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1, then no sunset that day. (6) If (tan 8 tan 9) S=1, then no sunrise that day. ‘Note that cases (a) and (b) only relate to latitudes beyond +65.5°, i.e. above the Aretic Circle or below the Antarctic Circle. Angle of Solar Elevation for Times of Day Other Than Local Noon It can be shown that the angle of solar elevation, ot, may be expressed in terms of the Sun’s declination angle, 8, on a given date, the current hour angle (i.e. the time of day) @, and an observer's latitude, o, via the equation: a= sin (sind sin @ ~ cos 8 cos @ cos @ ) o Azimuth Equation One equation which relates the Sun’s azimuth angle, A, at a given location, its angle of elevation, ot, the current hour angle « at the observer's latitude, p, and the Sun’s declination angle, 6, on this date is: 1 t cos acos A =sindcosg-cosdcoswsing | (8) — Solving for the azimuth, A, we find: sind cosp— cos coswsin, A= cos { eos 0) where if @ 0 then A=A" Otherwise, @> 0 and A=360°—A" Equator > latitude ange sun { declination angle snwies lw ggrangie © alitude angle ovsewver- { ¢, zanitn angle Sun angles (UX arimuth angleul A knowledge of the angle of solar elevation, a, and the azimuth, A, allows us to calculate the length and the location of a simple shadow. Example Describe the shadow due to a telephone post that ish ft high at the time of day when the solar elevation is a= and the azimuth is A= A, In the figure, we observe that this. shadow has length | OP | where in the right triangle, AOPQ, we find that tana, = A jor => |OP| = = ft Q h ° P Note that the tip of the shadow is located at the point P= (x. ,ye) that is x. ft East andy, ft North of the base of the post. By analyzing the right triangle, AORP , we find that sin( A, ~ 180°) 32 = x,=|OP|- sin( Ay 180°) ft. Ge] > Re LOPL- sing cD) Thus, a= GAS sin Ay 180") = = ABBAS a, and ©05( Ay 180°) = AEF => yo [OP] cos( Ay 180°) fh So w= cos( Ay— 180°) = — 2 808As_ Tan, ana, ‘Therefore, the shadow’s vertex is at12 Example Describe the shadow positioning due to Crown Hall at various times of day on the occasion of the summer solstice or autumnal equinox. 1, Shadow Position on Summer Solstice 2 Hours After Solar Noon b= 23.5" on 418" o> 30° a= 591° A= 231° AYS A= 180°= 63.1% Shadow Length = 14.4 ft Ay= 65 ft northward 2.8 ft eastward Building Dimensior 2. Shadow Position on Summer Solstice 4 Hours After Solar Noon o= 418" = 60° a= 374° A> 269.4° I> A- 180° = 89. Shadow Length = 31.4 ft A, 3 fh northward 1.37 R eastwardB 3. Shadow Position on Autumnal Equinox 2 Hours After Solar Noon A’= A- 180°= 409° Shadow Length = 28.4 ft Ay= 21.5 ft northward Ax= 186 eastward 4. Shadow Position on Autumnal Equinox 4 Hours After Solar Noon Y= A- 180° = 69.0% Shadow Length = 59.7 Ay= 215 f northward Ax= 5880 eastward