Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Greek Alphabet 3
Indices and Logarithms 3
Trigonometric Identities 4
Complex Numbers 6
Hyperbolic Identities 6
Series 7
Derivatives 9
Integrals 11
Laplace Transforms 13
Z Transforms 16
Fourier Series and Transforms 17
Numerical Formulae 19
Vector Formulae 23
Mechanics 25
Algebraic Structures 27
Statistical Distributions 29
F - Distribution 29
Normal Distribution 31
t - Distribution 32
2 (Chi-squared) - Distribution 33
Physical and Astronomical constants 34
GREEK ALPHABET
A alpha N nu
B beta xi
gamma Oo omicron
delta pi
E , epsilon P rho
Z zeta sigma
H eta T tau
, theta upsilon
I iota , phi
K kappa X chi
lambda psi
M mu omega
am an = am+n
(am )n = amn
sec A = 1/ cos A
cosec A = 1/ sin A
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A
cosec 2 A = 1 + cot2 A
tan Atan B
tan(A B) = 1tan A tan B
= 2 cos2 A 1
= 1 2 sin2 A
2 tan A
tan 2A = 1tan2 A
3 tan Atan3 A
tan 3A = 13 tan2 A
1t2
If t = tan 12 x then sin x = 2t
1+t2
, cos x = 1+t2
.
i= 1 Note:- j often used rather than i.
Exponential Notation
ei = cos + i sin
De Moivres theorem
HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES
cosh2 A sinh2 A = 1
sech2 A = 1 tanh2 A
cosech 2 A = coth2 A 1
SERIES
Maclaurin series
0x2 00 xk (k)
f (x) = f (0) + xf (0) + f (0) + ... + f (0) + Rk+1
2! k!
xk+1 (k+1)
where Rk+1 = f (x), 0 < < 1
(k + 1)!
Taylor series
h2 00 hk
f (a + h) = f (a) + hf 0 (a) + f (a) + ... + f (k) (a) + Rk+1
2! k!
hk+1 (k+1)
where Rk+1 = f (a + h) , 0 < < 1.
(k + 1)!
OR
(x x0 )2 00 (x x0 )k (k)
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 )f 0 (x0 ) + f (x0 ) + ... + f (x0 ) + Rk+1
2! k!
(x x0 )k+1 (k+1)
where Rk+1 = f (x0 + (x x0 )), 0 < < 1
(k + 1)!
Special Power Series
x2 x3 xr
ex = 1 + x + + + ... + + ... (all x)
2! 3! r!
x3 x5 x7 (1)r x2r+1
sin x = x + + ... + + ... (all x)
3! 5! 7! (2r + 1)!
x2 x4 x6 (1)r x2r
cos x = 1 + + ... + + ... (all x)
2! 4! 6! (2r)!
x3 2x5 17x7
tan x = x + + + + ... (|x| < 2 )
3 15 315
1 x3 1.3 x5 1.3.5 x7
sin1 x = x + + + +
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
1.3.5....(2n 1) x2n+1
... + + ... (|x| < 1)
2.4.6....(2n) 2n + 1
x3 x5 x7 x2n+1
tan1 x = x + + ... + (1)n + ... (|x| < 1)
3 5 7 2n + 1
x2 x3 x4 xn
`n(1 + x) = x + + ... + (1)n+1 + ... (1 < x 1)
2 3 4 n
x3 x5 x7 x2n+1
sinh x = x + + + + ... + + ... (all x)
3! 5! 7! (2n + 1)!
x2 x4 x6 x2n
cosh x = 1 + + + + ... + + ... (all x)
2! 4! 6! (2n)!
x3 2x5 17x7
tanh x = x + + ... (|x| < 2 )
3 15 315
1 x3 1.3 x5 1.3.5 x7
sinh1 x = x + +
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
1.3.5...(2n 1) x2n+1
... + (1)n + ... (|x| < 1)
2.4.6...2n 2n + 1
x3 x5 x7 x2n+1
tanh1 x = x + + + + ... + ... (|x| < 1)
3 5 7 2n + 1
DERIVATIVES
function derivative
xn nxn1
ex ex
ax (a > 0) ax `na
1
`nx x
1
loga x x`na
sin x cos x
cos x sin x
tan x sec2 x
cosec x cosec x cot x
sec x sec x tan x
cot x cosec 2 x
1
sin1 x
1 x2
1
cos1 x
1 x2
1
tan1 x
1 + x2
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
cosech x cosech x coth x
sech x sech x tanh x
coth x cosech2 x
1
sinh1 x
1 + x2
1
cosh1 x(x > 1)
x2 1
1
tanh1 x(|x| < 1)
1 x2
1
coth1 x(|x| > 1)
x2 1
Product Rule
d dv du
(u(x)v(x)) = u(x) + v(x)
dx dx dx
Quotient Rule
!
d u(x) v(x) du
dx
dv
u(x) dx
=
dx v(x) [v(x)]2
Chain Rule
d
(f (g(x))) = f 0 (g(x)) g 0 (x)
dx
Leibnitzs theorem
function integral
Z
dg(x) df (x)
f (x) f (x)g(x) g(x)dx
dx dx
xn+1
xn (n 6= 1) n+1
1
x
`n|x| Note:- `n|x| + K = `n|x/x0 |
x
e ex
sin x cos x
cos x sin x
tan x `n| sec x|
cosec x `n| cosec x + cot x| or `n tan x2
sec x `n| sec x + tan x| = `n tan
4
+ x
2
1 1 a+x 1 x
`n or tanh1 (|x| < a)
a2 x2 2a a x a a
1 1 xa 1 x
`n or coth1 (|x| > a)
x2 a2 2a x + a a a
1 x
sin1 (a > |x|)
2
a x2 a
1 x
sinh1 or `n x + x 2 + a2
2
a + x2 a
1 x
cosh1 or `n|x + x 2 a2 | (|x| > a)
x 2 a2 a
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x `n cosh x
cosech x `n |cosechx + cothx| or `n tanh x2
sech x 2 tan1 ex
coth x `n| sinh x|
Double integral
Z Z Z Z
f (x, y)dxdy = g(r, s)Jdrds
where
x x
(x, y)
r s
J= =
(r, s)
y y
r s
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
R
f(s) = 0 est f (t)dt
function transform
1
1
s
n!
tn n+1
s
1
eat
sa
sin t
s2 + 2
s
cos t
s + 2
2
sinh t
s 2
2
s
cosh t
s2 2
2s
t sin t
(s2 + 2 )2
s2 2
t cos t
(s2 + 2 )2
eas
Ha (t) = H(t a)
s
(t) 1
n!
eat tn
(s a)n+1
eat sin t
(s a)2 + 2
sa
eat cos t
(s a)2 + 2
eat sinh t
(s a)2 2
sa
eat cosh t
(s a)2 2
Let f(s) = L {f (t)} then
n o
L eat f (t) = f(s a),
d
L {tf (t)} = (f (s)),
( ) ds
Z
f (t)
L = f(x)dx if this exists.
t x=s
Time delay
0 t<a
Let g(t) = Ha (t)f (t a) =
f (t a) t > a
Scale change
1 s
L {f (kt)} = f .
k k
Periodic functions
RLC circuit
For a simple RLC circuit with initial charge q0 and initial current i0 ,
1 e 1
E = r + Ls + i Li0 + q0 .
Cs Cs
Limiting values
lim sf(s),
lim f (t) = s
t0+
X
Z {f (t)} = f(z) = f (kT )z k
k=0
function transform
t,nT z n (n 0)
z
eat
z eaT
T zeaT
teat
(z eaT )2
T 2 zeaT (z + eaT )
t2 eat
(z eaT )3
z sinh aT
sinh at
z2 2z cosh aT + 1
z(z cosh aT )
cosh at
z2 2z cosh aT + 1
zeaT sin T
eat sin t
z 2 2zeaT cos T + e2aT
z(z eaT cos T )
eat cos t
z 2 2zeaT cos T + e2aT
T zeaT (z 2 e2aT ) sin T
teat sin t
(z 2 2zeaT cos T + e2aT )2
Shift Theorem
P
Z {f (t + nT )} = z n f(z) n1
k=0 z
nk
f (kT ) (n > 0)
h i
f () = lim (z 1)f(z) provided f () exists.
z1
Inverse Formula
1 Z ik i
f (kT ) = e f (e )d
2
Fourier series
X
1
f (t) = a0 + {an cos nt + bn sin nt} (period T = 2/)
2 n=1
where
2 Z t0 +T
an = f (t) cos nt dt
T t0
Z
2 t0 +T
bn = f (t) sin nt dt
T t0
Half range Fourier series
4 Z T /2
sine series an = 0, bn = f (t) sin nt dt
T 0
Z T /2
4
cosine series bn = 0, an = f (t) cos nt dt
T 0
sine transform
4 Z T /2
fs (n) = f (t) sin nt dt
T 0
X
f (t) = fs (n) sin nt
n=1
cosine transform
4 Z T /2
fc (n) = f (t) cos nt dt
T 0
X
1
f (t) = fc (0) + fc (n) cos nt
2 n=1
Fourier integral
1 1 Z it Z
lim f (t) + lim f (t) = e f (u)eiu du d
2 t%0 t&0 2
Z
1
f() = F {f (t)} = eiu f (u) du
2
1
n
o 1 Z it
f (t) = F f () = e f () d
2
NUMERICAL FORMULAE
Iteration
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn
f 0 (xn )
1
N
Particular case to find N use xn+1 = 2
xn + xn
.
Secant Method !
f (xn ) f (xn1 )
xn+1 = xn f (xn )/
xn xn1
Interpolation
fn = fn+1 fn , fn = fn+ 1 fn 1
2 2
1
fn = fn fn1 , fn = fn+ 1 + fn 1
2 2 2
p(p 1) 2 p!
fp = f0 + pf0 + f0 + ... + r f0
2! (p r)!r!
x x0
where p =
h
where
nj=1,j6=i (x xj )
`i (x) =
nj=1,j6=i (xi xj )
Numerical differentiation
1 1
hf00 = f0 3 f0 + 5 f0 ...
6 30
1 1
h2 f000 = 2 f0 4 f0 + 6 f0 ...
12 90
1 1 1 1
hf00 = f0 2 f0 + 3 f0 4 f0 + 5 f0 ...
2 3 4 5
11 5
h2 f000 = 2 f0 3 f0 + 4 f0 5 f0 + ...
12 6
Numerical Integration
Z x0 +h
h
T rapeziumRule f (x)dx ' (f0 + f1 ) + E
x0 2
h3 00
where fi = f (x0 + ih), E = f (a), x0 < a < x0 + h
12
Composite Trapezium Rule
Z x0 +nh
h h2 h4 000
f (x)dx ' {f0 + 2f1 + 2f2 + ...2fn1 + fn } (fn0 f00 ) + (f f0000 )...
x0 2 12 720 n
Z x0 +2h
h
Simpson0 sRule f (x)dx ' (f0 +4f1 +f2 )+E
x0 3
h5 (4)
where E = f (a) x0 < a < x0 + 2h.
90
Composite Simpsons Rule (n even)
Z x0 +nh
h
f (x)dx ' (f0 + 4f1 + 2f2 + 4f3 + 2f4 + ... + 2fn2 + 4fn1 + fn ) + E
x0 3
nh5 (4)
where E= f (a). x0 < a < x0 + nh
180
Gauss order 1. (Midpoint)
Z 1
f (x)dx = 2f (0) + E
1
2 00
where E = f (a). 1<a<1
3
Gauss order 2. ! !
Z 1
1 1
f (x)dx = f + f +E
1 3 3
1 0v
where E= f (a). 1<a<1
135
Differential Equations
K1 = f (xn , yn )
!
h hK1
K2 = f xn + , yn +
2 2
!
h hK2
K3 = f xn + , yn +
2 2
K4 = f (xn + h, yn + hK3 )
Chebyshev Polynomials
h i
Tn (x) = cos n(cos1 x)
To (x) = 1 T1 (x) = x
Tn0 (x) sin [n(cos1 x)]
Un1 (x) = =
n 1 x2
1
f (x) = a0 T0 (x) + a1 T1 (x)...aj Tj (x) + ...
2
2Z
where aj = f (cos ) cos jd j0
0
R
and f (x)dx = constant +A1 T1 (x) + A2 T2 (x) + ...Aj Tj (x) + ...
Triple products
a2 a3
a1
[a, b, c] = (a b).c = a.(b c) = b b2 b3
1
c1 c2 c3
a (b c) = (a.c)b (a.b)c
Vector Calculus !
, ,
x y z
() = +
Integral Theorems
Divergence theorem
Z Z
A.dS = div A dV
surface volume
Stokes theorem
Z I
( curl A).dS = A.dr
surface contour
Greens theorems
Z Z !
2 2
( )dV = |dS|
volume surface n n
Z n o Z
2
+ ()() dV = |dS|
volume surface n
where
dS = n|dS|
Kinematics
Centres of mass
1
hemispherical shell, radius r 2
r from centre
3
hemisphere, radius r 8
r from centre
3
right circular cone, height h 4
h from vertex
arc, radius r and angle 2 (r sin )/ from centre
sector, radius r and angle 2 ( 32 r sin )/ from centre
Moments of inertia
ii. If I1 and I2 are the moments of inertia of a lamina about two perpendicular
axes through a point 0 in its plane, then its moment of inertia about the axis
through 0 perpendicular to its plane is I1 + I2 .
iii. The following moments of inertia are for uniform bodies about the axes stated:
1
rod, length `, through mid-point, perpendicular to rod 12
m`2
2
hoop, radius r, through centre, perpendicular to hoop mr
1
disc, radius r, through centre, perpendicular to disc 2
mr2
2
sphere, radius r, diameter 5
mr2
Work done
Z tB
dr
W = F. dt.
tA dt
ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES
i. a b is in G for all a, b in G
iv. given any a in G, there exists in G an element a1 , called the element inverse
to a, such that a1 a = e = a a1 .
A field F is a set of elements {a, b, c, . . .} with two binary operations + and . such
that
ii. the non-zero elements of F form a commutative group with respect to . with
identity 1
iii. (a + b) = a + b
iv. ( + )a = a + a
v. (.)a = (a)
i. aRa (R is reflextive)
x > 0, >0
THE F -DISTRIBUTION
The function tabulated on the next page is the inverse cumulative distribution
function of Fishers F -distribution having 1 and 2 degrees of freedom. It is defined
by
1
+ 12 2 1 1
Z x
2 1 1 2 1 1
P =
1
1
12 22 u 2 1 1 (2 + 1 u) 2 (1 +2 ) du.
2 1
2 2
0
1 ( 12 + 12 ) Z x 1
P = 1 (1 + t2 /) 2 (+1) dt.
( 2 )