Cell Reproduction

Cell Reproduction
● Commonly referred as Cell division
● Plays two main roles in perpetuating the life
cycle of animals and other multicellular
organism:
– Makes it possible for a fertilized egg to develop
through various embryonic stages and for embryo
to develop into adult organism
– Ensures the continuity of life from generation to
generation
 Types of Reproduction
● Sexual reproduction
– Reproductive process that involves the union of
sperm and an egg
● Asexual reproduction
– Production of offspring by a single parent, without
participation of sperm and egg
 Sexual Reproduction
● Does not precisely beget like
● Offsprings are not identical to their parents or to
each other
● Can produce greatly variation among offsping
 Asexual Reproduction
● Offspring inherit all their DNA from a single
parent
● Exact replica of the parent and each other
 Cell Theory
● German Physician
● Stated cell theory in 1858
● “All cells come from cells”
 Binary Fission
● Way of reproduction of Prokaryotes (bacteria
and archaea)
 Chromatin
● Combination of DNA and
protein molecules
● Centromere: tight region that
joins the two chromatids
together
 Mitosis
● Simple cell division that starts from one mother
cell and ends up in two
 Interphase
● The time when a cell's metabolic activity is very
high
● Period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes
new molecules and organelles
 Prophase
● Chromatins are present like threads which are
shortened and thickened and later become the
chromosomes
● Nuclear membrane starts to disappear
 Metaphase
● Mitotic spindle is fully formed with its pole at
opposite ends of the cell
● Chromosomes are aligned at the equator
● Spindle attaches to the centromere
(kinetochore)
 Anaphase
● Two centromeres of each chromosomes come
apart, separating the sister chromatids
● The spindle fiber that is attached to the
centromere shortens pulling the chromatids on
both ends of the cell
 Telophase
● Reverse of prophase
● Daughter nuclei appear at the two poles of the
cell as nuclear envelopes form around the
chromosomes
● Chromatin fibers of each chromosome uncoils
and nucleoli reappear
● Mitotic spindle disappears
 Cytokenesis
● Division of the cytoplasm, usually occur along
with telophase
● In animal cells, cytokenesis involves cleavage
furrow, which pinches the cell in two
 Cancer
● Claims 1 out of 5 people in United States
● Cancer cells divide excessively and can invade
other tissues of the body
● Metastasis: spread of cancer beyond their
original site
● Tumor: abnormal mass of cells caused by
excessive growth
– Benign: abnormal mass of essentially normal cells
– Malignant: mass of cancer cells which are capable
of spreading into neighboring tissues