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Salient Features:
9 Exhaustive coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format.
9 Covers answers to all Textual Questions and numericals.
9 Covers relevant NCERT questions.
9 Simple and Lucid language.
9 Neat, Labelled and authentic diagrams.
9 Solved & Practice numericals.
9 Includes Board Question Paper of February 2013.
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PREFACE
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many
can get through to you.
Physics is the study of matter and energy and the interaction between them. It is an intrinsic science
providing the indepth information of light, motion, force, magnetism, mechanism, current etc. It also
reveals the magic behind the wonderful existence of natural phenomenon like planets, galaxies and stars.
Hitech gadgets, modern machinery, gigantic skyscrapers, speedy trains, superior infrastructure are some
of the marvels of physics. It not only transforms the life of one who are involved in its study but also
benefit the future generation.
In order to study such a vast science and to master it, one needs to understand and grasp each and every
concept thoroughly. For this we bring to you Std XII : PERFECT PHYSICS - II a complete and
thorough book which analyses and extensively boost confidence of the student.
Topic wise classified question and answer format of this book helps the student to understand each and
every concept thoroughly. Significant formulas, summary, laws, definitions and statements are also given
in systematic representation. Solved problems are also provided to understand the application of different
concepts and formulae. Practice problems and multiple choice question help the students, to test their
range of preparation and the amount of knowledge of each topic.
And lastly, I would like to thank all those people who have helped me in preparing this exclusive guide
for all students. There is always room for improvement and hence we welcome all suggestions and regret
any errors that may have occurred in the making of this book.
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Paper Pattern
There will be one single paper of 70 Marks in Physics.
Duration of the paper will be 3 hours.
Physics paper will consist of two parts viz: Part-I and Part-II.
Each part will be of 35 Marks.
Same Answer Sheet will be used for both the parts.
Each Part will consist of 4 Questions.
The paper pattern for PartI and PartII will be as follows:
Question 1: (7 Marks)
This Question will be based on Multiple Choice Questions.
There will be 7 MCQs, each carrying one mark.
One Question will be based on calculations.
Students will have to attempt all these questions.
Question 3: (9 Marks)
This Question will contain 4 Questions, each carrying 3 marks.
Students will have to answer any 3 out of the given 4 Questions.
In this question, 2 marks will be based on calculations.
Question 4: (7 Marks)
This Question will contain 2 Questions, each carrying 7 marks.
Students will have to answer any 1 out of the given 2 Questions.
In this question, 2/3 marks will be based on calculations.
12 Electrostatics 70 03 04
15 Magnetism 165 03 04
19 Semiconductors 278 03 04
iv. The material medium is necessary for 2. Electromagnetic nature of light was
the propagation of wave: Periodic experimentally proved by Maxwell in 1873.
disturbance is created in the medium at
one place which is propagated from that 3. Light wave is assumed to be transverse. Its
place to another place. The medium only speed in a hypothetical medium is given by
carries disturbance and handover it to E
v = where E and are elasticity and
the next particle. Hence it is assumed
that luminiferous ether (hypothetical density of the medium.
medium) is present everywhere and
even in vacuum which possess the 4. Huygens theory was not accepted
property of elasticity and inertia. immediately due to following reasons:
Q.5. State the merits of Huygens wave theory of i. If light were waves, they should bend
light. around the sharp corners in the same
Ans: Merits of Huygens wave theory of light: manner as the sound waves.
i. It gives satisfactory explanation for laws ii. If light were waves, they could not
of reflection, refraction and double travel through vacuum. This difficulty
refraction of light assuming transverse was overcome by assuming the
nature of the light waves. existence of a hypothetical medium
ii. It also explains the theory of (ether) which was assumed to fill the
interference and diffraction. whole space.
iii. It explains the phenomenon of
polarisation of light. 10.2 Wavefront and wave normal
iv. It experimentally proved that velocity of
Q.7. Explain the concept of wavefront.
light in rarer medium is greater than that
in a denser medium. Ans: Concept of wavefront:
i. According to Huygens theory, light
Q.6. State demerits of Huygens wave theory of travels in the form of waves which are
light. [Oct 01]
emitted from the source.
Ans: Demerits of Huygens wave theory of light:
i. This theory could not explain rectilinear ii. Consider a point source of light S
propagation of light. situated in air or vacuum. Light waves
ii. It could not explain Compton effect, spread out in all possible directions from
photoelectric effect, Raman effect etc. the source of light with same speed c.
iii. It could not explain properly the iii. After time t seconds, each light wave
propagation of light through vacuum. covers a distance equal to ct.
This is because ether has high elastic
constant and zero density which gives E
A
contradictory results.
iv. According to Huygens wave theory,
luminiferous ether medium exists D ct
everywhere in the universe even in S
vacuum which are treated as material
medium for propagation of light wave. C
B
However Michelsons and Morleys
theory disapproved the existence of iv. Draw a spherical surface by considering
ether medium. radius ct and S as its centre. This surface
Note: cuts waves of light at different points A,
1. According to wave theory of light, a source of B, C, D, E etc.
light sends out disturbance in all directions. v. All the points on this surface are in the
When these waves carrying energy reach the same phase. It is equiphase surface.
eye, they excite the optic nerves and the Such a surface is called spherical wave
sensation of vision is produced. surface.
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Wave Theory of Light
TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - II
Q.11. State the main characteristics of wave 10.4 Construction of plane and spherical wavefront
normal.
Q.14.What is the shape of the wavefront in each
Ans: Characteristics of wave normal:
of the following cases? (NCERT)
i. It gives the direction of propagation of i. Light diverging from a point source.
wave.
ii. Light emerging out of a convex lens
ii. It is perpendicular to wavefront. when a point source is placed at its focus.
iii. In a homogeneous isotropic medium Ans: i. Spherical wavefront.
wave normal is same as direction of ray ii. Plane wavefront.
of light.
iv. It is drawn from the point of generation *Q.15.Explain the Huygens construction of plane
of wavefront. wavefront. [Oct 99]
10.3 Huygens principle OR
Using Huygens principle explain the
*Q.12.State Huygens principle. [Oct 99, 04, 08] propagation of a plane wavefront. [Feb 06]
Ans: It is the geometrical construction to determine Ans: Huygens construction of plane wavefront:
new position of a wavefront at later instant
i. A plane wavefront is formed when point
from its position at any instant.
of observation is very far away from the
Statement: primary source.
i. Every point on the primary wavefront ii. Let PQR represents a plane wavefront at
acts as a secondary source of light and any instant. According to Huygens
sends out secondary waves(wavelets) in principle, all the points on this
all possible directions. wavefront will act as secondary source
ii. The new secondary wavelets are more of light sending out secondary wavelets
effective in the forward direction only in the forward direction.
(i.e. direction of propagation of wave iii. Draw hemispheres with P, Q, R. as
front). centres and ct as radius. The surface of
iii. The resultant wavefront at any position tangency of all such hemispheres is
is given by the tangent to all the P1Q1R1. at instant t. It is a new
secondary wavelets at that instant. wavefront at time t.
iv. The plane wavefront is propagated as a
Q.13. Distinguish between primary source of light plane wave in homogeneous isotropic
and secondary source of light. medium. They are parallel to each other.
Ans:
No. Primary source Secondary source
of light of light
i. It is a real source It is a fictitious ct
P P1 N1
of light. source of light.
ii. It sends out It sends out
primary waves in secondary waves ct
all possible only in the forward Q Q1 N2
directions. direction.
iii. Primary wave is Secondary wave is
effective at every effective only at ct
point on its the point where it R R1 N3
surface. touches the
envelope.
iv. Primary source is Secondary source PQR: Plane wavefront at any instant,
situated in air. is situated on a P1Q1R1 : Plane wavefront after time t,
wavefront. PP1N1, QQ1N2, RR1N3 : wave normals at PQR
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Wave Theory of Light
TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - II
v. PP1N1, QQ1N2, RR1N3 are the wave vii. These wave normals show the direction
normals at P, Q, R. These wave normals of propagation of spherical wavefront.
show the direction of propagation of viii. The new wavefront P1Q1R1 is parallel to
plane wavefront. PQR at every instant.
vi. The new wavefront P1Q1R1 is parallel to
Note:
primary wavefront PQR. The intensity of secondary waves varies from
maximum in forward direction to zero in backward
*Q.16. Explain the Huygens construction of
direction. This indicates that secondary waves are
spherical wavefront.
effective only in forward direction.
Ans: Huygens construction of spherical wavefront:
i. Spherical wavefront is formed when 10.5 Reflection at a plane surface
source of light is at a finite distance
*Q.17 With the help of a neat diagram, explain the
from point of observation. reflection of light from a plane reflecting
ii. Let S be the point source of light in air. surface on the basis of wave theory of light.
PQR represents spherical wavefront at any OR
instant. The wavefront PQR acts as a
On the basis of wave theory of light explain
primary wave which is propagated in air.
the laws of reflection. [Oct 96]
N1 Ans: Reflection of plane wavefront from plane
ct P1 reflecting surface:
According to laws of reflection:
P
i. The incident rays, reflected rays and
ct normal to the reflecting surface at the
S Q Q1 N2 point of incidence, all lie in the same
plane.
R ct ii. The incident rays and the reflected rays
lie on opposite sides of normal.
R1 iii. The angle of incidence is equal to angle
N3 of reflection. i.e. i = r.
PQR : Primary wavefront,
P1Q1R1 : Secondary wavefront after time t, Explanation: B
SPN1, SQN2, SRN3 : Wave normals at P, Q, R
T N
M
iii. According to Huygens principle, all the
points on PQR will act as secondary A Q
source of light and send secondary
wavelets with same velocity c in air. R
iv. To find out new wavefront at later P
instant t, draw hemispheres with
P, Q, R. as centres and ct as radius i r ir
in the forward direction.
X Y
v. The surface tangential of all such A1 B1
hemispheres is an envelope at that Reflection of light
instant t. Such a surface is passing
XY : Plane reflecting surface
through the points P1, Q1, R1. on the
hemispheres and touching all the AB : Plane wavefront
hemispheres. This surface is the new RB1 : Reflecting wavefront
wavefront at that instant t. A1M, B1N : Normal to the plane
vi. SPN1, SQN2, SRN3 are the wave AA1M = BB1N = i = Angle of incidence
normals at P, Q, R. TA1M = QB1N = r = Angle of reflection
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Wave Theory of Light
Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - II TARGET Publications
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Wave Theory of Light
TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - II
23. The angle between the original direction of 31. In case of refraction of light for normal
incident ray and reflected ray is incidence, there is no deviation because
(A) angle of deviation due to reflection (A) i = 90 then r = 0
(B) angle of emergence (B) i = 0 then r = 0
(C) angle of reflection (C) i = 0 then r = 90
(D) angle of refraction
(D) i = 90 then r = 90
24. When wavefront strikes a reflecting surface,
(A) it comes to rest 32. Which of the following is correct?
sin i c
(B) it penetrate the reflecting surface (A) 12 = (B) 12 = 2
(C) the surface bends sin r c1
(D) the points on the surface becomes 1 1 1 sin r
source of secondary wavelets (C) 2 = (D) 2 =
2 sin i
25. A rays of light of frequency 4 1014 Hz is
refracted through glass of R.I 1.5. 33. A monochromatic beam of light is refracted
into water and then into glass. If a, w and g
If c = 3 108 m/sec in air, the percentage
are its wavelengths in air, water and glass
change in the wavelength from air to glass is
respectively, then
(A) 50% (B) 25%
(A) a = w = g
(C) 20% (D) 33%
(B) a > w > g
26. The frequency of a beam of light in air is (C) a < w < g
8 1014 Hz. The wave number of the beam of
(D) a >w or g & w = g
light in air is
(A) 1.67 106 m1 (B) 2.67 106 m1 34. The velocity of light in vacuum is 3 108 m/s.
1
(C) 3.67 10 m 6
(D) 4.67 106 m1 Determine the velocity, wavelength and
frequency of, green light of wavelength 5270
27. A ray of light is made to pass from vacuum
A.U. in glass. Refractive index of glass is 1.5.
into a medium of refractive index . Angle of
(A) 2 108 m/s, 3513 AU, 5.7 1014 Hz
incidence is twice the angle of refraction.
Angle of incidence is given by (B) 3 108 m/s, 4513 AU, 6.7 1014 Hz
2 (C) 4 108 m/s, 8900 AU, 7.7 1014 Hz
(A) sin1 (B) 2 cos1 (D) 5 108 m/s, 7000 AU, 8.7 1014 Hz
2
35. Monochromatic light of wavelength 6870 A.U
(C) 2 cos1 (D) 2 sin1 is refracted through water surface. Determine
2 2 its wavelength and frequency in water, if its
28. The velocity of light in air is c. Its velocity in frequency in air is 4.4 1014 Hz. Refractive
a medium of refractive index 1.4 will be index of water is 1.33.
c (A) 7100 A.U, 3 1014 Hz
(A) c (B) (B) 4933 A.U, 4 1014 Hz
1.4
(C) c 1.4 (D) c + 1.4 (C) 6565 A.U, 6 1014 Hz
(D) 5165 A.U, 4.4 1014 Hz
29. The refractive index of glass is 1.68 and that
of an oil is 1.2. When a light ray passes from 36. A monochromatic light of wavelength 4310
oil to glass, its velocity will change by a factor A.U is incident on the surface of a glass slab
(A) 1/1.2 (B) 1.68 1.2 of R.I 1.6. Determine the wavelength and
frequency of light in glass, if its frequency in
1 1
(C) (D) air is 5.8 1014 Hz.
1.4 1.68 1.2
(A) 5993 A.U, 2 1014 Hz
30. The laws of refraction of light are valid for (B) 4693 A.U, 4 1014 Hz
(A) plane mirror (B) concave mirror (C) 3000 A.U, 7 1014 Hz
(C) convex mirror (D) glass lens (D) 2694 A.U, 5.8 1014 Hz
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Wave Theory of Light
TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - II
37. A light wave has a frequency of 4 1014 Hz 45. An unpolarised beam of transverse waves is
and a wavelength of 5 107m in a medium. one whose vibrations
The refractive index of the medium is (A) are confined to a single plane
(A) 1.5 (B) 1.33 (B) occur in all directions
(C) 1.0 (D) 0.66 (C) have not passed through a polarised disc
(D) occur in all directions perpendicular to
38. Time taken by the sun light to pass through their direction of motion
window of thickness 4 mm, whose refractive
index is 1.5, is 46. The transverse nature of light is shown by
(A) 2 101 sec (B) 2 108 sec (A) interference of light
(C) 2 1011 sec (D) 2 1011 sec (B) refraction of light
(C) polarisation of light
39. A rocket is going away from the earth at a
(D) dispersion of light
speed 0.2c, where c = speed of light. It emits a
signal of frequency 4 107. What will be the 47. The polarisation of an electromagnetic wave is
frequency observed by an observer on the determined by
earth? (A) the electric field only
(A) 4 106 Hz (B) 3.2 107 Hz (B) the magnetic field only
(C) 3 106 Hz (D) 5 107 Hz (C) both the electric and magnetic fields
(D) the direction of propagation of
40. The R.I of glass is 3/2 and refractive index of electromagnetic waves
water is 4/3. If the speed of light in water is
48. The plane of vibration and the plane of
2.25 108 m/s what will be speed of light in
polarisation of a beam of light
glass?
(A) are identical to each other
(A) 2.25 108 m/s (B) 2 108 m/s (B) are orthogonal to each light
(C) 3 108 m/s (D) 2.98 108 m/s (C) make an angle, which depends on the
colour of the light
41. When light travels from air to water its speed
(D) rotate with respect of each other along
is retarded by [W = 4/3] the path of the beam
3 4
(A) 107 m/s (B) 107 m/s 49. Polaroids used to control the intensity of light
4 3
coming through windows of
(C) 2.25 108 m/s (D) 7.5 107 m/s (A) trains and aeroplanes
42. The ratio of velocity of light in glass to water (B) nicol prism
if R.I of glass and water with respect to air is (C) biprism
3/2 and 4/3 respectively will be (D) ammeter
(A) 9 /8 (B) 8/9
50. Which of the following phenomenon is used
(C) 3/4 (D) 2/3 to test and measure the optical activity of
43. The number of waves of electromagnetic crystal like quartz?
radiation of wavelengths 5000 in a path of 4 (A) Interference (B) Polarisation
cm in vacuum is (C) Diffraction (D) Refraction
(A) 7.5 104 (B) 8 104 51. Unpolarised light consists of electric field
(C) 9 106 (D) 10 106 vectors in
(A) any one plane
44. One cannot see through fog because (B) plane of paper
(A) fog absorbs light (C) perpendicular to plane of paper
(B) light is scattered by the droplets in fog (D) all possible planes
(C) light suffers total reflection at the 52. Waves that cannot be polarised are
droplets in fog (A) radio waves (B) X-rays
(D) the refractive index of fog is infinity (C) visible light (D) sound waves
27
Wave Theory of Light
Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - II TARGET Publications
53. A ray of light strikes a glass plate at an angle 60. It is believed that the universe is expanding
of 60. If reflected and refracted rays are and hence the distant stars are receding from
perpendicular to each other, the R.I. of glass is us. Light from such a star will show
1 3 (A) shift in frequency towards longer
(A) (B) wavelengths
2 2
(C) 2/3 (D) 1.732 (B) shift in frequency towards shorter
wavelength
54. When unpolarised light is passed through (C) no shift in frequency but a decrease in
crossed polaroids then light passes through intensity
first polaroid is
(D) a shift in frequency sometimes towards
(A) also passes through second polaroid
longer and sometimes towards shorter
(B) blocked by second polaroid wavelengths
(C) partially passes through second polaroid
(D) passes with greater intensity 61. Angle of polarisation for a transparent
medium
55. The critical angle does not depend upon
(A) wavelength (A) does not depend of wave length of light
(B) refractive index (B) increases as wavelength increases
(C) temperature (C) decreases as wavelength increases
(D) frequency (D) changes irregularly with increase in
wavelength
56. When unpolarised light is incident on a plane
glass at Brewsters angle, then which of the 62. The refractive index of certain glass is 1.5 for
following statements is correct? yellow light of wavelength 591 nm in air. The
(A) Reflected and refracted rays are wavelength of the light in the glass will be
completely polarised with their planes of (A) 591 am (B) 394 nm
polarisation parallel to each other (C) 886.5 nm (D) 295.5 nm
(B) Reflected and refracted rays are
completely polarised with their planes of 63. A ray of light strikes a glass plate at an angle
polarisation perpendicular to each other of 60. If the reflected and refracted rays are
(C) Reflected light is plane polarised but perpendicular to each other, the index of
transmitted light is partially polarised. refraction of glass is
(D) Reflected light is partially polarised but 1 3
refracted light is plane polarised (A) (B)
2 2
57. Refractive index of material is equal to (C) 3/2 (D) 1.732
tangent of polarising angle. It is called
(A) Lamberts law 64. The angle between polariser and analyser is
(B) Braggs law 30. The ratio of intensity of incident light and
(C) Brewsters law transmitted by the analyser is
(D) Malus law (A) 3 : 4 (B) 4 : 3
58. When a light wave suffers reflection at the (C) 3 :2 (D) 2 : 3
interface from air to glass, the change in phase
65. For a given medium, the polarising angle is
of reflected wave is equal to
60. The critical angle for this medium
(A) 0 (B)
(A) 4723 (B) 6010
(C) /2 (D) 2
(C) 2330 (D) 3516
59. According to Brewsters law, at polarising
angle the reflected and refracted rays are 66. The angle of incidence is 60 and the angle of
(A) parallel to each other refraction is 30. The polarising angle for the
(B) antiparallel to each other same medium is
(C) perpendicular to each other (A) 55 (B) 45
(D) at 40 to each other (C) 30 (D) 60
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Wave Theory of Light
TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - II