8.

Conclusion and Recommendation:

1. Identify the different types of Heat Exchangers.

Types of Heat
Meaning Photo
Exchanger

Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of

series of tubes. One set of these tubes
contains the fluid that must be either heated
or cooled. The second fluid runs over the
tubes that are being heated or cooled so that
Shell and tube it can either provide the heat or absorb the
heat exchanger heat required. Shell and tube heat
exchangers are typically used for high-
pressure applications (with pressures greater
than 30 bar and temperatures greater than
260 C). This is because the shell and tube
heat exchangers are robust due to their
shape.

It is composed of many thin, slightly

Plate heat separated plates that have very large surface
exchangers areas and small fluid flow passages for heat
transfer.
 Plate and shell technology offers high heat
transfer, high pressure, high operating
Plate and shell temperature, uling and close approach
heat exchanger temperature. In particular, it does completely
without gaskets, which provides security
against leakage at high pressures and
temperatures.

An intermediate fluid is used to store heat,

Adiabatic wheel which is then transferred to the opposite side
heat exchanger of the exchanger unit. An adiabatic wheel
consists of a large wheel with threads that
rotate through the fluidsboth hot and cold
to extract or transfer heat.

A pillow plate exchanger is commonly used in

the dairy industry for cooling milk in large
Pillow plate direct-expansion stainless steel bulk tanks.
heat exchanger The pillow plate allows for cooling across
nearly the entire surface area of the tank,
without gaps that would occur between pipes
welded to the exterior of the tank.

In addition to heating up or cooling down

Phase-change
fluids in just a single phase, heat exchangers
heat
can be used either to heat a liquid to
exchangers
evaporate (or boil) it or used as condensers
to cool a vapor and condense it to a liquid.
 Plate and fin heat exchangers are usually
made of aluminum alloys, which provide high
heat transfer efficiency. The material enables
the system to operate at a lower temperature
Plate fin heat difference and reduce the weight of the
exchanger equipment. Plate and fin heat exchangers are
mostly used for low temperature services
such as natural gas, helium and oxygen
liquefaction plants, air separation plants and
transport industries such as motor and
aircraft engines.

Double pipe heat exchanger design is rather

straightforward. It uses one heat exchanger
pipe inside another. After determining the
Double pipe required heat exchanger surface area, for
heat exchanger either counter flow or parallel flow, the pipe
sizes and number of bends for the double
pipe heat exchanger can be selected.

Fluid heat exchangers are used to pass heat

Fluid heat from one fluid to another without the fluids
exchanger coming into physical contact.

Allowing the two fluids to flow parallel to one

Spiral heat another, and which requires the use of
exchanger different design calculations. Its main
advantage is a highly efficient use of space.
 Direct contact heat exchangers involve heat
Direct contact transfer between hot and cold streams of two
heat exchanger phases in the absence of a separating wall.

They increase heat transfer by: removing

Dynamic
the fouling layers, increasing turbulence in
scraped surface
case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the
heat exchanger
generation of ice and other process by-
products.

A waste heat recovery unit (WHRU) is a heat

exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas
stream while transferring it to a working
Waste heat medium, typically water or oils. The hot gas
recovery unit stream can be the exhaust gas from a gas
turbine or a diesel engine or a waste gas from
industry or refinery.

Micro heat exchangers, Micro-scale heat

exchangers, or micro-structured heat
exchangers are heat exchangers in which (at
Micro - channel
least one) fluid flows in lateral confinements
heat exchanger
with typical dimensions below 1 mm. The
most typical such confinement are micro-
channels, which are channels with a
hydraulic diameter below 1 mm.
 One of the widest uses of heat exchangers is
for air conditioning of buildings and vehicles.
This class of heat exchangers is commonly
HVAC air coils called air coils, or just coils due to their often-
serpentine internal tubing. Liquid-to-air, or
air-to-liquid HVAC coils are typically of
modified cross flow arrangement.

Heat transfer rates in helical coils are higher

as compared to those in straight tubes. Due
to the compact structure and high heat
Helical coil heat transfer coefficient, helical coil heat
exchanger exchangers find extensive use in industrial
applications such as power generation,
nuclear industry, process plants, heat
recovery systems, refrigeration, food
industry, etc.

2. Fundamentals and Analysis of Heat Exchangers.

Heat Exchanger Selection

There are three main topics to be considered in selecting heat exchanger types. These are the Heat
Duty, Temperatures, and the Quality of Fluids being utilized. Factors such as materials required to be
compatible with the water quality, Fouling, Capacity of the well, Space availability for the equipment,
corrosion is also to be considered.

Heat Transfer Equation

In order to carry out an analysis and calculation of heat transfer at variable physical properties, one
should have an adequately accurate equation for heat transfer at constant properties.

LMTD METHOD
The Long Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :
For counterflow:
LMTD: (Th2-Tc2) (Th1-Tc1) / (ln[Th2-Tc2) / (Th1-Tc1)])
For parallelflow:
LMTD: (Th1-Tc1)-(Th2-Tc2)/(ln[(Th1-Tc1)/(th2-Tc2)])

The heat transfer between the two fluids can then be calculated from:
q= UA LMTD
 where: U= overall heat transfer coefficient
A= surface area for heat transfer consistent with definition of U

For heat exchanger of other types than parallel or counter flow the heat transfer equation takes the
form:
q= UAF LMTD
where: F= is the correction factor less than one and LMTD is calculated as for counter flow
arrangement.

Effectiveness-NTU Method

The effectiveness method offers many advantages for analysis of problems in which a comparison
between various types of heat exchangers must be made for purposes of selecting the type best suited to
accomplish a particular heat transfer objective. Heat exchanger is defined as:

Effectiveness = AHT/MPHT

The actual heat transfer (AHT) may be computed by calculating either the energy lost by the hot
fluid or the energy gained by the cold fluid.

For counterflow exchanger:

q= mhch(Th1-Th2) = mccc(Tc1-Tc2)
For parallel-flow exchanger:
q= mhch(Th1-Th2) = mccc(Tc2-Tc1)
To determine the maximum possible heat transfer (MPHT) for the exchanger:
Qmax = (mc)min(THinlet-TCinlet)
The minimum fluid may be either the hot or cold fluid, depending on the massive flow rates and specific
heats. For counterflow exchanger:
h = (Th1-Th2)/(Th1-Tc2) if mh*ch=(mc)min
c = (Tc1-Tc2)/(Th1-Tc2) if mc*cc=(mc)min
For parallel-flow exchanger:
h= (Th1-Th2)/(Th1-Tc1) if mh*ch=(mc) min
c= (Tc2-Tc1)/(Th1Tc1)if mc*cc=(mc) min
it may be shown the effectiveness for parallel flow is usually written as:
= 1-exp [(-UA/cmin ) (1+cmin/cmax )] / (1+cmin/cmax)
where c = mc is defined as the capacity rate
a similar analysis may be applied to the counterflow case, and the following relation for effectiveness result:
= 1-exp [(-UA/cmin)(1-cmin/cmax)] / (1-(cmin/cmax) exp [(UA/cmin) (1-cmin/cmax)])

3. To know the two methods of in selection of size of heat exchangers and predicting the
temperatures of specified heat exchangers.

The group were able to know the methods and the design considerations in selecting size of
heat exchangers. They were able to achieve it by the information about design consideration for Heat
Exchanger Selection and Sizing (Engineering Design Guidelines) stated below:
(A) All Heat Exchanger Types

(a) Operating temperature

The operating temperatures of the exchanger are usually set by process conditions. However, in
certain cases, the exchanger designer will establish the operating temperatures. In a typical refinery
or petrochemical plant, exchangers may be operating at temperatures as high as 1000F or as low
as -200F. These limits are dictated by material considerations, safety, economics and ASME Code
requirements.

(b) Effective temperature difference

The driving force for heat transfer is the effective temperature difference," CMTD, between the hot
and cold fluids. This temperature difference is calculated from the counter-current log mean
temperature difference with a correction factor applied to account for the actual flow arrangement.
Temperature approach Temperature approach is the difference of the hotside and coldside fluid
temperatures at any point within a given exchanger. A temperature cross indicates a negative
driving force for heat transfer between the fluids. It requires either a large area for heat transfer or
high fluid velocities to increase the overall heat transfer coefficient. If outlet temperatures form a
cross in a multi-tube pass heat exchanger, a lower than desirable LMTD correction factor will occur.
A simple way to avoid this is to use more exchanger shells in series.

(c) Fouling factors

The increased resistance to both heat transfer and fluid flow caused by deposits on a heat transfer
surface is called fouling. Fouling works as an insulating layer on the heat transfer surface, reducing
heat transfer efficiency (reduced duty) or decreasing available flow area (reduced throughput). The
increased resistance to heat transfer is represented by a quantity referred to as the fouling thermal
resistance, which is added to the total thermal resistance. The values of fouling thermal resistance
have generally been observed to increase with time. To account for the effect of fouling on pressure
drop requires an estimate of the fouling layer thickness.

(d) Pressure drop

The pressure drop through an exchanger is made up of three losses: the frictional loss due to flow,
the losses due to changes in direction of flow and losses due to expansion and contraction into and
out of nozzles and tubes. In some exchangers, a change in the vertical elevation of the fluid as it
passes through the exchanger may cause a hydrostatic pressure loss or gain.

(B) Shell and Tube Exchangers

(a) Determination of number of shells based on graphical method as following.

 (b) Tube Selection Type Length Diameter and wall thickness ferrules Table 1:
Determination of Number of Tube Passes Based on Shell ID.

(c) Tube Site Flow Whichever fluid appears higher on the following list will ordinarily be
passed through the tubes: (i). Cooling water. (ii). Corrosive fluid or a fluid likely to deposit coke,
sediment or other solids. (iii). Fouling fluid, which the fluid can cause fouling. (iv). Fluid with the less
viscosity. (v). The fluid under higher pressure (vi) The hotter fluid. (vii) Less volume fluid.

(d) Fluid velocity Liquid - Tube side: 3 7 ft/s and maximum is 13 ft/s if need to reduce fouling;
Water is 5 8 ft/s. Shell side: 1 3 ft/s Vapour Vacuum: 164 230ft/s; Atmospheric: 33 - 98ft/s;
High pressure:16 33ft/s

4. Collect and Calculate the Effectiveness of heat exchangers.

4.Analyze and interpret the statistical data

After doing the experiment weve determined and plotted all the readings and realizations of the
group into a graphical presentation. The important things that we have noticed are in the determination
of COP, we used the formula, COP=Refrigerating Effect / Compressor Work or in terms of enthalpy,
COP= (h1-h4)/(h2-h1), which were obtained from the R-22 Table using the temperatures and pressures
obtained from the experiment. For the histogram, we obtain the values of the LCL (Lower Control Limit)
and the UCL (Upper Control Limit). The lower control limit is computed using the formula of (M-3S), with
the value of 3.2126 while the upper control limit is computed using the formula of (M+3S), with the value
of 4.4770. The shape of the histogram is skewed to the right, which means the most of the values
obtained are clustered to the right.

Another important parameter is the compressor efficiency. To get the experimental efficiency, we
used the formula of Specific Work divided by the isentropic work. The specific work can be determined
from the difference in enthalpies of the exit and entrance of the compressor. Weve determined also the
mean value (75.99 %) and the standard deviation (6.5724 %). We also get the UCL and the LCL. The
lower control limit is computed using the formula of (M-3S), with the value of 56.2727 % while the upper
 control limit is computed using the formula of (M+3S), with the value of 95.7073 %. The shape of the
histogram is close to symmetrical, which means it resembles to a roughly perfect bell shaped curved.

We also have searched some of the basic principles for a refrigeration system like that of the ED
5840. We also studied some of the important situational and industry level problem and solution that
are common in the field. The general principle behind any metering device is it acts as a restriction. You
can see it in the diagram above. It reduces high-pressure, high temperature refrigerant from the
condenser liquid line to low-pressure, low temperature refrigerant for the evaporator. The job of a
refrigeration plant is to cool articles or substances down to, and maintain them at a temperature lower
than the ambient temperature.

Refrigeration can be defined as a process that removes heat. The idea of using a refrigerant
diagram is that it makes it possible to represent the processes in the refrigeration system in such a way
that analysis and evaluation of the process becomes easy. When using a diagram determining system
operating conditions (temperatures and pressures) system refrigerating capacity can be found in a
relatively simple and quick manner.

9. Duties and Responsibilities:

Leader : Andal, Arvin William C.

1. The leader was the overall in-charge of the planning what to and how to do the experiment about
the Performance and Efficiency Test of Refrigeration Plant.
2. He also guarantees that every member of the group do their respective job accordingly and
rightfully.
3. He also assigned each of his subordinate to take charge of something while the experiment is on-
going.
4. He also monitors that the objective of the experiment has been achieved by each member whilst
they are doing and after theyve done the experiment.
5. The leader was also the one responsible in making sure that everything goes with his plan.

Assistant Leader: Lal, JannieAngelie F.

1. Assistant leader is responsible for helping the leader in guiding the group as they complete the
activity.
2. She is responsible for developing and implementing a timeline their team will use to reach its end
goal.
3. She finalize the document and validated if the information is related to what is needed.
4. She set the time limit for every member so that she'll have enough time to edit the final output.
5. While testing, she is holding the digital thermometer and measures the temperature at the
condenser.

Safety Officer: Ilagan, Eunice C.

 1. Safety officers is responsible for monitoring and assessing hazardous and unsafe situations and
developing measures to assure personnel safety.
2. The Safety Officer maintains awareness of active and developing situations.
3. He double-check if the vapor compression system is working property to have accurate results.
4. He wipes the tubes outside the evaporator because if water droplets fall to the components, the
measured data will be affected. Moreover, the components might be broken, cavitates or rust.

Quality Inspector: Damirez, Von Eric A.

1. Quality inspector was the one in-charge of checking that the group was doing quality work overall.
2. He was the one who will inspect every instrument and measuring devices that will be used to make
sure that everything works fine.
3. The quality inspector was also the one who makes sure that every member is doing their work
accordingly and nicely.
4. The data and the measurements taken was also evaluated by the quality inspector to monitor if
everything was on par with the theories learned by the group from their previous subjects.
5. He was again in-charge in checking the used instruments were still in pristine condition the same
way they are even before the experiment.
6. While waiting for the two-minute interval, he inspects if the data recorded by the document
controller adheres to the relationship of temperatures in evaporator, condenser and compressor.
He calculates the enthalpies based on the measured data.

Document Controller: Abril, April Angel C.

1. Document Controller maintains and manages all important documents and assures that it is easily
accessible and stored.
2. Document Controller is responsible for controlling the numbering, filing, sorting and retrieval of
electronically stored or hard copy documentation produced by technical teams, projects or
departments in a timely, accurate and efficient manner.
3. She took a video of the first part where the professor discusses the different parts of the vapor-
compression system.
4. Before starting, she made a table for the 30 trials

Assistant Document Controller : Fajutag, John Kenneth F.

1. Assistant Document Controller primary role is to help the Document Controller

2. She holds the stopwatch and the one that manages the 2-minute interval every trial and calls their
attention to give the data recorded.
3. She double check if the data written by the documentation officer is not misheard. At the same time,
She is the one who took photos of the activity.
4. She kept the table of the 30 trials and testing.
5. She encoded the recorded readings of the 30 trials. Before the testing starts, the stopwatch is ready
and tested for accuracy.
 Member: Alejo, Bryan James G.
1. He is one of the working body.
2. He follows the command of the leader, assistant leader and other officers.
3. He obey the instructions and comments of the safety officer.
4. Hes responsibility as a member is to help them in all necessary things to do in accomplishing the
goals and objectives of the Activity.

10. Documentation

The leader (in white shirt) and the assistant

leader (sitting) discusses the flow of the
experiment.

The leader holds the thermometer at the exit of the

evaporator while the assistant leader and
documentation officer measures the exit and
entrance of the compressor, respectively.
 The member measures the temperature
behind the system near the fan.

The group is busy with the readings of the

temperature of different components of air-
conditioning.

The quality inspector monitors the time interval of 2

minutes per trial while the rest have their own tasks.
The safety officer measures the exit temperature
of the exit of the condenser.

Engr. Dela Pena discussed the flow of the activity

3 while the group listens. The documentation
officer lists the important highlights and the
member took the photo.