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Chemistry PROJECT CHEMISTRY Project on On "Determination of contents of Cold

Drinks" Determination Of The Contents Of Cold Drinks

Gaurav Aakash sangal Aakash sangal XII A XII -A XIISession:- : 2008-2009 2260
Session2011-12 Session:-2011-12 2-13 S.D. VidyaRoll Number : 6229000 S. D. Vidya
Mandir Boards Mandir Board roll no. :roll no. :Mother Divine Sr. Sec. Public
School Submitted to Mrs.Manju khurana Submitted to Mrs. Manju Khurana
(signature)

PROJECT PREPARED BY: Project Report By :-

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Aim AIM
COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
DIFFERENT BRANDS OF ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN
MARKET. COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.
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Certificate CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation work has
been carried out to investigate This is hereby to certify that, the original and
genuine about the subject matterbeen the related data collection investigation work
has and carried out to investigate and investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely about the subject matter and the related data and satisfactorily
investigation CLASS XII A,completed collection and by Aakash of has been S.D. Vidya
Mandir sincerely and satisfactorily his project titledof, GAURAV solely, School
(Panipat), regarding by Aakash Sangal Determination of the Contents of ColdVidya
Mandir CLASS XII A, Sanatan Divine Sr. Sec. Public Mother Dharam Drinks. School
(Panipat) (Rohini), regarding his project titled Teachers Signature the Contents
of Cold Drinks. Determination of

"Determination of Contents of Cold drinks"

Teachers Signature

Teacher's Signature (Mrs. Manju Khurana)

Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my It would be my utmost pleasure teacher
my Manju sincere thanks to my chemistryto expressMrs.sincere thanks to My Chemistry
Teachers Mrs. Manju khurana in providing a helping hand inAditi, Mrs. this project.
Richa and Mrs. Shobhna in providing a helping hand in this project. Their valuable
guidance, support Her valuable guidance, support thissupervision all and
supervision all through & project titled through this projectthe Contents of Cold
Drinks, Determination of are responsible for attaining its are responsible would
also its present form. present form. I for attaining like to thank my parents

as they encouraged me to put forward my project.

Gaurav Aakash XII XII-A

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PURPOSE Purpose PURPOSE

In recent days, soft drink brands were put into In recent days, soft drink brands
were put various questions regarding their purity. News into various questions
regarding their purity. News flashed that they contain harmful pesticide, which
flashed that they contain harmful pesticide, arouse many interest in knowing its
contents which arouse many interest in knowing its contents because because I have
been drinking them for years. I I have been drinking them for years. I wanted to
wanted to confirm that whether theimposed on these confirm that whether the charge
charge imposed are these brands are true or not. brands on true or not.
Another fact which inspired me to do this project is Another fact which inspired me
to do this project is that I am in touch with qualitative analysis whose that I am
in touch with qualitative analysis whose knowledge with other factors knowledge
with other factors helped me to do so. helped me to do so.
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CONTENTS Contents
I. Introduction

I. Introduction II. Theory II. Apparatus III. Theory III. Apparatus IV. Chemicals
Required IV. Chemicals Required V. Detection of pH V. Detectionof pH VI. Test for
Carbon Dioxide VI. Test for Carbon Dioxide VII. Test for Glucose VII. Test for
Glucose VIII. Test Phosphate VIII. Test forfor Phosphate IX. Test for Alcohol IX.
Test for Alcohol X. Test for Sucrose X. Test for Sucrose XI. Result XI. Result XII.
Conclusion
XII. Conclusion
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Introduction INTRODUCTION
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the The era of cold drinks began in 1952
but the industrialization inin India marked its beginning with industrialization
India marked its beginning with launching of Limca and Goldspot byby parley group
of launching of Limca and Goldspot parley group of companies. Since, the beginning
of cold drinks waswas companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks highly
profitable andand luring, many multinational highly profitable luring, many
multinational companies launched their brands inin India like Pepsi companies
launched their brands India like Pepsi and Coke. and Coke. Now days, it is observed
in general that majority of Now viewed is observed in general that majority people
days, it Sprite, Miranda, and Limca to give of people lightness, while Pepsi and
Thumps Up to feeling ofviewed Sprite, Miranda, and Limca to give feeling of
lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain. activate pulse
and brain.
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Theory THEORY
Cold drinks of different brands brands are composed of alcohol, Cold drinks of
different are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions
etc.etc. These drinks carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions These soft soft
give feeling of warmth,of warmth,and have aand have a tangy taste drinks give
feeling lightness lightness tangy taste which is liked by everyone.liked by
everyone.isCarbon dioxide isthe formation ofthe which is Carbon dioxide responsible
for responsible for froth formation of froth on on shaking the bottle. shaking the
bottle.
The carbon dioxide gas dissolved in water to form carbonic acid The carbon dioxide
gas isis dissolvedin water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the
tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the which is also responsible for the tangy taste.
Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of
naturally occurring organic compounds carbohydrates issource of energy to our body.
General formula of and are major energy(H2O)Y. body. General formula of
carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. CX to our

OnOn the basis of their moleculesize carbohydratesare classified as:the basis of

their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:Monosaccharide, Disaccharides
and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and
Polysaccharides. Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 monosaccharide
with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in .It occurs in Free State in the
ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also the present in
humanbones and also in many sweet fruits. It is is one ripen grapes in blood to the
extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose also present in human blood to the extent in about
0.1%. Sucrose is one of of the most useful disaccharides of our daily life. It is
widely the distributed in nature in juices, our daily life. It isflowers of many
most useful disaccharides in seeds and also in widely distributed plants. The main
source also in flowers of cane juice The main in nature in juices, seeds andof
sucrose is sugarmany plants.which contain 15-20 is sugar and juice which contain
15-20 % sucrose source of sucrose% sucrosecane sugar beet which has about 10-17 %
andsucrose.beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. TheH22O11. It is sugar The
molecular formula of sucrose is C12 molecular produced by a mixture of glucose and
fructose. by non-reducing formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is producedIt is a
mixture of in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic
glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereastheir pH is glucose in
nature and their acidity can be measured by finding reducing. The pH values also
bit acidic in nature and their acidityas value. Cold drinks are a depend upon the
acidic contents such can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also
depend citric acid and phosphoric acid. upon the acidic contents such as citric
acid and phosphoric acid.
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Apparatus APPARATUS
?Test Tube ?Test Tube Holder Test Tube ?Test Tube ?Test Tube Test Tube ?Test Tube
Stand Holder ?Test Tube Holder ?Test Tube Holder Test Tube Test Tube Holder ?Stop
Test Tube Stand Watch ?Test Tube Stand ?Test Tube Stand Test ?BeakerTube Stand ?
Stop Watch ?Stop Watch Stop Watch Stop ?BurnerWatch ?Beaker ?Beaker Beaker ?pH?
Burner Paper ?Burner Beaker Burner ?Tripod Stand ?pHpH Paper ?pH Paper Burner
Paper ?China Dish Stand ?Tripod Stand ?Tripod Stand Tripod pH Paper ?Wire China
Dish Gauge ?China Dish ?China Dish Tripod Stand ?Water BathGauge ?Wire Gauge ?Wire
Gauge Wire ?Water Bath ?Water Bath Water China DishBath
Wire Gauge Water Bath
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Chemicals CHEMICALS REQUIRED Required

Iodine Solution Potassium Iodine Iodine Solution Sodium Hydroxide ?Potassium
Iodine Fehlings A & B Solution ?Sodium Hydroxide Iodine Solution ?Fehlings
Potassium Iodine Lime Water A & B Solution ?Lime Sodium Hydroxide Water
Concentrated HNO3 ?Concentrated HNO3B Solution Fehlings A & Benedict Solution ?
Benedict Solution Lime Water Ammonium Molybdate HNO3 ?Ammonium Molybdate
Concentrated Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate
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Detection OF PH DETECTION of pH
EXPERIMENT

Experiment

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken inin a test Small
samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken a test tube and put on theon
the pH paper. The changecolor of pH paper was noticed tube and put pH paper. The
change in the in the color of pH paper and was compared with the standard pH scale.

was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION Observations
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA Cola Coca COLA SPRITE Sprite LIMCA Limca FANTA Fanta

COLOUR CHANGE
PINK Pink RED Red PINKISH Pinkish LIGHT ORANGE Light Orange

pH VALUE
2.5-3 3 4 3-4

INFERENCE Inference
Soft drinks are generally acidic because ofof the presence of citric acid drinks
are generally acidic because the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH
values values of cold drink of different brands aredue and phosphoric acid. pH of
cold drink of different brands are different to the variation in amount of acidic
contents.

different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents.

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Test for TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

EXPERIMENT
As soon as the bottles were opened, one byby one the sample was passed the bottles
were opened, one one the sample was As soon through lime water. The lime The lime
water turned milky. passed through lime water. water turned milky.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK COCA cola Coca COLA SPRITE Sprite LIMCA Limca FANTA Fanta

TIME TAKEN (SEC.)

26.5 21 35 36

CONCLUSION
CO2 IS PRESENT PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT
PRESENT

INFERENCE Inference Inference

All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide water. The carbon All the soft
drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in in water. The carbon dioxide ) dissolves
in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible dioxide ((CO)2) dissolves in
water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste. for its
tangy taste.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED Chemical Reaction Involved :Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g)

----------- CaCO3(s) + H2O(s)
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Test for GLUCOSE TEST FOR Glucose

EXPERIMENT Experiment
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following
test:Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following
test:-

1. Benedicts's Reagent test :1. BENEDICTSS REAGENT TEST:Small samples of cold

drinks of different brands were taken a test tube Small samples of cold drinks of
different brands were taken inin a test tube and a few drops of Benedicts reagent
were added. The test tube was and a few drops of Benedicts reagent were added. The
test tube was heated heated seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the
presence of for fewfor few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the
presence of glucose in cold drinks. glucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

Observations
NAME OF THE DRINK
COCACola Coca COLA

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

GLUCOSE IS REDDISH COLOUR Glucose is present Reddish colour Ppt. PRECIPITATE

PRESENT GLUCOSE IS REDDISH COLOUR Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT REDDISH COLOUR Reddish colour Ppt. PRECIPITATE GLUCOSE IS
Glucose is present PRESENT GLUCOSE IS REDDISH COLOUR Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is
present PRECIPITATE PRESENT

Sprite SPRITE Limca LIMCA

FANTA Fanta

INFERENCE

Inference

All the samples gave positive test forfor glucose with Benedicts reagent. samples
gave positive test glucose with Benedicts reagent. All Hence all the drinks
contain glucose. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
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2. FEHLINGS SOLUTION TEST 2. Fehling's Solution Test

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken inin test tube and
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken a a test tube a few
drops of Fehlings A solution and and Fehlings B solution was added and a few
drops of Fehlings A solution Fehlings B solution was added in equal amount. The
testtest tube was heatedain a water bath 10 minutes. in equal amount. The tube was
heated in water bath for for 10 minutes. Appearance brown precipitate Appearance of
brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks. presence
drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA COLA Coca Cola SPRITE Sprite

OBSERVATION
REDDISH BROWN Reddish Brown Ppt. PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN Reddish Brown Ppt.
PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN Reddish Brown Ppt. PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN Reddish
Brown Ppt. PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION
GLUCOSE IS Glucose is present PRESENT GLUCOSE IS Glucose is present PRESENT GLUCOSE
IS Glucose is present PRESENT GLUCOSE IS Glucose is present PRESENT

Limca LIMCA Fanta FANTA

INFERENCE

Inference

All the samples gave positive test glucose with Fehlings (A & B) & B) All the
samples gave positive test for for glucose with Fehlings (A solutions. solutions.
the cold drinks contain glucose. Hence all Hence all the cold drinks contain
glucose.
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TEST FOR PHOSPHATE Test for Phosphate

EXPERIMENT Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes Small
samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium
Molybdate followed concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was and Ammonium Molybdate
followed by by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was to it. to it. The was heated.
heated. Appearance of canary-yellow added addedThe solution solution wasAppearance
of canary-yellow precipitate precipitate confirmed confirmed the presencethe
phosphate ions in coldions in cold drinks. of presence of phosphate drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCACola Coca COLA

OBSERVATION
CANARY-YELLOW Canary-Yellow Ppt. PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW Canary-Yellow Ppt.
PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW Canary-Yellow Ppt. PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW Canary-
Yellow Ppt. PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION
PHOSPHATE IS Phosphate is present PRESENT PHOSPHATE IS Phosphate is present PRESENT
PHOSPHATE IS Phosphate is present PRESENT PHOSPHATE IS Phosphate is present PRESENT

Sprite SPRITE
LIMCA Limca FANTA Fanta

INFERENCE

Inference

All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all soft
drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence the the cold drinks
contain phosphate. all cold drinks contain phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction Involved :-

NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ---------- (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21HN4NO3 +

12H2O
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TEST FOR Alcohol Test for ALCOHOL

Experiment
EXPERIMENT
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test Small
samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and and
Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) tubesIodine followed by
Potassium Iodide and and Sodium Hydroxide solution was added to each test tube.
Then the test tubes were heated in hot (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube.
Then the test tubes were water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored
precipitate heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored
confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks precipitate confirmed the presence
of alcohol in cold drinks

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA Cola Coca COLA SPRITE Sprite LIMCA Limca FANTA Fanta

OBSERVATION
YELLOW Yellow Precipitate PRECIPITATE YELLOW Yellow Precipitate PRECIPITATE YELLOW
Yellow Precipitate PRECIPITATE YELLOW Yellow Precipitate PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION
ALCOHOL IS Alcohol is present PRESENT ALCOHOL IS Alcohol is present PRESENT ALCOHOL
IS Alcohol is present PRESENT ALCOHOL IS Alcohol is present PRESENT

INFERENCE

Inference

All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold the
gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose. drinks
contain glucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction involved :-

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

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TEST FOR SUCROSE Test for sucrose

EXPERIMENT Experiment
5 5 ml samples each brand of coldcold drinks were taken in separate china ml
samples of of each brand of drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were
heated very strongly until changes occur. Black colored dishes and were heated very
strongly until changes occur. Black colored residue left confirmed the presence of
sucrose in cold drinks. residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold
drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

Coca Cola COCA COLA
SPRITE Sprite

OBSERVATION
BLACKResidue Black RESIDUE BLACKResidue Black RESIDUE

CONCLUSION
SUCROSE IS Sucrose is Present PRESENT SUCROSE IS Sucrose is Present PRESENT SUCROSE
IS Sucrose is Present PRESENT SUCROSE IS Sucrose is Present PRESENT

Limca LIMCA
FANTA Fanta

Black Residue BLACK RESIDUE

BLACK RESIDUE Black Residue

INFERENCE
All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies All the
brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand
of drink. Fanta contains highest amount sucrose. in each brand of drink. Fanta
contains highest amount ofof sucrose.

Inference
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Result RESULT
After conducting several tests, ititwas concluded that the different brands of
After conducting several tests, was concluded that the different brands of cold
drinks namely: cold drinks namely:
1. 2. 3. 4. Coca Cola 1. Coca Cola Sprite 2. Sprite Limca 3. Limca Fanta 4. Fanta

All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All All
contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. cold drinks are
acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different All cold Coca Cola is the
most acidicOn comparingleastpH value of the four brands drinks are acidic in
nature. and Limca is the acidic of all differenttaken. Coca Cola is the most acidic
and Limca is least acidic of brands brands all the four brands taken.

CARBON DIOXIDE
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum Among the four
samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon
dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and
Fanta has the minimum amount of of dissolved carbon dioxide. dissolved carbon
dioxide.
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Conclusion CONCLUSION
DIS-ADVANTAGES of Cold drinks :Disadvantages OF COLD DRINKS
1. Soft drinks areare little more harmful sugar sugar solution. As they 1. Soft
drinks little more harmful than than solution. As they contain sugar in large
amount large amountproblemscause problems in diabetes contain sugar in which cause
which in diabetes patients. patients. 2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they
interfere with the bodys 2. Soft drinks can cause weight feeling. natural ability
to suppress hunger gain as they interfere with the bodys natural ability ability
to hunger the calcium so they are also 3. Soft drinks haveto suppressdissolve
feeling. 3. Soft drinks have harmful for our bones. ability to dissolve the calcium
so they are also harmful for our bones. 4. Soft drinks contain phosphoric acid
which has a pH of 2.8. So they 4. Soft drinks contain phosphoric can dissolve a
nail in about 4 days. acid which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve a nail in
about 4 days. 5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must
use 5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the
hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material. the hazardous
matter place cards reserved for highly consive material. 6. Soft drinks have also
ability to remove blood so they are very harmful 6. Soft drinks have also ability
to remove blood so they are very harmful to our body. to our body.

USES OF COLD DRINKS

Uses of Cold drinks :-

1. drinks can be be used as toilet cleaners. 1. ColdCold drinks canused as toilet

cleaners. 2. can can remove spots from chrome car humpers. 2. TheyThey remove rust
rust spots from chrome car humpers. 3. clean corrosion from car battery terminals.
3. TheyThey clean corrosion from car battery terminals. 4. drinks are are as an an
excellent detergent to remove grease from 4. Soft Soft drinksusedused asexcellent
detergent to remove grease from clothes. 5. Theyclothes. a rusted bolt. can loose
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
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Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY
BY- VEENA SURI

DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY

BY- S.K. MALHOTRA

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