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1
Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics: It is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals
with the behavior/response of fluid when they are at rest.
force F
P= =
area A
Units
SI: N/m2 (called Pascal)
BG: lb/ft2 or lb/in2 (called psi)
CGS: dyne/cm2
1 bar=105N/m2=105Pascal
2
Pressure vs Water depth/height
Consider a strip or column of a cylindrical fluid,
3
Pressure vs Water depth/height
P=h
Ph h
Pressure distribution
diagram/pressure profile
y z
x dy y z
x
Consider a wedge shape element of fluid dx
having dimension dx, dy and dz along x, y
and z axis. P(dldz)
sin P(dldz)
dl= dimension of inclined plane making
an angle with the vertical P(dldz)
Px(dydz)
cos
Px, Py, Pz and P are pressure acting in x, y,
z and perpendicular to inclined surface
dW
dW=weight of element
5 Py(dxdz)
PASCALS LAW
F = 0x P(dldz)
P(dldz)
sin
Px dydz P( dldz ) cos = o
Px dydz P( dldz )dy / dl = o Q cos = dy / dl P(dldz)
cos
Px dydz P( dz )dy = o Px(dydz)
Px = P dW
Py(dxdz)
F y =0
Py dxdz dW P( dldz ) sin = o
Py dxdz P ( dldz )dx / dl = o Q sin = dx / dl & dw 0
Py dxdz P ( dz )dx = o
Py = P
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PASCALS LAW
Similarly by applying the conditions in z direction, it can be proved
that
Pz = P
Hence,
Px = Py = Pz = P
The above states that the pressure acting on fluid particle is same in
all directions when the fluid is at rest.
7
Absolute and Gauge Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Gauge pressure
Vacuum/negative pressure
Absolute pressure
10
Liquid Barometer
It consists of a transparent tube which
is open from one end only. The tube is Vacuum
filled with liquid and is inserted in a jar Pressure
also containing same liquid. The liquid Liquid/
initially drops in tube due to gravity but Weight
stabilizes at certain level under the of liquid
action of atmospheric forces. The
atmospheric pressure is then measured Force of
as height of liquid at which it stabilizes. Patm
Fy = o; Patm A W Pvap A = 0
PatmA
Patm A Ah Pvap A = 0 QW = Ah
Patm = h + Pvap
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Liquid Barometer
Generally, mercury is preferred liquid because its vapour pressure is
minimum. Moreover, its specific gravity is very high so that size
(height) of barometer required is small.
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Absolute Pressure
Gauge Pressure (Pg): It is the pressure measured relative to
atmospheric pressure (Patm) and is always above the atmospheric
pressure
It may be defined as normal compressive force per unit area
Surface
P = h
P = 10.05(4600 )
2 =10.05kN/m3
46700 kN / m 4600m
15
Problem
Q.3.2.4
P2 = P1 + oil h = P1 + S wh
P2 = 32 + 0.88(62.4 )68 /(12 2 ) P1=32psi Stream
57.9 psi
68ft
P2=?
S=0.88
=Sw
16
Problem
17
Problem
Q.3.3.1
Surface
Pi = h = (8)2 = 16kN / m 2
=8 kN/m3 2m
Pi
interface
Pb = 1h1 + 2h2 5m
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NUMERICALS
Q.3.3.3
P = h
P = (10.05)4600 = ______ kN / m 2
=10.05 h=4600
kN/m3
P=?
19
Problem
Q.3.3.3
Determine the depth of gaseous atmosphere to cause 101.3kN/m2 over surface of
earth?
P = h
(101.3 1000) = (12)h
h = 8442m =12N/m3 h=?
P=101.3kPa Surface
20
Problem
3.5.1
1. Piezometer
2. Manometer
a) Simple manometer
B) Differential manometer
3. Mechanical Pressure Transducer (Bourden gauge)
4. Electrical Pressure Transducer
23
1. Piezometer
It is used to measure pressure in
pipes or vessels.
In it simplest form, it consists of a
transparent tube open from other
ends
The diameter of tube should > to
avoid capillarity action
When connected to pipes, the
Piezometers may be connected to
water level rises in it which
sides or bottom of pipe to avoid
gives a measure of pressure.
eddies that are produced in the top
region of pipe
Limitations:
It must only be used for liquids
It should not be used for high pressure
It cannot measure vacuum (-ve) pressure
24
2. Manometer
a). Simple Manometer
Figure shows a set up of simple
manometer. A
It consists of a U shaped tube, part
of which is filled with manometric z
Fluid, f
fluid.
Y
One end of tube is connected
with the pipe whose pressure is
required to be determined. Manometric
fluid, m
Due to pressure, level of
manometric fluid rises on one side
while it falls on other side. Y=Manometric reading
The difference in levels is f =Specific weight of fluid in pipe
measured to estimate the
m =Specific weight of
pressure.
manometric fluid
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2. Manometer
Manometric Fluids
1. Mercury
2. Oils A
3. Salt solution etc
z
Fluid,
Properties of manometric y
Fluid
1. Manometric fluid should not be Manometric
soluble/intermixale with fluid fluid,
flowing in pipe whose pressure is
required to be determined.
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2. Manometer
Pressure measurement
PA
PAabs + f Z mY = Patm A
Patm
Q PAabs = Patm + PA
z
Fluid, f
Y
Manometric
fluid, m
PA + f Z mY = 0
Sign Convention
PA = mY f Z
Above is a gauge pressure -ve: upward direction
equation
PB
A PA B
Fluid B, B ZB
ZA Fluid A, A
Y
PA = PB + B Z B + mY A Z A Manometric
Fluid , m
PA PB = + B Z B + mY A Z A
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2. Manometer
if B =A = f
PA PB = + f Z B + mY f Z A
PA PB = mY f (Z A Z B )
PA PB = mY f (Y )
PA PB = ( m f )(Y )
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2. Manometer
b). Differential Manometer
Case 1I: when two vessels/pipes are at different level
A PA
PB
B
ZA Fluid A, A ZB
Fluid B, B
Y
Manometric
PA = PB + B Z B + mY A Z A Fluid , m
PA PB = + B Z B + mY A Z A
30
2. Manometer
if B =A = f
PA PB = + f Z B + mY f Z A
PA PB = mY f (Z A Z B )
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2. Manometer
b). Differential manometer
Case 1II: when manometer is inverted
Manometric
Fluid , m
Fluid B, B
Y
Fluid A, A ZB
ZA B
PB
PA
A
PA = PB B Z B mY + A Z A
PA PB = B Z B mY + A Z A
32
2. Manometer
if B =A = f
PA PB = f Z B mY + f Z A
PA PB = mY + f (Z A Z B )
33
Advantages and Limitation of Manometers
Advantages Limitations
Easy to fabricate Usually bulky and large in size
Less expansive Being fragile, get broken easily
Good accuracy Reading of manometer is get
High sensitivity affected by temperature,
altitude and gravity
Require little maintenance
Capillary action is created due
Not affected by vibration
to surface action
Specially suitable for low
Meniscus has to be measured
pressure and low differential
accurately for better accuracy.
pressure
Easy to change sensitivity by
changing manometric fluid
34
3. Mechanical Pressure Transducer
Transducer is a device which is used to transfer energy from one
system to other
Mechanical pressure transducer converts pressure system to
displacement in mechanical measuring system
35
Bourden Gauge
The essential mechanical
element in this gage is the
hollow, elastic curved tube
which is connected to the
pressure source as shown
in Fig.
As the pressure within the
tube increases the tube tends Fig. Bourden gauge
to straighten, and although
the deformation is small, it
can be translated into the
motion of a pointer on a
dial as illustrated.
36
Bourden Gauge
Since it is the difference in pressure between the outside
of the tube and the inside of the tube that causes the
movement of the tube, the indicated pressure is gage
pressure.
The Bourdon gage must be calibrated so that the dial
reading can directly indicate the pressure in suitable units
such as psi, psf, or pascals.
A zero reading on the gage indicates that the measured
pressure is equal to the local atmospheric pressure.
This type of gage can be used to measure a negative gage
pressure (vacuum) as well as positive pressures.
37
3. Mechanical Pressure Transducer
Elevation Correction
Bourden gauge gives pressure at the
center of dial. So to calculate pressure
at point A,
Pg
PA = Pg + z
Where z
z=elevation correction
A
38
4. Electrical Pressure Transducer
It converts displacement of mechanical measuring system to an
electrical signal.
Its gives continuous record of pressure when converted to a strip
chart recorder.
39
Problem
Q 3.5.4
PA + (5 12 ) w 4 m = Patm
PA = ?? psia
2 PA + (5 12 + x ) w (4 + 2 x ) m = Patm
x= ??in
New Manometric reading=4+2x=34.7in
40
41
Problem
Q. 3.5.7
PA w h m Rm = Patm
PA = m Rm + w h Q Patm = 0
42
43
Problem
3.5.8
44
45
Problem
3.5.10
Two vessels are connect to a differential
manometer using mercury (S=13.56), the
connecting tubes being filled with water. The
higher pressure vessel is 5ft lower in elevation
than the other. Room temperature prevails. If the
mercury reading is 4.0in, what is the pressure
difference in feet of water and in psi ? (b) if
carbon tetrachloride (S=1.59) were used instead
of mercury what would be manometric reading
for the same pressure difference.
46
Problem
47
Problem
3.12
48
Problem
49
University of Sharjah
Dept. of Civil and Env. Engg.
Fluid Mechanics
Forces on Immersed Bodies: Forces on
submerged planes & curved surfaces and
their applications, Drag and Lift forces
F = pdA = p dA = pA
51
Forces on Plane Area
Center of pressure
The point of application of resultant
force of pressure on a submerged area
is called center of pressure.
52
Forces on Plane Area
53 dF = p(dA) = h(dA)
Forces on Plane Area
Lets choose an elementary area so that pressure over it is uniform. Such
an element is horizontal strip, of width, x so dA = xdy . The pressure force,
dF on the horizontal strip is
p = h
dF = p(dA) = h(dA)
h = y sin
Integrating
F = hc A
54
Forces on Plane Area
F = hc A
Thus, we find the total force on any plane area submerged in a liquid
by multiplying the specific weight of the liquid by the product of the
area and the depth of its centriod.
55
Center of Pressure
In order to determine location of center of pressure, yp, from OX,
lets take the moment of elementary area around OX
Integrating
( ) (dA)
2
ydF = y y sin dA = sin y
Fy p = sin (I )
Where, I is the 2nd moment of submerged area about OX
Ic
h p = hc +
hc A
57
Lateral Position of Center of Pressure
To find the lateral position of center of pressure P, consider the area
is made up of series of elemental strips. The center of pressure for
each strip is at the mid point of the strip. Since the moment of the
resultant force F must be equal to the moment of distributed force
system about any axis, say, the y-axis
X p F = x p pdA
X p F = x p pdA
58
Forces on Curved Surface
59
Forces on Curved Surface
Resultant Force
Fz
2
F = Fx + F 2 = tan
1
z
Fx
60
Hydrostatic force formulas
F = hc A F = sin ( yc A)
Ic
y p = yc +
yc A
61
62
Problem
Q 3.7.6: A plane surface is circular with a diameter of 2m. If it is vertical and
the top edge is 0.5m below the water surface, find the magnitude of the
force on one side and the depth of center of pressure.
Solution:
Free surface
D
hc = 0.5 + = 1.5m
2 0.5m
F = hc A
D=2m
F = 9.810(1.5) 2 2
4
F = 46.2kN Ic
h p = hc +
Ic hc A
h p = hc +
hc A Ic
y p = yc +
( )(
h p = 1.5 + D 4 / 64 / 1.5 D 2 / 4 ) F = hc A
yc A
h p = 1.667 m F = sin ( yc A)
63
Problem
Q 3.7.8: A rectangular plate 5ft by 4ft is at an angle of 30o with the
horizontal, and the 5 ft side is horizontal. Find the magnitude of force on
one side of the plate and the depth of its center of pressure when the top
edge is (a) at the water surface (b) 1 ft below water surface
(a) o 30
h = y sin hc
hp yc
4ft
yp
4ft 5ft
Ic h p = 1.33 ft
64 y p = yc +
yc A
( )
= 2 + bd 3 / 12 / (2 bd ) = 2.67 ft
Problem
(b)
1ft
h = y sin hc
hp yc=4ft
yc = hc / sin 4ft
= 4 ft yp
6ft 5ft
Schematic pressure
distribution
66
diagram
Problem
1m
RB
RN 4.4/3
(a) Schematic pressure
distribution diagram
68
Problem
Q 3.8.8. Cross section of tank is shown in figure., where r=2m and tank is
open and contain water to a depth h=3.5m. Determine the magnitude and
location of horizontal and vertical force components acting on unit width of
tank wall ABC.
Fx = hc A xp
hp
Fx = 9.81(3.5 / 2)3.5 = 60.1kN / m
2
h p = (3.5) = 2.33m
3
69
`
Fz = W = VOL = ( AL ) 2m
A = 3.5(2) (4 2 ) / 4
4 xp
hp
A = 3.5(2) = 3.86
Fz = ( A) = 9.81(3.86) d=4m
= 37.9kN / m
Lets take moment about AB
70 4r
xc = = 0.849m
3
Drag and Lift Force
Lift is the component of aerodynamic
force perpendicular to the relative wind.
71
Drag and Lift Force
The drag force acts in a direction that is
opposite of the relative flow velocity.
Affected by cross-section area (form
drag)
Affected by surface smoothness
(surface drag)
The force tending to lift up the body under such conditions is known as
buoyant force or force of buoyancy or up-thrust.
FB = F2 F1 P2 = (h1 + h2 )
Let
Wa= weight of body in air
Wl=weight of body in liquid
FB=Wa-Wl
75
Buoyancy and Floatation
Center of Buoyancy (B): The point of application
of the force of buoyancy on the body is known as the
center of buoyancy.
It is always the center of gravity of the volume of fluid
displaced.
Water surface
CG or G
C or B
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