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Outline
1 Introduction
Defining the Dirac Delta function
6 Recapitulation
7 Exercises
8 References
Definition (Kronecker
delta)
K 1 i=j
ij =
0 i 6= j
X
aK
j ij = ai
j=1
Definition (Kronecker
delta)
K 1 i=j
ij =
0 i 6= j
X
aK
j ij = ai
j=1
K
P
j ij = 1: Normalization condition.
K = K
ij ji : Symmetry property.
K
P
j ij = 1: Normalization condition.
K = K
ij ji : Symmetry property.
We want to pick up
just a narrow window
of the whole view
We want to do the
same with a
continuous function.
Rb D (x
a x0 )dx = 1: Normalization condition
Rb D (x
a x0 )dx = 1: Normalization condition
A bit of history
p x (x0 1/2p, x0 + 1/2p)
p (x x0 ) =
0 x/ (x0 1/2p, x0 + 1/2p)
R x0 +1/2p
p x0 1/2p
f (x)dx
R R 1/2p
p (x) dx = 1/2p
p dx = 1
x = x0
(x x0 )dx =
0 x 6= x0
The above expression is just formal, the (x) must be always understood in
the context of its selector property i.e. within the integral
p (x6=0)
lmp lmx0 p (x)
= 0 Singularity condition.
p (x6=0)
lmp lmx0 p (x)
= 0 Singularity condition.
p HxL
"#############
p
p (x) Gaussian
family
&''''''''
1 p
r
p
p (x) = exp (px2 )
-1"###### 1"######
x
p p
Normalization condition
r
r
Z Z Z
p 1
p (x)dx = exp (px2 )dx = exp (px2 )d( px) =
r Z
r Z
1 1
exp (t2 )dt = 2 exp (t2 )dt
0
R 2
I= 0
et dt
R 2 R 2 R R
I2 = 0
ey dy 0
ez dz = 0
exp (y 2 + z 2 )dydz
Normalization condition
2
r = y2 + z2
y = r cos
z = r sin
R /2 R 2 R
I2 = 0
d 0
er rdr =
4 0
es ds =
4
I= 2
R
p (x)dx = 1
Singularity condition
p (x 6= 0)
lm =
p lmx0 p (x)
p p px2
e
lm pp =0
p
p HxL
p (x) Lorentzian
family
p
2
1 p
p (x) =
p 1 + p2 x2
x
-1p 1p
1
Z Z Z
1 pdx dt
p (x)dx = 2 2
= =
1 + p x 1 + t2
1 2
lm arctan t|t=k
t=k = lm arctan k = 1
k k
y
ArcTanHxL
Singularity condition
p (x 6= 0)
lm =
p lmx0 p (x)
p
1 1+p2 x2
lm =
p p
1 1
lm =0
p 1 + p2 x2
p HxL
p sin px
p (x) = 2
px p
x
3
p p
Normalization condition
Z Z
1 sin (px)dx
p (x)dx = =
x
Z
1 sin z
dz =
z
Z
2 sin z 2
dz = =1
0 z 2
Singularity condition
p (x 6= 0)
lm =
p lmx0 p (x)
1 sin (px)
x sin (px)
lm p = lm =0
p
p px
Let us denote by xn the roots of the equation f (x) = 0 and suppose that
0
f (xn ) 6= 0 then
Composition of functions
(f (x)) = n (xx n)
P
0
|f (x |n
(x)
(ax) = |a|
(scaling property).
x
(x a0 )
(ax x0 ) = |a|
(a more general formulation of the scaling property).
(x)
(ax) = |a|
(scaling property).
x
(x a0 )
(ax x0 ) = |a|
(a more general formulation of the scaling property).
(xa)+(x+a)
(x2 a2 ) = 2|a|
.
(x)
(ax) = |a|
(scaling property).
x
(x a0 )
(ax x0 ) = |a|
(a more general formulation of the scaling property).
(xa)+(x+a)
(x2 a2 ) = 2|a|
.
R P g(xn )
g(x)(f (x))dx = n |f 0 (x )|
n
(x)
(ax) = |a|
(scaling property).
x
(x a0 )
(ax x0 ) = |a|
(a more general formulation of the scaling property).
(xa)+(x+a)
(x2 a2 ) = 2|a|
.
R P g(xn )
g(x)(f (x))dx = n |f 0 (x )|
n
Convolution
Convolution
R
f (x)(x+x0 ) =
f ()((x+x0 ))d = f (x+x0 )
The effect of convolving with the position-shifted Dirac delta is to shift f (t)
by the same amount.
R
( x)(x )dx = ( ))
Convolution
Convolution
R
f (x)(x+x0 ) =
f ()((x+x0 ))d = f (x+x0 )
The effect of convolving with the position-shifted Dirac delta is to shift f (t)
by the same amount.
R
( x)(x )dx = ( ))
Heaviside
d 1 d x 1 d 2
= = lm arctan (px) =
dx 2 dx |x| 2 p dx
1 p
lm = (x)
p 1 + p2 x2
Heaviside
d(x)
(x) = dx
Heaviside
d 1 d x 1 d 2
= = lm arctan (px) =
dx 2 dx |x| 2 p dx
1 p
lm = (x)
p 1 + p2 x2
Heaviside
d(x)
(x) = dx
Heaviside
y y
p=0.5
x
p=2
x
y y
p=1
x
p=5
x
Fourier transform
b ) (x) exp (2ix x)dx = 1
R
[(x)] = (x
This property allow us to state yet another definition of the Dirac delta as
the inverse Fourier transform of f (x) = 1
Fourier transform
b ) (x) exp (2ix x)dx = 1
R
[(x)] = (x
This property allow us to state yet another definition of the Dirac delta as
the inverse Fourier transform of f (x) = 1
To proof the theorem we shall demonstrate that the left hand side has the
sifting property of the Dirac distribution
Rb
I = a f (x) n n (x)n (x0 )dx = f (x0 )
P
P Rb
f (x) = m cm m (x) cm = a f (x)m (x)dx
Z b X X
I= cm m (x) n (x)n (x0 )dx =
a m n
X X Z b
cm n (x0 ) n (x)m (x)dx
m n a
Rb
a
n (x)m (x)dx = K
mn
X X
I= cm n (x0 ) K mn =
n n
X
cm m (x0 ) = f (x0 )
n
Dirac comb
Dirac comb
1
P
(x) = |a| n= exp (2inx/a)
each summand in the LHS in the above expression is periodic with period
|a| therefore the whole sum is periodic with the same period and
Dirac comb
P 1
P
m= (x ma) = |a| n= exp (2inx/a)
Z
X
(x ma) exp(2ix x)dx =
m=
X Z
X
(x ma) exp(2ix x)dx = exp(2ix ma)
m= m=
General coordinates
x x1 x1
x1 = x1 (y1 , . . . yN )
y1
1
y2
... yN
x2 x2
... x2
x2 = x2 (y1 , . . . yN )
J(y1 , y2 , . . . , yN ) = y1 y2 yN
... ... ... ...
... xN xN xN
...
xN = xN (y1 , . . . yN )
y y2 y
1 N
Oblique coordinates
Recap: Definitions
d 1 x
x = x0 (x) = (1 + )
(x x0 )dx = dx 2 |x|
0 x 6= x0
r 1 p
p (x) = lm
(x) = lm exp (px2 ) p p 1 + p2 x2
p
Z
p sin px (x) = exp (2ix x)dx
(x) = lm
p px
X
(x x0 ) = n (x)n (x0 )
n
Recap: Properties
1
[f (x +
2 0 ) + f (x0 ] x0 (a, b)
b +
Z 1
f (x0 ) x0 = a
f (x)(x x0 )dx = 2
a
1
2
f (x
0 ) x0 = b
0 x0
/ (a, b)
X (x xn ) Z X g(xn )
(f (x)) = g(x)(f (x))dx =
n
|f 0 (xn | n
|f 0 (xn )|
(x xa0 )
(x) = (x) (ax x0 ) =
|a|
(x a) + (x + a)
(x2 a2 ) = f (x) (x + x0 ) = f (x + x0 )
2|a|
b ) = 1
X X
[ (x ma)] = |a | (x ha ) [(x)] = (x
m= h=
X 1 X
(x ma) = exp (2inx/a)
m=
|a| n=
Cartesian coordinates:
Z Z
f (~ x x~0 )dN x = f (x~0 )
x)(~
N
Y
x x~0 ) = (x1 x01 )(x2 x02 ) . . . (xN x0N ) =
(~ (xs x0s )
s=1
Exercises
Prove:
P (xxn )
(f (x)) = n |f 0 (x | (Hint: develop f (x) in Taylor series around xn and
n
prove the sifting property with (f (x)))
P P
n= f (na) = |x | m= fb(mx ) (Poisson summation formula)
xx0
sin ((2p+1) a
) P
lmp = |a| m= (x x0 ma)
sin ( xx0
a
)
Exercises
Prove that on the limit p the sawtooth funtion tends to the Dirac
comb
References
V. Balakrishnan
All about the Dirac Delta Function(?)