ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION

Liability to that kind of compound structure which consitutes the macle. The crystals in my
possession exhibit about 80 varieties of from, and where all brought from cornwall ; where native
copper has occasionally been found in considerable abudance, accompanied by the red oxide, into
whih it sometimes passes, and occasionally by the green carbonate and the arseniate of copper; and
by quartz and fluate of lime. The copper veind of cornwall are situated both in argillaceus schistus
and granite. Native copper isoccasionally found disseminated in the serpentine of the uralian
montain in siberia; at hern grund in saxony, the hartz, at fablum in sweden, and near the copper
mine river within the aretice circle in america. That of japan and that of brazil, are said to contain a
considerable proportion of gold. Quartz, fluate of lime, carbonate of lime, and sulfhate of barytes,
usually accompany native copper : The two latter have rarely been met with in cornwall, not at all
accompanying Native copper.

SULPHURET OF COPPER. GLANCE COPPER.

Sulphuret of copper is of a lead or iron grey colour; it has a shining metallic lustre, and yields easily
to the knife. It occurs massive, and crystallized. Te form of its primitive crystal is the hexahedral
prism, which passes into an obtuse, and also into an acute dodecahedron, with triangular plane; the
crystal in my possesion exhibit 83 varieties of form besides 2 or 3 macles : they are all form cornwall,
where the sulphuret of copper has been abundatly found in the several mines ; sometimes
intermixed with the yellow copper ore, and occasionally accompanied by the succeeding varietys.
And by spathose iron ore and fluate of lime. And at middleton Tyas, in Yorkshire. It occurs also in
Siberia, Sweden, and Saxony ; principally, as it is said, in primitive mountains.

The crystallized consist of 81 parts of copper, and 19 of shulpur ; the massive contains rather less
copper, about the same sulphur, with about 2 per cent. Of oxide of iron, and 1 of silex.

PURPLE COPPER. BUNTKUPFERERZ.

This mineral is of a tombac brown colour ; and has an irridescent tarnish; it occurs masive, capillary,
and crystallized : it is found in the cube, mostly with curvilinier faces, passing into the perfect
octohedron. It consist of about 70 parts of copper, 19 of sulphur, and 7 of iron. It is generally found
in teh same countries as the preceding variety, and accompanying it.

GREY COPPER.

Grey copper is mostly of a steel grey colour ; it occurs massive and crystallized, and has a brilliant
metallic lustre ; it is brittle, but is much harder than the sulphuret of copper ; it is found in the cube,
passing into the reguler octahedron, and in the dodecahedron with the rhombic planes. I am not
aware that it has been analyzed. I possess crystals of it in 26 varieties of from ; they are all form
cornwall.

This mineral seems mostly to be confounded with the Fahlerz of Werner, cuivre gris of Hauy, which
was formely considered as a silver ore, and in which copper, iron, antimony, silver, and sulphur,
enter into combination ; some varieties also yield arsenic : it crystallizes in the form of the regular
tetrahedron, variously modified.
 ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION

Grey copper is cornwall in the same veins the two preceding varieties the fahlerz, i believe, has not
been found there; but has been met with in the silver mines at beeralston in devonsbire, and in
wales. It is found also in transylvania, the hartz saxony

YELLOW COPPER. COPPER PYRITES

This mineral is of various shades of yellow, and is often irridescently tarnisbed externally; it occurs
massive, stalactitic, and crystallized in the from of the regular tetrahedron, which is its primitive
form; its varieties are not numerous. It has a metallic lustre, and yields easily to the knife. It consists
of copper united with variable Propertions of iron and of sulphur : in general the copper does not
exceed 20 percent, it is the most abundant of all the ores of copper, and is the chief ore of the
cornish mines, where it is found in veins, pssing through argillaceous schistus and granite. It is met
with in derbyshire, and was abundant in the ecton mine in staffordahire in limestone. It is generally
accompanied by quartz, iron pyrites aud sometimes by mispickel and the sulphuret of copper. In the
mine called huel towan, it was accompanied by apthose iron

WHITE COPPER

White copper seems to be a variety of the preceding species, distinguished by its being of a silvery
white or pale brass yellow clour, and by its affording of an arsenical odour before the blow pipe; its
whiteness may perhaps be attributed to the arsenic it contains : it has not been analysed. It is not
common, but occasionally accompanies yellow copper ; its is said to have been found in the mine
called huel gorland in cornwall.

TO MINERALOGY

This beautiful mineral is of a fine erimson red colour, and is frequently translucent ; but externally,
is mostly tarnisbed, sometimes of a metallic grey colour ; it yields easily to the knife, and is brittle ; it
occurs massive, and crystallized in the regular octohedron, which posses into an acute romboid, the
cabe, and the dodecahedron with rhombic planes : the crystals in my possession are very numerous
and exibit about 70 varieties of form ; all of them are from cornwall. The specific gravity of the red
oxide of copper is 3,8 ; it consist of 81 copper and 8 of axygen. A variety of the red oxide of copper is
met with in fine capillary crystals which are lengthened cubes ; another of a red or reddisb browo
colour, compact and with an earthy fracture is called tile ore.

This mineral is found at moldava in hungary ; near cologne ; in the eatern part of the uralian
mountains in siberia accompanied by the variety of green carbonate of copper called malachte; and
has been met with in several mines in cornwall and in considerable abundance in those called huel
gorland, which are situated botb in and argillaceous schistus; the vein was principally occupied by a
brown ferruginous friable substance, called gossan by the miner; in the same vein but above the red
copper, which was generally accompanied by native copper and sometimes black copper,
considerable quantities of arseniated copper, and arseniated iron were met with.
 BLACK COPPER

Black copper occurs in a pulverulent form, investing some other of the ores of copper, chiefly the red
oxide; it is generally considered to be an oxide of copper, but it gives out sulphureous vapours
before the blowpipe.

ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION

Carbonte of copper is of various shades of blue and of green. The blue is chiefly of a beautiful azure
blue and is found in small globular masses, massive, earthy, and crystallized; it frequently
accompanies the succeding variety. I possess crystals of it, in about 30 varieties of form but they are
not very intelligible; they appear to be principally of that variety which is termed the section of the
octohedron; which solid is esteemed to be their primitive form. It is not of abundant occurrence, but
has been met with in the mining countries of bohemia, saxony, the hartz, siberia ; also in cornwall,
and at wanlock-head and the an lead hills in scotland. Some crystals from france very nearly
approach the cube, others are rhomboidal, but not determinate.

The green carbonate of copper, or malachite, is found massive, and in slender prismatic crystals or
fibres, which are of a silky lustre, and aggregated in bundles, or stellated; frequently it does not
present regular crystals. This beautiful mineral is said occasionally to accompany the grestest part of
the other ores of copper. The finest specimens are brought from the uralian mountains in siberia; it
is also met with in the copper mines of saxony, bohemis the tyrol, hungary, and sometimes, though
rarely, in cornwall. The massive green variety consist of about 58 copper, 12 oxygen, 18 carbonate
acid, and 11 of water. The blue variety consists of the same elements, varying somewhat in their
respective proportions : and there is a variety of the green carbonate of copper, called chysocolla
which consist of the same substances in smaller proportions, together

TO MINERALOGY

With about 26 percent. Of silex; it is of various shades of green and brown, and of very different
degrees of hardness; it present, when broken, a conchoidal fracture, and a resinous shining lustre. It
is found accompanying the foregoing varieties; and has been met with in cornwall, and the vale of
newland, near keswick in cumberland.

The turquoise, so called because is was firdt brought from turkey, is said to consist of the bone or
tooth of an animal in the fossil state, penetrated by blue or green carbonate of copper. It is also
brought from persia.

EMERALD COPPER DIOPTASE

The dioptase is of an emerald-green colour; and is met with crystallized only in the dodecahedron,
which the primitive form of is an obtuse rhomboid. It is an extremely rare mineral, having only been
found in a vein in daouria, on the chinese and russian frointiers; it was accompanied by malachite
copper. It is composed of about 28 parts of oxide of copper, 43 of carbonate of lime, and 28 of silex.
The portion rom which the analysis was made, was only four grains.
 SULPHATE OF COPPER

Sulphate of copper is of a blue colour, sometmes blish green and is generally translucen.it has a
nauseuous, bitter, metallic taste; and is found massive stalactitical or pulverulent, in certain copper
mines, but it is not a common subtance. It has been met with in the parys mine in anglesea: and in
various countries in crystals of leven variaeties of form of wich the primitive is considered to be an
oblique-angled parallelopiped. It consists of copper mineralized by the sulphuric acid.

MURIATE OF COPPER

This rare mineral is of various shades of green and is met with in extremely minute octohedral
crystal, eithes loose, in the form of a green sand, in peru, or investing

ELEMENNTARY INTRODUCTION

A dark ochreous quartz, at remolinos in chili. The crystals in my pssession exibit 13 varriaties of f0rm;
the primitive, which is a cuneiform octohedron, and seven of the most simple variaties, were
discovered among the green sand of peru : the ramainder are from chili the latter consists of 73 per
cent. Of oxide of copper, 10.1 of muriatic acid, and 16.8 of water

PHOSPHATE OF COPPER

Phosphate of copper is exernally of a greyish black, internally between emerald and verdignis green;
it occurs in small rhomboids with culvilinear faces; also massive, or disseminated in an opke quartz.
It is a rare mineral, having only been found at rheimbreidbach near cologne, and at nassau-Risingen.
It is sometimes mingled with arseniated copper and accompanied by carbonate of lead; it consist of
about 68 oxide of copper and 31 of phosphoric acid.

ARSENIATE OF COPPER

Of this mineral there are several variaties it accurs in very flat octohedral crystals which are of a
grass green deep blue or bluish white colour ; and are sometimes slightly transparent, with a
vitreous lustre : this variety consist of 48boxide of copper 14 arsenicd, and 45 water.

Another variety occurs in six sided tabular crystals which are transparent, and of an emerald green
colour, or occasionally, though rarely, white and opake. The sides of the crystals alternatelly incline
different ways, and are generally striated : but i possess some crystals much thicker than they are
commonly found, of which the six sides are not striated but very brilliant. All the tabular crystals of
this variety ought as i conceive tonbe considered as section of an octohedron; in this opinion i am
the more confirmed because i also possess some crystals on which the solid angles of the
octohedron are replaced by planes; others on which the adges are replaced; and again others, on
which the panes of both

TO MINERALOGY

These modiications are combined : none of these crystals have heretofore been described.

Another variety, by some called the triedral arseniate is of a very bautiful bluish green, or deep
verdigris colour, and transparent; but as their surface is often decomposed and black the crystals are
then opake; their form is an octohedron which is generally elongated, and their summits are
sometimes deeply replaced, giving them the appearnce of six-sidd prisms with diedral summits;in
others two of the four laterak edges are also deeply replaced, the crystals then assume the
apparence of four-sided prisma with diedral summits. Tetrahedron, and of this variety also assume
the form of the tetrahedron, and of a very acute rhomboid, sometimes perfect, sometimes passing
into the octohedron ; the have been said to occur also in the rare form of the triedral prism, but as
the acute rhomboida are often places on the gangue on the scute rhomboida are often placed on
the gangue on one of their extremites, having the other which if perfect would appear as an acute
apex, deeply replaced by a regular triangular plane, i conceive this appearance has given rise to the
opinion that the crystals assume the form of triedral prism.

The preceding vareities differ in their respective proportion of oxide of copper arsenic acid, and
water from the first variety; in the succeeding variety there is no water

This variety occurs in slighty acute octohedron, which are usually of a bottle green; ometimes
brown, or nearly black, and somewhat transprent. These crystals are mostly elongated; in some of
them the summits of the octohedron are replaced as well as two of the four lateral edges; and as
these crystals are generally long, they assume the apperance of four, six or eight-sided prisms,
having diedral summits, whence this variety has been termed the prismatic arseniate. It sometimes
exhibit capillary crystals of interminate forms; and others which are regular for some lenght. But
fibrous at the extremity.

The two following varieties agree in their respective proportions oxide of copper, arsenic acid, and
water but differ from the two first varieties.

One of them, which is of various shades of green.

ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION

Brown yellow, and whte in of a fine diverging fibrous structure, and a silky lustre; it is called the
hematitic arseniate of copper.

The other occurs in extremely minute, flexible fibres, occasionally so small as to have the
appearence of dust; they are of varous shades of blue, green, brown, yellow, and white; and possess
a silky lustre. It is called the amianthiform arseniate.

Martial arseniate of copper which until lately, has been termed cupreous arseniate of iron, is of a
pale bluish green colour, and occurs in small four, six, or eight-sided prisms, with tetrahdral summits,
generally grouped in small globular radiated masses; they are transparent, and have a shining
vitreous lustre.

All the above varieties of the arseniate of copper were found in the same veins which produced the
red oxide of copper, in the mines called huel gorland and huel unity, which adjoin each other in
cornwall; their unity veins pass through both granite and argillaceous schistus.

GOLD

The specific gravity of gold, when pure and beaten, is about 18; it is very soft, and perfectly ductile
and flexible. So great is its tenacity, that a piece one-tenth of an inch in diameter, will hold five
hundred pounds withous breaking ; and it is computed that a , single grain of gold will cover the
space of fifty-six square inches, when beaten out to its greates extent.

Gold is always found in the metallic form whence by the mineralogist it is said to occur in the native
or pure state; but it is generally allayed by small portions of other metals, as silver, copper.

The uses of gold are well known. Alloyed by copper, it is employed for ornamental purposes, coin
and plate.

In english coin it was alloyed by two parts of copper, to twenty-two of gold. The alloy of gold used in
plate.