International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 163169

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / i c h m t

Heat transfer augmentation in a wedge-ribbed channel using winglet

vortex generators
Teerapat Chompookham, Chinaruk Thianpong, Sutapat Kwankaomeng, Pongjet Promvonge
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Available online 18 October 2009 Experimental investigations have been carried out to study the effect of combined wedge ribs and winglet type
vortex generators (WVGs) on heat transfer and friction loss behaviors for turbulent airow through a constant
Keywords: heat ux channel. To create a reverse ow in the channel, two types of wedge (right-triangle) ribs are
Enhanced heat transfer introduced: wedge ribs pointing downstream and pointing upstream. The arrangements of both rib types
Channel placed inside the opposite channel walls are in-line and staggered arrays. To generate longitudinal vortex ows
Turbulent ow through the tested section, two pairs of the WVGs with the attack angle of 60 are mounted on the test channel
Wedge rib
entrance. The test channel has an aspect ratio, AR = 10 and height, H = 30 mm with a rib height, e/H = 0.2 and
Vortex generator
Winglet
rib pitch, P/H = 1.33. The ow rate in terms of Reynolds numbers is based on the inlet hydraulic diameter of the
channel ranging from 5000 to 22,000. The presence of the combined ribs and the WVGs shows the signicant
increase in heat transfer rate and friction loss over the smooth channel. The Nusselt number and friction factor
values obtained from combined the ribs and the WVGs are found to be much higher than those from the ribs/
WVGs alone. In conjunction with the WVGs, the in-line wedge pointing downstream provides the highest
increase in both the heat transfer rate and the friction factor while the staggered wedge pointing upstream
yields the best thermal performance.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In the design of channel heat exchangers, rib, n or bafe
turbulators are often employed in order to increase the convective
heat transfer rate leading to the compact heat exchanger and
increasing the efciency. For decades, rib turbulators have been
applied in high-performance thermal systems due to their high
thermal loads. The cooling or heating air is supplied into the channels
with several ribs to increase the stronger turbulence intensity of
cooling or heating levels over the smooth wall channel. Ribs placed in
tandem in the channels interrupt hydrodynamic and thermal
boundary layers because downstream of each rib the ow separates,
re-circulates, and impinges on the channel walls that are the main
reasons for heat transfer enhancement in such channels. The use of
ribs not only increases the heat transfer rate but also substantially the
pressure loss. In particular, the rib geometry, the rib-to-channel
height ratio and the rib pitch-to-height ratio are the parameters that
affect the heat transfer rate and the thermal performance.
Many attempts have been made to study the effect of these
parameters of ribs on heat transfer and friction factor for two opposite
roughened surfaces. Han et al. [1,2] investigated experimentally
thermal characteristics in a square channel with angled ribs on two
Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kppongje@kmitl.ac.th (P. Promvonge).
walls and found that the angled ribs and V ribs yielded higher heat
transfer than the continuous ribs and the highest value is at the 60
amongst the angled ribs. For heating either only one of the ribbed
walls or both of them, or all four channel walls, they reported that the
former two conditions resulted in an increase in the heat transfer
with respect to the latter one. For broken ribs with e/D = 0.0625 and
P/e = 10 placed in a square channel, Han and Zhang [3] also found that
the 60 broken V ribs give higher heat transfer at about 4.5 times the
smooth channel and perform better than the continuous ribs. Liou and
Hwang [4,5] carried out an experiment to study the performance of
square, triangular and semi-circular ribs by using a real time Laser
Holographic Interferometry to measure the local as well as average
heat transfer coefcients. They reported that the square ribs give the
best performance among them. The heat transfer behaviors in a ribbed
square channel with three e/D ratios (e/D = 0.083, 0.125 and 0.167)
and a xed P/e = 10 using a liquid crystal technique were examined
by Taslim et al. [6]. They found that the average Nusselt number
increased with the rise in e/D ratio and the best e/H ratio was seen to
lie between 0.083 and 0.125. Turbulent convective heat transfer
behaviors in square ducts with ribs on two opposite walls and discrete
angled ribs on one wall were numerically investigated by Saidi and
Sunden [7] and Tatsumi et al. [8], respectively. They found that
noticeable heat transfer enhancement is obtained downstream of the
ribs due to strong secondary ow motion.
Bhagoria et al. [9] experimentally studied heat transfer and ow
characteristics in a solar air heater having absorber plate roughened

0735-1933/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2009.09.012
164 T. Chompookham et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 163169

Promvonge and Thianpong [14] studied the thermal performance of

Nomenclature
wedge ribs pointing upstream and downstream, triangular and
rectangular ribs mounted on the two opposite channel walls and
A convection heat transfer area of channel, m2
reported that the in-line wedge downstream provides the highest
AR aspect ratio of channel, (W/H)
heat transfer but the staggered triangular rib gives the best thermal
Cp specic heat capacity of air, J/kgK
performance. Thianpong et al. [15] also investigated the thermal
D hydraulic diameter, (4WH/p), m
behaviors of isosceles triangular ribs attached on the two opposite
e rib height, m
channel walls and suggested that the optimum thermal performance
f friction factor
of the staggered ribs could be at about e/H = 0.1 and P/H = 1.0. An
H channel height, m
extensive literature review on various rib turbulators was reported by
h average heat transfer coefcient, W/m2K
Varun et al. [16].
I current, A
Swirl/vortex ow generators are often used in augmentative heat
k thermal conductivity of air, W/mK
transfer in many engineering applications to enhance the rate of the
L length of test channel, m
heat and mass transfer equipment such as heat exchanger, vortex
air mass ow rate, kg/s
combustor, drying process, etc. There are several methods in
Nu Nusselt number, (hD/k)
generation of decaying swirl/vortex ows such as the tangential
P pitch (axial length of cycle), m
ow injection to induce a swirling uid motion along the tube [17];
p channel perimeter, (2W + 2H)
the guide vanes [18] and the delta winglet types [19,20]. The winglets
P pressure drop, Pa
are designed to create longitudinal vortices that help to increase
Pr Prandtl number
turbulence levels resulting in improved heat transfer performance,
Re Reynolds number, (UD/)
albeit with a minimal pressure loss penalty in comparison with other
Q heat transfer, W
methods. Heat transfer enhancement by winglet type vortex
T temperature, K
generators mounted at the leading edge of a at plate was found to
t thickness of rib, m
be about 5060% improvement in average heat transfer over the
U mean velocity, m/s
surface of the plate [19].
V voltage, volt
For using combined/compound turbulators, Promvonge and
V volumetric ow rate, m3/s
Eiamsa-ard [2123] investigated experimentally the effect of various
W width of channel
nozzles along with a snail-type swirl generator (decaying swirl) on
WVG winglet type vortex generator
heat transfer characteristics in a uniform heat ux tube and found that
the heat transfer rate increases considerably for using both enhance-
ment devices and is about 2050% above a single enhancement
Greek letter
device. In addition, Promvonge [24,25] also studied the thermal
angle of attack of WVG, degree
behaviors of using wire coil turbulator together with a snail-type or a
density of air, kg/m3
twisted-tape swirl generator for generating a vortex ow and found
thermal enhancement factor
that the compound turbulators provide higher heat transfer rate than
kinematics viscosity, m2/s
the single turbulator. However, the use of snail-type swirl generator
along with other turbulators as mentioned earlier offered a sub-
stantial increase in the pressure loss resulting in lower thermal
Subscripts performance.
b bulk In the literature review cited above, most studies are mainly
0 smooth channel focused on square or low aspect ratio channels, rib pitch and height,
conv convection and different rib geometries or a single use of the WVGs. The
i inlet investigation on thermal behavior of wedged ribs in conjunction with
o out the winglet type vortex generator (WVG) has rarely been found. Thus,
pp pumping power the objective of the present work is to study thermal characteristics in
s channel surface a channel tted with the combined WVGs and wedge ribs (right-
triangular) mounted on the principal channel walls. In the present
work, the ribs used to create reverse ows are placed inside the test
with wedge ribs at e/D ratios of 0.0150.033 and rib wedge angles of channel with a single rib height, e/H = 0.2 and a rib pitch, P/H = 1.33.
815. They reported that the Nusselt number and friction factor The WVGs (two winglet pairs) placed at the entrance of the tested
increased by 2.4 and 5.3 times over smooth duct and the wedge ribs channel are expected to generate the axial vortex ows in order to
performed better than the chamfer ribs for comparison. Chandra et al. wash up the reverse ows trapped behind the ribs to the core ow
[10] conducted measurements on the heat transfer rate in a square leading to higher heat transfer rate in the channel. Experimental
channel with continuous ribs on one, two, three and four walls and results using air as the test uid from two rib arrays of the two wedge
reported that the heat transfer augmentation increases with the rise ribs and the WVGs are presented in turbulent channel ows in a range
in the number of ribbed walls. Tanda [11] investigated the effect of of Reynolds number from 5000 to 22,000.
transverse, angled ribs, discrete, angled discrete ribs, V-shaped, V-
shaped broken and parallel broken ribs on heat transfer and friction. It 2. Experimental setup
was found that 90 transverse ribs provided the poor thermal
performance while the 60 parallel broken ribs or 60 V-shaped A schematic diagram of the apparatus is depicted in Fig. 1 whereas
broken ribs yielded a higher heat transfer augmentation than the 45 the detail of the wedge ribs mounted on the channel walls and the
parallel broken ribs or 45 V-shaped broken ribs. Parallel angled WVG geometry is demonstrated in Fig. 2. In Fig. 1, a circular duct was
discrete ribs were seen to be superior to parallel angled full ribs and its used for connecting a high-pressure blower to a settling tank, where
60 discrete ribs performed the highest heat transfer. Yang and an orice ow meter was mounted in this pipeline while a rectangular
Hwang [12] and Luo et al. [13] numerically studied the thermal channel including a calm section and a test section was used after the
characteristics in rectangular ducts using transverse or porous ribs. settling tank. In Fig. 2, the tested channel geometry was characterized
 T. Chompookham et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 163169 165

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus.

Fig. 2. Test section with (a) winglet geometry, (b) wedge rib pointing upstream and (c) wedge rib pointing downstream.
166 T. Chompookham et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 163169

by the channel height, H and the axial length of cycle or pitch, P, the are evaluated from the measured temperatures and heat inputs. With
respective values of which were 30 mm and 40 mm. The overall heat added uniformly to uid (Q air) and the temperature difference of
length of the channel was 2000 mm which included 10 pitches of the wall and uid (Tw Tb), average heat transfer coefcient will be
test section with the channel width, W, of 300 mm. Each of the ribbed evaluated from the experimental data via the following equations:
walls was fabricated from 12 mm thick aluminum plates, 300 mm
wide and 440 mm long (L). The rib dimensions were 6 mm high (e) Q air = Q conv =mCp To Ti = VI 1
and 20 mm thick (t). The ribs arranged in in-line or staggered arrays
were placed on the channel walls into two types: wedge rib pointing Q conv
h= 2
upstream and pointing downstream as shown in Fig. 2b and c, A T s Tb
respectively. For all cases of test runs, two pairs of the WVGs were
mounted at the entrance of the test channel by silicone rubber to in which,
create longitudinal vortex ows as can be seen in Fig. 2. Each of the
Tb = To + Ti = 2 3
WVGs was made of 1.2 mm thick aluminum sheet, 60 mm long and
20 mm high as sketched in Fig. 2a and placed on the lower plate and
entrance with the attack angles () of 60 with axial ow direction. In
the experiment, the combination of the two phenomena, (1) the re- T s = Ts = 12: 4
circulating or reverse ow induced by the ribs and (2) the vortex
ows created by the WVGs, are supposed to be effective in the vicinity The term A is the convective heat transfer area of the heated upper
of the tested channel wall, where thermal resistance is high. channel wall whereas Ts is the average surface temperature obtained
The channel test section consisted of the two parallel walls as from local surface temperatures along the axial length of the heated
shown in Fig. 2, the principal walls. The AC power supply was the channel. Then, average Nusselt number is written as:
source of power for the plate-type heater, used for heating the upper
plate of the test section only to maintain uniform surface heat ux. A hD
Nu = : 5
conducting compound was applied to the heater and the principal k
upper wall in order to reduce contact resistance. Special wood bars,
which have a much lower thermal conductivity than the metallic wall, The Reynolds number based on the channel hydraulic diameter is
were placed on the inlet and exit ends of the upper and lower walls to given by
serve as a thermal barrier at the inlet and exit of the test section.
Re = UD = 6
Air as the tested uid in both the heat transfer and pressure drop
experiments, was directed into the systems by a 1.45 kW high-pressure
The friction factor is evaluated by:
blower. The operating speed of the blower was varied by using an inverter
to provide desired air ow rates. The ow rate of air in the systems was 2 P
measured by an orice plate pre-calibrated by using hot wire and vane- f = 7
L = D U 2
type anemometers (Testo 445). The pressure across the orice was
measured using inclined manometer. In order to measure temperature where P is the pressure drop across the test section and U is the
distributions on the principal upper wall, twelve thermocouples were mean air velocity of the channel. All of the thermo-physical properties
tted to the wall. The thermocouples were installed in holes drilled from of the air are determined at the overall bulk air temperature.
the rear face and center of the walls with the respective junctions The thermal enhancement factor, , dened as the ratio of the heat
positioned within 2 mm of the inside wall and axial separation was transfer coefcient of an augmented surface, h to that of a smooth
40 mm apart. To measure the inlet and outlet bulk temperatures, two and surface, h0, at an equal pumping power:
four thermocouples were positioned upstream and downstream of the
  1 = 3
j j
test channel. All thermocouples were K type, 2 mm diameter wire. The h Nu Nu f
= = = : 8
thermocouple voltage outputs were fed into a data acquisition system h0 Nu0 Nu0 f0
pp pp
(Fluke 2650B) and then recorded via a personal computer.
Two static pressure taps were located at the top of the principal
channel to measure axial pressure drops across the test section including
4. Results and discussion
the vortex generator, used to evaluate average friction factor. These were
located at the center line of the channel. One of these taps was 30 mm
In the present work, experimental measurements of the heat
upstream from the leading edge of the test section and the other was
transfer and pressure loss in a channel tted with two rib shapes and
30 mm downstream from the tested duct. The pressure drop was
the 60 WVGs placed on the lower plate entrance are presented.
measured by a digital differential pressure connected to the 2 mm
diameter taps.
4.1. Verication of smooth channel
To quantify the uncertainties of measurements the reduced data
obtained experimentally were determined. The uncertainty in the data
The present experimental results in a smooth wall channel are rst
calculation was based on Ref. [26]. The maximum uncertainties of non-
validated in terms of Nusselt number and friction factor. The Nusselt
dimensional parameters were 5% for Reynolds number, 8% for
number and friction factor obtained from the present smooth channel
Nusselt number and 10% for friction. The uncertainty in the axial
are, respectively, compared with the correlations of DittusBoelter and
velocity measurement was estimated to be less than 7%, and pressure
Blasius found in the open literature [27] for turbulent ow in ducts.
has a corresponding estimated uncertainty of 5%, whereas the
Correlation of DittusBoelter,
uncertainty in temperature measurement at the channel wall was
about 0.5%. 0:8 0:4
Nu = 0:023Re Pr for heating: 9

3. Data reduction
Correlation of Blasius,

The goal of this experiment is to investigate the Nusselt number in 0:25

ribbed channels with the WVGs. The average heat transfer coefcients f = 0:316Re for 3000 Re 20; 000: 10
 T. Chompookham et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 163169 167

Fig. 3a and b show, respectively, a comparison of Nusselt number

and friction factor obtained from the present work with those from
correlations of Eqs. (9) and (10). In the gures, the present results
reasonably agree well within 8% for both friction factor correlation
of Blasius and Nusselt number correlation of DittusBoelter.

4.2. Effect of combined wedge rib and winglet

The present experimental results on heat and ow friction

characteristics in a uniform heat ux channel equipped with wedge
ribs of e/H = 0.2 in conjunction with the WVGs are presented in the
form of Nusselt number and friction factor. The Nusselt numbers
obtained under turbulent ow conditions for the WVGs and two rib
shapes with only one rib pitch (P/H = 1.33) are presented in Fig. 4. In
the gure, the combined wedge rib turbulators and the WVGs yield
the considerable heat transfer enhancement with a similar trend in
comparison with the smooth channel and the Nusselt number values
increase with the rise of Reynolds number. This is because the rib
turbulators interrupt the development of thermal boundary layer of
the uid ow and create the reverse/re-circulating ow behind the rib
while the WVGs generate the longitudinal vortex ows that help to
wash up the reverse ow trapped behind the ribs into the core ow. It
is worth noting that the wedge rib pointing downstream (like a
diverging nozzle) provides a higher value of Nusselt number than the
Fig. 4. Variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds number.
one pointing upstream (like a converging nozzle). A close examina-
tion reveals that the use of both the wedge ribs in common with the
WVGs yields higher heat transfer than that of the ribs or the WVGs
alone. For the WVGs combined with the in-line wedge ribs pointing
downstream and upstream, the increases in Nusselt number value are
some 350% and 290% over the smooth channel, respectively. The
wedges pointing downstream and upstream in common with the
WVGs show higher heat transfer rate than those pointing down-
stream and upstream alone at around 17% and 31%, respectively.
The effect of using the rib turbulators and the WVGs on the
isothermal pressure drop across the tested channel is presented in
Fig. 5. The variation of the pressure drop is demonstrated in terms of
friction factor with Reynolds number. In the gure, it appears that the
use of the ribs and the WVGs leads to the substantial increase in
friction factor over the smooth channel. The increase in friction factor
for both enhancement devices is substantially higher than that for the
smooth channel and is also much higher than that in Nusselt number,
however. This can be attributed to ow blockage, higher surface area
and the act caused by the reverse ow from the ribs. As expected, the
friction factor obtained from the wedge ribs is substantially higher
than that from the WVGs. The mean increase in friction factor of using
the wedge ribs and the WVGs is in a range of 7 to 38 times over the
smooth channel while that of the WVGs alone is about 2.5 times. The
friction factor value of the ribs and the WVGs is found to be higher

Fig. 3. Verication of (a) Nusselt number and (b) friction factor for smooth channel. Fig. 5. Variation of friction factor with Reynolds number.
168 T. Chompookham et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 163169
Fig. 6. Variation of Nusselt number ratio, Nu/Nu0 with Reynolds number.
than that with the wedge ribs alone around 1290% depending on the
rib type. The losses mainly come from the dissipation of the dynamical
pressure of the air due to the extra forces exerted by reverse ow and
to higher friction of increasing surface area and ow blockage because
of the presence of the ribs.
4.3. Effect of rib arrangement
The present results are reported for using two different rib
arrangements: in-line and staggered. Comparisons of the heat transfer
and friction loss in the channel tted with the in-line and the
staggered rib arrays in conjunction with the WVGs are also depicted in
Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. It is visible in Fig. 4 that along with the
WVGs, the in-line wedges provide higher heat transfer rate than the
staggered one for all Reynolds numbers. This can be attributed to the
higher ow blockage (e/H = 0.2) from the in-line rib array and from
the WVGs. Furthermore, a close inspection reveals that for in-line ribs
and the WVGs, the heat transfer augmentation from the wedge rib
pointing downstream is higher than that from the wedge rib pointing
upstream. Similar trends are found for using the staggered one. The
heat transfer rates obtained from the in-line wedges pointing
downstream and pointing upstream are around 350% and 290% over
the smooth channel. The increase in Nusselt number from using the
wedge rib pointing downstream is found to be about 20% over the
wedge rib pointing upstream, in conjunction with the WVGs. It is
interesting to note that in common with the WVGs, the in-line wedge
pointing upstream provides almost the same values of Nusselt
number as the staggered wedge pointing upstream as well as the
staggered wedge pointing downstream for all Reynolds numbers.
The variation of isothermal friction factor value with Reynolds
number for two different rib arrays is also displayed in Fig. 5. In the
gure, the friction factor value for the in-line array is found to be
considerably higher than the staggered one and tends to increase
slightly with the rise of Reynolds number. The friction factor increase
for both arrays is much larger than the smooth channel. This can be
attributed to the dissipation of dynamic pressure of the uid due to
ow blockage and higher surface area. The average increases in
friction losses for both the in-line and staggered ones with the WVGs
are, respectively, around 38 and 26 times the smooth channel for the
wedge pointing downstream and around 17 and 14 times for the
wedge pointing upstream, respectively. The friction factor values are,
respectively around 33 and 22 times above the smooth channel for the
in-line and staggered wedges pointing downstream alone and around
9 and 7.5 times for the in-line and staggered ones pointing upstream.
This indicates that the presence of the ribs and the WVGs leads to a
substantial increase in friction losses in the channel. It is worth noting
that together with the WVGs, the friction factor value of the staggered
wedge pointing upstream is much lower than that of the in-line one
pointing downstream.
4.4. Performance evaluation
The Nusselt number ratio, Nu/Nu0, dened as a ratio of augmented
Nusselt number to Nusselt number of smooth channel plotted against
the Reynolds number value is depicted in Fig. 6. In the gure, the
Nusselt number ratio tends to be nearly uniform with the rise of
Reynolds number from 5000 to 22,000 for all. It is interesting to note
that the Nu/Nu0 values of the in-line and staggered wedges pointing
upstream along with the WVGs are nearly similar as well as the
staggered wedge pointing downstream. The average Nu/Nu0 values
for the wedges pointing downstream and upstream are, respectively,
around 3.5, and 2.9 for the in-line array and about 3.2 and 2.9 for the
staggered one in common with the WVGs while around 3.2 and 2.25
for the in-line rib alone and about 2.9 and 2.2 for the staggered one.
The variation of the friction factor ratio, f/f0, with the Reynolds
number value is presented in Fig. 7. It is visible that the friction factor
ratio tends to increase with raising the Reynolds number value for all
turbulators. The in-line wedge along with the WVGs provides a
considerable increase in the friction factor ratio than that with the
staggered one under the same operating conditions, especially for the
wedge pointing downstream. The mean f/f0 values for the wedges
pointing downstream and pointing upstream along with the WVGs;
the wedges pointing downstream and pointing upstream alone are,
respectively, about 38 and 17; 22 and 9.5 for the in-line and about 26
and 14; 22 and 7 for the staggered array.
Fig. 8 shows the variation of the thermal enhancement factor ()
with Reynolds number for the ribs and the WVGs. For all, the data
obtained by curve tting of Nusselt number and friction factor values
are compared at an equal pumping power. It can be seen in the gure
that the enhancement factors () generally are above unity for all the
combined ribs and WVGs. The enhancement factor tends to decrease
with the rise of Reynolds number values for all turbulators. It is worth
noting that the enhancement factor of the staggered ribs is higher
than that with the in-line one for all. In common with the WVGs, the
enhancement factor of the staggered wedge pointing upstream is
found to be the best among all turbulators used and is about 1.3 at the
lowest value of Reynolds number while that of in-line wedge pointing
upstream is lower. This suggests that the merit of using the WVGs
Fig. 7. Variation of friction factor ratio, f/f0 with Reynolds number.
 T. Chompookham et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 163169
Fig. 8. Variation of thermal enhancement factor with Reynolds number.
combined with other turbulators can help to increase the heat transfer
enhancement and thermal performance.
5. Conclusions
An experimental study has been conducted to investigate airow
friction and heat transfer characteristics in a rectangular channel
tted with the wedge rib turbulators and the WVGs for the turbulent
regime, Reynolds number of 5000 to 22,000. The use of the wedge rib
turbulators with e/H = 0.2 causes a high pressure drop increase,
specially for the in-line wedge pointing downstream and also
provides considerable heat transfer augmentations, Nu/Nu0 = 2.9
3.5 for use with the WVGs. The Nusselt number augmentation tends
to be nearly independent with the rise of Reynolds number. The
combination of staggered wedge rib and the WVGs has efciently
performed and should be applied to obtain higher thermal perfor-
mance at about 1720% of a single use of turbulators.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the Thailand
Research Fund (TRF) for the nancial support of this research.
References
[1] J.C. Han, Y.M. Zhang, C.P. Lee, Augmented heat transfer in square channels with
parallel, crossed and V-shaped angled ribs, ASME J. Heat Transfer 113 (1991)
590596.
[2] J.C. Han, Y.M. Zhang, C.P. Lee, Inuence of surface heat ux ratio on heat transfer
augmentation in square channels with parallel, crossed, and V-shaped angled ribs,
ASME J. Turbomachinery 114 (1992) 872880.
169
[3] J.C. Han, Y.M. Zhang, High performance heat transfer ducts with parallel broken
and V-shaped broken ribs, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 35 (1992) 513523.
[4] T.M. Liou, J.J. Hwang, Turbulent heat transfers augmentation and friction in
periodic fully developed channel ows, ASME J. Heat Transfer 114 (1992) 5664.
[5] T.M. Liou, J.J. Hwang, Effect of ridge shapes on turbulent heat transfer and friction
in a rectangular channel, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 36 (1993) 931940.
[6] M.E. Taslim, T. Li, D.M. Kercher, Experimental heat transfer and friction in channels
roughened with angled, V-shaped, and discrete ribs on two opposite walls, ASME J.
Turbomachinery 118 (1996) 2028.
[7] A. Saidi, B. Sunden, Numerical simulation of turbulent convection heat transfer in
square ribbed ducts, Numer. Heat Transf. A Appl. 38 (1) (2000) 6788.
[8] K. Tatsumi, H. Iwai, K. Inaoka, K. Suzuki, Numerical analysis for heat transfer
characteristics of an oblique discrete rib mounted in a square duct, Numer. Heat
Transf. A Appl. 53 (11) (2008) 11561175.
[9] J.L. Bhagoria, J.S. Saini, S.C. Solanki, Heat transfer coefcient and friction factor
correlations for rectangular solar air heater duct having transverse wedge shaped
rib roughness on the absorber plate, Renew. Energy 25 (2002) 341369.
[10] P.R. Chandra, C.R. Alexander, J.C. Han, Heat transfer and friction behaviour in
rectangular channels with varying number of ribbed walls, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 46 (2003) 481495.
[11] G. Tanda, Heat transfer in rectangular channel with transverse and V-shaped
broken ribs, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 47 (2004) 229243.
[12] Y.T. Yang, C.W. Hwang, Numerical calculations of heat transfer and friction
characteristics in rectangular ducts with slit and solid ribs mounted on one wall,
Numer. Heat Transf. A Appl. 45 (4) (2004) 363375.
[13] D.D. Luo, C.W. Chan, W.O. Wong, Flow and forced-convection characteristics of
turbulent ow through parallel plates with periodic transverse ribs, Numer. Heat
Transf. A Appl. 48 (1) (2005) 4358.
[14] P. Promvonge, C. Thianpong, Thermal performance assessment of turbulent channel
ow over different shape ribs, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 35 (10) (2008)
13271334.
[15] C. Thianpong, T. Chompookham, S. Skullong, P. Promvonge, Thermal character-
ization of turbulent ow in a channel with isosceles triangular ribs, Int. Commun.
Heat Mass Transfer 36 (7) (2009) 712717.
[16] Varun, R.P. Saini, S.K. Singal, A review on roughness geometry used in solar air
heaters, Solar Energy 81 (2007) 13401350.
[17] V.K. Dhir, F. Chang, Heat transfer enhancement using tangential injection, ASHRAE
Trans. 98 (1992) 383390.
[18] M. Yilmaz, O. Comakli, S. Yapici, O.N. Sara, Heat transfer and friction characteristics
in decaying swirl ow generated by different radial guide vane swirl generators,
Energy Convers. Manag. 44 (2003) 283300.
[19] M.C. Gentry, A.M. Jacobi, Heat transfer enhancement by delta-wing vortex
generators on a at plate: vortex interactions with the boundary layer, Exp.
Therm. Fluid Sci. 14 (1997) 231242.
[20] C.B. Allison, B.B. Dally, Effect of a delta-winglet vortex pair on the performance of a
tube-n heat exchanger, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50 (2007) 50655072.
[21] P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard, Heat transfer augmentation in a circular tube using
V-nozzle turbulator inserts and snail entry, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 32 (1) (2007)
332340.
[22] P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard, Heat transfer enhancement in a tube with combined
conical-nozzle inserts and swirl generator, Energy Convers. Manag. 47 (2006)
28672882.
[23] P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard, Heat transfer in a circular tube tted with free-spacing
snail entry and conical-nozzle turbulators, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 34 (2007)
838848.
[24] P. Promvonge, Thermal enhancement in a round tube with snail entry and coiled-
wire inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 35 (2008) 623629.
[25] P. Promvonge, Thermal augmentation in circular tube with twisted tape and wire
coil turbulators, Energy Convers. Manag. 49 (11) (2008) 29492955.
[26] ANSI/ASME, Measurement uncertainty, PTC 19, 1-1985, 1986 Part I.
[27] F. Incropera, P.D. Dewitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons
Inc, 1996.