi, J. A., & Taiwo, Y. (2015). Fatigue
Behaviour of Medium Carbon Steel of Different Grain Structures.
Industrial Engineering Letters, 7.

Afsar, J. (2014, September 14). Stress Strain Curve Explanation. Retrieved

from www.engineeringintro.com:
http://www.engineeringintro.com/mechanics-of-structures/stress-
strain-curve-explanation/

Anonymous. (2017). Factors Affect Fatigue Life. Retrieved from

www.efunda.com:
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/fatigue/fatigue_fact
or.cfm

Ansys. (2017, March 5). Ansys Corporation. Retrieved from

http://www.ansys.com/: http://www.ansys.com/

Askeland, D., Fulay, & Wright, W. (2010). The Science and Engineering of
Material 6th. In D. A. P.P., Fulay, & W. Wright, The Science and
Engineering of Material 6th (p. 211). Cengage Learning.

Azeez, A. A. (2013). Fatigue Failure and Testing Method. HAMK University of

Applied Science, 4-22.

Azo Material. (2012, September 21). Carbon Steel. Retrieved from

www.azom.com: http://www.azom.com/materials-engineering-directory

Boardman, B. (1990). Fatigue Resistance of Steels. ASM Handbook, Volume

1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance
Alloys, 4-5.

Budynas, Richard, Nisbett, & Keith. (2014). Shigley's Mechanical Engineering

Design 10th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education.
Callister, W. D., & G.Rethwisch, J. (2014). Material Science and Engineering.
Wiley.

Capudean, B. (2003, August 2003 28). Metallurgy Matters: Carbon Content,

Steel Classifications, and Alloy Steels. Retrieved from
www.thefabricator.com:
http://www.thefabricator.com/article/metalsmaterials/carbon-content-
steel-classifications-and-alloy-steels

Dean, A. (2016). Ansys Workbench R17 Simulation Design Engineering.

Retrieved from www.develop3d.com:
http://www.develop3d.com/reviews/review-ansys-workbench-r17-
simulation-design-engineering

Designtechsys. (2015). Altair Modeling Visualization. Retrieved from

www.designtechsys.com: http://www.designtechsys.com/altair-
modeling-visualization/

Engineering Archives. (2012). Mean Stress Equations. Retrieved from

www.engineeringarchives.com:
http://www.engineeringarchives.com/les_fatigue_meanstressequations
.html

Engineering Archives. (2012). Tensile Test. Retrieved from

www.engineeringarchives.com:
http://www.engineeringarchives.com/les_mom_tensiletest.html

Engineers Edge. (2017). Strength of Materials. Retrieved from

www.engineersedge.com:
http://www.engineersedge.com/strength_of_materials.htm

Erik Oberg, F. J. (2016). Machinery's Handbook, 30th Edition. Industriaal

Press.

Gehm, R. (2015). Altair Optimizes 3D-Printed Structures for Complex,

Lightweight Designs. Retrieved from www.aerodefensetech.com:
 http://www.aerodefensetech.com/component/content/article/adt/featur
es/technologies/22299

K.R, W. (1984). Mechanic of Material. Elsevier.

Mathalino. (2017). Mechanics and Strength of Materials. Retrieved from

www.mathalino.com: http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-
and-strength-of-materials/stress-strain-diagram

Metalsupermarkets. (2015, March 23). The Four Types of Steel. Retrieved

from www.metalsupermarkets.com:
https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/types-of-steel/

Odusote, J. K., Ajiboye, T. K., & Rabiu, A. B. (2012). Evaluation of Mechanical

Properties of Medium Carbon. Journal of Minerals and Materials
Characterization and Engineering, 1-3.

Odusote, J. K., Ajiboye, T. K., & Rabiu, A. B. (2012). Evaluation of Mechanical

Properties of Medium Carbon Steel Quenched in Water and Oil. Journal
of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 1-4.

Onem, O. U. (2003). Effect of Temperature on Fatigue Properties of DIN 35

NiCrMoV 125 Steel. The Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, 58-60.

Przemysaw, S., & Janusz, S. (2012). Experimental Verification of the

Analytical Method for Estimated S-N Curve in Limited Fatigue Life.
Trans Tech Publications, 1-2.

Rajan, T. V., Sharma, C. P., & Sharma, A. (1988). Heat Treatreatment

Principles and Techniques. In Heat Treatreatment Principles and
Techniques (p. 451). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

Risso, J., Cardona, A., & Anca, A. (2004). A Simplified Model For Heat
Treatment Simulation. Mecnica Computacional Vol. XXIII, 1-16.
Saliu Ojo Seidu, B. J. (2013). Effect of Heat Treatments on Corrosion of
Welded. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and
Engineering, 6.

Schijve, J. (2009). Fatigue of Structure and Materials. In J. Schijve, Fatigue of

Structure and Materials (pp. 141-167). Springer.

S-Cool. (2016). Definitions of Stress, Strain and Youngs Modulus. Retrieved

from www.s-cool.co.uk: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/physics/stress-
and-strain/revise-it/definitions-of-stress-strain-and-youngs-modulus

Singh, D. (2008). Strength of Materials. In D.K.Singh, Strength of Materials

(pp. 1-10). Ane Books India.

Smith, J., Russel, G., & Bhatia, S. (2000). Heat Treatment of Metals. In J.
Smith, G. Russel, & S. Bhatia, Heat Treatment of Metals (pp. 163-185).

Smith, W. F., & Hashemi, J. (2006). Foundation of Materialls Science and

Engineering 4th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

SolidWorks. (2017). Home Page. Retrieved from http://www.solidworks.com/:

http://www.solidworks.com/

Tom, & Hazzard, S. (2017). Solidwork Software Review. Retrieved from

3dstartpoint.com: https://3dstartpoint.com/solidworks-software-review/

Tukur, S., Usman, M. M., Muhammad, I., & Sulaiman, N. A. (2014). Effect of
Tempering Temperature on Mechanical. International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), 1-2.

Vatsayan, U., Pandey, K., & A.Biswas. (2014). Effects of Heat Treatment on
Materials Used In Automobiles. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering, 1-6.

Villaverde, J. A., & Gonzlez, I. H. (2012). Behaviour of Structural Carbon Steel

at High Temperature. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 10.
Walters, C. L. (2014). The Effect of Low Temperatures on The Fatigue of High-
Strength. Procedia Materials Science , 6.

Wang, L., Chen, Y., Wang, C., & Wang, Q. (2011). Fatigue Life Analysis of
Aluminum Wheels by Simulation. Journal of Mechanical Engineering,
1-9.