LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW

V. Lalitha, K.A. Raveesha et ..al Aqueous and Solvent extracts of leaves of S. torvum
viz., Petroleum ether, Benzene, Chloroform, Methanol and Ethanol were tested in vitro for
antimicrobial activity following the procedures of poisoned food technique and cup diffusion
method against some important seed borne pathogens of paddy viz, Alternaria alternata,
Bipolaris oryzae, Tricoconis padwickii, Dreschlera tetramera, ,. Aqueous extracts of leaves (at
25% concentration) showed 100, 47.44, 60.47, 71.50, 56.11, 63.33, 78.62, 66.66, 47.44 and
46.27% inhibition of the test pathogens respectively. Highly significant antifungal activity was
observed in Methanolic and ethanolic extract. The percentage inhibition of the test pathogenic
fungi in Methanolic extract was 100% (P.oryzae), 74.42 (A. alternata), 65.68 (B oryzae), 87.62
(C. lunata), 100% (T. padwickii), 63.33 (D.halodes), 60.31 D. (tetramera), 76.01
(F.moniliformae), 59.21 (F. oxysporum), 43.91% (F.solani) and zone of inhibition of
Xanthomonas campestris pv oryzae was 18 and 30mm in Methanol and ethanol extract. . [19]

M.A. BARI, W. ISLAM1 , A.R. KHAN.et..al Leaves, stem, roots and inflorescence of
Solanum torvum Sw. were extracted in two different organic solvents (chloroform & methanol).
Antibacterial and antifungal effects of the extracts were tested on fifteen (six Gram positive &
nine Gram negative) human pathogenic bacteria and on eight pathogenic fungi. Methanolic
extracts of roots of S. torvum exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal effects on all
organisms tested in comparison with that observed in the leaves, stems and inflorescence
extracts. The toxicity of the extracts was in the following order; root>stem>inflorescence>leaf.
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of methanolic extract of roots of S. torvum
were in the range between 64-128 g mL-1. Chloroform extracts of roots were more toxic[20]

Zubaida Yousafa,b , Ying Wanga et.al.The botany, traditional medicinal uses,

phytochemistry, and pharmacology of S. torvum Sw. belonging to family Solanaceae have been
reviewed by evaluating information on the Internet (using Google Scholar, CABAbstracts,
Blackwell synergy, Elsevier, Cambridge University Press, JSTOR, Traditional medicinal uses of
S. torvum were recorded in the Ayurveda and Chinese pharmacopeia. The present review study
covered chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of S. torvum as well as its
morphology. This has included therapeutic effects of the whole plant and its extracts, fractions

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

and isolated compounds. Antimicrobial, anti-ulcerogenic, antiviral, anti-platelet aggregation,

antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, systolic blood-pressure modification, and cytotoxic
activities have all been described. Previous research studies carried out using different in-vitro
and in-vivo bioassay techniques supported the claims of the therapeutic utility of the species. [21]

M. Sivapriya, R. Dineshaetal,., . The antibacterial activity of different extracts

of Solanum torvum (Sundakai) fruit coat was studied in vitro against human pathogenic strains.
The Water Extract (WE) and Ethanol Water Extract (EWE) was found to be effective against all
bacterial strains and inhibition is comparable to that of commercial antibiotics, choramphenicol
and streptomycin. Initial screening of antibacterial activity was done by disc diffusion method
in Nutrient agar medium. Minimum inhibition concentration was done serial dilution method.
The MIC values of the Water Extract (WE), Ethanol Water Extract (EWE) and Ethanol Extract
(EE) ranged from 9.6 to 19.2 g mL-1. It was observed that there was a correlation between the
amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids content and effective antibacterial activities of the
inhibited extracts. These results indicate that Sundakai coat may be yet an another source of
natural antibiotic. Further, this study reaffirms the ethanomedicinal property of S.
torvum plant.[22]

Muthezhilan1 , R., Yogananth2*etal.. , The genus Solanum plants have different uses; some
are used as foods, and some species as remedy in traditional medicine. The chloroform-methanol
(2:1, v/v) extracts of stem, leaf, pericarp and root of Solanum torvum, which were collected from
Medicinal Plant Garden, Ragavendra Medical Institute of Electropathy, Erode, Tamil Nadu,
India were obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids obtained from plant extracts were
esterified and subjected to detailed GC-MS analysis. The plant extracts from the stem, leaf,
pericarp and root contained unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, and oleic acid, and a
saturated fatty acid like palmitic acid, stearic acid, richinoleic acid, ligniceric acid, lauric acid,
myristic acid and behanic acid. The antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of those
samples were determined against ten bacteria and nine fungi. Among the tested bacterial strains,
Bacillus sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus sp showed
maximum antibacterial activity to all the tested extracts of Solanum torvum. The higher
antifungal activity of plant extracts were found against Trichophytonton surans and Aspergillus
niger. [23]

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Thenmozhi1, U.S. Mahadeva Rao2*. The studies were extended to human cells using MCF-7-
Human mammary gland breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. Methods: Preliminary antimitotic
screening was done using Allium cepa root tip assay. The herbal powder obtained from various
plant parts-dry leaves, dry fruits and fresh fruits were extracted with various solvents. The
antimitotic activity was analysed using Allium cepa root meristematic cells. Experiments were
carried out with incorporation of folic acid in the extract. Folic acid inhibited the antimitotic
activity of S.torvum extract. Findings: The results obtained were compared with methotrexate-a
known anticancer drug. Extracts of S.torvum was found to be extremely effective in the
prevention of cell proliferation of the mammary gland breast adenocarcinoma cell lines.
Discussion: The pronounced anti mitotic and anticancer activities of S.torvum was due to its
potential antioxidant property especially by the key role of phytochemicals such as polyphenols,
steroidal saponin glycoside, alkaloids and flavonoids. Active principle sterol has been separated
by TLC. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the promising antioxidant properties of the
plant could be exploited in herbal preparations against oxidative stress, ageing, Ischemic heart
disease in dissolving thrombus, microbial infections, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and
cancer justifying their use in traditional medicine.. [24]

BS JAISWAL* Solanum torvum Swartz (family: Solanaceae) is commonly known as turkey

berry. This plant is found in tropical Africa, Asia and South America. S. torvum, is an important
medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical countries is widely used like food and in folk
medicine around the world. This aims a comprehensive of the chemical constituents,
pharmacological, and clinical uses. A number of metabolites are in good yield and some have
been shown to possess useful biological activities belonging mainly to steroid glycosides and
saponins, flavonoid, vitamin B group, vitamin C, iron salts and steroidal alkaloids. Extracts and
metabolites of this plant, particularly those from leaves and fruits possess useful pharmacological
activities. A survey of the literature shows S. torvum is mainly used for the treatment of fever,
wounds, tooth decay, reproductive problems and arterial hypertension. Many pharmacological
studies have demonstrated the ability of this plant to exhibit Anti-oxidant activity,
cardiovascular, immunomodulatory and nephroprotective activity supporting its traditional uses.
This review attempts to highlight the available literature on S. torvum with respect to
ethnobotany, chemical constituents and summary of various pharmacological activities.t. [25]

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