2.
671 Measurement and Instrumentation
MEASURING GAIN AT RESONANCE TO OPTIMIZE CARBON LEVELS OF AND
HAND PLACEMENT ON A FIELD HOCKEY STICK
Amanda Lowery
MIT
Cambridge, MA, United States of America
ABSTRACT
Field hockey players experience a stinging
sensation in their hands due to a sticks vibrational
response to hitting a field hockey ball. To understand
vibrational response, a field hockey sticks carbon levels
and players hand positions were examined to see effects
on the amplitude of response. Sticks of varying carbon
levels (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% carbon) were subjected
to an impulse by an impact hammer. Every stick containing
carbon had a higher gain at resonance in the power grip
than the slap grip. Gain at resonance was concluded to be
independent on carbon level. The power hit with the 100%
carbon stick had the highest gain with 0.46 0.05, and the
power hit with the 0% carbon stick had the lowest gain
with 0.1727 0.0370. An external tool, such as stick-
dependent grips or gloves, will dampen the vibrations and
ultimately decrease the stinging phenomenon.
1. INTRODUCTION
When field hockey players hit a ball with a stick,
they experience a stinging sensation in their hands due
to a sticks vibrational response. This painful sensation
also occurs in baseball, softball, and tennis players. The
higher the gain at resonance, the higher the vibrational
amplitude, and therefore, the greater the sting that is
experienced. Even though previous studies regarding
vibrational behavior have been conducted, they mainly
emphasize sports equipment such as baseball bats and
tennis rackets. Field hockey sticks also have two unique
variables in which other studies did not consider, which
are hand positioning and percentage of carbon in the
stick.
Analyzing the trend between carbon levels and
gain amplitude determined if higher values of stiffness
contributed to a stinging sensation from the vibrational
response. The gain at resonant frequency of field hockey
sticks was found in order to examine the correlation
between gain amplitude and level of carbon fiber in the
sticks. Additionally, comparisons were made between the
vibrational amplitude of a slap hit (where the lower hand
Thursday PM
Dr. Dawn Wendell
May 16, 2017
grips the middle of a stick) and the amplitude of a power
hit (where the lower hand grips the top of a stick).
One use for these findings would lead to
harnessing the systems energy. In order to hit the ball
far, energy must successfully be converted from a
players body to the ball through the stick. However, if
there is a high gain at resonance, energy is lost as
vibrations, and the ball does not deflect as far.
Successfully applying this to field hockey sticks, since
certain hand placement on the stick will define the
resonant frequency, can potentially reduce vibrational
response.
In order to determine resonant frequencies of a
field hockey stick, the experimental design needed to
simulate typical hitting conditions. The hockey stick was
clamped in the two hand placements and was subjected to
free vibration. This experimentally consistent model
involved using a force hammer to create a controlled
impulse and an accelerometer to measure the resultant
acceleration as a result of the impulse. Fast Fourier
transforms, gain analysis, and t-tests were performed in
order to identify the main frequencies that the stick will
vibrate at, as well as the gains at resonant frequency. The
sticks that have the highest magnitude of gain at resonance
were determined as the sticks that will have the highest
sting after hitting a ball.
2. BACKGROUND
2.1 TYPES OF FIELD HOCKEY HITS
Field hockey is a sport where people use wooden or
composite sticks to hit a ball in the other teams goal. One
of the unique aspects of field hockey, compared to other
sports equipment subject to painful vibrations, is that there
are two types of hits. These different hits correspond to two
main hand placements. The power hit consists of gripping
both hands together at the top of the grip (Figure 1).
1 2.671 Go Forth and Measure

Figure 1: Elizabeth Dethy, former member of the
MIT varsity field hockey team, power hits the ball.
Note that her hands are joined together, gripping the
end of the sticks grip. [1]
The above figure demonstrates the hand position
for the power grip. Note that the players hands are joined
together and gripping the top of the field hockey stick.
Players use the power grip when they want to move the
ball quickly up the field or aim towards the goal. The
trade-off for the power hit is that it is less accurate than
the slap hit. Caitlin van Sickle demonstrates the slap hit in
the figure below (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Caitlin van Sickle, member of the US
Womens Olympics Field Hockey team, is slap
hitting the ball. Note that her hands are farther apart
and in a lower position than the power hit. [2]
The above figure demonstrates the hand position
for the slap hit. Note that the players hands are farther
apart and the right hand is gripping the middle of the stick
instead of the top of the stick.
2.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF A FIELD HOCKEY
STICK
In the past twenty years, composite sticks have been
the most common type of stick used, and these sticks
typically contain some level of carbon fiber in the
composite compound. If the carbon levels increase, so does
the sticks stiffness. The Youngs Modulus, which
correlates to material property, increases as the percentage
of carbon increases.
The main reason as to why there are a variety of
levels of carbon in field hockey sticks is due to the fact that
different positions on the field require different levels of
power. The remaining composition in field hockey sticks
include a combination of wood, aramid, and fiberglass.
Wood has a lower Youngs Modulus value and is less stiff
than carbon. Most beginner sticks have lower amounts of
carbon and higher amounts of wood, because wood has
more give and allows the player to control the ball.
Aramid, comprised of synthetic polymers, generally are
less stiff than carbon but much more stiff than wood.
Fiberglass has the highest stiffness due to its highest
Youngs Modulus value. Forward players generally prefer
sticks that have 50-75% carbon, simply because they
would prefer ball control to powerful hits. On the other
hand, midfielders and defenders that need to hit the ball up
the field tend to prefer 75-100% carbon sticks because they
need the maximum conversion of power from their swing
into movement of the ball.
2.3 CANTILEVERED BEAM VIBRATIONAL NODES
Every system has natural oscillations at certain
frequencies, and the highest amplitudes of vibrations are
associated with the natural frequency, or primary resonant
frequency. A field hockey stick would have both a primary
resonant frequency along with overtone frequencies. The
natural frequency of oscillation is due to geometry and
material of the stick, instead of the swing or the players
grip strength. The stinging sensations occurs when the
stick is resonating at the primary frequency due the sticks
high vibrations.
A vibrational mode is the shape which is the shape
of the cantilevered beam vibration. A vibrational node is
the point at which the vibrational shape crosses the neutral
axis. During vibration after an impulse, each of these
modes are superimposed upon each other. Any input at a
node will cause only deflection and no vibration for the
mode to which it belongs. Additionally, the players hand
acts as a clamp and essentially acts as a boundary
condition; there is no vibrational displacement at that
2 2.671 Go Forth and Measure
position. The first three modes are shown below (Figure
3). The blue dots indicate the nodes (Figure 3).
Figure 3: The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd vibrational modes of
a cantilevered beam. The blue dots indicate the
vibrational nodes, which are the locations where the
vibrating beam intersects the neutral axis. [3]
st nd rd
The above figure illustrates the 1 , 2 , and 3
vibrational modes of a cantilevered beam, which the field
hockey stick is modeled as. The blue dots are vibrational
nodes, which are the locations where the vibrating beam
intersects the neutral axis. Each vibration is superimposed
on the beam to different extents. [5] Additionally, these are
the natural nodes, but the players hand also acts as a clamp
(4)
and forces a node at that point; they change which
[ ]
wavelengths occur at resonance and affect the vibrational
response.
3. PROCEDURES AND METHODS accelerometer and sent data to a Logger Pro data
3.1 SET UP
The experimental approach models a field hockey
stick as a cantilevered beam, whose toe is subject to an
impulse. The following assumptions were made: the field
hockey stick was modeled as a hollow rectangular
cantilever beam with the dimensions 0.0254 m x 0.0254 m
x 0.9271 m, the moment of inertia was constant throughout
the length of the shaft, there was a uniform mass per unit
length, and the system was subject to free vibration. To
avoid unwanted damping, a 2x4 plywood block was used
to elevate the stick from the table. Figure 4 shows the
diagram of the set up.
Figure 4: Experiment set up for measuring modes of
vibration. An impulse is delivered to the toe of the
stick with an impulse hammer, and a 3D
accelerometer sends data to a Logger Pro data
acquisition device. The amplifier was on a setting on
200 mV.
The above figure shows the experiment set up for
measuring modes of vibration. The impulse hammer
strikes at the impulse points, simulating the impact that
occurs when a stick hits a ball. The input voltage from the
impact hammer was converted to force from the value on
its specification sheet, using the equation
&'()*+',
=
0.23
The resultant acceleration from the vibrational
response was recorded from the Vernier 25-g
acquisition device, and the resultant force is recorded from
the impulse hammer (PCB Model 086D05) and sent to the
Logger Pro data acquisition device. The amplifier was set
to 200 mV.
3.2 PROCEDURES
The natural frequency of the hockey stick was
measured using a 3D accelerometer (Vernier 25-g
accelerometer) and a Vernier Logger Pro for data
acquisition. There were four different sticks compared,
each having different levels of carbon and different brands.
The 0% carbon (wooden) sticks manufacturer was
Muzzamil, the 50% carbon sticks manufacturer was Dita,
the 75% carbon stick was manufactured by Harrow, and
the 100% carbon stick was manufactured by TK. The same
force was applied for both types of hits using an impulse
hammer (PCB Model 086D05) and quickly applying an
impulse to the toe of each field hockey stick. To simulate
3 2.671 Go Forth and Measure
the two different types of hits, two clamps were placed at
100
certain locations on the stick that would resemble where a

Acceleration[m/s ]
2
players hands would grip the stick (Figure 5).
50

-50

-100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
time [s]

Figure 6: The figure above displays a representative

Figure 5: The clamp locations of the slap grip,
illustrated with red, and the power grip, illustrated
with blue. The accelerometer location is marked with
the square and placed right under the lower clamp; the
impulse point is where the impulse hammer would
strike.
Six trials were conducted for each stick at each hand
position (slap and power), making 48 total trials. One
assumption in this experiment was the hand placement for
the two different types of hits: power and slap hit. The
power hit was measured at 0.76 m from the bottom of the
stick and the clamps were placed 0.051 m apart. The slap
grip was measured at 0.508 m and the clamps were 0.127
m apart. The accelerometer was placed immediately
beneath the lower clamp. Measurements from its
vibrational response were recorded to determine the
location of the vibrational nodes.
graph of acceleration over time. Trial 3 (using the
Muzzamil stick with a power hit position) was used.
The shape of a decaying sinusoidal wave was
accurately predicted.
The figure above was taken from the third trial of the
0% carbon Muzzamil stick power hit and shows the
resultant force over time and acceleration over time. The
shape of a decaying sinusoidal wave was predicted, due to
damping of the stick. The dominant modes, which appear
as peaks, were identified and the relationship between
frequency and carbon content of hand position.
It was predicted that the force signal would be
indicated as a perfect delta approximation, which means
there should only be one resultant peak. The figure below
depicted a sample representative graph from the 3rd trial
of the 0% carbon Muzzamil stick with power hit. (Figure
7).
8

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6

Force [N]

In order to determine the extent of stinging of a field

hockey stick, and by extension, the magnitude of gain at 4
resonance, the acceleration of each impulse was needed to
apply a Fast Fourier Transform. After each trial of striking 2
the stick with the impulse hammer, the impulse hammer
and accelerometer sent resultant data about force and
0
acceleration of the vibrational response of the system. The
shape of a decaying sinusoidal wave was predicted, due to 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
damping of the stick. The figures below were taken from time [s]
one trial of the 0% carbon Muzzamil stick power hit Figure 7: The figure above displays a representative
(Figure 6). graph of applied force over time. The voltage
recorded from trial 3 (using the Muzzamil stick at
Power Hit position) was converted into force using
the force equation (3). It illustrates that the force

4 2.671 Go Forth and Measure

 signal isnt a perfect delta approximation, since there power hit, since the magnitude of gain at resonance for the
are following spikes after the initial peak. 75% carbon stick was lower than the 0% and 50% carbon
The figure above displays a representative graph of sticks. Figure 10 compares the slap hit among each of the
applied force over time. The voltage recorded from trial 3 sticks.
(using the Muzzamil stick at Power Hit position) was
converted into force using the force equation (4). It 10
0

Muzzamil (0% Carbon)

illustrates that the force signal isnt a perfect delta 10
-1 Dita (50% Carbon)
Harrow (75% Carbon)

approximation, since there are following spikes after the 10

-2
TK (100% Carbon)

initial peak.
-3
Fast Fourier Transforms were applied to show how 10

amplitude of response is distributed over frequency and

Magnitude
-4
10

what frequencies are present in the response. Figures 8 and 10

-5

9 show the resultant Gain Bode plots. -6

10

-7
10
100
Muzzamil (0% Carbon) -8
Dita (50% Carbon) 10
10-1 Harrow (75% Carbon)
TK (100% Carbon)
10-9
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
10-2
Frequency [Hz]

10-3

Figure 10: The magnitude of Transfer Function

Magnitude

10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
101 102
Frequency [Hz]
103
Figure 9: The magnitude of Transfer Function
plotted over frequency for sticks in varying levels of
carbon for the power hit. Note the dominant peaks
between the frequencies 10 30 Hz, which indicated
the resonant frequency. The magnitude of gain (the
independent variable) compared vibrational
response, and thus, magnitude of stinging. From this
figure, its seen that the 100% and 50% carbon stick
had very similar and highest magnitude of gain at
resonance, while the 0% carbon stick had the lowest
vibrations.
The initial peaks (between 10 and 30 Hz) indicate the
resonant frequency. By comparing the power hit for each
of the sticks, it was shown that there is no linear trend
between increasing carbon levels and dominant frequency.
For the power hit, gain resonance is dependent of carbon
levels in the stick. The magnitude of gain (the independent
variable) compared vibrational response, and thus,
magnitude of stinging. From this figure, its seen that the
100% and 50% carbon stick have very similar and highest
magnitude of gain at resonance, while the 0% carbon stick
has the lowest vibrations. The increasing levels of carbon
was not found to correspond to magnitude of gain for the
plotted over frequency for sticks in varying levels of
carbon for the slap hit. Note the dominant peaks
between the frequencies 20 60 Hz, which indicated
the resonant frequency. The magnitude of gain (the
independent variable) compared vibrational
response, and thus, magnitude of stinging. From this
104
figure, its seen 0% carbon stick and 100% had the
highest vibrations for the slap hit, while the 50%
carbon stick has the lowest vibrations for the slap hit.
The 75% carbon had the second lowest magnitude of
gain.
The figure above illustrated the Gain Bode plot
for the slap hit. Like the Gain Bode plot of the power hit,
the deduction was that there doesnt appear to be a pattern
between increasing carbon level and increasing levels of
gain at resonance. From Figure 10, its seen 0% carbon
stick and 100% had the highest vibrations for the slap hit,
while the 50% carbon stick has the lowest vibrations for
the slap hit. The 75% carbon had the second lowest
magnitude of gain.
In the transfer function graph, all the sticks
except the TK (100% carbon) stick increased in dominant
modes frequency with increasing carbon. However, the
TK doesnt follow this pattern. One potential reason
could be attributed to the fact that in the three lower
carbon content sticks, the dominant mode might not be
the first mode, but rather a higher mode. Another reason
could be a difference in manufacturing and that TKs

5 2.671 Go Forth and Measure

 stick could have a different type of carbon fiber, and as a
result, a different Youngs Modulus.
It can be observed that the slap hit has the higher
dominant frequency for each stick. This can be attributed
to the fact that for a power hit, the distance between the
players two hands are so close that they can be
approximated at the same node. However, for the slap hit,
the hands are farther apart (0.127 m) which means that
theres a new node that must be at the lower hand. The
frequencies from the transfer function should be used to
calculate the wavelengths to check that the nodes are
expected to be with respect to the ends of the stick and
hand position. Figure 10 shows the Gain Bode plots that
compares the two grips between each stick (Figure 10).
0
0% Carbon (wood)
10 10
Magnitude
Magnitude
10
-5
10
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
Frequency [Hz]
0
75% Carbon
10 10
Magnitude
Magnitude
-5
10 10
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
Frequency [Hz]
Figure 10: Each subplot compares the magnitude of
transfer function over frequency between the two
types of hits for each stick. The peaks evolve with
various parameters. For the Muzzamil (0%), the
frequency of the power hit is at 14.5 Hz and the slap
hit is at 19.0 Hz. For the Dita (50%), the frequency of
the power hit is at 15.3 Hz and the slap hit is at 29.5
Hz. For the Harrow (75%), the frequency of the power
hit is at 24.4 Hz and the slap hit is at 44.0 Hz. For the
TK (100%), the frequency of the power hit is at 19 Hz
and the slap hit is at 29.3 Hz. It can be observed that
for each stick, the slap hit has the higher dominant
frequency than the power hit.
It can be observed that for each stick, the slap hit has
the higher dominant frequency than the power hit. This
phenomenon was predicted, because moving the hand
position for the slap hit forces a boundary condition in the
middle of the stick and shortens the distance that the
wavelength of the vibrations have to travel. The peaks
evolve with various parameters. For the Muzzamil (0%),
the frequency of the power hit is at 14.5 Hz and the slap hit
is at 19.0 Hz. The 0% carbon stick had a unique response
because it was the only stick that had a higher vibrational
response for the slap hit, rather than the power hit.
However, for all of the carbon-containing sticks, the power
hit had a higher magnitude of gain for the Dita (50%), the
frequency of the power hit is at 15.3 Hz and the slap hit is
at 29.5 Hz. For the Harrow (75%), the frequency of the
power hit is at 24.4 Hz and the slap hit is at 44.0 Hz.
However, the increasing trend of frequency stops; for the
TK (100%), the frequency of the power hit is at 19 Hz and
the slap hit is at 29.3 Hz. One of the reasons for the
discrepancy in the 0% carbon sticks behavior is due to its
slightly different cross-section and geometry that the 0%
carbon stick has versus the 50%, 75%, and 100% carbon
stick. To further compare the gain at resonance between
the types of hits and the types of carbon content, a
0
50% Carbon
Power
Slap
histogram with error bars was created to test statistical
-5
significance and to focus on the dominant peaks of the
initial Gain Bode plots (Figure 11).
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
Frequency [Hz]
0
100% Carbon
-5
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
Frequency [Hz]
Figure 11: Error bars indicate the 95% confidence
interval. A t-test was conducted between the two
types of hit for each stick; all sticks except the 100%
carbon stick was determined to be statistically
significant, indicated with bracket and asterisk above
the bars. The blue bars show the magnitude of gain at
resonance with the power hit, and the red bars depict
the magnitude of gain at resonance of the slap hit. The
0% carbon stick is the only stick in which the
magnitude of gain was higher for the slap hit than the
power hit. The error bars are much larger for the
power hit than the slap hit, and that is most likely a
result of the datas noise; the impulse hammers force
was human-controlled and there mightve been a
discrepancy in the place and magnitude of applied
force.
The above figure was a bar graph that compared
the magnitude of gain at resonant frequency between
6 2.671 Go Forth and Measure
different sticks and different hit types. The blue bars were
the magnitudes of gain for power hits, and the red bars
were the magnitudes of gain for slap hits. After
conducting t-tests, the 0%, 50%, and 75% carbon sticks
were determined to be statistically significant. The 100%
carbon stick had a p-value of 0.4971, which was lower
than a value of 0.500; this indicated that the null
hypothesis could not be rejected. With a 95% confidence
interval, gain at resonance was found to be 0.1727
0.0370 and 0.5037 0.0010 for power grip and slap grip
in the 0% carbon stick respectively, 0.4435 0.0580 and
0.0899 0.0020 for power and slap grip in the 50%
carbon stick, 0.2059 0.0100 and 0.130 0.001 for
power and slap in 75% carbon, and 0.46 0.05 and
0.4474 0.002 for power and slap in 100% carbon stick.
Note that the 75% carbon Harrow stick has a
lower magnitude of gain at resonance than the 50%
carbon Dita stick in the slap hit. Another reason could be
a difference in manufacturing and that the 50% carbon
stick could have a different type of carbon fiber, and as a
result, a different Youngs Modulus than the 75% carbon
stick. The 0% carbon stick is the only stick in which the
magnitude of gain was higher for the slap hit than the
power hit. The error bars are much larger for the power
hit than the slap hit, and that is most likely a result of the
datas noise; the impulse hammers force was human-
controlled and there mightve been a discrepancy in the
place and magnitude of applied force.
The higher the gain at resonance in a stick, the
greater the vibration and the more itll sting after impact.
Since most players usually use both types of hits while
playing field hockey, the stick that has the lowest
magnitudes of gain for both slap and power hit, which is
the 75% carbon Harrow stick, will experience the least
amount of stinging. However, if a player tends to use
power hit only, then the 0% carbon (100% mulberry
wood) would be preferable because it has the lowest
value of gain at resonance. On the other hand, if a player
only slap hits, then the 50% carbon stick is preferred
since it has the lowest value of gain at resonance. Even
though the highest value of gain is the power hit with the
100% carbon stick and the lowest value of gain is the
power hit the 0% gain, there is no correlation of
increasing carbon levels and increasing magnitudes of
gain.
Because the 75% carbon stick had a low
magnitude of gain at resonance for both the power and
slap hit, future investigations will delve into comparing
75% carbon sticks and their gains at resonance based on
different brands, cross-sectional geometries, and material
composition of the other 25%. Additionally,
investigations in stick-dependent grips and gloves will
ensue to dampen the vibrations and ultimately stinging.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this experiment, a field hockey stick was modeled
as a cantilevered, hollow beam and struck on its toe with
an impulse. The purpose was to determine the location of
vibrational nodes, since optimal hand location or
difference in carbon levels could decrease the vibrational
frequency and by extension, the stinging sensation in a
players hands. In order to determine any vibrational nodes
on the stick, the frequencies and magnitudes of its
vibrations were measured. Force was measured and used
to apply Fast Fourier Transforms of the impulse response,
and then ultimately used to find the transfer function. From
the transfer function, the dominant frequencies were
obtained. The gain at resonance was also found and
compared between stick types and grip types.
It can be concluded that there is no correlation between
increasing carbon levels and amount of sting. The results
indicate that a field hockey sticks dominant frequency is
higher for a slap hit than a power hit. Based on the transfer
function graph, there appears to be no correlation between
carbon levels and resultant dominant frequencies; the
Muzzamil (0% carbon) stick had a power hit peak
frequency of 14.5 Hz and TK (100% carbon stick) had a
power hit frequency of 19 Hz, which is only 4.5 Hz in
difference. The dominant frequency of the Dita power hit
was 15.3 Hz, and the dominant frequency of the Harrow
power hit was 24.4 Hz. For the slap hit, Muzzamil was 19
Hz, Dita was 29.5 Hz, Harrow was 44.0 Hz, and TK was
29.3 Hz. Another conclusion is that the hockey stick has
excitements from different modes, since the resultant
frequencies are integer multiples of each other. Sticks
containing carbon have higher gain at resonance when
using power hit versus slap hit, but the wooden stick
indicates the opposite. The power hit with the 100% carbon
stick had the highest gain with 0.46 0.05. Additionally,
investigations in stick-dependent grips and gloves will
ensue to dampen the vibrations, decrease the painful
stinging, and make the sport enjoyable and pain-free.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to acknowledge the following
individuals:
Dr. Wendell for her insight into this experiment, paper, and
poster.
Thalia Rubio for her helpful edits in earlier drafts of this
paper and poster.
7 2.671 Go Forth and Measure
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[4] Bhattacharjee, R. Free Vibration of a Cantilever

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9 2.671 Go Forth and Measure