1.

Characteristic Strength of Concrete : - ( fk ) = [ Mean Strength ] - K x [ Standard

Deviation ] 5. Design Load :- Fd = Factor Load
f k f m KSd
Fd Fk * f
Here :-
fk = Charactristic Strength of Materials Here : -
Fk = Characteristic Load
fm = Mean Strength of Materials f = partial safety factor appropriate to the nature of loading and limit state being
K = Constant , = 1.645 1.65 considered.
Sd = Standard Deviation for a set of test result

6. Partial Safety Factor :-

2. Standard Deviation :- ( Sd ) =
For Materials m = Concrete 1.5
2 Steel 1.15
Sd
Here : - n 1
For Load f = As per IS 456-2000, Table - 2.2
= Deviation of Individual test strength from the average or mean strength of n
sample.

n = number of test results. ( As per IS 456-2000, n = 30 )

3. Characteristic Load :- Fk =

Fk Fm KS d
Here : -

Fm = Mean Load
K = Conatant = 2.645 2.65
Sd = Standard deviation for the Load

4. Design Strength of material :- Fd =

fk
fd
m
Here : -

fk = Characteristic strength of material (i.e. fck for concrete and fy for Steel)

m = partial safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit state being
considered.
7. Stress Strain Curve for Concrete : - 9. Depth of Neutral Axis (Limiting)

Xu (max .) 0.0035

d 0.87 f y
0.0035 0.002
Es

or

X u (max) 700

d 1100 0.87 f y

Actual Compressive Strength of Concrete = fck N/mm2

For Design Purpose Compressive Strength of Concrete = 0.67 fck

Permissible Compressive strength of Concrete = 0.67fck / m

= 0.67fck /1.5
= 0.446 fck or 0.45fck 10. Stress Strain Diagram for Design

8. Stress Strain Curve for Steel :-

11. Compression Force in Concrete:-

Cu 0.36 f ck X u b
Characteristic Strength of Steel : - fy
For Design Purpose Yield Strength of Steel :- fy / m 12. Tension Force in Steel:-
= fy / 1.15
= 0.87 fy Tu 0.87 f y Ast
13. cu = Strain in Concrete
su = Strain in Steel
14. Mode of Failure :-

Xu=Xu(max)limiting or cu = su Balance Section

Xu>Xu(max)limiting or cu > su Under Reinforced Section

Xu<Xu(max)limiting or cu < su Over Reinforced Section

15. Depth of Neutral Axis :-

0.87 f y Ast
Xu
0.36 f ck b

X u 0.87 f y Ast

d 0.36 f ck bd

Xu fy
2.417 pt
d f ck
Pt = Ast / bd
16. Balanced Section : - A balanced section has the tensile reinforcement
ratio ( pt ) equal to the limiting ration ( ptlimit). The value which can be
found by equating the force of tension and compression.

Limiting Reinforcement Percentage (Ptlim) =

f cky X u max
Pt lim. 0.414
fy d
17. Limiting moment of resistance : -

In a balance section, the steel reinforcement reached its stress at the

same instant when the ultimate strain is reached in the concrete. The
stress block is fully developed.

18. Reinforcement for under reinforced section : -

f cky 4. 6 M u
Ast 0.5 1 1 2
bd
fy f ck bd
Here : -
Mu = n-mm

19. Spacing of Bar : - S = Effective Depth :- d =

A Mu b = 1000 for slab

S 1000 d
Ast Rb