PART I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

To determine the properties of a material, of course we have to conduct tests on the material.
There are four types of trials are wont to do, namely tensile test (tensile test), the pressure test
(compression test), test torque (torsion test), and a shear test (shear test). In this article we will
discuss about the tensile test and the mechanical properties of metal obtained from tensile test
result interpretation.

Tensile test is probably the way most basic materials testing. This test is very simple, not
expensive and has experienced standardization around the world, for example in the United
States with ASTM E8 and Japan with JIS 2241. By attracting a material we will soon find out
how the material reacts to the pull power and determine the extent to which the material is
growing longer , Experimental device for the tensile test should have a grip (grip) is strong and
high stiffness (highly stiff).

Many things can be learned from the results of the tensile test. If we continue to attract a material
(in this case a metal) to break up, we will get a complete profile attraction in the form of a curve
as illustrated in Fig.1

This curve shows the relationship between the pulling force to the change in length. This profile
is indispensable in the design and use of materials.

Usually the focus of attention is the ability of these materials to withstand maximum loads. This
capability is commonly called the "Ultimate Tensile Strength" is abbreviated with UTS.

Tensile test is a method used to test the strength of a substance / material by providing load
coaxial style. The results obtained from tensile tests are very important for the engineering
anddesign of products for the data mengahsilkan material strength. Tensile testing is used to
measure the resistance of a material to the static force administered lambat.Salah one way to
know the magnitude of the mechanical properties of the metal is the tensile test. Mechanical
properties that can be seen is the strength and elasticity of the metal. Tensile test done to
complete the basic design information strength of a material and as supporting data for material
specifications. Values strength and elasticity of the test material can be seen from the curve of
the tensile test. \

In the field of tensile testing industry is needed to consider factors metallurgical and mechanical
factors encompassed in the treatment of metal so, to meet the next process.

Hence the importance of this tensile testing, we as a metallurgy student should know about this
test. With the stress strain curve we can determine tensile strength, yield strength, toughness,
modulus of elasticity, toughness, and others. In the drop test of this we also need to know the
impact of the testing of mechanical and physical properties of a metal. By knowing these
parameters then we can baseline data on the strength of a material or a metal.

B. Purpose Experiment

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the strength of the metal materials through the
understanding and the deepening of the yield curve tensile test.

C. Limitations

Limitation issue in this trial is a test on the sample in the form of a round metal until the sample
broke. From the test results obtained, look how much yield strength, contraction, tensile strength
and percentage elongasian.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Basic Metals Testing

Tensile test is a method used to test the strength of a substance / material by providing load
style coaxial [Askeland, 1985]. The results obtained from tensile tests are very important for the
engineering and design of products for the data mengahsilkan material strength. Tensile testing is
used to measure the resistance of a material to the static force is given slowly.

As in Figure 1 object in the tensile test by loading on the second axis direction. Giving loads in
both directions around its axis by the same load magnitude. Things that need to be considered in
order penguijian produce a valid value is; the shape and dimensions of the test specimens, the
selection of grips and others.

a) The shape and dimension of test specimen

The test specimen shall meet the standards and specifications of ASTM E8 or D638. The
shape of the specimen is important because we have to avoid the occurrence of fractures or
cracks in the grip area or the other. So standardization of test specimens are intended to form
cracks and fractures occur in the gage length.

b) Grip and Face Selection

Face and grip is an important factor. With the selection of an improper setting, the test
specimen will slip or even broken in the grip area (jaw break). This will produce invalid results.
Face must always be covered in all surfaces in contact with the grip. In order for the test
specimens does not rub directly to the face.

The load placed on the material in the test are transmitted on the handle material in a test. The
dimensions and the size of the test specimen with the standards adapted to standard testing.

Figure 2. The dimensions and the size of the specimen for tensile test

Engineering stress-strain curves made from the test results obtained.

Figure 3. Example of the tensile test curve

It is known through testing Tarik is:

a. Tensile strength

The maximum tensile strength (ultimite tensile strength) is the maximum load divided by the
cross-sectional area of the test specimen

=
b. strain

Strain is an extension of the length divided by the original object.

= =

Where: = Strain L = Length end

L = Extension L0 = initial length

c. limit elasticity

This limit is difficult to determine in the experiment. Limit equilibrium state is also used to limit
the elasticity because the distance is very close (for a given material). Usually the stress-strain
below the proportional limit of elasticity there. There also are assuming proportional limit equal
to the limit of elasticity. Elasticity limit is the limit where the voltage limits, the material returns
to its original shape after the stress is removed, but the object will undergo permanent
deformation is called permanent.

d. Young's modulus

In determining the relationship of stress and strain, sectional boundaries must be known. Thus
the working voltage can be determined.

e. Yield Point (Limit Linear)

If the object that works in the bar test continues until beyond the limit of elasticity will happen
suddenly, a permanent extension of a test substance is called Yield Point. Where the voltage is
increased even if there is no increase in voltage, of course, the actual load when the creep. But
the creep symptoms do occur on steel.

f. yield Strength

For some non-ferrous metals and steel, yield point is difficult to study. Therefore, the strength of
his mouth are usually set by the shift method. This method means drawing a line parallel to a
tangent to the initial stress strain curve. This line starts from any shift in the amount of 0.2%.
g. Shrinkage Penampang (necking)

Shrinkage occurs at the cross section between the maximum strength and fracture strength. For
steel, structural fracture strength is greater than the maximum strength. Because of the broken
material dengansangat stretch quickly and simultaneously become smaller so that the burden of
fractures actually distributed throughout the smallest area.

h. Tenacity

Is the magnitude of the voltage plastic to fracture and can be expressed as a percentage
elongation and dimensionless. If the test material loaded, it will be deformed. During
deformation, the load will absorb the energy due to the forces acting along the deformation
distance.

i. strain Fracture

Is the nature of the material to be measured on a stem drawn up broke.

 CHAPTER 3

TUTORIAL USE OF TOOLS

SAMPLE PREPARATION

Sample preparation is the first thing one should do. procedures for sample preparation as follows

1. Prepare for Measurement and Testing Sample pull

Figure 3.Digital Vernier Caliper Figure 4. Tensile Test Samples

OPERATIONAL TOOLS
Metapholy tensile test UHP 10 T to be used can be operated by hand or using a computer.
In the instruction panel there are several buttons that have functions in accordance with
the naming.

MAIN PANEL

Gambar 6. Panel utama

 1. MAIN Swicth

Main Switch serves to disconnect and connect the flow of electricity to the Motor Pull Testing
Machine

2. HYDRAULIC ON AND OFF

Hydraulic button serves to turn on and off Hydraulic Pump Motor.

3. SWITCH SETTING AND TESTING

The switch is used to switch the Control Engineering of Inputting Data (Settings) to Testing (Testing)

4. INDICATORS MOTOR

The indicators serve as a pointer that Motor Hydraulic Living in a state (ON) or Off (OFF).

5. INDICATORS POWER

The indicators serve as a pointer that the flow of electricity in the Connected state (ON) or cut off
(OFF).

6. BUTTON UP AND DOWN

Hydraulic button serves to Raise (UP) and Decrease (DOWN) Actuator tensile testing.

7. SWITCHES MANUAL AND COMPUTER

The switch is located on Main Indicators machine with options for indicators Manual Setting and
Computer for Testing Indicators.
 WORK STEPS
1. Install Work Objects In dibble

Figure 8. When installing the workpiece in the dibble.

2. Enable Software Testing Pull On PC

Figure 9. Display Interface UTM Software Figure 10. Main Menu Software
 GUIDANCE
1. PREPARATION: This menu fill the data associated with Type Testing (Test Type) and
type material (Specimen Type).
2. TESTING: This menu is to monitor during testing, storing test data and test data Re-
Display
3. UTILITY: The menu there is an explanation for the use of software and parameter
settings and Calibration
4. EXIT: This menu is to end the use of Software "UTTM Software"
UTM INTERFACE PREPARATION
5. PREPARATION: to activate the user interface test preparation prior to the test,
complete the initial data for the data needed to process the calculation / analysis and to
determine their accuracy
Type of test: 3 choices tension, compression and bending test
The types of specimens: 3 choices hollow, round and Plate.
This software is only for a single specimen data entry for each object
test / specimen
This software uses only metric units
Condition of the specimen to be tested, it must be filled prior to the tests
Fill the test numbers for identification testing sequence
Choose a material specimen to be tested, it is necessary to process fault analysis
election that may cause analysis, if the material is unknown, choose
as predicted
The length of the specimen / gage length is the effective length DP5 or DP10
The right side of the interface will display the image in accordance with the selection
and formulation used for calculations and analysis
Figure 11. Interface Round Tensile Specimen Preparation

UTM INTERFACE TESTING

1. TESTING: Options open interface testing and online monitoring is monitoring the
online course of testing and observable increase in force versus stroke and shape of
the curve
2. SCALE TESTING: Choose according to need maximum force
3. STROKE ZOOM: Set the stroke length corresponding estimates
4. ZERO POINT: Perform zero point of emphasis before the start button is pressed, to
download the Zero-Style and Stroke
5. SAMPLING TIME: To set the time of each data retrieval
6. START: To start monitoring and retrieval of test data and stored in the buffer
memory. Storage of test data is temporary. Therefore, if it is not saved with the
"SAVE" then the data will be lost, do it before pressing the reset button.
7. STOP: To stop the testing and monitoring as well as online data recording and stored
temporarily
8. SAVE: Save the test data into a file on disk and generates two files with extension *
.TXT and * .PRN* .TXT File for analysis lanjutFile *.
9. PRN to print out the initial report and brief
10. RESET: to delete the data in the buffer memory and display.
11. RE-DISPLAY: to display the test data in the file extension * .TXT
12. CLOSE: To close / exit interface TESTING.

Figure
13. Interface UTM TESTING
Figure 14. Graph Testing Pull Type
 CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENT RESULTS DATA

After clicking on the icon SAVE, then there will be 3 files with the extensions * and * .TXT
.PRN stored.

Figure 16. File Testing Pull

Choose File with Type MHS file, once opened would like to see below.Import File MHS through
OPEN FILE, in the Type column of files dressing * .xls to All Files. So MHS File can be read in
Microsoft Excel.

Figure 18. Open MHS File

Data already in the MHS File Extensions * .xls

Start making formulations for calculation of Stress and Strain

Input into Graph

Panjang (mm) Diameter (mm)

L L
209 215 14.2 8.26 8.28
0.209 0.215 Area Area Area
11.15 6.48 6.50
Max Force 2928.44 KgF
Max Stress 2577.195 Mpa
Elongation 2.87 %
Kontraksi -0.24 %
TABLE CALCULATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Figure 22. Table Calculation of Stress vs. Strain

 STRESS VS STRAIN
3000

2500

2000
Stress (Mpa)

1500

1000

500

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Strain (m/m)

FORCE VS STROKE
3500

3000

2500
Force (kGf)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 5 10 15 20
Stroke (mm)
 YIELD POINT
3000
2900
2800
2700
Stress (Mpa)

2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Strain (m/m)

MODULUS MODULUS YOUNG

YOUNG 3000
2200
2800

2600
2000
2400

1800 2200
Stress (Mpa)
Stress (Mpa)

2000
1600 1800

1600
1400
1400

1200
1200
1000
0 0.02 0.04
1000 Strain (m/m)
0 0.02 0.04
Strain (m/m)
 CHAPTER 5

FINALITY

A. Constraints

In a study of tensile pull test I repeatedly failed because the iron is too small, and the
data is not in accordance with the procedure graviknya.
I failed a second time because of my data can not be stored, if the graphics are in
accordance with the procedure. But my data can not be stored because the data in the
data on UTM pengisisian TESTING I use a comma when the recommended period.

B. Suggestions

In the study of iron tensile testing should not be too small because it can cause data in
accordance with the procedure. And be careful in filling the data in UTM TESTING.