Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Africa
Progress
Report 2010
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
SECRETARIAT
Benedikt Franke
ACKnOWlEDGEMEnTS
The Africa Progress Panel would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions from Dr. Olusoji Adeyi (The Global
Fund), Mr. Hubert Escaith and Mr. Andreas Maurer (World Trade Organization), Professor Franklyn Lisk (University
of Warwick), Dr. Carlos Lopes (UNITAR), Mrs. Kate Norgrove (WaterAid International), Mr. Paatii Ofosu-Amaah
(African Development Bank), Dr. Patrick Osakwe (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), Mrs.
Judith Randal (Development Initiatives), Mr. Guido Schmidt-Traub (South Pole Carbon Asset Management), and
Mrs. Alyson Warhurst and Mr. Jason McGeown (Maplecroft Maps). We would also like to thank our colleagues
at Development Initiatives, ONE, and the World Bank. Finally we would like to acknowledge the generous support
from the United Kingdoms Department for International Development, the Governments of Germany and the
Netherlands, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Text and cover pages are printed on Cyclus Print mat couch that is 100 % recycled paper. Printed using
environmentally-compatible technology.
Cover design, infograhics, overall design and layout: Violaine Beix, Thad Mermer, Carolina Rodriguez and
Blossom Communications. Copy-edited by Nina Behrman.
2
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
TAblE OF COnTEnTS
KEY FInDInGS AnD RECOMMEnDATIOnS 4
FOREWORD 8
InTRODuCTIOn 10
PART I: FIVE PROMISInG YEARS 11
Economic Growth 12
Pre-Crisis Economic Trends 12
Effects of the Global Economic Crisis 15
Policy Responses to the Crisis 16
First Signs of Recovery 16
Governance 18
National Governance 18
Regional Governance 20
Global Governance 20
Social Development 23
Poverty Alleviation 23
Education 23
Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment 25
Health 28
Access to Water and Sanitation 30
Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Social Development 30
Peace and Security 31
Food and nutrition Security 33
Climate Change 35
The Impact of Climate Change 35
Climate Change Politics 35
Development Finance and Cooperation 38
Traditional Partners 38
New Partners 40
Philanthropy and Private Giving 41
Debt Relief 42
Aid Effectiveness 42
PART II: REAlIZInG ThE PROMISE 43
Improve Management of Relationships and Assets 44
Ensure Mutually Beneficial Partnerships 44
Turn Resources into Results 46
leverage Key Opportunities and Trends 48
Climate-Proof Development and Economic Growth 49
Accelerate Regional Integration 50
Harness the Potential of Information Technology 50
Anticipate Demographic Dynamics 52
Empower Africas Women 53
Provide a level Playing Field 56
Increase Policy Coherence for Development 56
Fulfil Promises on Resources and Assistance 58
Africas Financing Needs 58
The Future of Development Aid 58
COnCluSIOn 61
lIST OF ACROnYMS 63
nOTES 64
3
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
African countries need to climate-proof their development Women need to be at the centre of climate-proofed
strategies development strategies
Climate change will increase the cost of MDG attainment Impacts of climate change are not gender neutral. Women
in food production, health, water, energy, infrastructure bear a major responsibility for household water supply, energy
and other areas and will have disproportionate effects on and food security which, combined with inhibitions rooted in
women and the poor. It cannot be treated as a stand-alone traditional roles, their unequal access to resources and limited
issue. Efforts such as ClimDev need to be accelerated by mobility result in them being disproportionately affected. At
African and international organizations, including the AfDB, the same time, they have proved effective in mobilizing
the UN and the World Bank, to support the climate-proofing communities to respond to and prepare for climate change
of development and poverty-reduction strategies, and and natural disasters. Governments and other stakeholders
to prepare bankable, job-creating, low-carbon-energy, need to ensure that climate change initiatives build on
infrastructure and other programmes. womens experiences, knowledge and coping capacity.
Investment in agriculture and rural public goods must Empowered women are key to increasing agricultural
increase productivity
More than 70 per cent of Africans depend on agriculture In Sub-Saharan Africa, women produce up to 80 percent
for their livelihoods. Yet agriculture is not realizing its potential of all basic food products, both for household consumption
either as a driver of poverty alleviation and economic growth, and for sale. Given the key role of women in the agricultural
or to ensure that everyone has access to sufficient food sector, improving their situation, particularly through
and a balanced diet. Hunger and chronic malnutrition are bettering their access to productive assets and ownership
widespread, and accelerating climate change threatens to rights, means progress for the sector and for the economy as
reduce productivity further. We call on Africas leaders, their a whole. We call on African leaders to prioritise rural womens
international partners, and the private sector to implement access to land, including land rights, information, credit and
CAADP compacts and thereby prioritize investments in financial support, insurance and extension services.
agriculture, including by increasing access to markets.
Models for business engagement should be advertised and African leaders need to harness women entrepreneurship
scaled up Women entrepreneurs are playing an increasingly prominent
There is a growing body of experience as to how business role in many African economies, both formal and informal,
can work with governments, development actors and local despite the many constraints they continue to face. We
communities to stimulate entrepreneurship, job-creation, call on African leaders to implement the recommendations
trade, and investment in public goods and services. Practical from the African Womens Economic Summit and to ensure
lessons and emerging opportunities need to be captured a conducive regulatory environment through the inclusion
by the network of African and international organisations and protection of women in the formal economy. CEOs
such as Business Call to Action, Corporate Council on Africa, can do more to harness and develop the skills and energy
and Frontier 100 that are promoting business engagement of the continents women through overcoming entrenched
in development; these should be used as the basis for patterns of employment, promotion, and enumeration
incentivising and accelerating public-private partnerships. practices, increasing the share of women in management
and board positions, and promoting skill development.
African leaders need to incentivize connectivity and the use Connected women are key to developing strong knowledge
of ICTs economies
Despite significant progress, Africa still lags behind in terms Owing to cultural barriers and lower literacy rates, women
of both information hardware and the use of information have less access to ICT than men. Enhancing womens
and communication technologies (ICTs) in management, participation in the information economy will result in a
entrepreneurship, development, social networking and range of benefits such as more competitive technology
accountability. But Africas connectivity deficit also sectors and a better trained workforce. It will also facilitate
creates opportunities to leapfrog expensive and outdated the development of an information economy and enhance
technology and to learn from experiences elsewhere. We the ability of the poorest and most marginalized people,
call upon African leaders in both the public and private especially women and girls, to exercise their human rights.
sectors to advance results-oriented partnerships around We call upon business leaders and regulators to track,
plans to connect the continent, including schools, health encourage, and report on womens access to and use of
centres, farmers, local authorities and the media. information and communication technologies.
4
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
Social Progress
Now is the time for a big push on the Millennium Development Women need to be given a greater say in development
Goals planning
Investment in education, health and food security is the basis Women and girls are still insufficiently engaged and consulted
for economic growth and human security. MDG progress in the design, management and evaluation of initiatives
over the next five years can yield enormous social and and programmes that are of direct relevance to them.
economic dividends, enabling communities and countries This is particularly detrimental as meeting gender-specific
to achieve greater self-reliance. The last decade has seen targets such as those on maternal and child health as well as
many successes in progress towards MDG-based targets, education are the backbone of MDG achievement. Action
including in the most resource-deprived and insecure by governments, business and civil society to set targets
circumstances. These successes need to be scaled up and for womens participation at all levels, and to gather and
replicated, drawing upon proven interventions, harnessing disaggregate data, is needed. This will contribute to MDG
the transformative potential of womens empowerment, achievement, as well as strengthen womens knowledge
information technologies, and new partnerships with the and exercise of their human rights.
global South and the private sector. The MDG Summit in
September 2010 is the ideal opportunity to mobilize renewed
support.
5
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
Africa needs to amplify its voice in the international architecture African women must be adequately represented in
For a continent with over a quarter of the worlds states and international fora
a billion people profoundly affected by global dynamics, If Africa is underrepresented in many formal and informal
Africa is underrepresented in many formal and informal international processes, Africas women are even more
international processes, including in new fora emerging in the so. Women need representation at all political levels,
global South. Where it does have adequate representation, including in the international arena. Greater representation
Africa often lacks negotiation capacity and a coordinated of women creates synergies, reduces apathy and ensures
position. We call on Africas leaders to be more assertive in that addressing the concerns of the vulnerable remains a
making the case for reform of global governance structures, high priority. We call on African leaders to prioritise equal
and to make them more representative, supportive and representation of women in all sectors of governments and
effective. Negotiation capacities need to be strengthened the civil service, both on the domestic and international
around concerted positions, notably relating to climate stage, including in negotiation teams, regional and global
change, trade and the MDG process. missions and delegations.
Regional integration must be accelerated Regional solidarity among women adds value
The last decade has seen an unprecedented deepening Feminisation of institutions brings radical change to the
of regional cooperation including in trade, peace and way in which womens and other issues are handled.
security, energy and infrastructure. We call on African Cross-border womens networks bring a fresh and results-
leaders to accelerate this positive trend, notably by orientated dimension to all aspects of economic, political
implementing the NEPAD Africa Action Plan, in order to and social cooperation. We call for an increase in womens
overcome the developmental barriers posed by Africas participation and feminisation of regional cooperation
political and geographic fragmentation, and to reap the networks and institutions. Regional cooperation can
benefits of economies of scale and enhance the continents strengthen national efforts to empower and protect women
competitiveness in the global economy. and advance their rights.
Joint efforts to provide security need to be strengthened and Protection of women should be at the heart of security
adapted arrangements
As evidenced by the ongoing operationalisation of the Conflict brings suffering to everyone involved. Women are
African Peace and Security Architecture, the continents particularly vulnerable to and affected by both the short-
states and regional organisations have made great progress and long-term consequences of conflict. Sexual abuse and
in institutionalising efforts to address the scourges of war and incidents of gender-based violence tend to increase due to
conflict including injustice and impunity. However, both remain social upheaval and mobility, disruption of traditional social
widespread and new forms of insecurity, including atomized protection mechanisms, changes in gender roles, and
and fluid forms of cross-border violence, the expansion of widespread vulnerabilities. Governments and international
ungovernable spaces, and the rise of organized crime and organisations must adopt a zero tolerance approach to
trafficking aggravate the suffering of millions of people. We sexual and other forms of gender-based violence, and
call on African leaders to strengthen their cooperation with to enhance the attention and resources dedicated to
each other and the international community to address new addressing sexual violence. They need to deal with violations
forms of insecurity and broaden existing security mechanisms against women and girls and crimes of a sexual nature as a
to take changing realities into account. category of violations within the criminal justice system.
6
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
Partnerships
African leaders need to advocate the fulfilment of Commitments to Africa are commitments to its girls and
commitments women
The global economic crisis may erode the hard-won If governance and development commitments by Africas 52
international consensus on development as many countries male Heads of State and by their international counterparts
turn inward and commitments are postponed or even are not honoured, women are hardest hit. Information on
abandoned. African leaders need to honour their own women in general and gender disaggregated statistics in
commitments on good governance and investment in particular are weak. Without this data, assessing the status
public goods and services and, on that basis, build a and wellbeing of women will remain imprecise and policies
stronger international case for shared responsibility and inadequate. Monitoring womens empowerment and
mutual accountability for economic and social progress in welfare is a shared responsibility but greater participation by
Africa. Success will benefit not only for Africa, but the world. women in government will increase the attention it receives.
We recommend acceleration and coordination of ongoing In addition to improving statistical and data gathering
efforts in Africa and beyond to track progress, encourage capacity, practical measures are needed by governments
transparency and improve information flows, including and their partners to encourage and support women in
through the establishment of a Mutual Accountability Index legislatures, for example with dedicated funding for political
as a public resource and tool. parties to field female candidates.
African leaders need more inclusive and results-oriented Womens empowerment should be a specific objective for
partnerships partnerships
African policymakers can be more assertive in building Achievement of gender equity must be one of the
effective and mutually beneficial partnerships around specific objectives around which partnerships are formed,
their countries social and economic development goals. whether with public or private sector investors, donors and
This applies to all partnerships, whether with traditional or international financial institutions. Desired results need to be
new investors and donors, whether governments or the set and quantified, with regular monitoring and reporting
private sector. Immediate opportunities include south-south to leaders and through the media. We call upon political
partnerships and engagement with the private sector to and business leaders to ensure that goals and targets
deliver social and environmental benefits. We call on leaders relating to womens participation and empowerment
to use their national and regional growth and development be systematically included in partnership agreements,
plans as the basis for practical partnerships around specific regardless of the sector.
objectives such as food security, training, job creation,
infrastructure, and low carbon energy generation.
Finance and implementation plans for climate-resilient Gender intelligence is central to climate-resilient
development need to be fast-tracked development
Plans by industrialized countries to mobilize additional Growing awareness of the urgent needs generated by
resources for climate change need to be accelerated, climate change can be used to focus attention on, and
whether through a Green Fund or related initiatives. The strengthen, womens role in development, and to create
momentum generated around the development of more opportunities for the achievement of gender equity.
a common African position at Copenhagen must be Understanding of the impact of climate change on girls,
maintained, particularly with regard to the management women and gender dynamics is hindered by lack of reliable
and disbursement of funds, insisting upon their additionality information and resources; the design and implementation
and predictability, and the importance of avoiding artificial of appropriate policies and strategies is impaired as a result.
distinctions between adaptation and development. Governments and partners must earmark funding for the
African countries and regions, with support from the UN collection, research and analysis of gender disaggregated
and IFIs, need to ensure that plans and capacities are in data, and ensure gender intelligence is used in formulating
place to use additional resources effectively around proven climate change strategies and funding decisions.
interventions and bankable projects.
Africas partners need to increase the coherence of their Policy coherence must be designed with Africas women in
policies mind
Africas investment partners and donors have official Ongoing and envisaged efforts to strengthen the degree to
policies towards Africa, usually expressed through the which Africas economic and governance needs are at the
mission statements and goals of development agencies heart of policies need to be assessed in the light of gender
and financial intuitions. However, these are not necessarily equity objectives, whether by partners, governments or
coordinated with policies in other domains that affect Africas premier inter-governmental bodies, including the
African countries ability to strengthen governance, retain AU, RECs and UN agencies. We recommend that this be
economic value and compete internationally. A number done systematically, with a view to identifying ways in which
of OECD countries have reviewed their policy coherence; the needs and priorities of African girls and women can be
we call for this process to be extended and deepened, with put at the heart of efforts to strengthen mutual accountability
greater African involvement, to ensure a more joined-up among partners for womens empowerment.
approach by all partners.
7
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
FOREWORD
Africa is now being described as a new economic It cannot be said often enough that Africa is not
frontier. Barely a week goes by without news of the homogenous; it is raucously diverse, a celebration
discovery of more oil, gas, precious minerals or other of different cultures, traditions and landscapes.
resources. Deals are being signed by African countries Some African countries are blessed with resource
with an ever-broader array of partners, including from wealth; others less so or not at all. But they all share
China, the Far and Middle East, South Asia and Latin a common challenge: investment in their citizens
America. productive capacity, and in public goods and
services that will broaden the opportunities and
Trade is growing, both within the continent and benefits of growth for all.
internationally, including with the global South.
Turnover of African corporations and banks is The ingredients of success are not a mystery. Climate
increasing. Domestic revenues, foreign direct change is adding a new dimension, and urgency,
investment, remittances and official development to the challenge; sustainable development and
assistance (ODA) have all climbed steadily over the job creation must be anchored in low-carbon
last decade, although the upward trajectory dipped growth, buttressed by attention to disaster-risk and
in the wake of the global financial and economic vulnerability reduction. But it is not altering the
crisis. After a gloomy year, economic growth rates are fundamentals: the critical importance of political
predicted to climb again, and restore the continents leadership to set and drive plans for equitable growth
place as one of the fastest-growing regions of the and poverty reduction; the importance of building
world. the technical, management and institutional
capacity, including planning, legal and negotiation
All of this begs some obvious questions. Despite skills, to mobilize revenues and to implement plans;
some extraordinary successes, why does progress and the centrality of good governance, the rule of
on achievement of the Millennium Development law and of systems of accountability to ensure that
Goals (MDGs) remain so slow, so uneven? Why do resources are subject to public scrutiny and to keep
the absolute and relative numbers of people living political and business leaders on their toes.
in poverty remain so high? Why do so many people
face food and nutrition insecurity, joblessness, and Over the last decade, our understanding of what
minimal access to basic services such as energy, makes development effective has increased. Good,
clean water, healthcare and education? Why are even visionary agendas have been formulated
so many women marginalised and disenfranchised? in every field, including infrastructure, food and
And why is inequality increasing? nutrition security, womens empowerment,
health systems, education and governance. We
At issue is not just the ability of African countries to have a better appreciation of the centrality of
attract and mobilize revenues, but their political domestic revenues, the importance of unleashing
determination and capacity to use what revenues entrepreneurship and an enabling environment,
they have to achieve results for people. Economic of responsible investment, the need for concerted
growth rates and increased trade are necessary international action to address illicit financial
but insufficient for genuine progress, which means flows and corruption, the value of publicprivate
sustained improvement in the quality of life of every partnerships, and of the most strategic use of ODA
African woman, child and man. However, growth can to support national and regional development
be exclusive, reinforcing or resulting in inequality and plans.
social tension; growth can fail to create opportunities
or address the insecurity faced by families in rural Lack of knowledge and shortage of plans are not
areas and of people in search of work in the the problem. Lack of funds per se may not be the
continents burgeoning cities. This kind of growth does problem either, given the continents vast natural
not necessarily represent progress. and human resources and the ongoing, often illicit,
At issue is not just the ability of African countries to attract and mobilize
revenues, but their political determination and capacity to use what
revenues they have to achieve results for people
8
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
outflow of wealth. Political will is the issue, both in relating to ODA, which, despite what its detractors
Africa and internationally. say, remains pivotal as a source of investment in
public goods and services, particularly for people in
Ten years ago, the Organization of African Unity resource-poor and fragile states.
(OAU) got behind the vision of a group of influential
African leaders to promote a poverty-busting Africas growth needs to be measured not just
development agenda; the African Peer Review in GDP figures but also by the degree to which it
Mechanism was equally innovative. Today, a brings social benefits for all its people. Responsibility
number of leaders stand out as champions of for driving equitable growth and for investing in
development, but they are still a minority, their achievement of the MDG targets rests firmly with
achievements overshadowed by stories of other Africas political leaders. Civil society can be an
leaders personal enrichment and authoritarian ally if given the space to ensure that revenues and
behaviour. growth are not abused or limited to elites but shared
more broadly and invested in jobs and public goods.
Internationally, there are understandable concerns The approach and actions of the private sector and
that the consensus around development has been of Africas international partners, traditional and
eroded by the global economic crisis. Everything more recent, can also make a decisive difference to
must be done to keep hard-won commitments of the leaders success.
Millennium Declaration, the Monterrey Consensus,
and the Gleneagles Declaration front and centre in If this goes wrong, Africa may face the prospect of
international policy-making. One way of measuring greater inequality, more conflict and a perpetuation
this commitment is by whether ODA levels are being of chronic poverty and marginalization. If this goes
met. Many OECD and G8 countries are doing so; right, the future is bright. The key is shared responsibility,
others are falling badly behind, raising doubts about and mutual accountability, between African leaders
their credibility at top decision making tables. and their partners. Not just Africas people, but those
of the whole world stand to benefit.
These shortfalls do not result from a decrease in
human solidarity and sympathy between ordinary
people around the world, which, I believe, is as
solid as ever. Nor can it be ascribed to budgetary
constraints alone, given the relatively modest
sums involved. It comes from politicians failure to Kofi Annan
communicate the imperative of putting the needs of Chair
least developed and African countries at the heart
of global institutions and policies. The arguments for
doing so, whether relating to climate change, food
and nutrition security, trade, intellectual property,
fighting crime, or investment in health and education,
are not just ethical or altruistic, but practical and in
the self-interest of richer countries.
Lack ofgrowth
Africas knowledge
needs and
to beshortage
measuredofnotplans
justare not figures
in GDP the problem.
but alsoLack
by theof
resources
degree per seitmay
to which not
brings be the
social problem
benefits either...
for all Political will is the issue,
its people
both in Africa and internationally.
9
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
INTRODUCTION
In last years report we set out an agenda for progress Cooperation and Development (OECD). By that
on the basis of Africas experience and expectations. measure, the momentum generated in the first
We called upon African leaders to drive that agenda, decade of the new millennium, particularly around
and upon their international partners to support it. We the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
argued that the successes that African countries have and Gleneagles, continues, but now appears to be
achieved demonstrate conclusively that Africas tailing off.
development goals are attainable. We underlined
the responsibility that Africa and its partners share for The challenge is to articulate a compelling case
progress, and the need for a stronger sense of mutual for global solidarity and equitable growth one
accountability for good governance, responsible that embraces but goes beyond ODA figures. Due
use of resources to promote sustainable and equitable to climate change, this may happen sooner than
growth, and for achievement of individual Millennium expected.
Development Goals. We stand by this.
A sense of disappointment, if not failure, has followed
We hoped that last years economic crisis would the COP 15 Copenhagen Summit and its Accord. But
serve as a wake-up call for African leaders and their the scientific and physical evidence affecting the
international partners. In exposing the connections lives and livelihoods of millions of people will not go
between poverty, the food, fuel and climate-change away. The impact of rising temperatures becomes
crises, it would surely underline the importance more obvious daily. The prospect is of a transformed
of more holistic rather than piecemeal responses political and development landscape, in which
to promoting sustainable economic growth and necessity rather than altruism will compel politicians
reducing vulnerabilities. to persuade their publics, finally, of the imperative to
invest in sustainable global development.
Has it done so? The evidence is mixed. The crisis has
highlighted a number of worrisome trends, not only on Our report identifies these and other tectonic shifts,
the ground such as growing inequality, setbacks in including the ascent of the G20, the increasing political
achieving the MDGs, vulnerability and food insecurity and economic prominence of China, India and Brazil,
but also more broadly, including concerns that and the potential of communication technology to
economic contraction and belt tightening squeezes alter fundamentally the policy landscape in which
out commitment to human development. Africas development takes place.
It has exposed deficits in both African and global We begin this report by looking back to assess the
governance. Recession and joblessness may not progress Africa has made over the last five years,
cause coups and conflict but they certainly add placing special emphasis on both the promises made
tension, particularly when political grievances and kept, as well as the various blueprints for progress
are overlaid by a sense of economic exclusion agreed. We then look ahead and identify six priority
and injustice. Globally, the crisis has accelerated areas for action, three for African policymakers and
architectural reconfiguration but not necessarily three for their international partners.
in ways that benefit the least developed or African
countries. Will the G20 have Africa as prominently on Given the diversity of the continents 53 states and the
its radar screen as the G8 has had? diverse nature of their economies, these prioritizations
are rather broad in nature. Our recommendations
Measuring commitment by politicians is not easy. need to be adapted and adjusted to country-specific
The volume and share of financial resources set circumstances. We are nonetheless convinced that,
aside for development is one objective yardstick, if implemented, they will contribute to the delivery of
whether domestic revenues by African countries or measurable results that will increase the well-being of,
ODA by members of the Organisation for Economic and opportunities for, all Africans.
10
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
PART I
FIVE PROMISING YEARS
11
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
ECOnOMIC GROWTh
Three issues stand out. The first is the encouraging between 1998 and 2008, driven by increases in both
macro trends that preceded the advent of the global volumes and prices.2 A particular noteworthy trend
economic crisis. The second is the effect of that was the increasing share of trade with developing
crisis on Africas economies and people. The third countries. Nine African countries now export more to
is the policy response of African countries and their developing countries (outside Africa) than they do
international partners. to advanced economies, and 26 African countries
export over one quarter of their total to developing
PRE-CRISIS ECOnOMIC
countries.3
40
Share of Africa's Total Trade (%)
470
35
420
370 30
INDEX, 2003=100
320 25
270 20
220
15
170
10
120
5
70
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 0
2006
2007
2008
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Oil
SSA Metals
US EU Developing countries excluding Africa Africa
Other commodities including cocoa, coffee, sugar, tea and wood
Source: IMF, Regional Economic Outlook Sub Saharan Africa (2009) Source: UNCTAD,
Source: UNCTAD Economic
Economic Development
Development in Report
in Africa Africa(2010)
Report (2010)
The value of African exports increased fourfold between 1998 and 2008
12
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
The increase in Africas trade has been mirrored by There have also been a number of encouraging
the increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into developments at the regional level. Many of the
Africa, which more than doubled between 2003 and continents Regional Economic Communities (RECs)
2008.5 Once again, the growth in Chinas FDI to Africa have moved ahead with ambitious projects to
has been particularly impressive even though in real enhance regional integration, with the East African
terms the US and even Singapore still invest more in Community (EAC) planning for the creation of a
the continent. monetary union, including a common currency, by
2015.7 Continental bodies like the AU, NEPAD and
Africas growth spurt was not based solely on the African Development Bank (AfDB) have also
external factors. The last five years have also seen improved their capacity to support Africas states
a consolidation of structural improvements within through programmes like the African Financial Market
African economies and business environments. Initiative (AFMI), the Africa Investment Initiative or the
Many countries have worked hard to achieve African Financing Partnership.
macro-economic stability, pursue sound economic
Chinas
policies, diversify their economies, and FDItheir
reinforce in Africa
Despite these encouraging trends, Africas economies
institutions. They have enhanced competitiveness, are far from trouble-free. They remain burdened by
set out strategies for the development of hard and enormous structural impediments, both domestically
soft infrastructure, and improved business conditions. and internationally, that constrain productive
A Sub-Saharan African country (Rwanda) is leading potential and the scope for job creation and rising
the reform ranking in the World Banks Doing Business living standards. The private sector continues to face
Report for the first time in 2010.6 greater regulatory and administrative burdens, and
6 4.5
4.0
5
3.5
5 000
3.5
USD billions
2.5
4 000 3 3.0
%
2.5 2.0
3 000
%
2.0
2 1.5
2 000 1.5
1.0
1.0
1 000 1
0.5 0.5
- 0.0
- 0.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2 007 2008
3 4 5 6 7 8
200 200 200 200 200 200
13
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
Transport prices in Africa tend to be higher than in other regions but differences
Transport
within theprices
regioninare
Africa tend
more to be higher than in other regions but differences
striking:
within the region are more striking:
FRANCE
FRANCE
$53 to transport 1 ton CHINA
USA
from Lille to$53 to transport
Perpignan (10661 km)
ton CHINA
$ 45 to transportUSA
1 ton $55 to transport 1 ton
from Chicago to Washington D.C. (1123
$ 45 to transport km)
1 ton
from Lille
5 USto Perpignan
cents per(1066 km)
ton-km PAKISTAN from
$55 toBeijing to Xian
transport (1100 km)
1 ton
5 US cents per ton-km PAKISTAN
$22 to transport 1 ton
from Chicago to Washington
4 US centsD.C.per
(1123 km)
ton-km from Karachi
5from
US Beijing
cents perto Xian (1100 km)
ton-km
$22totoOkara (11171 Km)
transport ton 5 US cents per ton-km
4 US cents per ton-km 2 US cents
from Karachi per(1117
to Okara ton-kmKm)
2 US cents per ton-km
CHAD-CAMEROON
CHAD-CAMEROON
$ 248 to transport 1 ton
from Douala $to248
N'Djamena (22571 km)
to transport ton
11toUSN'Djamena
from Douala cents per(2257
ton-km
km) UGANDA-KENYA
11 US cents per ton-km UGANDA-KENYA
$92 to transport 1 ton
BRAZIL fromtoKampala
$92 to Mombasa
transport 1 ton (1144 km)
BRAZIL
$43 to transport 1 ton 8 US Kampala
from cents per ton-km (1144 km)
to Mombasa
from Salvador
$43 tototransport
Ceara (1219 km)
1 ton 8 US cents per ton-km
from 3.5 US cents
Salvador per
to Ceara ton-km
(1219 km)
3.5 US cents per ton-km SOUTH AFRICA-ZAMBIA
$184 to transport
SOUTH 1 ton from
AFRICA-ZAMBIA
Durban
$184 to to Lusaka (3051
transport km)
1 ton from
Note: African examples are cross-border, all others are domestic 6Durban
US cents per ton-km
to Lusaka (3051 km)
Note: African examples are cross-border, all others are domestic 6 US cents per ton-km
Source: Raballand and Teravaninthorn, Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the International Corridors (2009)
A Comparison of Transport Variables between Central Africa, East Africa and France
A Comparison
A Comparison of Transport
of Transport Variables
Variables between
between Central
Central Africa,
Africa, East
East Africa
Africa and
and France
France
80
Variable,Fixed
Fixedand
andTotal
TotalCosts
Costs Speed
2,0 Variable, 80
70 Speed
2,0
70
60
1,5
60
50
1,5
50
40
1,0
1,0 Central East
France
40
30
Africa Africa
Central East 30
20
0,5 Africa Africa France
0,5 20
10
0,0 100
Variable Costs (USD/km) Fixed Costs (USD/km) Total Transport Costs (USD/km) Average Daily Speed (km/h)
0,0 0
Variable Costs (USD/km) Fixed Costs (USD/km) Total Transport Costs (USD/km) Average Daily Speed (km/h)
100 Payload 12 Fleet age 80 Fuel 150 Distance
100 Payload 12 Fleet age 80
70 Fuel 150 Distance
10 120
80 70
60
10 120
80 8
60
50 90
60
8
60 6 40
50 90
40 64 30
40 60
40 20
30 60
20 42 30
10
20
20 20 30
0 100 0
Payload Utilization (%) Average Fleet Age (years) Fuel Consumption (liters/km) Yearly Mileage (km)
0 0 0 0
Payload Utilization (%) Average Fleet Age (years) Fuel Consumption (liters/km) Yearly Mileage (km)
Source: Raballand and Teravaninthorn, Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the International Corridors (2009)
14
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
5
% OF GDP
10 10
5 0
% OF GDP
5
% OF GDP
-5
5 0
0 -10
-5
-15
0 -10
-5 -20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
-5 -20
Aid Portfolio Portfolio
0 1Remittances
2 3 4 Foreign Direct
005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Aid
0 Remittances
1 2 3 4 Foreign Direct
005 2006 2007 2008 2009
200 200 200 200 200 2Investment 200 200 200 200 200 2Investment
Aid Remittances Foreign Direct Portfolio Aid Remittances Foreign Direct Portfolio
Investment Investment
10
10
% OF GDP
% OF GDP
5 10
5
5
5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
0 0
Aid 0 Remittances
1 2 3 4 Foreign 6
5 Direct 7 Portfolio
8 9 Aid 0 Remittances
1 2 3 4Foreign
5 Direct
6 7 Portfolio
8 9
200 200 200 200 200 Investment
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Investment
200 200 200 200 200
Aid Outlook
Source: IMF, Regional Economic Remittances
Sub Saharan Foreign
Africa Direct
(2009) Portfolio Aid Remittances Foreign Direct Portfolio
Investment Investment
15
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
points due to dwindling export demand. GDP growth reduction) of these policies diminished. Reforms were
in Africas largest economy, South Africa, dropped not stalled or reversed, and the macroeconomic
5.3 percentage points to minus 2.2 per cent in 2009.9 instabilities that had followed previous global
At a general level, oil exporters and middle-income slowdowns were generally avoided.
countries have been particularly hard hit, low-income
countries somewhat less so. Using the room for manoeuvre and fiscal space
created by their prudent pre-crisis policies, the majority
International trade has been particularly affected. of Sub-Saharan African countries chose to respond to
While global GDP is estimated to have contracted the crisis by easing both fiscal and monetary policy.
by 0.8 per cent in 2009, world trade volumes fell by On the fiscal side, many countries have been able to
12.3 per cent, the first decline in world trade in over 60 let automatic stabilizers operate and in some cases
years.10 For many African countries, the effect of the even to pursue active countercyclical policies, which
global slowdown has meant a reduction in both the sustained domestic demand and helped to contain
volumes and the prices of their exports. Additionally, employment losses. Africa also benefited from the
the global financial crisis led to a credit crunch that strong policy responses of the United States and
constrained the continents access to trade credit, European countries which reduced the potential
as well as to substantial balance-of-payments gaps, knock-on effects of the crisis.
triggering fast depreciations and high exchange-rate
volatility.11 As a result, it is estimated that exports as Africas international partners also deserve credit for
share of GDP have fallen from 41 per cent in 2008 to directly supporting the continents policy responses.
31.2 per cent in 2009 for Sub-Saharan Africa.12 The IMF, in particular, responded to Africas needs.
With its resources having been boosted with Special
Both FDI and remittances to Africa also fell significantly, Drawing Rights (SDRs) worth $250 billion at the G20s
the former by as much as 36.2 per cent to $55.9 billion.13 London Summit, lending to Sub-Saharan Africa was
Remittances, which had been a dependable source up almost fivefold from the year before, reaching $5
of income for African households for years, growing billion, with interest rates set at zero through 2011.18
robustly regardless of the state of the business cycle, However, as in previous crises, other regions received
fell by 6.1 per cent.14 North African countries were hit disproportionally greater assistance.
harder by the drop in remittances, which for Morocco
could be as large as 13.8 per cent, implying a loss of
between 1.1 and 2.0 per cent of GDP growth.15 First Signs
As a result of the collapse in trade and financial
of Recovery
flows, real GDP growth rate in Sub-Saharan Africa By early 2010, the global economy appeared
was insufficient to match population growth (2.5 per to be expanding again, propelled by the strong
cent) for the first time since 1994, resulting in a fall in performance of Asian economies and stabilization
per capita income. With such a large proportion of or modest recovery elsewhere. In early 2010, the IMF
the population close to the poverty line, this fall could projected that African growth would reach 4.3 per
add up to 10 million people to the number of people cent in 2010 and 5.3 per cent in 2011.19 The focus
below the $1.25 per day poverty line over 2009 and of African policymakers shifted back to addressing
2010.16 The AfDB estimates that the crisis has increased longer-term challenges, including structural problems
unemployment in Africa by 10 per cent and that up to such as a lack of reliable energy, inadequate
35 million people could join the ranks of the working infrastructure, restricted access to markets and
poor.17 insufficient domestic revenue mobilization. A
question remained about the extent to which the
Questions remain about the extent to which the crisis has resulted in
permanent social damage, and whether the policy responses have been
sufficiently deep and widespread to reduce vulnerabilities to future shocks
16
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
World Bank, IMF and AfDB Responses to the Global Financial Crisis
USD billions
1.5 4.0
World Bank (IBRD, IDA & IFC)1
3.0
1.0
2.0
0.5
1.0
0 0
Africa East South Europe & Middle Latin Africa East South Europe & Middle Latin
(SSA) Asia & Asia Central East & America & (SSA) Asia & Asia Central East & America &
Pacific Asia North Caribbean Pacific Asia North Caribbean
Africa Africa
Total IBRD disbursements
IFCs $10.5 billion of new commitments in fiscal 2009 was $1.5
8.0 Africa (SSA)
billion (8%) less than IFC was aiming to achieve ($12 billion). New
7.0 commitments fell in all regions, apart from Sub-Saharan Africa,
East Asia &
6.0 Pacific where they reached an historic peak.
Europe &
5.0 Central Asia IDA commitments of $14 billion in fiscal 2009 were driven by strong
USD billions
4.0 Latin delivery to Sub-Saharan Africa (53%) and South Asia (33%), with the
America & rest going to other regions.
Caribbean
3.0
Middle East
& North Total IBRD disbursements increased from $10.5 billion in fiscal 2008
2.0 Africa to $18.5 billion in 2009. Disbursement to Africa -well below
1.0 South Asia disbursements to other regions- tripled from 2008 to 2009 from $42
million to $120 million or 0.65% of total disbursements.
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Net Loans provided by the AfDB As a consequence of the global economic crisis, at the London Summit
(April 2009) the G20 agreed to triple the IMFs lending capacity to $750
International Monetary Fund (IMF)3
9.0
billion, enabling it to inject extra liquidity into the world economy via a
African Development Bank (AfDB)2
$250 billion allocation of Special Drawing Rights or SDRs. The IMF has
8.5 responded with lending commitments of over $160 billion. As of July
USD billions
17
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
Governance
The last five years have seen significant changes in But much of this progress has been overshadowed by
political and economic governance. While these recent setbacks and disconcerting trends. Chronic
have been more evident at the national level, a problems remain, including state fragility, corruption
number of noteworthy developments have also taken and widespread lack of basic freedoms. The most
place at the regional and global levels. high-profile setback is the return of coups dtat the
last five years have seen violent and unconstitutional
18
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
19
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
activities and the creation of a new corruption power of countries like Brazil, China and India, this re-
commission. But due to entrenched resistance, examination has led to a number of seemingly positive
progress remains slow. Corruption, notably developments for Africa. First, the ascent of the G20 is
commercial tax evasion, trade mispricing and illicit symptomatic of the emergence of a broad consensus
trade, continues to hamper the development of a on the need to adapt global governance to changed
conducive business environment, sap official revenues political and economic realities. At their three summits
and curtail governments ability to provide vital public in Washington (November 2008), London (April 2009),
and social services. Transparency Internationals 2009 and Pittsburgh (September 2009), G20 member states
Corruption Perceptions Index considers corruption to called for far-reaching reforms and firm deadlines
be rampant in 31 out of the 47 Sub-Saharan African for their implementation. In particular, G20 leaders
countries assessed.26 According to the World Bank, endorsed a proposal to shift IMF quota share by at least
quiet corruption the failure of public servants to 5 per cent from over-represented countries to under-
deliver goods or services paid for by governments represented countries and to reform the mandates,
also continues to be pervasive and widespread scope and governance of all international financial
across Africa.27 institutions in the medium term (by 2011).
20
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
However, beyond the statements, there has been been matched by steps to ensure its place at top
little actual change. Growing recognition that African tables. Even when there has been some progress, as
countries are profoundly affected by climate change with the World Banks allocation of a third seat on its
and failures in global economic governance, and that government board to Sub-Saharan Africa, African
they must be part of the solutions, has not necessarily governments have been slow to take advantage.
20 15 10 5 0 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965
21
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
Africas
Africas Share ofVotes
Share of Votesatatthe
the World
World Bank
bank and
and IMFIMF
There are 24 executive directors on the governing boards of the IMF and the World Bank. Each Executive
Director represents a group of countries with different shares of voting power. Sub Saharan Africa is mainly
represented in only two groupings that have, on average, under 5% of the total votes.
IMF WB IMF WB
6) Russian Federation
2.7% 2.2% 5.9% 5.2% 17) Germany
* This illustration shows IMF country groupings. Variations between IMF and World Bank groupings are as follows: Eritrea, Guyana and Norway are not part of the
World Bank IBRD groups. Cambodia for IBRD is in group (14); The Philippines for IBRD is in group (22) and The Seychelles for IBRD is in group (22). St. Vincent & the
Grenadines, Surinam, San Marino and Brunei are not part of World Bank IFC country groupings. Guyana for IFC is in group (9). Namibia, Seychelles, Antigua &
Barbuda, Jamaica, Belarus, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, Suriname, Brunei, Malta, San Marino, Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela, Bahrain and Qatar are not part of the
World Bank IDA country groupings. Guyana for IDA is in group (9).
4% 0%
The whole of Sub-Saharan Africa has 4% of the executive directors and
fewer votes in the IMF (4.35%)) than France none of the managing directors of
(4.85%), the UK (4.85%), Germany (5.87%) the IMF are women.
or Japan (6.01%)
(6.01%).
Source: IMF, World Bank websites and The Atlas of Women in the World
Sources: APP, compilation from various sources
22
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
Social Development
On current trajectories, many African countries outlining available domestic resources and external
will not meet their MDG-based targets on social funding needs as agreed at the Abuja Financing for
development. Despite strong economic growth, an Development Conference in 2006.36
overall improvement in the policy environment, and
many success stories particularly in the area of primary However, enormous challenges remain. Almost
education, the continent as a whole is lagging behind 50 million children especially girls from poor
on each of the relevant goals.30 Progress, already too backgrounds and rural communities still do not have
slow, now risks being further undermined by the effects access to primary education, because countries are
of the global economic crisis and climate change. not able to provide adequate services. School fees and
other costs continue to discourage school attendance
23
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
extreme poverty
low poverty very high poverty
by half
and hunger
Eradicate
Goal 1:
Productive and decent very large deficit in very large deficit in
employment decent work decent work
primary
Goal 2:
Equal girls'enrolment in
close to parity close to parity
Promote gender
primary school
equality and
empower
women
Goal 3:
Women's equal
representation in national very low representation low representation
parliaments
Reduce mortality of
mortality
Reduce
under-five-year-olds
Goal 4:
by two thirds
by three quarters
health
Access to reproductive
moderate access low access
health
other diseases
of HIV/AIDS
Combat
Goal 6:
Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist
Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist No progress or detoriation
24
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
Gender Equality
and Womens
Empowerment
Awareness has grown over the last decade of
the importance of womens empowerment. The
adoption by the AU of the Solemn Declaration on
Gender Equality in 2004 has given a new prominence
to the issue of womens rights. This has been reflected
in new national laws ranging from tackling violence
against women to equal pay. The election of Ellen
Johnson Sirleaf as President of Liberia one year later
was symbolic of change in Africa and of progress for
women across the continent. Rwandas parliament
was the first in the world in which women took over
half the seats (56 per cent including the speaker); two
African countries (South Africa and Lesotho) feature
in the top ten of the World Economic Forums 2009
Global Gender Gap Index; both are sources of pride.39
25
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
Opportunities for Women from birth and Through life in Selected Countries
ABC
Data Sources: Earthscan, The Atlas of Women in the World, fourth edition (2009); ILO, LABORSTA 2008 data and The World Bank Database (2008 data).
26
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
27
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
The level and quality of international support has continued to increase over
the last five years
28
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
ODA given by G7 donors to four main health target areas in 2009 (All figures in USD billions)
United States
UK Germany
Italy France Japan
Canada
14% 77% 4% 5%
Health Infectious Basic Reprod.
Systems Diseases Health Health
$0.96 bn
$5.29 bn $0.29 bn $0.35 bn
$40
$39 billion
MDG needs - breakdown
Data Source: ONE, The DATA Report (2010); and Samuel Fankhauser and Guido Schmidt-Traub, From Adaptation to Climate-Resilient Development (2010)
29
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
The working poor and other vulnerable groups are enduring the greatest
impacts of the crisis
30
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
and there has been an increase in intergovernmental Low Medium High Extreme
cooperation to tackle shared challenges like cross-border Increasing Risk www.maplecroft.com Maplecroft 2010
African Peace and Security Architecture
crime, drug trafficking and transnational terrorism.
31
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
72%
US$ 5.7 billion (72%) is for operations in Africa.
AFRICA
Total expenditure in
peacekeeping represents
about 0.5 % of global military
506
spending (estimated at
US$1.464 trillion)
14,179
24,645
MINURSO 9,930 4,800
United Nations Mission for the
Referendum in Western Sahara 12,329
Approved budget 07/09-06/10
$53,527,600 24,974
Start date: 1991
UNMIL
United Nations Mission in Liberia
Approved budget 07/09-06/10
$560,978,700
Start date: 2003
UNOCI
United Nations Operation in Cte d'Ivoire
Approved budget 07/09-06/10
$491,774,100
Start date: 2004
Deployments to Africa increased In 2010, Nigeria, Rwanda, Egypt Asia (37%) and Africa (32%)
by 400% and deployments to and Ghana are in the top ten provide the most civilian
Europe decreased by 68% country contributors to UN police.
between 1999 and 2008. peacekeeping troops. Ethiopia is
number 11.
32
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
Unfortunately, there continues to be great need for the uneasy truces in Zimbabwe and Kenya are all
such cooperation as well as international peace- symptomatic of disconcerting trends. These include:
support activities, including UN peacekeeping the re-emergence of atomized and fluid forms of
operations and peace-building support. The wars, cross-border violence, often commercially linked; the
rebellions and counter-rebellions in the Great Lakes expansion of ungovernable spaces; transnational
Region, the seemingly never-ending conflicts in militancy, organized crime and trafficking; and the
places like Darfur, Somalia and the Democratic continuation of violence after peace settlements.
Republic of Congo, the coups in Guinea, Guinea- Many of these trends may be exacerbated as
Bissau, Mauritania, Madagascar and Niger, the surge climate change increases the likelihood of large-
of piracy around the Horn of Africa, the insurgency in scale population movements and conflict over
the Niger Delta, the repeated massacres in Jos, and scarce natural resources.
33
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
growing demand for food as a result of changing and reduction of the vulnerability of smallholder farmers.
food habits and rising incomes in emerging markets; The growing interest of foreign investors in the continents
growing competition between bio-fuels and food agricultural lands presents African policymakers with yet
crops for limited land; low yields due to soil depletion, another challenge.
insufficient irrigation, and scarcity of production-
enhancing inputs such as fertilizer and high-yielding Despite a significant increase in donor attention, the
seed varieties; unfair trade rules; widespread under- rapid spread of new technologies improving farmers
investment in agriculture; persistent inequalities between access to information and services, and the well-
men and women in access to land and other essential known potential of its resource base, Africa is thus still
production resources;56 growing import dependency; far from being able to feed itself. Millions of farmers and
a lack of reliable domestic markets and insufficient their families remain trapped in poverty, and hunger-
access to international markets; and the accentuation reduction targets are unlikely to be met.
by climate change of existing environmental problems
like soil erosion, desertification and water scarcity. FoodFood
Security
SecurityRisk Index
Risk Index
domestic and the opening of international food markets; Low Medium High Extreme
Increasing Risk www.maplecroft.com Maplecroft 2010
Only eight countries have reached the target of allocating at least 10 per
cent of their national budgets to agriculture
34
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
CLIMATE CHANGE
The growing prominence of the climate challenge
has been one of the most significant developments of Climate
the last five years. It is ever more evident that current
patterns of high-carbon economic growth are simply
Change Politics
not sustainable. The effects of climate change are Increasingly aware of the need to mitigate and adapt
placing additional burdens on national and local to key environmental changes that directly affect
economies, livelihoods, social services and already the livelihoods of people, African governments have
overstretched communities. The policy space in which taken a number of steps. Nationally, many of them
the continents leaders operate is fundamentally have formulated National Adaptation Programmes
changing. Substantial new financing is needed to of Action and are pursuing reforms to encourage
help Africa to adapt to and mitigate the effects of sustainable land management and combat
climate change. However, climate change has not deforestation. They have also established national
only created additional hurdles to development, but disaster-management organizations and partnered
also offers the continent new chances to profit from with the European Union (EU), the UN Environment
its vast carbon sinks, leapfrog dirty technologies, and Programme (UNEP), the AfDB, regional economic
embark on a path of low-carbon growth and clean communities and local authorities to implement
development. projects such as the Congo Basin Convergence Plan
on Forests and the AU/NEPAD Green Wall for the
35
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
35 14
30 12
25 10
20 8
15 6
USA USA
Cumulative
emissions 10 4
IND IND of top two
RUS countries
CHN CHN CHN USA CHN
CHN* - China
IND* - India 5 2
RUS* - Russian Fed.
USA* - USA
0 0
Total Emissions (2005) in Gigatonnes of CO2 Equivalent* Per Capita Emissions (2005) in tonnes of CO2 Equivalent**
G-77
Copen.
Accord
LDCs
AOSIS
EU
EIG
Environmental Integrity Group
BASIC
UG
Umbrella Group
OPEC
Oil Producing & Exporting Countries
MEF
Major Economies Forum
EU
European Union
Annex I/II
AOSIS
Alliance of Small Island States
LDCs
Least Developed Countries
Africa
Group
Copen.
Accord
G-77
Non-
Annex
Annex
Africa
Group
Annex I/II
MEF
OPEC
UG
BASIC
EIG
Least Developed Countries
European Union
Umbrella Group
Afghanistan
Zimbabwe
Albania Zambia
Algeria Yemen
Angola Vietnam
ATG* Venezuela
Argentina Vanuatu
Armenia Uzbekistan
Australia Uruguay
Austria USA*
Azerbaijan GBR*
Bahamas ARE*
Bahrain Ukraine
Bangladesh Uganda
Barbadruos Tuvalu
Bela s Turkm
Belgiume Turkeyenistan
Beliz Tuni
Beninn T TO sia
Ton *
Bhutavia Togoga
Boli * Tim
BIH MK or-Leste
wana Th D*
Bots Brazil TZAa*iland
*
BRNria Taji
a
BulgFaso SY kistan
in a di Sw R*
Burk Buruondia Sweitzerlan
b on Sw de d
Cam e ro da Su azil n
CamCanarde Su rinamand
e Ve AF* Sri dan e
Cap C had S Lan
C hile Sopain ka
C ina S uth
Ch bia Soomal Afric
S lom ia a
lom ros S love on
Co omo ngo s S lova nia Islan
C Co nd a S ing kia ds
Isla Ric e Seierraapor
ok ta oir S yc L e
Co Cos dIv oatia a S erb he eon
te Cr Cub us Sa ene ia lles e
C pr lic S u g
S ao di al
Cypub RK* * S an To Ar
Re PCOD rk V am M m ab
h a ti St CT* oa arin e & ia
ec nm ou ca
S L o Pri
Cz Rwt Ki uci nc
De Djib ini blic an tts a ipe
m u da & N
Ru om ub
G ad yp r
DoRep
ial alv g do
R ep ar gal
Er uin or t
ss an lic
ev
or S E a
R at tu d es
ia ia of
at El Ecu
n
Q or an pin
is
Et Esto itre ea
ica
P l p
hio n a
Fe
n
Po hili u ay w G
p ia
i
de
P er gu Ne
EUia
m
P ara ua a
ra
Do
P ap am
tio
FranlanFiji
Ko
P n
d
n
Ga abonce
Pa alaustan
re
GeGeor bian
P aki n
u
a
P ma ay
Eq
O rw
rm gia
Fi
Noiue ria
Gr han y
m
G
N ige r
G an
Gu Greneece a
N ar al s
Nicew Zerland
ate ad
Guyissaua
N ethe
uin
N pal
a-B ne
m
Hon Ha na
Ne ru
Hun uras i
Naumibiaar
ea
d it
Nayanm bique
UNFCCC
Icela ary
a
M zam
Mo occo ro
nd
Moorntenega
Indo India
nesia
M ngoli
Iraqn
Mo naco
g
Negotiation Groups
Mo ova
Israed
Mold*
Ira
FSM ico
Italyl
Mex tius
Irelan
Japana
Mauriritania
Maushall Islands
Kazakhrdan
stan
Mar
Jamaic
Malta
Kenya
Mali
Kiribati
* ISO 3166-1-alpha-3
Maldives
Gu
Kyrgyzstan
Malaysia
Kuwait
Malawi
LAO*
Madagascar
Latvia
Lebanon
Luxembourg
Non-UNFCCC
Lesotho
Liberia LBY*
Lithuania
Liechtenstein
Jo
Developing countries work through the G-77 to establish The Umbrella Group is a loose coalition of non-EU
common negotiating positions. The country holding the Chair developed countries which formed following the adoption
of the G-77 often speaks for the G-77 and China as a whole. of the Kyoto Protocol.
50 countries defined as LDCs have become increasingly active
The Africa Group is composed of 53 countries, and developed in the climate change process, often working together to The EIG, comprises Mexico, South Korea and Switzerland.
a common negotiating position. defend their particular interests, for example with regard to Several other groups also work together in the climate
The AOSIS is a coalition of 43 low-lying and small island vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. change process, including countries from the OPEC, the
countries, most of which are members of the G-77, that are The 27 members of the EU meet in private to agree on common League of Arab States and the Agence intergouvernemen-
particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise. negotiating positions. The EU Presidency speaks its members. tale de la francophonie.
Data Source: World Research Institute, Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (2010)
36
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
Africa @ Copenhagen
The Copenhagen Summit revealed the
fragility of international consensus on how to
tackle climate change. Many hoped that
it would be a watershed in world affairs. In
retrospect, expectations as to what it could
deliver such as a binding agreement on
limiting emissions were unrealistic, but even
so, it was a disappointment; the Accord which
emerged was noted rather than adopted
and resulted from a deeply imperfect process
and last minute compromise. It does, however,
recognise the enormity of the climate
challenge, and the need to limit temperature
rise to below 2 degrees Celsius. Africa played
a significant role before and during the
Summit, fielding a common negotiating team,
backing a common position and appointing
a spokesman, Meles Zenawi. This concerted
approach helped shape the contents of the
Accord, notably regarding additional financing
by developed to developing countries to
support adaptation, mitigation, REDD-plus,
technology transfer and capacity building
- $30 billion for 2010 2012, and $100 billion
p.a. by 2020. Nonetheless, major uncertainties
persist, including the sources, management,
accessibility and disbursement of the proposed
funding.
37
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
Development Finance
and Cooperation
While the bulk of development finance available its aid commitments to Africa ever since the promises
to African governments comes from domestic were made.
revenues,61 development assistance provided by
international partners continues to play an important The global economic crisis has now deflated the
lubricating role, particularly in light of the global hope that the 2010 targets would be met. While a
economic downturn. It leverages other flows and small number of countries such as the US met their
helps ensure that they achieve results. The last five commitments, others, notably large European donors
years have seen noteworthy developments in the such as Italy, have postponed or abandoned their
levels and types of aid provided by traditional donors, pledges. Unfortunately, the G8 Summit in LAquila
the increasing engagement of emerging economies failed to renew the consensus on development as
like China, India and Brazil, the continuing rise of pressures on both the concept and levels of ODA
private giving, the extension of debt relief, and a mount.
renewed discussion on aid effectiveness.
As a result, figures released by the OECDs
38
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AFRICA PROGRESS PANEL 2010
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AFRICA PROGRESS PANEL 2010
0.6
0.6
8
0.5
0.5
% of GNI
% of GNI
USD billions
6 0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
4
0.2
0.2
2 0.1
0.1
Canada
0 France Germany Italy Japan UK US G8*
Canada France Germany Italy Japan UK US G8*
2009 target to be on track 1.50 6.06 5.25 3.42 1.23 4.99 8.43 32.16
20092010
to achieve target to be on track
target 1.50 6.06 5.25 3.42 1.23 4.99 8.43 32.16
to achieve 2010 target
2009 actual disbursements 1.53 5.04 3.62 1.16 1.29 3.98 9.17 27.53
2009 actual disbursements 1.53 5.04 3.62 1.16 1.29 3.98 9.17 27.53
2010 target 1.50 8.27 6.96 5.35 1.42 6.18 8.80 40.23**
2010 target 1.50 8.27 6.96 5.35 1.42 6.18 (USD billions 40.23**
8.80 - 2009 prices)
(USD billions - 2009 prices)
2009 NET ODA as % of GNI 0.30 0.46 0.35 0.16 0.18 0.52 0.20
2009 NET ODA as % of GNI 0.30 0.46 0.35 0.16 0.18 0.52 0.20
2010 2009
* Russia did not make any ODA commitments 2010 2009
** Revised down
* Russia diddue
notto decrease
make in GNI
any ODA and certain donors
commitments 2010 ODA 2009 target 2009 actual 2009 NET ODA 2009 target 2009 target
**their
revising Revised down
targets due to
(France decrease
and Canada)in GNI and certain donors target 2010toODA
be on track disbursement
2009 target as % of GNI
2009 actual 2009 NETachieved or target
ODA 2009 not achieved
2009 target
target for 2010
to be on track (right-hand scale)
disbursement as % of GNI exceeded
achieved or not achieved
revising their targets (France and Canada) for 2010 (right-hand scale) exceeded
Total OECD-DAC
OECD/DAC ODAby
Total ODA bySector
Sector
Total OECD-DAC ODA by Sector
2
2
39
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
Africas Share 6%
11% 15%
of Aid Budget 35% 30-50%
27-30%
1.5-3.6%
co-financing
Aid Type mostly grants often through grants grants & loans grants & loans grants & loans grants & loans
triangular
cooperation
Conditions policy & non-policy non-policy non-policy
Imposed non-policy
moving away
Mode of from projects in project project project project project project
Delivery favour of SWAps
& budget support
Debt Relief used
as Support
Instrument
40
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
Philanthropy
and Private Giving
Over the last five years, charitable giving to economic downturn and the resultant reductions
developing countries by individuals, foundations such in foundation assets and personal wealth, private
as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation or the Ford giving is not expected to decline significantly in 2010.
Foundation, companies and other organizations has On the contrary, the spread of innovative models of
increased rapidly, in some countries such as the US charitable giving and lending such as the use of web-
even overtaking official development assistance. based platforms like MyC4 or Kiva and the projected
According to the 2009 Index of Global Philanthropy decline of official development assistance and
and Remittances, Africa continues to be the remittances may actually mean that its share of total
greatest beneficiary of this surge.65 Despite the global capital inflows will increase even further.
$500 519
$450
$400
$350
USD billions
$300
$250
$200
$150
$100 107
$50
* Hudson Institutes Center for
Global Prosperity (CGP) index
$0
includes calculations of other
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 private flows from corporations,
foundations, charities, individuals,
Official Flows Total Private Flows More Complete CGP* universities, and religious
Total Private Flows organisations.
* Hudson Institutes Center for Global Prosperity (CGP) index includes calculations of numerous other private
Source: Hudson Institute, Index of Global
flowsPhilanthropy and foundations,
from corporations, Remittances (2009)individuals, universities, and religious organizations.
charities,
41
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
There are renewed concerns about debt sustainability and the possibility of
a new debt crisis in the region
42
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
PART II
REALIZING THE PROMISE
43
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
IMPROVE MAnAGEMEnT
OF RElATIOnShIPS AnD ASSETS
Africas geostrategic importance is increasingly evident growth and poverty reduction across the continent.
its land, mineral, human and natural resources are With the exception of leading oil and mineral producers,
growing in value both to business and as assets in the African countries also have considerable trade
fight against climate change. This brings opportunities for imbalances with such countries. Their exports to them
economic transformation and social development, but are dominated by low-value raw materials, such as
also entails threats including illicit exploitation of people unrefined fuels (accounting for 67.2 per cent of Africas
and resources. It is a sad truth that Africans beyond exports to developing countries),74 minerals and timber,
elite circles are still not benefiting sufficiently from the while processed goods, especially in agriculture, face
revenues and partnerships around what is increasingly both tariff and non-tariff barriers.
referred to as a new scramble for Africa. As a result,
many opportunities to scale up successes in improving The growing value of investment and loans extended by
food and human security, local entrepreneurship and emerging economies to Africa also raise concerns about
to climate-proof economic development are being debt sustainability, risk-sharing and cost recovery. The
missed. non-transparent nature of many deals, moreover, has
raised concerns around the degree to which political
120 100
Value in USD billion
44
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
iddle Ea
st
$14 bn
rican 3%
-Af $53 bn
a
Intr
Asia
10%
$114 bn
20%
Approx. Agriculture
$557
$38 bn
Europe
$218 bn
billion Fuels &
Mining Products
total $394 bn 39%
global
exports $100 bn
th America
(2008 data)
Manufactures Nor
$122 bn
22%
& th
$18 bn ica e
Cari ea
tin er
3%
Am
bb
La n*
$1.5 bn
CIS*
*
0.3%
*Latin America & the Caribbean includes Central America, South America and the Caribbean as defined by the WTO **Commonwealth of Independent States
45
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
African countries must overcome the gap between their countries wealth
and the meagre benefits its extraction brings to their people
46
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
publication of company payments and government African leaders need to go beyond getting fair and
revenues from oil, gas, and mining, is a first step. transparent deals for their citizens. They also need to
But if citizens are to reap the benefits from resource address the disadvantageous division of labour that still
revenues, transparency is needed throughout the entire characterizes the extraction of the continents natural
resource stream, from how contracts are awarded and wealth and leaves most of the benefits of value-adding
monitored, to how taxes and royalties are collected, to those outside Africa. As the crisis has reminded us,
and how investment choices are made and executed. resource-rich countries also need to prepare for a time
There are some positive signs already. Niger and Liberia when oil and mining resources might be depleted, by
have approached their partners for technical legal diversifying their sources of growth. This requires major policy
assistance on awarding contracts. In Mozambique and shifts and significant investments of resources in institutions,
Tanzania, analytical work is helping to foster a dialogue human capacities, health, education and infrastructure.
on public-expenditure management and financial
accountability in the context of rising revenues from
mineral extraction.79
Between 1970 to 2008, total illicit financial outflows from Africa (conservatively
)
ion )
bill bill
ion
$25.7 .5
er ia ( t($70
Alg p
Egy
Illicit financial
outflows from n)
illio
Africa outpaced 5b
($2
cco
ODA going into M oro
the region at a
ratio of at least
2 to 1.
)
ion
.5 bill
($89
eria n)
Nig illio
24.9 b
a ($
fric
th A
Sou
47
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
In June, the Football World Cup is being held on African soil for the first time in its 80-year history. The eyes
of the world will be on the host country and continent for over a month. This provides Africas leaders
and people with an opportunity to showcase the continents untold stories of success and puncture the
negative stereotypes about Africa. The challenge for African leaders is to ensure that media coverage
increases understanding and practical support for Africas economic and social development and its
ability to prevent and manage conflict. Other than an African team winning, this would be the best
legacy of the World Cup.
In July 2009, the UN General Assembly took the decision to hold a high-level plenary meeting in
September 2010 to assess progress on the MDGs and map out the strategy until 2015. Issues that are likely
to be discussed include the content of the indicator set, the accuracy and timeliness of data (currently,
MDG data are at least 24 years out of date, if they exist at all), the continuing relevance and utility
of the indicators in a changing world, funding gaps, and the need for greater MDG localization. This
meeting presents a unique opportunity for African leaders to communicate their concerns and priorities
and push for the fulfillment of the many unmet pledges and commitments. It is an encouraging sign
that African governments are formulating a common position on the MDG review (similar to the African
Common Position on the Review of the Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals
they adopted in May 2006).
Opportunity 3: 16th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Climate Change (COP 16)
Given that it appears increasingly unlikely that COP 16 will yield a binding international agreement on
climate change, African leaders should at the very least ensure that the key elements included in the
Copenhagen Accord and negotiation texts on financing, REDD-plus, technology-transfer mechanism
are made operational. Building on the initial meeting of the UN Panel on Climate Change Financing held
in London in March 2010, as well as the preparatory working group meetings held in Bonn in April, African
leaders have a good opportunity at the summit in Cancun, Mexico, in December 2010, to push for further
clarifications and progress towards a binding agreement.
48
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
49
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
The AU/NEPAD Africa Action Plan The 14th African Union Summit, which took place
20102015 in January 2010 on the theme of Information and
Communication Technologies in Africa, underscored
Significant progress has been made in awareness of the benefits of ICTs and the policies
addressing the constraints that have hindered required to realize them. This must now be translated
the full implementation of NEPAD. In 2009, NEPAD into expanded access and more affordable services
was finally integrated into the AU structures, for as many people as possible. Leaders can build on
leading to a more harmonious relationship the policy reforms that enabled the enormous success
and the creation of synergies between of mobile telephony across the continent and harness
the two organizations. The identification of the power of ICT to improve the efficiency and reach
priority programmes and projects related to of government services. The e-Customs System in
the promotion of sub-regional and regional Ghana, for example, increased customs revenues
integration in the AU/NEPAD Action Plan by 49 per cent in its first 18 months of operation, and
provides a firm basis on which to anchor reduced clearance times from three weeks to two
integration efforts across the continent. days.81
50
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
200
mHealth - RWANDA, UGANDA
Internet users
ResultsSMS is an open-source platform designed to disseminate test results,
150
education and awareness and follow-up information to patients via SMS.
Mobile phone
(Partnership between GPAS, FrontlineSMS, Support for International
100 Change and the Harvard Initiative for Global Health).
users
50
0
2000 2003 2008 Senegal
Source: ITU
Uganda Kenya
Manobi - SENEGAL
Platform providing market data and e-business services online or via SMS
to the rural sector and agribusiness professionals
(joint venture between Manobi France and Sonatel). Tanzania
The ten African countries with the highest net additions Distribution of mobile cellular
of mobile phone users between 2003 and 2008 (in millions) subscriptions in Africa, 2008
Nigeria
Nigeria 18%
+ 59.8
Egypt + 35.4
Morocco + 15.4
Kenya + 14.7
Sudan + 11.4
DRC Egypt
Ghana + 10.7 3% 11%
Cte d'Ivoire
Cte dIvoire + 9.1 3%
Ghana
3%
Congo, Democratic Rep. + 8.0 Sudan Algeria
3% Kenya Morocco 9%
5% 6%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Source: ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. Source: ITU
51
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
Anticipate
Demographic
Dynamics
Africas population has reached the one billion
mark, with more than 43 per cent being under
the age of 15, and 62 per cent under the age of
25. Demographic trends compound the policy
challenges that African leaders face, in particular
those relating to urbanization, youth unemployment,
food security, and the provision of public services
such as education and health.83 In Sub-Saharan
Africa, three in five of the total unemployed are
youth and on average 72 per cent of the youth
population live with less than $2 a day.84
52
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
53
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
S
increasing womens access to farming land and fertilizers,
credit, and education; increasing womens participation in
C
decision-making; and strengthening womens role within the
MI
family. All these measures are crucial to guaranteeing food
NO
security as well as gender equality.
ECO
AL SPHERE
IT IC
L
PO
20%
1959
6%
1959 Women in the workforce
6%
35% 1962 8% (Formal Sector)
1964 4% <30%
5% 1956
18% 11%
1975 30% - 39%
20%
1961 10% 12% 22%
40% 49%
1956 1948
5% 17% 1955*
29% 1964 14% 50% - 59%
9% 1962 1958
1960 15% 1946
10% 1958 60% - <
7% n/a
1977 8% 21%
n/a 1958 1955 1956
9% 1954 10%
1958 1952 1986 16% Widespread property
13% 14% discrimination
1961 14% 11% 1946 24%
11% 31%
1946 1945 1961 1962 10% 1948
6% 17% 9% 8% 33% 1919
1963 1956 1947 1963 51%
1961 1967 1961
30% 32%
Women in government 1959 1961
16% 3%
7% 1956
<5% 1975 37%
1975 15% 35%
5% - 14% 1962 1975
19% 9%
18% 1959
14% - 24% 1962
Data sources:
11% 13% 22%
27% 1957 1961
Political sphere: 1965 Women working in
>25% 1989
Earthscan, The Atlas 33%
36% agricultural occu-
of Women in the World,
pations are much
fourth edition (2009) and % Seats in Parliament (% of total) 34% less likely than other
UNDP, Human Develop- 1930 22% 17%
ment Report (2009): Gender 1994 1968 1956 working women to
Year receiving right to vote 20%
empowerment measure and its 34% 26% be paid for the work
components. Economical sphere: 1965 they do (56% versus
Number of Female Legislators,
ILO, Global Employment Trends for % Senior officials and managers (% of total) 52% 98%). This can be
Women (2009); Earthscan, The Atlas of explained by the fact
Women in the World, fourth edition (2009); Women lack political influence. They are not that most women who
UNECA, African Womens Report: Measuring represented when policies are formulated, work in an agricultural
gender inequalities in Africa (2009). Social sphere: when programmes are developed, when occupation are assisting their
Earthscan, The Atlas of Women in the World, fourth edi- budgets are drawn or when decisions husbands or family.
tion (2009); UNECA, African Womens Report: Measuring are made about their work
gender inequalities in Africa (2009) and ILO, Global Employment and their life.
Trends for Women (2009).
54
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
SO
CI
AL
SP
8
5.9
HE
4.9
RE
4.7
5.6 5.8
8.9
6.2
5 4.8
6.8
5.4 5.1
4.8 5.2
5.2
4.9 4.2
7.5
Benin 10.5 5.4 4.6
5.2
144%
4.7
4.7 Kenya
41% 19% 4.9 103%
59% 81% 59% 21%
Being part of the labour 41% 79%
force already provides
women with additional Women in the home 4.4
economic power. 5.3 4.4
25% or more
female-headed households
4.8 4.9
Average number of people 5.3
0.0 per houshold 4.2
55
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
56
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
The Commitment
to Development Index
The Commitment to Development Index (CDI) rates
the 22 member countries of the OECD Development
Assistance Committee on the impact on developing
countries of their policies in seven functional areas
aid, trade, investment, migration, environment,
security and technology. Significantly, none of the G8
members made it into the top ten in the 2009 rankings.
Financing for Climate resilient Development
4
Overall Score
0
Netherlands
Norway
New Zealand
Ireland
Spain
Australia
Austria
Finland
Canada
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Portugal
United States
Italy
Greece
Switzerland
Japan
South Korea
Sweden
Denmark
57
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
58
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
Total financing needs for climate-resistant development in Africa, i.e. achieving the MDGs in
the presence of anticipated climate change, amounts to some $120 billion per year.
Average external
financing needs Type of finance Source of finance Status of financing
(2010-2020, p.a.)
Development (MDGs) Grants & concessional External 2009 ODA:
& disaster response $82.1 billion loans for infrastructure public finance $38.2 billion
AIDS
TB
0.5 billion
120 Billion
Family planning
1.2- billion
Infrastructure
40.6 bn p.a. Energy
Transport
Trade facilitation
0 2 4 6 8 10 11 14 16 18 20
USD Billions p.a.
Additional resources for climate change mitigation are in addition to the $82.1 billion in annual ODA that have
been committed for achieving the MDGs, but of which only half is provided. In total, the financing gap for
climate-resilient development in Africa is in the order of $50-70 billion in external public finance that must be
provided in the form of ODA and additional climate finance.
Data source: Fankhauser and Schmidt-Traub ((2010) Finance for climate-resilient development in Africa
Data Source: Fankhauser and Schmidt-Traub (2010) Finance for climate-resilient development in Africa
59
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
60
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
CONCLUSION
Attempting to capture and assess Africas progress are relieved that the worst predictions about Africas
in one slim report is an ambitious undertaking. economies and financial systems have not been
Generalizations need to be treated with great realised, in large part thanks to timely action by its
caution. The variety of the continents economic and Ministers of Finance, Central Bank Governors and the
political circumstances defies blanket judgements international financial institutions.
or prescriptions. Yet, several themes emerge from a
review of Africas progress over the last five years, and The crisis resulted in greater political and economic
from anticipation of what the future holds. introspection. Rescue packages have been crafted
by, and primarily for, the haves rather than the
Africas strategic importance is growing as the world have-nots. Throughout this report, we argue that
recognizes the economic value of its human and failure to put Africas development and governance
natural resources. The threats that Africa faces are needs at the heart of the global agenda will have
also more apparent, including its vulnerability to literally disastrous consequences for the worlds
climate change, epidemics, organised crime, the security and prosperity.
volatility of fuel and food prices, and financial and
economic shocks. Africas future is in its own hands, but its capacity
and progress depend on supportive global policies
Our concern is whether the political leadership, and agreements notably on issues such as climate
accountability systems and management capacities change, technology transfer, trade and financial
are being put in place to manage both emerging risks flows. African governments need to strengthen their
and opportunities for the benefit of all Africas people. access to legal and financial expertise in order to get
Will increased revenues from the exploitation of the best deals, whether with the private sector or in
natural resources be channelled to socially beneficial international discussions. We urge African leaders to
ends? Or will they be wasted, used for unproductive be more proactive in shaping common positions and
ends or filtered off into private bank accounts? in insisting that these are addressed in international
fora, including the G20. We believe that ODA remains
Resource-poor and fragile states face additional essential particularly in resource-poor countries, that
hurdles. In these areas, meeting even the most basic there is scope for being more strategic in its use.
needs, let alone building technical and management African leaders from all walks of life can and must
capacity or providing social safety nets, is much be more vocal in supporting aid advocates in richer
harder. The deprivations endured by millions of people, countries, both industrialised and emerging.
particularly women and children, living in conflict
zones and ungoverned spaces are unacceptable Success in getting international partners to fulfil their
and disastrous. More concerted action by Africas obligations, whether in terms of codes of practice
leaders, supported by their international partners, is or other policies, will increase if Africa is seen to
needed to break the cycles of instability and poverty uphold its side of the development bargain. One
that plague fragile states, and corrode progress for of the most obvious steps is to empower women
the whole continent. legally, economically and politically; the potential
benefits both for them and for economic growth
We are frustrated by the lack of data and African are enormous. Another key step is to promote
research and policy capacity that is so essential greater political and economic cooperation, if
for a full understanding of trends and appropriate not integration, including in infrastructure and
policy responses. However, we believe that the social communication, and the reduction of both hard
impact of the global economic crisis on jobs, poverty and soft barriers to trade. Incentivizing entrepreneurs
levels and MDG achievement has been profound and fostering publicprivate partnerships will allow
and is contributing to instability and conflict in areas Africa to capture the transformational benefits of
that were already under stress. At the same time, we information technology.
61
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
The central challenge is to ensure that assets are translated into social
benefits
62
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AfDB - African Development Bank HDI - Human Development Index
AFMI - African Financial Market Initiative HHA - Harmonization for Health in Africa
AGOA - African Growth and Opportunity Act HIPC - Highly Indebted Poor Countries (Initiative/
AGRA - Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa Programme)
AMCEN - African Ministerial Conference on the IATI - International Aid Transparency Initiative
Environment ICA - Infrastructure Consortium for Africa
AMCOW - African Ministers Council on Water ICC - International Criminal Court
AMFm - Affordable Medicines Facility Malaria ICT - Information and Communication Technology
APRM - African Peer Review Mechanism IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural
APSA - African Peace and Security Architecture Development
ASF - African Standby Force IFFIm - International Finance Facility for Immunization
AU - African Union IFIs - International Financial Institutions
AWF - African Water Facility IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute
CAADP - Comprehensive African Agriculture IGAD - Intergovernmental Authority on Development
Development Programme IHP - International Health Partnership
CAHOSCC - Conference of African Heads of State ILO - International Labour Office
and Government on Climate Change IMF - International Monetary Fund
CARMMA - Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Maternal Mortality in Africa LDCs - Least Developed Countries
CDI - Commitment to Development Index MDG - Millennium Development Goal
CDM - Clean Development Mechanism MDRI - Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
CEWS - Continental Early Warning System NEPAD - New Partnership for Africas Development
CGIAR - Consultative Group on International OAU - Organization of African Unity
Agricultural Research ODA - Official Development Assistance
COMESA - Common Market for Eastern and OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Southern Africa Development
DAC - Development Assistance Committee PCD - Policy Coherence for Development
DRR - Disaster-Risk Reduction PEFA - Public Expenditure and Financial
EAC - East African Community Accountability (Partnership)
ECCAS - Economic Community of Central African PSC - Peace and Security Council
States PPP - PublicPrivate Partnership
ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African REC - Regional Economic Community
States REDD - Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
EDF - European Development Fund Forest Degradation
EEAS - European External Action Service SADC - Southern Africa Development Community
EFA - Education for All SDR - Special Drawing Rights
EU - European Union SMEs - Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
FAAP - Framework for African Agricultural SWAps - Sector-Wide Approaches (for aid delivery)
Productivity UNCTAD - UN Conference on Trade and
FARA - Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa Development
FOCAC - Forum on ChinaAfrica Cooperation UNESCO - UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
FSB - Financial Stability Board Organization
FTI - Fast Track Initiative UNFPA - UN Population Fund
GAVI - Global Alliance for Vaccination and UNICEF - UN International Childrens Emergency Fund
Immunization UNIFEM - UN Development Fund for Women
GDP - Gross Domestic Product WEF - World Economic Forum
GNI - Gross National Income WTO - World Trade Organization
63
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
NOTES
Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce material from this report for educational, non-for-profit purposes
providing that they acknowledge the Africa Progress Panel 2010 Annual Report as the source.
1
IMF (2009), Regional Economic Outlook Sub-Saharan Africa: Weathering the Storm
2
UNCTAD (forthcoming), Economic Development in Africa Report 2010
3
UNCTAD (forthcoming), Economic Development in Africa Report 2010
4
UNCTAD (forthcoming), Economic Development in Africa Report 2010
5
IMF (2010), Update to the October 2009 World Economic Outlook Report
6
World Bank (2019), Doing Business Report 2010: Reforming through Difficult Times
7
EAC (2010), Roadmap for the Establishment of a Monetary Union
8
WEF (2009), The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010
9
UNCTAD (forthcoming), Economic Development in Africa Report 2010
10
IMF (2010), Update to the October 2009 World Economic Outlook Report
11
AfDB (2010), Africa in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis: Challenges Ahead and the Role of the Bank,
Policy Briefs on the Financial Crisis No. 1; Nabil Ben Ltaifa et. al. (2009), Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on
Exchange Rates and Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa, IMF Working Paper 09/3
12
UNCTAD (forthcoming), Economic Development in Africa Report 2010
13
UNCTAD (2010), Global Investment Trends Monitor No. 2
14
Adolfo Barajas et al. (2010), The Global Financial Crisis and Workers Remittances to Africa: Whats the
Damage?, IMF Working Paper 10/24
15
Adolfo Barajas et al. (2010), The Global Financial Crisis and Workers Remittances to Africa: Whats the
Damage?, IMF Working Paper 10/24
16
IMF (2009), Regional Economic Outlook Sub-Saharan Africa: Weathering the Storm
17
AfDB (2010), Africa in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis: Challenges Ahead and the Role of the Bank,
Policy Briefs on the Financial Crisis No. 1
18
IMF (2010), Stronger Policies Helped Africa through Global Crisis
19
IMF (2010), Update to the October 2009 World Economic Outlook Report
20
UN Secretary-General (2010), Keeping the Promise: A Forward-looking Review to Promote an Agreed Action
Agenda to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015
21
Mo Ibrahim Foundation (2009), The Ibrahim Index of African Governance 2009
22
Transparency International (2009), Progress Report on OECD Convention Enforcement
23
Freedom House (2010), Freedom in the World 2010: Erosion of Freedom Intensifies
24
Center for Global Policy (2009), Global Report 2009: Conflict, Governance and State Fragility
25
Bertelsmann Foundation (2010), Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2010
26
Transparency International (2009), Corruption Perceptions Index 2009
27
World Bank (2010), African Development Indicators Report
28
The Economist (2010), West Africas Regional Club Quietly Impressive, March 27th April 2nd
29
Benedikt Franke (2009), Security Cooperation in Africa: A Reappraisal, Lynne Rienner, Boulder
30
UN Secretary-General (2010), Keeping the Promise: A Forward-looking Review to Promote an Agreed Action
Agenda to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015
64
From Agenda to Action Turning Resources into Results for People
31
See, for example, Xavier Sala-i-Martin and Maxim Pinkovskiy (2010), African Poverty is Falling Much Faster than
You Think, NBER Working Paper No. 15779
32
UN (2009), The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009
33
ILO (2010), Global Employment Trends Update January 2010
34
UNESCO (2010), Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching the Marginalized
35
UNESCO (2010), Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching the Marginalized
36
Fast Track Initiative (2010), Education for All, Fast Track Initiative Annual Report 2009
37
Desmond Bermingham (2010), Reviving the Global Education Compact: Four Options for Global Education
Funding, Center for Global Development Essay
38
UNESCO (2010), Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching the Marginalized
39
WEF (2009), The Global Gender Gap Report 2009
40
UN (2009), The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009
41
WHO (2010), The African Health Monitor: Achieving the Health MDGs in the African Region
42
WHO (2010), The African Health Monitor: Achieving the Health MDGs in the African Region
43
WHO (2010), National Health Accounts Database; WHO (2009), World Health Statistics Report 2009; High Level
Taskforce on Innovative International Financing for Health Systems (2009)
44
UN Economic and Social Council (2009), Social Dimensions of the New Partnership for Africas Development, Report
of the Secretary-General
45
WHO (2009), World Health Statistics Report 2009
46
WHO and UNICEF (2010), Progress Report on Sanitation and Drinking-Water 2010 Update
47
AMCOW (2009), Report of 2nd African Water Week
48
WHO and UNICEF (2010), Progress Report on Sanitation and Drinking-Water 2010 Update
49
WHO and UNICEF (2010), Progress Report on Sanitation and Drinking-Water 2010 Update
50
Jed Friedman and Norbert Schady (2009), How many more infants are likely to die in Africa as a result of the global
financial crisis?, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5023
51
Benedikt Franke (2009), Security Cooperation in Africa: A Reappraisal, Lynne Rienner, Boulder
52
International Food Policy Research Institute (2009), Global Hunger Index 2009
53
FAO (2009), The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009: Economic Crises Impacts and Lessons Learned
54
See G8 (2009), G8 Efforts towards Global Food Security; G20 (2009), Pittsburgh Summit Declaration; FAO (2009),
Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security
55
FAO (2009), The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009: Economic Crises Impacts and Lessons Learned
56
FAO (2010), Gender and Land Rights Database
57
UN (2010), Message of Secretary-General to the 33rd Session of the International Fund for Agriculture Development
Governing Council
58
UN Economic and Social Council (2009), Social Dimensions of the New Partnership for Africas Development, Report
of the Secretary-General
59
UNECA (2009), Africa Partnership Forum Special Session on Climate Change
60
IPCC (2007), Fourth Assessment Report on Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group II
61
Africa Partnership Forum (2010), Development Finance in Africa: Update of the 2008 Report
62
See ODA figures released by OECD DAC on 14 April 2010
63
ODA figures released by OECD DAC on 14 April 2010; Africa Partnership Forum (2010), Development Finance in
Africa: Update of the 2008 Report
64
UNCTAD (forthcoming), Economic Development in Africa Report 2010
65
Hudson Institute (2009), The Index of Global Philanthropy and Remittances 2009
66
World Bank (2010), Global Development Finance: External Debt of Developing Countries
67
Economist Intelligence Unit (2010), Sub-Saharan Africa: Regional Overview March 2010
68
IMF (2010), HIPC Fact Sheet
65
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
69
AfDB (2009), Debt Relief Initiatives, Development Assistance and Service Delivery in Africa
70
World Bank (2009), Annual Review of Development Effectiveness: Achieving Sustainable Development
71
OECD (2010), Indicators for Progress on the Implementation of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness
72
OECD (2010), Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations
73
African Center for Economic Transformation (2009), Looking East: Chinas Engagement with Africa Benefits and
Key Challenges
74
UNCTAD (forthcoming), Economic Development in Africa Report 2010
75
Chris Alden and Ana Cristina Alves (2009), China and Africas Natural Resources: The Challenges and Implications
for Development and Governance, SAIIA Occasional Paper No. 41
76
IMF (2010), Update to the October 2009 World Economic Outlook Report
77
African Center for Economic Transformation (2009), The Global Economic Crisis, Funding Public Services in Africa,
and Concessions in the Mining Sector: The Case of Zambia
78
Global Financial Integrity (2010), Illicit Financial Flows from Africa: Hidden Resource for Development
79
World Bank (2009), The Urgency of Harnessing Africas Natural Resources to Fight Poverty, Commentary by Obiageli
Ezekwesili, 14 April 2009
80
International Food Policy Research Institute (2009), Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Cost of Adaptation,
Policy Brief November 2009
81
World Bank (2009), Information for Development: Extending the Reach
82
UN Population Fund (2009), State of World Population 2009
83
World Bank (2009), Africa Development Indicators 2008/9: Youth and Employment in Africa: The Potential, the
Problem, the Promise
84
World Bank (2009), Africa Development Indicators 2008/9: Youth and Employment in Africa: The Potential, the
Problem, the Promise
85
United Nations Development Fund for Women (2010), Making the MDGs Work Better for Women: Implementing
Gender-Responsive National Development Plans and Programmes
86
Economist Intelligence Unit (2010), Sub-Saharan Africa: Regional Overview March 2010
87
Development Initiatives (2010), Making Aid Work Better
88
International Institute for Strategic Studies (2010), Global Military Balance
89
European Commission (2009), Development Aid in Times of Economic Turmoil, Special Eurobarometer
90
MDG Africa Steering Group (2008), Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa
91
Samuel Fankhauser and Guido Schmidt-Traub (2010), From Adaptation to Climate-Resilient Development: The
Costs of Climate-Proofing the Millennium Development Goals in Africa, Working Paper for Centre for Climate
Change Economics and Policy and the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
92
MDG Africa Steering Group (2008), Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa
66
AFRICA PROGRESS REPORT 2010
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