3 RD UNIT2 Marks Answers

UNIT 3
PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND

HEAT EXCHANGERS:
Nusselts theory of condensation Pool

boiling, flow boiling, correlations in boiling and
condensation
Types of heat exchangers LMTD method of
heat exchanger analysis Overall heat
transfer coefficient Fouling factors.
hramki.com (Mob.9789966403)
What is Boiling?
Boiling is the convective heat transfer

process that involves phase change from
liquid to vpour.
What is Condensing?
Condensing is the convective heat transfer

process that involves phase change from
vpour to liquid.
What are the applications of heat transfer with
phase change?
Applications of heat transfer with phase

change are:
Cooling of nuclear reactors; Evaporators and
condensers in refrigeration and air-conditioning
systems; Melting of metal in a furnace.
What are the unique features of boiling and
condensation processes?
Unique features of boiling and condensation
processes are:
The heat transfer to or from the fluid can occur
without change in the fluid temperature;
Due to latent heat associated with phase
change, heat transfer coefficient and heat
transfer rates are achieved as compared to
normal convection process without phase
change;
High heat transfer rate occurs even with a small
temperature difference
Why heat transfer with phase change is
more complex than normal convection
process?
Heat transfer with phase change is more

complex than normal convection process
due to the following factors:
Latent heat effects;
Surface tension;
Surface characteristics and
other properties of two phase systems.
Name some applications where boiling
process occurs.
Applications where boiling process occurs

are:
Steam production;
Heat absorption in refrigeration and
air-conditioning systems;
Distillation and refining of liquids
(liquid rectifiers)
Name the various forms in which
boiling heat transfer phenomenon
may occur.
Boiling heat transfer phenomenon

may occur in the following forms:
Pool boiling;
Forced convection boiling;
Sub-cooled or local boiling;
Saturated boiling.
What is pool boiling?
Pool boiling occurs in steam boilers

involving natural convection.
In pool boiling, the liquid above the hot
surface is essentially stagnant and its
motion near the surface is due to free
convection and mixing induced by
bubble growth and detachment.
What is forced convection boiling?
Forced convection boiling occurs in

water tube boilers with forced
convection.
Forced convection boiling refers to a
situation where the fluid motion is
induced by external means (and also by
free convection and bubble induced
mixing). The fluid is pumped and forced
to flow.
What is sub-cooled or local boiling?
In sub-cooled or local boiling, liquid

temperature is below the saturation
temperature and bubbles are formed in
the vicinity of heat surface. These
bubbles after traveling a short path get
condensed in the liquid which has a
temperature less than the boiling point.
What is saturated boiling?
In saturated boiling, liquid temperature

exceeds the saturation temperature.
The vapour bubbles formed at the solid-
liquid surface are then propelled
through the liquid by buoyancy effects
and eventually escape from a free
surface (liquid-vapour interface).
Why is it difficult to obtain a general
equation describing the boiling
process?
The boiling process depends upon the

nature of the surface, thermal and
physical properties of the fluid and
vapour bubble dynamics. Thus there
is large number of variables involved
in the boiling process. Hence it is
difficult to obtain a general equation
describing thehramki.com
boiling process
(Mob.9789966403)
Define Interface Evaporation.
Interface evaporation is an evaporation

process with no bubble formation. This
zone is also called free convection
zone. In this region, the liquid near the
surface is slightly superheated. The
convection currents circulate the liquid
and evaporation occurs at the liquid
surface.
Define Nucleate Boiling.
In this zone, the formation of bubbles

commence near the solid surface. The
bubbles condense in the liquid without
reaching the liquid surface. Nucleate
boiling is characterized by formation of
bubbles at the nucleation sites and the
resulting liquid agitation. The bubble
agitation induces considerable fluid
mixing and hence increases the heat
flux and boiling hramki.com
heat (Mob.9789966403)
transfer coefficient.
Define Film Boiling.
Due to high excess temperature (Te), bubble formation is very

rapid and the bubbles blanket the heating surface. It prevents
the incoming fresh liquid from reaching the heating surface.
Eventually, the bubbles coalesce and form a vapour film which
covers the surface completely. The thermal conductivity of the
vapour film is much less than that of the liquid film. Hence the
heat flux decreases with growth in Te. Within the temperature
range 500C < Te < 1500C, conditions oscillate between
nucleate boiling and film boiling. This phase is called Transition
Boiling or Unstable Film Boiling or Partial Film Boiling.
When the excess temperature is Te < 1500C , a vapour film
formed on the surface is stabilized and the heating surface is
completely covered by a vapour blanket and the heat flux is the
lowest. This region is called stable film boiling.
What is Transition Boiling or Unstable Film Boiling or
Partial Film Boiling?
Due to high excess temperature (Te), bubble

formation is very rapid and the bubbles blanket the
heating surface. It prevents the incoming fresh liquid
from reaching the heating surface. Eventually, the
bubbles coalesce and form a vapour film which covers
the surface completely. The thermal conductivity of the
vapour film is much less than that of the liquid film.
Hence the heat flux decreases with growth in Te.
Within the temperature range 500C < Te < 1500C,
conditions oscillate between nucleate boiling and film
boiling. This phase is called Transition Boiling or
Unstable Film Boiling or Partial Film Boiling.
What do you mean by critical heat flux or
burn out point?
The critical heat flux or burnout point is

the point of maximum heat flux on the
boiling curve at which transition from
nucleate to film boiling initiates.
This point is also called boiling crisis
since boiling process is unstable beyond
this point.
What are the factors that influence the heat
transfer rate in nucleate boiling?
The heat transfer rate in nucleate boiling is

greatly influenced by the nature and condition
of the heating surface and surface transition at
the solid-liquid interface (shape, size etc. of
the bubbles do not have much effect on the
heat transfer rate).
Following factors affect the nucleate boiling:
Material, shape and condition of the heating
surface;
Liquid properties;
Pressure;
Mechanical agitation;
What do you mean by critical diameter of
bubble?
Critical diameter is the maximum

diameter of the bubble formed on the
heating surface. It depends upon the
angle formed by the bubble and tension
between (a) liquid and vapour, (b) vapour
and solid, and (c) liquid and solid surface.
What is the empirical correlation for
nucleate pool boiling?
Refer heat transfer data book.

For flat plate and low heat flux:
Nu = 0.16 (Gr. Pr)0.33
For vertical plate:
Nu = 0.61 (Gr. Pr)0.25
What are the heat transfer modes in stable film
boiling?
In stable film boiling, heat transfer is both by

radiation and convection modes.
How is forced convection boiling calculated?
Why radiation plays a significant role in film

boiling heat transfer?
Stable film boiling requires a high surface

temperature to be maintained and hence a
significant portion of the heat is lost by thermal
radiation from the surface.
Define Condensation.
Condensation is the reverse of boiling process.

When a saturation vapour comes into contact with a
surface at temperature lower than the saturation
temperature corresponding to vapour pressure,
condensation occurs. During condensation, latent
heat of the vapour is liberated and the heat flows to
the surface.
What are the ways by which condensation can

occur?
Depending upon the condition of the cool surface,

condensation may occur in two possible ways: Film
condensation and Dropwise condensation.
Define Film Condensation.
If the condensate tends to wet the surface and

thereby forms a liquid film, then the condensation
process is called film condensation. The liquid
flows down the surface under gravity and the
layer of film continuously grows in thickness.
Define Drop wise Condensation.
In dropwise condensation, the vapour

condenses into small liquid droplets of various
sizes which fall down the surface in random
fashion. No film is formed under the influence of
gravity. hramki.com (Mob.9789966403)
What is the basis of condensation for
designing condensing equipment?
Dropwise condensation is extremely difficult

to achieve or maintain since the surface
becomes wetted when exposed to
condensing vapour over a period of time.
Though it is possible to achieve with
additives and surface coatings, the
commercial viability is not yet approved.
Hence condensing equipment in use are
mostly designed on the basis of film
condensation.
What are the assumptions in the Nusselts analysis of Film
Condensation?
Following are the assumptions in the Nusselts analysis of Film

Condensation:
The film of the liquid formed flows under the action of gravity.
Condensate flow is laminar.
Fluid properties are constant.
Good thermal contact between liquid film and cooling surface.
Temperature at the inside of film is Tsurface and temperature at the
liquid vapour interface Tsat.
Viscous and inertia forces are negligible
Velocity gradient at liquid-vapour interface is zero.
Heat transfer across the condensate layer is by pure conduction.
Temperature distribution across the condensate layer is linear.
How does the thermal conductivity of the
film k and thickness of the film affect
the film heat transfer coefficient hx at a
definite point?
In laminar film condensation on a vertical

plate, at a definite point on the heat
transfer surface, the film coefficient hx is
directly proportional to the thermal
conductivity of the film k and inversely
proportional to the thickness of the film
at that point.
State the correlation for total heat transfer to the surface in
laminar film condensation on a vertical plate.

havg =
1.13 {[l (l v) k3 g hfg] / [ L (Tsat Tsurface)]}0.25
Total heat transfer to surface, Q = h As (Tsat Tsurface)

Total condensation rate,
m = Q / hfg = h As (Tsat Tsurface) / hfg
State the correlation for total condensation rate on a

vertical plate in laminar film condensation.
Total condensation rate,
m = Q / hfg = h As (Tsat Tsurface) / hfg
* Why heat transfer rates are higher in turbulent film
condensation?
When the plate on which condensation occurs is long or liquid

film is vigorous enough, then condensate flow becomes
turbulent.
The turbulent results in higher heat transfer rates because heat
is now transferred not only by condensation but also by eddy
diffusion.
* How does the presence of non-condensable gases (air) in a

condensing vapour affect the heat transfer coefficient? Why?
The noncondensable gas adjacent to the surface acts as a

thermal resistance to the condensation process. The rate of
condensation decreases greatly when the condensable vapour
is contaminated with even very small amounts of
noncondensable gases.hramki.com (Mob.9789966403)
Differentiate between the mechanism of film wise and
drop wise condensation.
If the condensate tends to wet the surface and thereby

forms a liquid film, the condensation process is film
condensation. In dropwise condensation, the vapour
condenses into small liquid droplets of various sizes
which fall down the surface in random fashion.
Why heat transfer rate is higher in drop wise

condensation than in film condensation?
In drop wise condensation, large portion of the plate

area is directly exposed to the vapour, there is no film
barrier to heat flow, and hence higher heat transfer
rates are attained.
How is Reynolds number defined in film
condensation?
The flow in a film condensation is

determined as laminar or turbulent by the
Reynolds number defined as
Re f = 4 A V / (P f) = 4 m / (P f) ,
where A is flow area, P is shear or wetted

perimeter, V is average velocity in flow, m
is mass flow.
Express Reynolds Number in terms of mass flow per
unit depth of plate.
The flow in a film condensation is determined as

laminar or turbulent by the Reynolds number defined
as Re f = 4 A V / (P f) = 4 m / (P f) , where A is
flow area, P is shear or wetted perimeter, V is
average velocity in flow, m is mass flow.
Sometimes the Reynolds number is expressed in
terms of mass flow per unit depth of flow as follows:
Re f = 4 / f , where = m/P; P = 1 for a vertical
plate of unit depth and P = d for a vertical tube of
diameter d. hramki.com (Mob.9789966403)
Define heat exchanger.
Heat exchanger is an equipment, which

transfers the energy from a hot fluid to a
cold fluid, with maximum rate and minimum
investment and running costs.
Name some examples for heat exchanger.
Intercoolers; Automobile radiators; Milk

chillers; Condensers; Evaporators.
What are the types of heat exchangers based on heat exchange process?
Based on nature of heat exchange process, heat exchangers can be

classified as
(i) Direct contact or open heat exchangers and (ii) Indirect contact heat
exchangers
Examples for indirect contact heat exchangers:
(a) Regenerators and (b) Recuperators.
Examples for direct contact heat exchangers:
(a) Cooling Towers and (b) Jet condensers.
What are the types of heat exchangers based on relative direction of fluid
motion?
Based on relative direction of fluid motion, heat exchangers can be classified

as
(i) Parallel flow or unidirectional flow heat exchangers (ii) Counter flow heat
exchangers and (iii) Cross flow heat exchangers.
What are the types of heat exchangers based on design and
constructional features?
Based on design and constructional features, heat exchangers

can be classified as
(i) Double pipe heat exchangers, (ii) Shell and Tube heat
exchangers, (iii) Mutiple shell and tube heat exchangers,
and (iv) Compact heat exchangers.
What are the types of heat exchangers based on physical

state of fluid?
Based on physical state of fluid, heat exchangers can be

classified as
(i) Condensers and (ii) Evaporators, and (iii) Liquid Liquid
heat exchangers.
What is a Regenerator?
Regnerator is a type of heat exchanger in which

hot and cold fluids alternatively pass through a
space containing solid particles (matrix). These
particles provide alternatively a sink and source
for heat flow.
Name some applications of Regenerator.
Air heaters of blast furnaces; IC engines and

gas turbines.
What is a Recuperator?
Recuperator is a type of heat exchanger in

which the flowing fluids exchanging heat
are on either side of dividing wall (in the
form of pipes or tubes generally). These
exchangers are used when two fluids can
not be allowed (are not desirable) to mix.
Name some applications of Recuperator.
Radiators; Economisers; intercoolers; and

Evaporators.
Define LMTD.
Log Mean Temperature Difference

(LMTD) is the temperature difference,
which, if constant, would give the same
rate of heat transfer as actually occurs
under variable conditions of
temperature difference.
What are the assumptions made to derive an
expression for LMTD?
Assumptions made to derive an expression for

LMTD are:
Overall heat transfer coefficient U is constant.
Steady flow conditions
Specific heats are constant
Mass flow rates are constant
Perfectly insulated heat exchanger
No change of phase involved
Negligible conduction along the length of tubes
of heat exchanger.
State the correlation for LMTD in a
parallel flow.
LMTD, m = (1 2 )/ ln (1 / 2) ;
where 1 and 2 refers to inlet and outlet
conditions for cold and hot water.
State the correlation for LMTD in a

counter flow.
LMTD, m = (1 2 )/ ln (1 / 2) ; where
1 and 2 refers to end conditions for cold
and hot water. hramki.com (Mob.9789966403)
What is Fouling or Scaling?
In a heat exchanger, during normal

operation the tube surface gets
covered by deposits of ash, soot, dirt
and scale etc. this phenomenon of
rust formation and deposition of fluid
impurities is called fouling.
What are the factors upon which the overall
heat transfer coefficient of a heat
exchanger depends?
The overall heat transfer coefficient of a

heat exchanger depends upon the
following factors:
Flow rate;
Fluid properties;
Material thickness
Surface conditions of the tubes; and
Geometric configuration of the heat
exchanger.
How would you keep the fouling to a
minimum?
Following methods can be adopted to

keep the fouling minimum:
Design of heat exchanger;
Treatment of process system; and
Using clean system
How would you select the materials for
heat exchangers?
Properties to be considered for selection

of materials for heat exchangers are:
Physical properties;
Mechanical properties; and
Chemical properties
Chemical environment;
Quality of surface finish;
Service life;
Freedom from noise; and
Reliability.
Define NTU.
NTU means Number of Transfer Units.

NTU is a non dimensional grouping of
the terms UA/Cmin .
Define heat exchanger effectiveness.
Heat exchanger effectiveness is defined

as
Effectiveness = = actual heat transfer /
maximum possible heat transfer
What is the formula for qmax in parallel
flow heat exchanger?
For parallel flow heat exchanger, q = mh

Ch (Th1 Th2) = mc Cc (Tc2 Tc1)
What is the formula for qmax in counter

flow heat exchanger?
For counter flow heat exchanger, q = mh
Ch (Th1 Th2) = mc Cc (Tc1 Tc2)
Define minimum fluid in a heat exchanger.
The product of mass flow rate and specific

heat mC is called capacity rate of the fluid.
Maximum possible heat transfer is expressed
as qmax = (mC)min (Th in Tc i n)
Minimum fluid is the one having minimum
value of (mC) = (mC)min. Minimum fluid may be
hot or cold fluid depending upon mass flow
rate and specific heat.
When do you prefer LMTD approach in heat
exchanger design?
LMTD approach to heat exchanger analysis is

useful when the inlet and outlet temperatures
are known or are easily determined. The LMTD
is then easily calculated and the heat flow,
surface area or overall heat transfer coefficient
may be determined.
Why counter flow heat exchanger is more
effective than a parallel flow heat
exchanger?
In parallel flow heat exchanger, maximum

effectiveness attainable is only upto 50%.
This is because the maximum temperature of
the cold fluid can only be the arithmetic
mean of the two inlet temperature. In counter
flow heat exchanger, effectiveness can go
upto 100% since for an infinite area, outlet
temperature of one of the fluid will attain the
inlet temperature of the other.
What do you mean by mixed or unmixed
fluid arrangement?
In a cross flow heat exchanger, a gas may be

forced across a tube bundle, while the other
fluid is used inside the tubes for heating or
cooling purposes. The gas flowing across the
tubes is a mixed stream since the gas can
move freely in the heat exchanger. The fluid
inside the tube is said to be unmixed since it is
confined in the tube channel and can not mix
with itself during the heat transfer process.
Why does a mixed or unmixed fluid
arrangement influence heat exchanger
performance?
The fact that a fluid is mixed or unmixed

influences the overall heat transfer in
the heat exchanger because this heat
transfer is dependent on the
temperature difference between the hot
and cold fluids.
What advantages does effectiveness NTU
method have over the LMTD method?
In the LMTD analysis, sometimes iterative

procedure is involved to arrive at the inlet or
exit temperature of any of the fluid. In such
situations, effectiveness NTU methods are
more advantageous and simple. The
effectiveness method also provides
comparison between various types of heat
exchangers. This method helps in selecting
the type best suited to accomplish a
particular heat transfer objective.
What do you mean by correction factor
F in heat exchanger design?
If a heat exchanger other than double

pipe heat exchanger is used, the heat
transfer is calculated by using a
correction factor applied to the LMTD
for a counter flow double pipe
arrangement with the same hot and
cold fluid temperatures. The heat
transfer is given by the relation
q = U A F Tm
Draw the boiling curve for water and indicate the various
regimes.
[ I = Inerface evaporation or Free convection; II and III = Nucleate
boiling; IV, V and VI = Film boiling;]
Draw the temperature distribution curve for a
condenser.
Draw the temperature distribution curve for an

evaporator.
Draw the temperature distribution curve for a parallel

flow heat exchanger.
Draw the temperature distribution curve for a counter

flow heat exchanger.
END
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UNIT 3

PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND

Nusselts theory of condensation Pool

Boiling is the convective heat transfer

Condensing is the convective heat transfer

Applications of heat transfer with phase

Heat transfer with phase change is more

Applications where boiling process occurs

Boiling heat transfer phenomenon

Pool boiling occurs in steam boilers

Forced convection boiling occurs in

In sub-cooled or local boiling, liquid

In saturated boiling, liquid temperature

The boiling process depends upon the

Interface evaporation is an evaporation

In this zone, the formation of bubbles

Due to high excess temperature (Te), bubble formation is very

Due to high excess temperature (Te), bubble

The critical heat flux or burnout point is

The heat transfer rate in nucleate boiling is

Critical diameter is the maximum

Refer heat transfer data book.

In stable film boiling, heat transfer is both by

Why radiation plays a significant role in film

Stable film boiling requires a high surface

Condensation is the reverse of boiling process.

What are the ways by which condensation can

Depending upon the condition of the cool surface,

If the condensate tends to wet the surface and

Define Drop wise Condensation.

In dropwise condensation, the vapour

Dropwise condensation is extremely difficult

Following are the assumptions in the Nusselts analysis of Film

In laminar film condensation on a vertical

Refer heat transfer data book.

Total heat transfer to surface, Q = h As (Tsat Tsurface)

State the correlation for total condensation rate on a

When the plate on which condensation occurs is long or liquid

* How does the presence of non-condensable gases (air) in a

The noncondensable gas adjacent to the surface acts as a

If the condensate tends to wet the surface and thereby

Why heat transfer rate is higher in drop wise

In drop wise condensation, large portion of the plate

The flow in a film condensation is

where A is flow area, P is shear or wetted

The flow in a film condensation is determined as

Heat exchanger is an equipment, which

Name some examples for heat exchanger.

Intercoolers; Automobile radiators; Milk

Based on nature of heat exchange process, heat exchangers can be

Based on relative direction of fluid motion, heat exchangers can be classified

Based on design and constructional features, heat exchangers

What are the types of heat exchangers based on physical

Based on physical state of fluid, heat exchangers can be

Regnerator is a type of heat exchanger in which

Name some applications of Regenerator.

Air heaters of blast furnaces; IC engines and

Recuperator is a type of heat exchanger in

Name some applications of Recuperator.

Radiators; Economisers; intercoolers; and

Log Mean Temperature Difference

Assumptions made to derive an expression for

State the correlation for LMTD in a