Volume 2

Part 10
Drainage
 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Disclaimer
The State of Qatar Ministry of Transport (MOT) provides access to the Qatar Highway Design
Manual (QHDM) and Qatar Traffic Control Manual (QTCM) on the web and as hard copies as
Version(1.0)ofthesemanuals,withoutanyminimumliabilitytoMOT.

Under no circumstances does MOT warrant or certify the information to be free of errors or
deficienciesofanykind.

Theuseofthesemanualsforanyworkdoesnotrelievetheuserfromexercisingduediligenceand
sound engineering practice, nor does it entitle the user to claim or receive any kind of
compensationfordamagesorlossthatmightbeattributedtosuchuse.

AnyfuturechangesandamendmentswillbemadeavailableontheMOTwebsite.Usersofthese
manualsshouldcheckthattheyhavethemostcurrentversion.

Note:Newfindings,technologies,andtopicsrelatedtotransportationplanning,design,operation,
andmaintenancewillbeusedbyMOTtoupdatethemanuals.Usersareencouragedtoprovide
feedback through the MOT website within a year of publishing the manuals, which will be
reviewed,assessed,andpossiblyincludedinthenextversion.

Copyright2015.Allrightsreserved.

VOLUME2

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

) (QatarHighwayDesignManualQHDM
) (QatarTrafficControlManualQTCM
) (1.0 .


.

.
.

:

.


.

VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Contents Page

AcronymsandAbbreviations..................................................................................................vii

1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Scope...........................................................................................................................1
1.2.1 ScopeofPart10...........................................................................................1
1.2.2 Responsibilities.............................................................................................1
1.3 FunctionsofHighwayDrainage...................................................................................2
1.4 DrainageDesignPhilosophy........................................................................................2
1.4.1 MinorSystem...............................................................................................3
1.4.2 MajorSystem...............................................................................................4
1.5 ClimaticandPhysicalConsiderations..........................................................................4
1.5.1 ResilienceandUrbanCreep.........................................................................5
1.5.2 ClimateChange............................................................................................6
1.6 PoliciesandEnvironmentalControls...........................................................................6

2 ProjectConceptStage.....................................................................................................9
2.1 DesignStage1Summary.............................................................................................9
2.2 DataGathering............................................................................................................9
2.3 CatchmentAssessment.............................................................................................10
2.3.1 Overview....................................................................................................10
2.3.2 FloodRiskAssessment...............................................................................11
2.4 ConsiderationofGeometricDesignofRoad.............................................................14
2.5 DetermineViableOutfalls.........................................................................................15
2.6 ConsiderationofTreatedSewageEffluent................................................................15
2.7 IdentifyPollutionControlRequirements...................................................................15
2.7.1 Background................................................................................................15
2.7.2 Scope..........................................................................................................16
2.8 StakeholderEngagement..........................................................................................16
2.9 OptionDevelopmentandDrainageStrategy............................................................17

3 PreliminaryDesignWork..............................................................................................19
3.1 DesignStage2Summary...........................................................................................19
3.2 DesignCriteria...........................................................................................................19
3.2.1 FloodReturnPeriods..................................................................................19
3.2.2 AcceptableHighwayFloodStandards........................................................20
3.2.3 GullySpacing..............................................................................................21
3.2.4 PipelineVelocities......................................................................................24
3.2.5 PiplineMaterials........................................................................................25
3.3 HydrologicalData......................................................................................................25
3.3.1 RainfallCharacterization............................................................................25
3.3.2 IntensityDurationFrequency....................................................................26

VOLUME2 PAGEI

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.3.3 Hyetographs...............................................................................................31
3.3.4 Hydrogeology.............................................................................................33
3.3.5 RunoffCurveNumberMethod...................................................................33
3.4 HydraulicAnalysisProcesses.....................................................................................35
3.4.1 Overview.....................................................................................................35
3.4.2 RationalMethod.........................................................................................35
3.4.3 MathematicalModels................................................................................41
3.5 PollutionControlProcess...........................................................................................41
3.5.1 Method.......................................................................................................41
3.6 SustainableDrainageSystems...................................................................................46
3.6.1 InfiltrationGuidance...................................................................................47
3.6.2 SpecificationofSuitableVegetation..........................................................48
3.6.3 PerviousSurfaces.......................................................................................48
3.6.4 Soakaways..................................................................................................51
3.6.5 Swales.........................................................................................................54
3.6.6 FilterTrenchesandDrains..........................................................................57
3.6.7 BioretentionAreas....................................................................................61
3.6.8 SandFilters.................................................................................................64
3.6.9 Basins..........................................................................................................69
3.7 PreliminaryDesignStrategy.......................................................................................74
3.8 ReviewProcess..........................................................................................................75

4 DetailedDesignWork...................................................................................................77
4.1 DesignStage3Summary...........................................................................................77
4.2 DesigninUrbanAreas................................................................................................77
4.2.1 UrbanCatchments......................................................................................78
4.2.2 DrainageoftheRoadway...........................................................................78
4.2.3 DesignofTraditionalDrainageCaptureTechniques..................................79
4.2.4 DrainageofMedians,PedestrianPaths,andShoulders............................90
4.2.5 EmergencyFloodAreas..............................................................................90
4.2.6 RetentionofStormwater...........................................................................91
4.3 DesigninRuralAreas.................................................................................................92
4.3.1 RuralCatchments.......................................................................................92
4.3.2 DrainageoftheRoadway...........................................................................93
4.3.3 DrainageofMediansandShoulders..........................................................93
4.3.4 NaturalSurfaceDrainage...........................................................................95
4.4 IntersectionDrainage................................................................................................96
4.4.1 ConsiderationforDrainageatIntersections..............................................96
4.4.2 TIntersections............................................................................................97
4.4.3 Roundabouts..............................................................................................98
4.4.4 AtGradeIntersections...............................................................................99
4.4.5 Interchanges...............................................................................................99
4.4.6 DrainageDesignofHighwayTunnelsandUnderpasses..........................100
4.4.7 HighwayTunnelsandUnderpassesDrainageMonitoring.......................100

PAGEII VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

4.4.8 StormAttenuationTanksandPumpingStations.....................................100
4.5 MaintenanceStrategies...........................................................................................100
4.5.1 PlannedMaintenance..............................................................................100
4.5.2 ReactiveMaintenance..............................................................................101
4.6 SubsurfaceDrainage................................................................................................101
4.6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................101
4.6.2 GroundwaterControl...............................................................................102
4.6.3 SubsurfaceDrainage................................................................................102
4.6.4 SubsurfaceDrainageMethods.................................................................103

References...........................................................................................................................105

VOLUME2 PAGEIII

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Tables

Table1.1 RainfallIntensityPercentageIncreasetoAllowforUrbanCreep.......................5
Table2.1 TypicalPermeabilityValuesbySoilType...........................................................11
Table2.2 FloodRiskClassification.....................................................................................12
Table3.1 RequiredLevelsofFloodProtectionforEachRoadClassification....................20
Table3.2 GuidelinesforFloodStandardsonQatarRoadways.........................................20
Table3.3 MinimumDesignVelocities...............................................................................25
Table3.4 Coordinates,Latitude,andLongitudeforDifferentRainfallRegions................28
Table3.5 IDFRelationfortheNorthernRegion................................................................29
Table3.6 IDFRelationfortheCentralWestRegion..........................................................29
Table3.7 IDFRelationfortheCentralEastRegion...........................................................29
Table3.8 IDFRelationfortheSouthernRegion................................................................30
Table3.9 HyetographExampleComputationsforCentralEastRegionofDoha..............32
Table3.10 CurveNumbersfortheLandUseDescriptionApplicabletoQatar...................34
Table3.11 RunoffCoefficientforVariousDrainageAreas.................................................37
Table3.12 SoftwarePackagesforMathematicalModeling...............................................41
Table3.13 PollutionandControlRequirements.................................................................43
Table3.14 LevelsofTreatmentOptionsforPollutionControl...........................................43
Table3.15 SpillageRate......................................................................................................44
Table3.16 ProbabilityofSeriousPollutionOccurringasaResultofaSeriousSpillage.....45
Table3.17 SpillagesandRisksandReductionFactors(Indicative).....................................46
Table3.18 PotentiallySuitableLocationsforPerviousSurfaces........................................48
Table3.19 PerviousSurfaceMaintenanceRequirements..................................................50
Table3.20 PotentiallySuitableSiteLocationsforSoakawayInstallations.........................52
Table3.21 SoakawayMaintenanceRequirements.............................................................54
Table3.22 PotentiallySuitableLocationsforInstallingSwales..........................................55
Table3.23 SwaleMaintenanceRequirements....................................................................57
Table3.24 PotentiallySuitableLocationsforFilterTrenchesandDrains...........................58
Table3.25 FilterTrenchorDrainMaintenanceRequirements...........................................60
Table3.26 PotentialSuitableLocationsforBioretentionAreas........................................62
Table3.27 MaintenanceRequirementsforBioretentionAreas.........................................64
Table3.28 PotentialSiteLocationsforSandFilters............................................................66
Table3.29 SandFilterMaintenanceRequirements............................................................69
Table3.30 PotentialSuitableLocationsforaBasin............................................................70
Table3.31 MaintenanceRequirementsforBasins.............................................................73

PAGEIV VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.32 PotentialSuitabilityforSuDSInstallationonUrbanandRuralRoads..............76
Table4.1 DesignHourVolumeWidthsonVariousRoadTypes(TypicalValuesofB)......83
Table4.2 DesignHourVolumeWidthsforSpecialSituations(TypicalValuesofB).........84
Table4.3 TypicalValuesofManningsnforVariousSurfaces..........................................84
Table4.4 MaintenanceFactor..........................................................................................85
Table4.5 GratingTypeDesignValues...............................................................................86
Table4.6 GratingBarPatternCoefficient.........................................................................87
Table4.7 LimitingParameterstoEquationforDesignofLevelorNearlyLevelRoads....88
Table4.8 ValuesforIndex.............................................................................................89

Figures

Figure1.1 DesignStagesProcessOverview.........................................................................1
Figure1.2 GuidetoKeyStakeholdersandApprovalBodiesatEachDesignStage..............2
Figure1.3 FunctionsofHighwayDrainage...........................................................................3
Figure2.1 ProjectConceptProcessSteps............................................................................9
Figure2.2 DataGatheringProcessSteps...........................................................................10
Figure2.3 CatchmentAssessmentProcessSteps..............................................................10
Figure2.4 StakeholderEngagementProcessSteps...........................................................16
Figure3.1 PreliminaryDesignProcessSteps......................................................................19
Figure3.2 WaterSpreadandRoadGullySpacing..............................................................21
Figure3.3 DesignofRoadGulliesalongRoadProfile........................................................23
Figure3.4 DivisionofQatarintoFourRainfallRegions......................................................27
Figure3.5 ExampleofaDrainageSystemCrossingRainfallRegions.................................30
Figure3.6 IntensityDurationFrequencyPlotfor10YearReturn
PeriodforDoha,Qatar......................................................................................32
Figure3.7 HyetographPlotfor5MinuteDurationand10YearReturn
PeriodforDoha,Qatar,UsingAlternatingBlockMethod.................................33
Figure3.8 RationalMethodProcess..................................................................................37
Figure3.9 LongestStreamforTimeofConcentrationCalculation....................................40
Figure3.10 PollutionControlProcedure..............................................................................42
Figure3.11 ConsiderationofInfiltration..............................................................................47
Figure3.12 PerviousSurfaceDesignSteps..........................................................................50
Figure3.13 SoakawayDesignSteps.....................................................................................53
Figure3.14 DiagramofTypicalSwale..................................................................................57

VOLUME2 PAGEV

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure3.15 FilterTrenchorDrainSteps...............................................................................60
Figure3.16 TypicalCrossSectionthroughaBioretentionArea...........................................63
Figure3.17 DiagramofaTypicalSurfaceSandFilter...........................................................65
Figure3.18 DiagramofaTypicalUndergroundSandFilter.................................................65
Figure3.19 TypicalSandFilterBedConstruction.................................................................67
Figure3.20 SandFilterDesignSteps....................................................................................68
Figure3.21 PlanViewofaTypicalBasin..............................................................................70
Figure3.22 TypicalCrossSectionofaDetentionBasin........................................................72
Figure3.23 BasinDesignSteps.............................................................................................73
Figure4.1 DetailedDesignProcess....................................................................................77
Figure4.2 TypicalRoadCrossSection................................................................................78
Figure4.3 TypicalDetailofRollingCrownacrossaSingleRoadway..................................79
Figure4.4 GullyDesignParametersforIntermediateGully...............................................83
Figure4.5 EffectiveCatchmentWidth...............................................................................85
Figure4.6 TerminalGullyDesignParameters....................................................................87
Figure4.7 TypicalMedianDitchCrossSection...................................................................93
Figure4.8 PermissibleDepthsofFlowsforUnlinedChannels...........................................94
Figure4.9 TypicalDrainageatTIntersections...................................................................97
Figure4.10 DrainageataLargeSignalizedIntersection......................................................98
Figure4.11 RoundaboutDrainage........................................................................................99
Figure4.12 TypicalVortexGritRemover............................................................................101

Appendixes

AppendixA QatarStakeholders..........................................................................................107
AppendixB IntensityDurationFrequencyDesignCurvesforFutureClimaticConditions
(20702099)....................................................................................................111
AppendixC LevelPoolRoutingTechnique.........................................................................115
AppendixD ExampleCalculations.......................................................................................119

PAGEVI VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AADT AnnualAverageDailyTraffic

ABM AlternatingBlockingMethod

AIA AshghalInfrastructureAffairs

DMRB DesignManualforRoadsandBridges

CN CurveNumber

EFA EmergencyFloodArea

ha hectare(10,000squaremeters)

IDF intensitydurationfrequency

m meter(s)

m/s meter(s)persecond

m2 squaremeter(s)

m3 cubicmeter(s)

m3/s cubicmeter(s)persecond

mm millimeter(s)

mm/hr millimeter(s)perhour

MMUP MinistryofMunicipalityandUrbanPlanning

MoE MinistryofEnvironment

MWH MWHConsultants

s/m2 second(s)persquaremeter

SCS SoilConservationService(nowtheNaturalResourcesConservationService)

SuDS SustainableUrbanDrainageSystems

yr year

VOLUME2 PAGEVII

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGEVIII VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
This part sets out the approach to identifying and providing surface and subsurface
drainagemeasureswhendesigninghighwaysinQatar.Theapproachconsistsofthree
keydesignstages.Eachstagecomprisesseveralprocessstepsthatarerepresentedby
flowchartsthatcrossreferencethetext,asappropriate.Theflowchartsshowatypical
approachtothedesignofroaddrainageinQatar.

1.2 Scope
1.2.1 Scope of Part 10
Thissectionoutlinestheprocessfordevelopinganappropriatedrainagedesignandfor
gaining approval fornew roads withinQatar. Figure 1.1 shows the threekeydesign
stages.

Figure1.1 DesignStagesProcessOverview

1.2.2 Responsibilities
The planning of highway projects is the responsibility of the Qatar Ministry of
Municipalities and Urban Planning (MMUP). The drainage of highways is the
responsibilityofAshghal.Figure1.2depictsthedesignprocedure.

VOLUME2 PAGE1

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure1.2 GuidetoKeyStakeholdersandApprovalBodiesatEachDesignStage

1.3 Functions of Highway Drainage

Therequirementforsatisfactoryroaddrainagehasadirectbearingonthefollowing:

Theabilitytousetheroadduringandafterarainfallevent
Thelongtermserviceabilityoftheroadstructure
Theprovisionofanacceptableurbanenvironment
Minimizinghealthriskcausedbylongtermsurfacepondingandstagnantwaters

The construction of a highway may increase the risk of flooding to properties. The
highwaydrainagesystemshouldprovidefourprimaryfunctionsthat,becauseofland
use constraints, are usually dealt with differently in urban and rural situations. See
Figure1.3.

1.4 Drainage Design Philosophy

When designing drainage measures, it is important to consider the size and type of
systemthatwillbebestsuitedtotheconditionsandcharacteristicsoftheprojectarea.

Tominimizetheimpactoffutureroadconstruction,asustainableapproachtodrainage
needstobeconsidered.Suchdrainagetechniquesarereferredtoassustainableurban
drainagesystems(SuDS).SuDSmimicnaturaldrainageprocessestoimprovethequality
and reduce the quantity of surface water runoff from developments and to provide
amenityandbiodiversitybenefits.WiththeSuDSapproach,earlyconsiderationofthe
potentialmultiplebenefitsandopportunitieswillhelpdeliverthebestresults.MMUPs
recent publication MultiUse of Stormwater Management facilities Guidelines is a
usefultext.

Where it is not possible to accommodate drainage using SuDS only, conventional

optionsmaycomplementSuDSmeasuresorprovidestandalonesolutions.Section3.6
containsguidanceforfeasibleSuDSoptions.

PAGE2 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure1.3 FunctionsofHighwayDrainage

1.4.1 Minor System

Aminordrainagesystemgenerallyissuitedtostormsof10yearfrequencyorlessand
hassuchfeaturesascurbs,gutters,gullies(inlets),accessholes,pipes,waterquality
controlfacilities,ditches,channels,pumps,anddetentionbasins.

AshghalInfrastructureAffairs(AIA)isresponsiblefortheapprovalandadoptionofthe
minorsystem,includingtheroaddrainagefeaturescomprisingSuDS,gullies,soakaways,
connectingpipework,andstorageareasrequiredfordischargestothedrainagenetwork.
AIAprovidesthefollowingpointofdischargeanddischargeparameters:

Diameterofconnectingtrunksewer
Allowabledischargevolume
Invertleveloftrunksewer
Locationoftrunksewer
Acceptablemethodofdischargeintothetrunksewer
ConsiderationofSuDSfeatures

Itisimportanttoconsiderflowconstraintswithinaminorsystem.Predominantlimiting
factorsarelikelytoincludethefollowing:

Permeabilityofground
Underlyinggeology(includingissueswithcontaminationandsalineintrusion)
Ratesofevaporation
Allowabledischargerateintotrunksewers

VOLUME2 PAGE3

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

1.4.2 Major System

Amajordrainagesystemissuitedtoinfrequentstorms,suchas25,50,or100year
storms.Majorsystemsrelieveflowsthatexceedthecapacityofminorsystems.These
systems consist of natural or manmade receiving channels, streams, rivers, canals,
bridges,culverts,andthelike.

AIAisresponsibleforthemajorsystem,whichcomprisesallthedrainagecomponents
beyondthepointofinterfacewiththeminorsystem.Itincludes:

Trunksewersandsurfacewatersewernetwork
Surfacewaterpumpingstations
Groundwatercontrolnetworks
Surfacewaterstorageretentionareasandtanks

Apositivedrainagemethodispreferred.Shouldthisproveimpracticalbecauseofthe
distancefromasuitabledischargepointorbecauseofeconomics,permissionfromthe
MinistryoftheEnvironmentisrequiredtodischargewatertothegroundoradjacent
areas.

1.5 Climatic and Physical Considerations

The Study of Regional Design Rainfall, Qatar (MMUP, 2013) establishes the scale of
changeinrainfallintensitieslikelyinQataroverthenext80years.Thishighlightsthe
need to update design rainfall intensities to be taken into account for drainage
infrastructure for future developments. Moreover, it has highlighted that simply
constructing larger pipes is not a sustainable approach. A change in philosophy is
required.DrainagesystemsthatincorporateSuDSaremoreeasilyadaptableandwill
bemoreresilientasclimatechangesoccurinthefuture.

The topography of Doha is relatively flat but undulating; catchment boundaries and
naturaldrainageroutesareoftenpoorlydefined.Recentextensivedevelopmenthas
causedfloodingtobecomemoreproblematic,especiallyintheGreaterDohaarea,for
thefollowingreasons:

Greaterpublicawarenessofflooding.
Highgroundwatertablesthatarerisingtoneargroundlevelinplacesbecauseof
the impact of irrigation and network losses, thus reducing the ability of surface
watertosoakintotheground.
Increasedroofedandpavedareasthatproducegreaterandquickersurfacewater
runoffflows(seeSection1.5.1).
Reducedpermeableareasforsurfacewaterstosoakintotheground.
Interferencewithnaturalfloodpathsbyurbandevelopmentandroadconstruction.
Theprovisionwithintheroadservicehierarchyforsurfacewaterorgroundwater
drainagesystems.

PAGE4 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Developmentbecomingincreasinglydistantfromnaturaldrainageoutletsonthe
coast.
The nature of the groundwater, which is variously saline and formerly treated
sewageeffluent.
High and saline groundwater affecting foundations and the stability of highway
subgrades.
Developmentwithinwadis,ordryvalleys,reducing theextentandavailabilityof
naturalwatercoursesrequiredduringstorms.Identifyingwadibedsisoftendifficult
andrequiresathoroughtopographicalassessmentofthecatchment.
Developmentofunderpasses,overbridges,andlargegradeseparatedintersections
thatinterruptnaturalwatercourses.
Underpassesthatrequireseparatedrainagearrangementsandpumpingstations.

Road drainage designers should consider these factors when developing their
proposals.Aspartoftheapprovalsprocess,drainagedesignersmustdemonstratehow
theyhaveaddressedthesefactorsandwhattheimpactsmaybeinthecaseoffailure
oftheirdesign.

Inaddition,maintenancerequirementsforproposedsystemsshouldbeconsideredin
thedesign.

1.5.1 Resilience and Urban Creep

1.5.1.1 Background
InQatar,significanturbanexpansionistakingplaceataratethatislikelytocontinue
fortheforeseeablefuture.Toguardagainstinfrastructurebecomingoutdatedshortly
afterconstruction,resilienceneedstobebuiltintooffsettheeffectsofurbancreep.
Urbancreepisthephenomenonbywhichdevelopmentsareconstructedandthen,at
alaterdate,additionalimpermeableareaisaddedtothatarea,thusincreasingsurface
waterrunoff.

1.5.1.2 Scope
Thissection providesguidanceonhowtoaccountfortheimpactofurbancreepon
roads projects. Incorporating an allowance for urban creep into the road drainage
design will ensure longterm resilience for future urban expansions. Table 1.1 lists
rainfallintensityandthepercentofincreaseneeded.

Table1.1 RainfallIntensityPercentageIncreasetoAllowforUrbanCreep
DesignLifeofRoad
10Years 25Years >50Years
Rainfallintensitypercentageincrease +10% +20% +30%
Note:DevelopedwithAshghalguidance.

VOLUME2 PAGE5

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

1.5.2 Climate Change

1.5.2.1 Background
ClimatechangeinQatarislikelytoresultinincreasedspatialandtemporalvariability
inweatherpatterns.Thisisexpectedtomanifestinmoreextremedroughtsandrainfall
events. It is important to account for these effects to enhance the longterm
effectivenessofdrainagemeasures.

Forthisapproach,theeffectsofclimatechangehavebeenassessedusingtwoclimate
scenarios for Qatarglobal dry and global wetaccording to results from four
emissions scenarios. This approach originates from the Study of Regional Design
Rainfall,Qatar(MMUP,2013).

1.5.2.2 Scope
Thissectionprovidesguidanceregardingtheeffectsofclimatechangeinthedesignof
highwaydrainage.Byincorporatinganallowanceforclimatechange,theengineerwill
providelongtermresiliencefordrainagesolutions.

1.5.2.3 Method
Climate change should be considered with reference to Chapter 12 in the Study of
RegionalDesignRainfall,QatarVolume1(MMUP,2013).Thechapterstatesthatto
account for climate change, engineers should use corrected intensityduration
frequency(IDF)relationshipsfordrainagedesign,whichrepresentchangestorainfall
events over an extended period. This approach is outlined in Section 3.3.1. For a
detailedexplanationofthelimitationsassociatedwiththisspecificmodelingapproach,
refertotheStudyofRegionalDesignRainfall,Qatar(MMUP,2013).

1.6 Policies and Environmental Controls

Catchmentswithnonaturaloutlettotheseaortolowlyinginlandareasaredifficult
todrain.Thereareadvantagestocontrollingsurfacerunoffatthesource.Thefollowing
arepolicyprinciplesfordesignofsurfacewaterandgroundwatercontrolsystems:

Surface water and groundwater systems should use common facilities where
possible.
Where stormwater discharges above ground level, such as from bridges and
flyovers,runoffcontrolsystemsshouldbeinstalled.
Runoffcontrolsystemsshouldbeinstalledatthesourcetoregulatedischargesto
thepublicinfrastructuredrainagesystems.
Wheredevelopmentislikelytobeslow,soakawaysystemsorretentionareas,or
both,shouldbeusedasaninterimsolution.
Thepermissiblepeakflowfromanewsubcatchmentintoanexistingorplanned
stormwatersystemwillbedetermined.Ifthecalculatedpeakflowexceedstheflow
rate from the undeveloped area, the difference must be accounted for by a
combinationofattenuationtanksandsoakaways.

PAGE6 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Therateofrunoffshouldbeattenuatedbytheuseofshorttermfloodingofroads,
storageareas,ortanks.
Soakaways that drain surface waters may be required to attenuate runoff to
positivedrainagesystemsorretentionareas.
Floodplains and routes are to be identified and kept clear of development to
facilitaterunoff.Otherwise,provisionwithinthedevelopmentwillberequiredwith
clearlydefinedpathwaysandafreedischarge.
Positive drainage systems using pipes and culverts should be constructed where
possibleinroadways,inaccordancewiththeagreedserviceshierarchy.Thelocation
ofalldrainsmustbeagreedtobytheAIAandtheownersoftheutilitycorridors.

VOLUME2 PAGE7

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGE8 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

2 Project Concept Stage

2.1 Design Stage 1 Summary
Thissectiondetailsthemethodforcalculatingandidentifyingappropriatecriteriaby
establishing standard methodological requirements for drainage requirements. This
process corresponds to Design Stage 1 of the summary process diagram. The steps
depicted in Figure 2.1 are expanded upon and explained in detail in the following
sections.Thepurposeofthisconceptstageistoassembletherawdatarequiredfora
preliminarydesign,andtoproduceastrategythatwillfacilitatedesignofthedrainage
requirements.

Figure2.1 ProjectConceptProcessSteps

2.2 Data Gathering

Itisimperativethattheengineerhasacomprehensiveunderstandingofthedrainage
requirementsforeachproject.Toachievethis,itisimportanttocollecthighquality
datathatcanbereliedupontorepresentthecharacteristicsofthecatchment.Figure
2.2summarizesthedatarequirements.

VOLUME2 PAGE9

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure2.2 DataGatheringProcessSteps

2.3 Catchment Assessment

2.3.1 Overview
After data have been gathered, they should be used to identify and assess the
catchmentsandsubcatchmentsrelevanttotheareathatrequiresdrainageplanning.
Figure2.3outlinesthisprocess.

Figure2.3 CatchmentAssessmentProcessSteps

Theengineermustfirstdeterminetheoverallcatchmentextentfortheentireproject.
Thecatchmentcanbelargerthantheprojectarea,dependingonthetopographyofthe
region.Adjacentplotsmaynaturallydrainintothedevelopment.Thecatchmentcanbe
calculated using the topographic data gathered in the previous step of the initiation
process.Theengineershouldusethesamedatatoidentifyhighandlowpointsacrossthe
catchment.Thisinformationwillthenbeusedinconjunctionwiththelocationsofoutfalls
todefinesubcatchmentsappropriatefortheproject.

PAGE10 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thecatchmentsizewilldeterminethemodelingapproachrequired.Forcatchmentsof
lessthan50hectares(ha),programssuchasMicroDrainage,Bentley,InfoWorks,ISIS,
andAutoCADCivil3DStormpackagecouldbeused.Forlargercatchments,ISISand
InfoWorkswouldbemoreappropriate,althoughMicroDrainagemodelsandAutoCAD
Civil3DStormwouldbeacceptable,withprioragreement,forsitesupto100ha.

Aftersuitablecatchmentshavebeenidentified,theengineershallcalculaterunoffrates
(see Section 3.1.1.1), which will be used to calculate provisional drainage volumes
required.Insomelocations,localfloodassessmentsmayhavebeenmadeandrunoff
volumesmaybeavailable.Ifso,theseshouldbereviewed,becauseoutputsmaybe
suitableforuseaspartofthedesigninitiationstage.

Duringprojectinitiation,itmaybeusefultousepreliminaryvaluesforpermeability,
such as shown in Table 2.1. Designers could refer to AIA records for initial project
scoping.Adetailedsiteinvestigationisrequiredforallprojects.

Table2.1 TypicalPermeabilityValuesbySoilType
SoilType Permeability(m/s)
1
Cleangravels 101
102
Cleansandsandsandgravelmixtures 103
104
105
Veryfinesands,silts,andclaysiltlaminates 106
Unfissuredclaysandclaysilts(>20%clay)a(unlikelytobeencountered 107to1010
withinQatar)
Notes:
aSpecialmeasuresarerequiredinthisrange.

m/s=meterspersecond
Source:QatarHighwayDesignManual(MinistryofMunicipalAffairsandAgriculture,1997).

2.3.2 Flood Risk Assessment

2.3.2.1 Background
IthasbeencommonpracticeinQatartoconstructroadswithoutprovidingasurface
waterdrainagesystem.Thishasledtoseverefloodinginsomeinstances.Becauseof
this,considerationoffloodingrelatedtonewroadsbothwithinthedesigncriteriaand
beyondthedesigneventisofparamountimportance.

2.3.2.2 Purpose
Thissectionfocusesondirectingthosepreparingtheroaddesigntowardminimizing
theriskoffloodingtotheroaduser,adjacentlandowners,criticalinfrastructure,and
thesurroundingenvironment.

VOLUME2 PAGE11

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

2.3.2.3 Scope
Inappropriateroadconstructionwithinareasthatareatriskoffloodingisdiscouraged.
Lowerriskareasarefavored,butwherethisisnotfeasible,theroadshouldbemade
safewithoutworseningfloodingelsewhere.Table2.2showsfloodrisklevelsrelativeto
thereturnperiodsforfloodevents.

Table2.2 FloodRiskClassification
RiskLevel ReturnPeriods(years)
High 210
Medium 1025
Low >25

An area at risk of flooding is one that is prone to flood during more frequently
experiencedstorms,suchasthe2to10yearreturnperiod(highriskareas)andthe10
to25yearreturnperiod(mediumriskareas).Areasthathaveareturnperiodgreater
than25yearshavealowriskofflooding.

Floodriskmeanstheriskfromallsourcesoffloodingincludingsurfacewaterrunoff,
surchargedsewerssystems,groundwater,andthesea.

The purpose and vulnerability classification of the road should be considered, in

additiontowhethertheroadcorridorisinanareaatriskofflooding.Forexample,a
road serving a hospital would have a higher vulnerability classification than a road
servingasupermarketparkinglot.

Byconsideringthefloodriskareaandthefloodriskvulnerabilitytogether,thedesign
shouldbeamendedormitigationmeasuresproposed,orboth,tomanagetheresidual
risk.Afloodriskassessmentreportshouldbepreparedthatclearlydefinestheexisting
floodriskforthelandproposedfortheroadconstructionandthesubsequentriskafter
incorporatingmitigationmeasures,exceedanceflowroutes,andemergencyfloodareas
(EFAs)forconstructionoftheroad.

2.3.2.4 Method
ThedesignershouldobtainfloodrecordsfromAIAforsewerageinfrastructure,roads,
groundwater,andthesea,whereappropriate,anddeterminetheriskcategory(high,
medium,orlow).Dependingontheprimaryroadusage,thedesignerwilldetermine
thevulnerabilityclassification.Roadsthatcombineamixtureofusesshouldbeplaced
into the higher of the relevant classes of flood risk sensitivity. If there is a
demonstratable need to locate installations (1) for bulk storage of materials within
portsorothersimilarfacilitiesor(2)withenergyinfrastructureorcarboncaptureand
storagethatrequirecoastalorwatersidelocationsorthatneedtobelocatedinother
highriskfloodareas,thosefacilitiesshouldbeclassifiedasessentialinfrastructure.
Thedesignercanusethefollowinglist,basedonTechnicalGuidancetotheNational
PlanningPolicyFramework,tohelpdeterminevulnerabilityclassification(Department
forCommunitiesandLocalGovernment,2012).

PAGE12 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

EssentialInfrastructure
Essentialtransportinfrastructure(includingmassevacuationroutes)thatmust
crosstheareaatrisk
Essential utility infrastructure that must be located in a flood risk area for
operationalreasons,includingelectricitygeneratingpowerstationsandgridand
primary substations; and watertreatment works anddesalinisationplants that
needtostayoperationalintimesofflood

HighlyVulnerable
Police stations, ambulance stations, fire stations, command centers, and
telecommunicationsinstallationsrequiredtobeoperationalduringflooding
Emergencydispersalpoints
Basementdwellings
Installations requiring the use, storage, or onward transmission of hazardous
substances

MoreVulnerable
Hospitals
Residentialinstitutionssuchasresidentialcarehomes,childrenshomes,social
serviceshomes,prisons,andhostels
Buildingsfordwellinghouses,studentshallsofresidence,andhotels
Non residential uses for health services, nurseries, and educational
establishments
Landfillandsitesusedforwastemanagementfacilitiesforhazardouswaste
Sitesusedforcamping,subjecttoaspecificwarningandevacuationplan

LessVulnerable
Police,ambulance,orfirestationsthatneednotbeoperationalduringflooding
Buildingsusedforshops;financial,professional,andotherservices;restaurants
and cafes; offices; general industry, storage, and distribution; nonresidential
institutionsnotlistedasMoreVulnerable;assembly;andleisure
Landandbuildingsusedforagriculture
Wastetreatment,exceptlandfillandhazardouswastefacilities
Mineralworkingandprocessing,exceptforsandandgravelworking
Watertreatmentworkswhichdonotneedtoremainoperationalduringtimes
offlood
Sewagetreatmentworks,ifadequatemeasurestocontrolpollutionandmanage
sewageduringfloodingeventsareinplace

VOLUME2 PAGE13

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

WaterCompatableDevelopment
Floodcontrolinfrastructure
Watertransmissioninfrastructureandpumpingstations
Sewagetransmissioninfrastructureandpumpingstations
Sandandgravelworking
Docks,marinas,andwharves
Navigationfacilities
Defenceinstallations
Ship building, repairing and dismantling; dockside fish processing; and
refrigerationandcompatableactivitiesrequiringawatersidelocation
Waterbasedrecreation,excludingsleepingaccommodations
Lifeguardandcoastguardstations
Amienityopenspace,natureconservationandbiodiversity,outdoorsportsand
recreation,andessentialfacilitiessuchaschangingrooms
Essentialancillarysleepingorresidentialaccomodationforstaffrequiredbyuses
inthiscategory,subjecttoaspecificwarningandevacuationplan

The designer should propose mitigation measures based on flood risk area,
vulnerability classification, and surrounding land uses and submit them to the
OverseeingOrganizationforcommentandapproval.Forlargescaleroadprojectsor
for specialcorridors,the OverseeingOrganization mayrequire morecomprehensive
hydrologicalstudiesanddrainageinvestigationstosupportthedesign.Thisshouldbe
discussedwiththeoverseeingorganizationatDesignStage1projectinitiationsothat
thereisenoughtimetoperformtheworkbeforeDesignStage2commences.

2.4 Consideration of Geometric Design of Road

The drainage designdepends onthe road type andclassification. During the project
conceptdesign,thegeometryoftheroadwayandtheroadtypeshouldbeconsidered
so that appropriate drainage measures may be developed. The following are key
considerations:

Locationsoflowpointscoincidingwithpointsofdischarge
Flatareasofroadresultingfromhorizontalorverticalalignmenttransitions
Roundabouts
Underpasses

Thedesign should be an iterativeprocesswhereby highway anddrainage engineers

work together to develop a robust solution that achieves the correct flood return
periodanddepthstandards(seeSections3.2.1and3.2.2)byimplementingappropriate
pollutioncontrolmeasures.

PAGE14 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

2.5 Determine Viable Outfalls

Itisimportanttodevelopastrategyforplacingoutfallswheretheywilllimitnegative
effects on the local community, highway, or environment. Because of the range of
partieswhocouldbeaffectedbytheoutfall,stakeholdersshouldagreeonthelocation
oftheoutfalls.Whendeterminingprovisionaloutfalllocations,thefollowingrangeof
factorsshouldbeconsidered:

Outfallmethod;towatercourse,sewer,orthroughinfiltration
Highandlowpointsoftopographyandroadgeometry
Accessformaintenance
Safetyscreens;requiredifthereisariskofchildrenoranimalsgainingaccessto
largediameterpipes
Velocityofwater;tobecontrolledtopreventscourordamagetosystem
Pollution risk; buildup of particulates in dry conditions that could be washed
throughthesystembyrunoff

2.6 Consideration of Treated Sewage Effluent

TreatedsewageeffluentiscommonlyusedinQatarscitiestoirrigateflowerbedsand
other landscaping features. When designing drainage features, it is important to
consider whether spills or runoff of treated sewage effluent could enter SuDS and
either contribute to dry weather flow or leach and potentially contaminate
groundwatersupplies.Thisisofparticularimportancewheregroundwaterisextracted
forpotableuseasitcanhavemajorimplicationsfortherequirementsfortreatment
prior to use. Considerations should include consultations with Overseeing
Organizations and investigations of local aquifers. If groundwater contamination is
possible,thisshouldbeakeydesignconsideration.

2.7 Identify Pollution Control Requirements

2.7.1 Background
Qatarischaracterizedbyanaridclimate,withinfrequenthighintensitystormsduring
the rainy season, from October to May. This, in conjunction with the absence of
watercoursesandthehighlevelsof salt intheground,can lead toseriouspollution
fromroadsifstormwaterrunoffisnotappropriatelycontrolled.

Pollutantsbuildupontheroadsurfaceduringthelongdryperiods,andthefirststorms
of the rainy season are the most severe from a pollution perspective. Thus, it is
importanttoprovidepollutioncontrolmeasuresforallroads.Theextentandtypeof
control measures will be selected for the risk posed by the location type and the
numbersofvehiclesusingtheroad.

VOLUME2 PAGE15

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

2.7.2 Scope
Section3.5givesguidanceontheselectionofpollutioncontrolmeasuresfortheroad
locationandtheriskassociatedwiththenumberofvehicles.Theroadlocationtype
relates to the risk level posed by the given location; for example, crashes at
intersectionsandroundabouts.Thenumberofvehiclescriterionislinkedtothetype
of road, because certain types of road convey higher numbers of vehicles and,
therefore,poseagreaterriskthansmallerroads.

By providing guidance on the selection and implementation of pollution control

measures fornewroads,pollutionincidentswillbeminimizedandthe frequencyof
groundwaterpollutionfromroadssourcesreduced.

2.8 Stakeholder Engagement

Internal consultation among design teams (e.g., highways, geotechnical, structures,
andutilities)shouldtakeplacethroughoutalldesignstages.Oncompletionofadraft
strategy,itisimportanttoreengagestakeholderstodetermineifthestrategyisrobust
andmeetsthenecessaryrequirements.Thepurposeofstakeholderengagementisto
outline the provisional drainage plan and iteratively refine it based on stakeholder
feedback concerning possible constraints, such as inappropriate discharge rates and
outfall locations, and potential opportunities, such as collaborative work with other
nearbydevelopmentsorprojects.Figure2.4depictstheprocess.Thisstepwillachieve
approvalofastrategythatwilladvancetothedesignworkatDesignStage2.

Figure2.4 StakeholderEngagementProcessSteps

StakeholderengagementisincludedattheendoftheDesignStage1processtohighlight
thenecessitytoobtainapprovalfromMMUPregardingthestrategy.Inpractice,ongoing
stakeholder engagement throughout the entire process, through regular constructive
dialogue,islikelytobethemostefficientandeffectivemethodofensuringthestrategy
remainsconsistentwiththeexpectationsofallstakeholders.AppendixAprovidesalistof
Qatarstakeholders.Section1.2.2 detailsthekey stakeholders andtherelevantparties
responsible for approvals. It is likely that smaller, locationspecific parties will also be
importantstakeholderstoinvolve.Thisshouldbeassessedonaprojectbyprojectbasis,
andissupplementarytothestandardpartiesrequiredforapproval.

PAGE16 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

2.9 Option Development and Drainage Strategy

At this point, the consultant responsible for the preliminary concept design should
incorporate the findings described in the previous sections to develop a highlevel
drainagestrategythatmeetsMMUPandAshghalexpectations.Variousoptionsfora
concept design solution will have been discussed and a recommended option
promotedbythedesignconsultantsforapprovalbyMMUPandAshghal.

VOLUME2 PAGE17

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGE18 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3 Preliminary Design Work

3.1 Design Stage 2 Summary
Thissectionoutlinestheprocessesandstandardsrequiredtodevelopthepreliminary
design information necessary to define detailed design criteria. Preliminary design
work primarily focuses on a detailed and specific determination of catchment
hydrology, hydraulics, and flow, and follows strategy developed during the project
conceptdesigninDesignStage1.Figure3.1depictsthepreliminarydesignprocess.

Figure3.1 PreliminaryDesignProcessSteps

3.2 Design Criteria

3.2.1 Flood Return Periods
Table3.1liststhelevelsoffloodprotectionrequiredbyMMUPandAshghal,arranged
by road classification. For a full description of highway classifications, see Part 2
PlanningandTable3.2fortheirrelatedacceptablefloodstandards.Specialcorridors,
ascharacterizedinPart1,IntroductiontoQHDMandGuidance,shouldhavetheirlevels
ofstormreturnperiodresilienceagreedtobyMMUP.Whenusingthisclassification,
whereanurbanroadbecomesaruralroad,thepointoftransitionisdefinedasthelimit
ofthesettlementorthecityboundary.Whereurbanandruralroadtypesexistinone
drainagecatchment,theworstcasereturnperiodshouldbeselected.

VOLUME2 PAGE19

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.1 RequiredLevelsofFloodProtectionforEachRoadClassification
LocationandRoadType
StormEventReturnPeriod Urban Rural
Localroads
1in2years N/A Collectors
Localroads
1in5years Serviceroads Arterials
Collectors
Arterials notapplicable
1in10years
Expressways
1in50years Tunnelsandunderpasses notapplicable
Note:Insomeinstances,MMUP&Ashghalmayrequirehigherreturnperiodsfortheseroadtypes.
ThisshouldbediscussedatDesignStage1,projectinitiation.
DevelopedwithAshghalguidance.

BecauserainfallinQatarisintense,itisacceptabletotemporarilyfloodhighwaysto
thedepthsandextentssetoutinTable3.2.

Table3.2 GuidelinesforFloodStandardsonQatarRoadways
RoadLocationandType AcceptableFlooding
UrbanAreas
Localroads Flooddepthof0.15mmaximumdepthanddurationof1hour.
Serviceroads Flooddepthof0.15mmaximumdepthanddurationof1hour.
Collectors Flooddepthof0.10mmaximumdepthanddurationof30minutes.
Arterials Flooddepthof0.10mmaximumdepthanddurationof10minutes.
Expressways Flooddepthof0.10mmaximumdepthanddurationof10minutes.
RuralAreas
Localroads Flooddepthof0.15mmaximumdepthanddurationof2hours.
Collectors Flooddepthof0.15mmaximumdepthanddurationof1hour.
Arterials Flooddepthof0.10mmaximumdepthanddurationof30minutes.
Freeways Flooddepthof0.10mmaximumdepthanddurationof10minutes.
Note:DevelopedwithAshghalguidance.
m=meter

3.2.2 Acceptable Highway Flood Standards

Ashghal guidelines for acceptable flooding levels are provided in Table 3.2. As with
acceptablefloodreturnperiods,whereanurbanroadbecomesaruralroad,thepoint
oftransitionisdefinedasthelimitofthesettlementorthecityboundary.Whereurban
andruralroadtypes exist inone drainage catchment,the lesser levelof acceptable
floodingoutlinedinTable3.2shouldbeselected.

Special corridors, as characterized in Part 1, Introduction to QHDM and Guidance,

should have their levels of acceptable flooding agreed to by the Overseeing
OrganizationatDesignStage1.

PAGE20 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Flood depths and times are acceptable only where they exist as a direct result of
periodicsurfacewaterinundationatthereturnperiodsspecifiedinTable3.2.Itisnot
acceptable for groundwater to collect within the drainage system and contribute to
flooding.

3.2.3 Gully Spacing

Roadfloodingmustbecontrolledtohelpmaintaintheroadpavementandreducethe
riskofaquaplaningofvehicles.Roadfloodingcanbecontrolledbyproperplanningof
roadgullies,withrespecttobothgullyspacingandthesizeofthegullyintake.During
a storm, water accumulates at the roadsides because it cannot be completely
containedbytheroadsideinlets.Thiscauseswatertospreadontheroadand,ifnot
controlled,toleadtofloodingoftheroad.Figure3.2showswidthanddepthofwater
spreadforapartoftheroadwithgullyinletsseparatedbydistance.

Figure3.2 WaterSpreadandRoadGullySpacing

Inletlocationsaredeterminedbyusingatrialanderrorproceduretomaintaindepth
andspreadofflowwithinallowablelimitsalongthecurbline.Thefollowingguidelines
are to be followed while designing a gully system for roadways, assuming that the
gulliesareverticalandplacedalongthecurbstones:

1. Spreadofwater( )shouldnotexceed1mforexpresswaysandintersections.For
local roads, bridges and vehicular loading areas, maximum allowable spread is
2.5m.Forsaglocations,thespreadofwatershouldbesuchthatatleastonelane
ineachdirectionoftravelisfreefrompondingofwater.
2. Depth (D) of water ponding should not exceed the limits specified or cause the
spreadwidthtoexceedtheallowablevalue,whicheverisless.RefertoTable3.2
fortheallowablemaximumdepthsanddurationsforclearance.
3. The capacity of grated curb inlets to intercept the gutter flow is 70 percent for
unpavedareasand85percentforpavedroadways.Thesameforacombination
inlet is 90 to 100 percent depending upon road grade conditions, with a
100percentcapacityforaninletinsaglocations.
4. Thespreadwidthofgullyspacing(L)mustremainwithinallowablelimits.
5. Significant amount of discharge coming from behind the curb should be
interceptedbeforereachingtheroadwayorgutter.

VOLUME2 PAGE21

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

6. Thelastinletinaseriesshouldinterceptalloftheflowtothatpoint,withabypass
flownottoexceed0.003cubicmeterpersecond(m3/s)forthetypicalsituation.
The Urban Drainage Design Manual, Section 4, provides additional guidance
(NationalHighwayInstitute,2013).

Thefollowingequationsareapplicablefortheroadsidegullies.

Gutterflow(QG):Thewaterspreadonroadwillfollowtheopenchannelflowmodel
givenbyManningforestimatingthewaterflowingutters:

. . .

where
QG = gutterflowincubicmeters
SL = longitudinalslopeoftheroad(m/m)
Sx = crossslopeoftheroad(m/m)
WS = waterspreadwidth(m)
Ku = 0.376
n = Manningscoefficient

Thedepthofflow(d)foragivenspreadwidthisgivenbythefollowing:

Theamountofdischargegeneratedbytheroadcatchmentbetweentwoconsecutive
curbinletsisgivenbytheRationalFormulaasfollows:

where
Q = dischargegenerated(cumecs)
C = coefficientofrunoffforthecatchment
i = rainfallintensity(mm/hr)
L = gullyspacing(m)
w = roadwidth(m)

PAGE22 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Amountofdischargeintercepted bythegratedinletisdecidedbythefollowing
equations,dependinguponthedepthofwaterflowinginthegutter.Ifthewaterlevel
isbelowthe topoftheinletopening,the inletissaidtobeoperatingasaweir.The
followingequationisfordischargecapacityofthegrateinletswhenoperatingasaweir:

where
P = perimeteroftherectanglegrateopening(m)
CW = 1.66
da = averagedepthofwateringutterattheinlet(m)

Ifthewaterlevelisabovetheinletopeningi.e.,theinletissubmergedtheinletis
saidtobeoperatingasanorifice.Thefollowingequationisfordischargecapacityofthe
grateinletswhenoperatingasanorifice:

where
Co = orificecoefficient=0.67
Ag = clearopeningareaofthegratetimes0.70or0.85dependingupontheroad
conditionsandinletlocationasexplainedintheguidelinesabove
g = 9.81m/s2
d = depthofallowablewaterpondingatthecurb(m)

Nosoftwarehasbeenidentifiedforperformingtheanalysis,butthefollowingsteps
shouldbefollowedinaccordancewiththeguidelinesandequationsabovetodesigna
gullysystemforroaddrainage:

1. Startfromthehighestpoint(A)alongtheroadalignmentandapproachtowards
thelowestpoint(C).Thenbeginfromthenexthighestpoint(B)andapproachthe
same lowest point in the oppositedirection,asshown on Figure 3.3. Choose an
initialgullyorinletspacing(L),andplacethefirstinletatthisdistancefromthe
highestpointwhenapproachingthelowestpointintheforwarddirection.

Figure3.3 DesignofRoadGulliesalongRoadProfile

VOLUME2 PAGE23

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

2. Parameters like SL, SX, w, and n will be known from the road design. Using the
Rational Formula, compute the discharge (Q) generated for the chosen gully
spacingandroaddesignparameters.
3. Assuming same sizes from the available inlet types, compute the discharge
intercepted( )byusingtheformulaforanorificeforthechoseninletassuming
the inlet is operating in orifice mode. Using the total runoff generated (Q) and
discharge intercepted ( ) by the inlet, compute the gutter discharge ( ) as
shown:

4. UsingFigure3.2tocomputethespreadwidth, ,causedbythisgutterdischarge,
andcheckifitiswithindesignallowablelimits.Also,computewaterdepth,d,for
thisspreadwidth,andcheckifitiswithindesignallowablelimits.
5. Ifthespreadwidthanddeptharewithintheallowablelimits,thenthechoseninlet
spacingisaccepted.Otherwise,repeatSteps1to4forshorterinletspacing.
6. Whenanacceptableinletspacingisdetermined,movetothesecondinletlocation.
Forthesecondinletlocation,thebypassflowfromthefirstinletwillbeaddedto
thegutterflowdischargegeneratedfromtheroadcatchment.Usingthisadditional
gutterflow,computethespreadwidthusingtheopenchannelflowmodelgiven
byManningforestimatingthewaterflowingutters(QG).Also,computethewater
depthforthisspreadwidthusingthedepthofflowcalculation(d).
7. If the water spread width and depth are within allowable design limits, then
proceedinthesamemannerforthenextinlet.Otherwise,repeattheprocedure
bychoosingshorterinletspacingforthefirstinletuntiltheinletspacingresultsin
aspreadwidthanddepththatiswithinallowablelimits.
8. Continuethisprocedureuntilthelastinletisreached.Forthelastinlet,compute
thebypassflowandcheckifitislessthan0.003m3/s.Ifthebypassflowislessthan
0.003m3/s,thenthedesignisaccepted.Otherwise,repeatSteps1through7with
shorterinletspacing.

3.2.4 Pipeline Velocities

Toensureminimalsettlingofparticlesinthesewersthefollowingsetofvelocitiesfor
varyingpipesizesisrecommended.

PAGE24 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.3 MinimumDesignVelocities
PipeSize(mm) ApproximateSelfcleansingVelocity(m/s)
300 0.75
400 0.77
500 0.82
600 0.86
700 0.87
800 0.88
900 0.88
1,000 0.92
Source:AshghalDrainageManual.
m/s=meterspersecond
mm=millimeters

The maximum velocity recommended in a sewer is 2.5 meters per second (m/s). In
certaincircumstancesthismayberelaxedto3m/s.

3.2.5 Pipline Materials

For diameters up to 1,000 mm, vitrified clay (VC) is recommended. For diameters
greater than 1,000 mm, concrete pipe is recommended. Rising mains are normally
HDPEorductileiron.

3.3 Hydrological Data

HydrologicaldataareprovidedintheStudyofRegionalRainfall,Qatar(MMUP,2013).
Referencestorainfallshouldbedirectedtothisreport.

3.3.1 Rainfall Characterization

Itisimportanttoaccuratelycharacterizerainfalleventsandstormdurationstoquantify
thedrainagecapacityrequiredtocompensateforrunoff.

Qatarisinanaridregion,andannualrainfallmayvaryfrom10tomorethan250mm.
Stormsasintenseas136millimters(mm)withina24hourperiod(recordedinUmmAl
Faye March 1995) and 54 mm in a 3hour period have been recorded (Ministry of
Environment[MoE],2010).RainfallinQatarishighlyvariable.Thunderstormscanbe
severe,buttheyareoflimitedgeographicalextent

Forthepurposeofhighwaydrainagedesign,Qatarshallbeconsideredtohavedifferent
rainfall characteristics in the different regions. The average of the annual maximum
dailyrainfallintheNorthernRegionis28mm;intheSouthernRegion,itis20mm.

Fordesignpurposes,referenceshouldbemadetotheStudyofRegionalRainfall,Qatar
(MMUP,2013).IDFrelationshipsfromthisstudyareshowninSection3.3.2.

VOLUME2 PAGE25

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.3.2 Intensity-Duration-Frequency
Itisimportanttoestablishtherelationshipamongrainfalleventintensity,duration,and
frequencytoreliablyidentifythedrainagecapacityrequiredforeachdesign.DesignIDF
valuesshouldbeextractedfromrelevantfiguresforthelocationoftheproposedroad.

QatarisdividedintofourregionsNorthern,CentralEast,CentralWest,andSouthern
each representing different IDF relations to compensate for the regional differences
experienced in Qatar. The four regions are shown on Figure 3.4. The rainfall design
criteriacanbeexpressedbytheRationalFormula,witheachregionhavingdifferentl1
values, where l1 is the average maximum annual 24hour average rainfall at site (in
millimetersperhour[mm/hour]).Thediscretizationadjustmentfactorissetto1.16,in
accordancewithDwyerandReed(1995).

. .
, .

.

where
T = returnperiod(years)
t = durationofrainfallevent(minutes)
, = rainintensity(mm/hour)
= averagemaximumannual24hourrainfallatsite(mm/hour]
Source:Mamoonetal.(2013)

PAGE26 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure3.4 DivisionofQatarintoFourRainfallRegions

Table3.4providesthecoordinatesofcornersofthefourregionsandthel1valuefor
thecenterpointoftherespectiveregions.Theequationwillderivethedesignrainfall
intensityforaparticularquadrant,withagivenreturnperiodTandrainfalldurationt.

AppendixBcontainsthedetailedIDFrelationships.Table3.5toTable3.8providethe
actualIDF.

VOLUME2 PAGE27


PAGE28

DRAINAGE
VOLUME2PART10
Table3.4 Coordinates,Latitude,andLongitudeforDifferentRainfallRegions
Latitude(Northings) Longitude(Eastings) QatarNationalGrid
l1Value
Region Corner Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min Sec. x(m) y(m) (mm/hr)
NorthernRegion Topleft 26 8 41.73 50 51 59.98 487728.4 165080.2
Topright 26 8 43.53 51 36 25.07 487794.8 239105.3
Bottomleft 25 36 33.79 50 48 30.98 428398.5 164921.7
Bottomright 25 36 39.21 51 38 1.95 428576.2 239281.0
1.1124
CentralWestRegion Topleft 25 36 12.78 50 44 47.15 427789.4 152842.7
Topright 25 35 49.86 51 23 45.44 427012.2 218088.5
Bottomleft 25 0 24.91 50 46 16.25 361687.6 155108.8
Bottomright 25 0 7.02 51 23 51.03 361075.0 218333.0
1.0499
CentralEastRegion(Doha) Topleft 25 35 49.86 51 23 45.44 427012.2 218088.5

Topright 25 36 39.21 51 38 1.95 428584.4 241984.1

Bottomleft 25 0 7.02 51 23 51.03 361075.0 218333.0
Bottomright 25 0 8.36 51 38 45.24 361172.5 243407.4
1.0150
SouthernRegion Topleft 25 0 24.91 50 46 16.25 361687.6 155108.8
Topright 25 0 8.36 51 38 45.24 361172.5 243407.4
Bottomleft 24 31 35.19 50 49 3.77 308450.8 159650.5
Bottomright 24 30 12.53 51 24 12.25 305861.5 219003.0
0.9556
VOLUME2

Deg.=degrees
Min.=minutes
mm/hr=millimetersperhour
Sec.=seconds
m=meters

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.5 IDFRelationfortheNorthernRegion
ReturnPeriod
2Years 5Years 10Years 25Years 50Years 100Years
Duration
(minutes) Intensity(mm/hr)
5 53.7 82.6 104.4 133.3 155.2 177.1
10 41.8 64.2 81.3 103.8 120.8 137.8
20 29.8 45.9 58.1 74.2 86.3 98.5
30 23.6 36.3 46.0 58.7 68.3 77.9
40 19.7 30.3 38.4 49.0 57.0 65.1
50 17.0 26.2 33.1 42.3 49.2 56.1
60 15.0 23.1 29.2 37.3 43.4 49.6
90 11.2 17.3 21.9 27.9 32.5 37.1
120 9.1 14.0 17.7 22.5 26.2 29.9

Table3.6 IDFRelationfortheCentralWestRegion
ReturnPeriod

2Years 5Years 10Years 25Years 50Years 100Years
Duration
(minutes) Intensity(mm/hr)
5 50.6 77.9 98.6 125.8 146.5 167.1
10 39.4 60.6 76.7 97.9 114.0 130.1
20 28.2 43.3 54.8 70.0 81.5 92.9
30 22.3 34.3 43.4 55.4 64.5 73.6
40 18.6 28.6 36.2 46.2 53.8 61.4
50 16.1 24.7 31.3 39.9 46.4 53.0
60 14.2 21.8 27.6 35.2 41.0 46.8
90 10.6 16.3 20.6 26.4 30.7 35.0
120 8.6 13.2 16.7 21.3 24.8 28.2

Table3.7 IDFRelationfortheCentralEastRegion
ReturnPeriod
2Years 5Years 10Years 25Years 50Years 100Years
Duration
(minutes) Intensity(mm/hr)
5 49.0 75.3 95.3 121.7 141.6 152.1
10 38.1 58.6 74.2 94.7 110.2 118.4
20 27.2 41.9 53.0 67.7 78.8 84.6
30 21.6 33.2 41.9 53.6 62.3 67.0
40 18.0 27.7 35.0 44.7 52.0 55.9
50 15.5 23.9 30.2 38.6 44.9 48.2
60 13.7 21.1 26.7 34.0 39.6 42.6
90 10.3 15.8 20.0 25.5 29.7 31.9
120 8.3 12.7 16.1 20.6 23.9 25.7

VOLUME2 PAGE29

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.8 IDFRelationfortheSouthernRegion
ReturnPeriod
2Years 5Years 10Years 25Years 50Years 100Years
Duration
(minutes) Intensity(mm/hr)
5 46.1 70.9 89.7 114.5 133.3 152.1
10 35.9 55.2 69.8 89.1 103.8 118.4
20 25.6 39.4 49.9 63.7 74.2 84.6
30 20.3 31.2 39.5 50.4 58.7 67.0
40 16.9 26.1 33.0 42.1 49.0 55.9
50 14.6 22.5 28.4 36.3 42.3 48.2
60 12.9 19.8 25.1 32.1 37.3 42.6
90 9.7 14.9 18.8 24.0 27.9 31.9
120 7.8 12.0 15.2 19.4 22.5 25.7

Incaseofadrainagesystempassingthroughtwoormoreregions,thedesigncriteria
withtheworstcasescenarioshouldbeapplied.Figure3.3illustratesthesituation.As
shown,Segment2ofthedrainagesystempassesthroughtheCentralEastandCentral
Westregions.Forthissegment,themostcriticalrainfalldesigncriteriaareapplied,in
thiscase,CentralWest.Segment1isintheCentralWestRegiononly;hence,thedesign
criteriaforCentralWestonlyshouldbeapplied.IfSegments1and2wereconnected
byapumpstation,theystillwouldbeconsideredseparately.However,inthiscase,the
receiving segment would still need to accommodate the flow based on the design
criteriaappliedfromthesupplyingsegment.

Figure3.5 ExampleofaDrainageSystemCrossingRainfallRegions

PAGE30 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

The figures referenced in this section are from the Study of Regional Design Rainfall,
Qatar(MMUP,2013).Theregionalstudyconsideredrainfalldatafrom31meteorological
stationsinQatar,Bahrain,andUnitedArabEmiratesfrom1948until2011.

3.3.3 Hyetographs
Ahyetographisagraphicalrepresentationofthedistributionofrainfallovertimethat
isusedtounderstandtherainfalldistributionfordesignstorms.

For a single catchment less than 50 ha, a uniform hyetograph can be applied. The
intensityoftheuniformhyetographisdefinedbydeterminingthedesignreturnperiod
Tandconsideringthedurationoftherainfalltbeingequaltothetimeofconcentration
Tc of the catchment. The intensity derived from the IDF curve is then considered
uniformintimeandtheRationalFormulaisapplied.

Large catchments typically are subdivided into subcatchments. Modeling should be

applied,asshouldtheAlternatingBlockingMethod(ABM).ABMteststhemaximum
design rainfall criteria irrespective of the time of concentration of individual
subcatchments, because the rain depth follows the individual IDF curves. The
hyetographofadesignstormofdurationtandreturnperiodTcanbederivedbyABM
becauseitspecifiestheprecipitationdepthoccurringinnsuccessivetimeintervalsof
durationtoveratotaldurationoft,wheretisthetimeofconcentrationforthewhole
catchment.Thestepsinvolvedareasfollows:

1. CalculatethetotalstormdepthDfromtheIDFrelationshipforthecatchmentfora
certainreturnperiodT:

, ,

2. Fixtheincrementaltimeintervaltas5minutesormoreforpracticalreasons,suchas
forlargecatchments.Calculatetheaveragerainfallintensityandtotaldepthofdesign
stormswithafixedreturnperiodTbutvariabledurations:t'=kt,k=1,2,3n1.
where

3. Calculate the total rainfall difference between design storms of consecutive
durations:

, , , , , , ,,

4. Arrangetheincrementalrainfalldepths( , )calculatedinthepreviousstepin
descendingorder,andobtainanewseriesofrainfalldepths( , ).
5. Assign , tothemostcentralvalue, , and , toitsright(orleft)andleft
(or right), respectively. Convert the incremental rainfall depths to incremental
rainfallintensityhyetographvaluesih(T,t).

VOLUME2 PAGE31

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Otherremainingincrementalrainfallsintherankedseriesaresequentiallyallocatedin
asimilaralternatingmanner.

Thefollowingexample,illustratedinTable3.9,Figure3.4,andFigure3.7,showsthe
hyetographpreparedusingthefollowingvalues:

t = 5minute(timestepinhyetograph)
T = 10year(returnperiod)
L1 = 1.18mm/hr(averagemaximum24hourrainfallfortheCentralEast
Region)

Table3.9 HyetographExampleComputationsforCentralEastRegionofDoha
Duration
(minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
k 11 9 7 5 3 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
i(10,t)(mm/hr) 95.50 74.31 61.68 53.11 46.85 42.04 38.22 35.09 32.49 30.28 28.38 26.72
ih(10,5)(mm/hr) 9.37 11.65 15.27 21.79 36.42 95.50 53.13 27.40 18.00 13.23 10.39 8.52
mm/hr=millimetersperhour

Figure3.6 IntensityDurationFrequencyPlotfor10YearReturnPeriodforDoha,
Qatar

PAGE32 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure3.7 HyetographPlotfor5MinuteDurationand10YearReturnPeriodfor
Doha,Qatar,UsingAlternatingBlockMethod

3.3.4 Hydrogeology
It is important to investigate hydrogeological conditions at each site as part of the
predesign stage. To investigate site hydrogeology, suitable locations should be
identifiedandconsultationshouldtakeplacewiththeappropriatestakeholders.

Itisnecessarytoestimatepermeabilityatsitesto identifythe infiltrationandinitial

losses. Infiltration is described only for large catchments by establishing the curve
numbers based on land use and soil permeability. For small catchments, only initial
losseswillbetakendirectlyintoaccount,whereasinfiltrationlossesareconsideredpart
ofderivingtherunoffcoefficients.

If testing has been undertaken, then hydraulic conductivity across the site can be
established based on the test results. Hydraulic conductivity should be investigated
throughpermeabilitytestingundertakenatmultipleboreholelocations,ifpossible.

Attheconceptstageorforsmallcatchmentsforwhichnotestresultsareavailable,
Table3.10shouldbeappliedtodetermineinitiallosses,andtheRunoffComputation
UsingCurveNumbershouldbeusedtodeterminecurvenumbers.

3.3.5 Runoff Curve Number Method

TheRunoffCurveNumberMethodshouldbeappliedforlargercatchmentsexceeding
50 ha and typically in connection with modeling. Most software packages include
hydrologicalmodelingbasedontheRunoffCurveNumberMethod.

Therunoffcurvenumber(CN),alsoknownastheSoilConservationService(SCS)Curve
Number Method, is based on an areas hydrologic group, land use, treatment, and
hydrologicconditions.CNisusedtocomputetherunoffgeneratedafteraccountingfor

VOLUME2 PAGE33

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

the infiltration losses, per the following equation from Section 4 of the National
EngineeringHandbook(SCS,1985),whereCNrepresentsaconvenientrepresentation
ofthepotentialmaximumsoilretention,S(PonceandHawkins,1996):

where
Q = runoffgenerated(mm)
P = totalprecipitation(mm)
S = potentialmaximumsoilmoistureretentionafterrunoffbegins(mm)
= initialabstraction(mm)orinfiltrationorrainfallinterceptionbyvegetation,
0.2

CN = curvenumbercanbeobtainedfromTable3.9

Table3.10showsthecurvenumbersforthelandusedescriptionapplicabletoQatar.

Table3.10 CurveNumbersfortheLandUseDescriptionApplicabletoQatar
CoverDescription
CurveNumberfor
HydrologicSoilGroup
LandUse Impervious
Description CoverTypeandHydrologicCondition Areas(%) A B C D
Commercial Urbandistricts:commercialandbusiness 85 89 92 94 95
Highdensity Residentialdistrictsbyaveragelotsize:
65 77 85 90 92
residential 1/8acre=0.05hectareorless
Industrial Urbandistrict:industrial 72 81 88 91 93
Lowdensity Residentialdistrictsbyaveragelotsize:1/2acre 85
25 54 70 80
residential =0.2hectarelot
Openspace(lawns,parks,golfcourses,cemeter
Openspaces 18 49 69 79 84
ies),faircondition(grasscover50to70%)
Parkingand Imperviousareas(e.g.,pavedparkinglots,
100 98 98 98 98
pavedareas roofs,anddriveways;excludingrightofway)
Residential Residentialdistrictsbyaveragelotsize:1/8 92
65 77 85 90
1/8acre acre=0.05hectareorless
Residential Residentialdistrictsbyaveragelotsize:
38 61 75 83 87
1/4acre 1/4acre=0.1hectare
Residential Residentialdistrictsbyaveragelotsize: 86
30 57 72 81
1/3acre 1/3acre=0.135hectare
Residential Residentialdistrictsbyaveragelotsize:
25 54 70 80 85
1/2acre 1/2acre=0.2hectare
Residential Residentialdistrictsbyaveragelotsize:1acre
20 51 68 79 84
1acre =0.4hectare
Residential Residentialdistrictsbyaveragelotsize:2acre 82
12 46 65 77
2acres =0.8hectare
Note:DescriptionandCurveNumbersfromTR55.

PAGE34 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

HydrologicalsoilgroupsA,B,C,andDaremadebasedontherunoffgeneratedonthese
soil types. Soils in Group A have low runoff potential, and soils in Group B have a
moderate rate of infiltration when thoroughly wet. Group C has a slow rate of
infiltrationwhenwet,andsoilsinGroupDhavehighrunoffpotential.

3.4 Hydraulic Analysis Processes

3.4.1 Overview
Thissectionexplainstheprocessnecessarytoundertakehandcalculationsforhydraulic
analysis and sets out the types of software permissible to use for computerized
calculations.Foreaseofuse,toexpeditemodifications,andtoenabletheOverseeing
Organizationtobuildacomprehensiveassetdatabase,itispreferredthatelectronic
hydraulic models rather than hand calculations be prepared and submitted for
approval.TheuseofhandcalculationsforDesignStages2and3shouldbeagreedto
byAIAatDesignStage1.

3.4.2 Rational Method

Thefollowingapproachpointsshouldbeconsideredwhenusingtherationalmethod
(illustratedinFigure3.8):

Themethodissuitableforcatchmentsupto50ha.
Thoroughknowledgeoflocalrainfallcharacteristicsisneeded.
The method requires accurate IDF curves from which rainfall intensities can be
deducedfordifferentstormdurationsforthedesignreturnperiod.
The method assumes that, for a given return period, longer storms have lower
intensitiesandshorterstormshavehigherintensities.
Themethodassumesthatrainfallsuniformlyacrossthecatchment.
Contributingimpermeableareasarerequiredforeachpipelength.
Atimeofentrymustbedeterminedtoavoidunrealisticallyhighrainfallintensities.
Baseflowsfromgroundwatercanbeincludedinthedesign.
Thereisaniterativeprocessfordesign.
Pipe sizes and gradients are adjusted to provide appropriate selfcleansing
velocities.
Halfpipeflowvelocityisnumericallyequaltofullpipeflowvelocity.
Theusermustbeawareofthelimitationsofthismethodofdesign.

VOLUME2 PAGE35

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thefollowingaspectsneedtobeconsidered:

Pipesshouldbeofsufficientsizetocarrymaximumdesignhourvolumesatdepth
D:thatis,atpipefullcondition.
Surface water drains require higher velocities than foul sewers for selfcleansing
purposesbecauseofthehigherdensityofsolidmaterialtobetransported.
Surfacewaterdrainsshouldnotbelessthan300mmindiameter.
Selfcleansingvelocitiesincreasewithpipesize.
Pipe sizes should not decrease downstream even when the calculations indicate
thatthiswouldbehydraulicallysatisfactory.
Pipesshouldbedesignedtorunparalleltothegroundsurfacewhereverpossible.

3.4.2.1 Runoff Coefficients

Table 3.11 provides the runoff coefficient (C) for each catchment type for various
definedcategoriesofcatchments.

3.4.2.2 Catchment Area (A)

Urban and rural catchments will exhibit different constraints and opportunities for
drainagedesign.Assuch,itisimportanttodefinethecatchmentareaandtotreatit
accordingly. To do this, it will be necessary to obtain suitably scaled topographic
mappingofthearea.

PAGE36 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure3.8 RationalMethodProcess

Table3.11 RunoffCoefficientforVariousDrainageAreas
TypeofDrainageArea RunoffCoefficient
Business Commercialareas 0.90
Commercialandresidentialmix 0.70
Residential Urbanareawithattachedhouses 0.5
Urbanwithdetachedhouses 0.3
Lawns,Soil,andVegetationCover Sandysoil 0.15
Siltyorclayeysoil 0.25
Poortofair,cleancultivatedcrops 0.15
Landscapes 0.05
Pavedareas 0.95
Asphaltic Concreteorotherpavedareas 0.95
Industrial Seebelow
Lightindustry(withmildopenareas) 0.70
Heavyindustry(withnoopenareas) 0.80
Note:QatarSewerageandDrainageDesignManual(Ashghal,2006)requiresnewhousingdevelopment
nottodischargeanysurfacewaterontothepublicroadswithoutattenuation.

VOLUME2 PAGE37

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Urban

Theareatobeconsideredshallincorporatetwoparts:

Theareaoftheroadcorridorsubjecttodirectprecipitation
Theadditionaladjacentareaassessedbyreferencetothedevelopmentplansand
topographicmappingforthearea

Theadditionalareawillbe dependentonfactorssuchastheintensityofdevelopment,
provisionoffloodstorageareas,andcontributionsfromadjacentroadsanddevelopments.

Rural

Theareatobeconsideredshallincorporatetwoparts:

Theareaoftheroadcorridorsubjecttodirectprecipitation
Thebroadernaturalcatchmentareawithinwhichtheroadruns;specifically,the
effecttheroadmayhaveonthenaturalsurfaceandsubsurfacedrainageofthearea

3.4.2.3 Surface Runoff

The Rational Method is used to compute the design discharge (Qd) produced by a
catchmentofarea(A) lessthan50ha.Thefollowingequationgivesamathematical
expressionfortheRationalMethod:

where
C =runoffcoefficient
i(T,t) =rainfallintensityforTyearsreturnperiodandtminutesdurationstorm
event(mm/hr)
A =areaofthecatchmentinsquaremeters
Qd =designdischargeincubicmeterspersecond

Forareaslargerthan50ha,whicharemostlyrural,considerationshouldbegivento
assessmentofrunoffbyacombinationofhistoricalobservationsandthegenerationof
stormhydrographs.Hydraulicmodelingisrecommendedforcatchmentsgreaterthan
50ha.ThemethodusedshallbeagreedtowithAIA.

PAGE38 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.4.2.4 The Colebrook-White Equation

The ColebrookWhite equation should be used in pipeline design to calculate the
velocityofflow(v)inapipeflowingfullundergravityforagivengradient,diameter,
androughnesscoefficient,asfollows:

.
log
.

where
g = accelerationduetogravity(m/s2)
D = diameter,(m)
S = slopeorheadlossperunitlength
ks = roughnesscoefficient,(mm)
V = kinematicviscosityofwater(m2/s)

3.4.2.5 Mannings Equation

Mannings equation should be used to calculate the velocity of flow (V) in an open
channel,swale,ditch,orothersurfaceconduit:

/ /

where
V = meanvelocityofflow(m/s)
n = Manningscoefficientofroughness
R = hydraulicradius(m)
S = slope(percent)

3.4.2.6 Time of Concentration

Thetimeofconcentration(tc)ofthecatchmentisdefinedasthetimeneededforthe
waterparticlestotravelfromthehydraulicallymostdistantpointofthecatchmentto
thedesignpointdownstream,asindicatedonFigure3.9.Physically,thevalueoftime
ofconcentrationisusedtoestimatethevalueoftheintensity(I)ofrainfalltobeused
tocomputethepeakdischargequantity(Qp).

VOLUME2 PAGE39

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure3.9 LongestStreamforTimeofConcentrationCalculation

TimeofconcentrationinminutescanbemeasuredusingKirpichsformula:

.
.
.

where
L = distance (m) traveled by water from the farthest point in the catchment
toitsoutfallorthepointofconsideration
S = slopeofthecatchmentalongthelongestpath

Kirpichsformulahasbeenusefulforsmalltomoderatecatchments(area<50ha)and
foroverlandflowsinlargercatchmentsupto80ha.AsdiscussedbyRossmiller(1980),
thereisamultiplieradjustmentfactorof2.0foroverlandflowoversoilorgrassand0.4
forconcreteorasphaltsurfaces.Afactorof1.0shouldbeappliedforcombinedsurfaces
or othertype of surfaces. AmodifiedKirpichs formula should beused to applythis
adjustmentforthesurfacetype:

.
.
.

where
k=Rossmillersmultiplicationadjustmentfactorstatedabove

Iftimeofconcentrationisdeterminedtobelessthan5minutesbyusingthisformula,
itispreferredtousethevalueas5minutes,becauseitisunrealistictohaveatimeof
concentrationbelow 5minutes.Fortherationalmethod,thecatchmentareaisless
than 50 ha, which can be assumed as 2,500 by 200 m. Thus, for a length of about
2,500m,thetimeofconcentrationwillbecomputedaslessthan5minutesforaslope
ofmorethan3percent.Forallcatchmentswithslopemorethan3percent,thetimeof
concentrationvalueusedshallbe5minutes.

PAGE40 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.4.3 Mathematical Models

Sewerageanddrainagemodelsuseconstructionrecorddatatobuildrepresentations
ofthesystemaslinkedpipesandnodes,withspecificmodulesforancillariessuchas
pumping stations and overflows. Inflows from connected developments and
contributing areas are directed to the nodes, and a computerized hydraulic engine
simulatesthehydraulicperformanceofflowsaroundthesystem.

Mathematical models used for hydraulic analysis should be agreed to with the
appropriateapprovingauthority.Thebenefitsofusingcertainmodelingsoftwarefor
theparticularprojectscaleandscopeshouldbediscussed.

Hydraulic models shall be constructed, verified where possible (see above), and
reportedinaccordancewiththeCodeofPracticefortheHydraulicModellingofSewer
Systems(WastewaterPlanningUsersGroup,2002).

Modelsshallberetainedelectronicallybythedesignerforaminimumof12yearsfrom
the date on which the last modifications for which the model was used have been
commissionedandtakenoverbyAIA.AIAproposestomodelalltrunkmainsandto
followwithinfillmodelsoflocalareasinthefuture.

Table3.12listssoftwarepackageslikelytobesuitableformathematicalmodeling.The
final selectionof which modeltouse is likely to bedependent onthe scale of each
projectandtheavailabilityofrelevantexpertise.

Table3.12 SoftwarePackagesforMathematicalModeling
SoftwarePackagea LikelyScaleBestSuitedTo
>50haorbyagreementwithOverseeingOrganization
InfoWorks (sites</>thisareamaybesuitable)
MicroDrainageWinDES
InfoWorks <50haorbyagreementwithOverseeingOrganization
StormCAD (sitesupto100hamaybesuitable)
BOSS
aOrsimilarapprovedsoftwarepackagesbyAIA.

ha=hectares

Table3.12suggestsseveraloptionsforhydraulicmodelsandlikelyprojectscalesfor
which they would be suitable. This list is neither exhaustive nor specific, because
modeling software is continually updated and new products made available. When
decidingwhichmodeltouse,theengineershouldevaluatethebenefitsandlimitations
associatedwiththeselectionandconfirmchoiceswiththeoverseeingauthority(see
Section1.2.2).

3.5 Pollution Control Process

3.5.1 Method
SuDSshouldalwaysbethepreferredapproachunlessthereareparticularreasonsfor
theirexclusion.JustificationfortheexclusionofSuDSwillneedtobeprovidedtothe

VOLUME2 PAGE41

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

MMUPandMinistryofEnvironmentattheapprovalsstageofDesignStage2andagain
atDesignStage3.SeeSection3.6withrespecttotheSuDSmanagementtrain,SuDS
selection,andSuDSlimitations.

Figure3.10 PollutionControlProcedureshowstheprocessofdeterminingthelevels
oftreatmentrequiredforroadprojectsinQatar.Italsodetailswhenguidanceshould
besoughtfromtheMMUPandMinistryofEnvironment.

Table3.13detailsthelevelsoftreatmenttobeprovideddependentupontheroadtype
andannualaveragedailytraffic(AADT).Oncethenumberoflevelsoftreatmenthas
beenderivedfromTable3.14foreachsubcatchment,Table3.13shouldbeusedfor
identifyingpotentialoptionsforthetreatment.

Figure3.10 PollutionControlProcedure

PAGE42 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.13 PollutionandControlRequirements
PollutionControlLevelsofTreatmentRequired
LocationandRoadType AADTTrafficFlowa Level1 Level2 Level3
Urban
LocalRoads <5,000
Serviceroads <5,000
Collectorroads(minor) 5,00020,000
Collectorroads(major) 10,00050,000 >20,000
Collectorroads(distributor) 5,00050,000 >20,000
Arterials(minor) 20,00050,000
Arterials(major) 30,00060,000
Arterials(boulevard) 30,00060,000
Expressways 50,00080,000
Rural
Localroads <1,000
Collector 1,0002,000

Arterial 2,0008,000

Freeway >8,000 >20,000

Notes:
aSourcepartextractedfromtheearlierQHDMPart1,Section3,tables3.1and3.2.

Table3.14 LevelsofTreatmentOptionsforPollutionControl
LevelsofTreatment
Level1 Level2 Level3
Permeablepavement Permeablepavement Detentionbasin
Filterstrip Filterstrip Subsurfacestorageor
Bioretention Bioretention infiltration
Filterdrain Filterdrain
SuDS Infiltrationtrench Infiltrationtrench
Swale Swale
Detentionbasin
Subsurfacestorageorinfiltration
Soakaway
Modifiedgully(Funkee Downstreamdefendera Class1bypassseparator
Gruppe)a Class1bypassseparator upflowfilter(Hydro
Traditional Downstreamdefendera International)a
(proprietary Stormtreat(StormTreat
systems)a Systems)a
StormX4(Polypipe)a
Notes:
aOrsimilarapproved.

Source:PartlyfromCIRIAC697.

OncetheleveloftreatmenthasbeenestablishedusingTable3.14,adequatecontrol
measures need to be identified using SuDSbased solutions in preference over
traditional options. Where justified, it is acceptable to use combinations of both
techniques.Featuresthatretainwateratthesurfaceshoulddrainwithin48hoursto
preventmosquitoesfrombreeding.Whereproprietarysystemsareusedforalevelof
treatment,theyshouldnotbeusedforsubsequentlevelsoftreatment.

VOLUME2 PAGE43

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

The final step in deriving the pollution control required for each catchment is the
considerationofpollutionimpactsfromspillages.Themethodologyusedisbasedon
thatsetoutintheDesignManualforRoadsandBridges(DMRB),Volume11,Section3,
Part10HD45/09(DepartmentforTransport,2009).

Annex I of HD45/09 sets out Method D for determining the pollution impact on
receiving water bodies, which in this case will be groundwater or seawater.
Furthermore,itprovidesameansoftakingintoaccountthepollutioncontroldevices
alreadyprovidedforgeneralpollutioncontrol,duetotheirmitigatingeffectsonany
givenspillage.Byapplyingariskreductionfactor,acorrectedriskcanbecalculated;to
beacceptable,theannualprobabilitypredictedneedstobelessthan1percent.Ifthe
consequenceofsuchaspillageoccurringissevere(i.e.,groundwatercouldbeaffected),
thenahigherstandardofprotectioncouldbestipulatedsotheannualprobabilityof
suchanoccurrencehappeningreducesto<0.5percent.

TheacceptablelevelofriskshouldbeapprovedbyAIAatDesignStage1.

HavingdeterminedthenumberoflevelsoftreatmentrequiredfromTable3.14and
selected the types of treatment for each level from Table 3.14, the probability of
spillagecanbecalculated,asshowninTable3.15.Tocalculatetheannualprobabilityof
spillageforeachsectionofroad,itisfirstnecessarytogatherthefollowingdata:

LengthofroadforeachcategoryinTable3.14
AADTtwowayflowforeachsectionofroad(otherthanslipramps)inTable3.12
PercentageofheavytrucksasaproportionofAADT

Table3.15 SpillageRate
IntersectionType
RoadType NoIntersection SlipRoad Roundabout Crossroad SideRoad
Urban
Localroad 0.29 0.83 3.09 0.88 0.93
Serviceroad 0.29 0.83 3.09 0.88 0.93
Collectorroad 0.31 0.36 5.35 1.46 1.81
Arterial 0.36 0.43 3.09 1.46 1.81
Expressway 0.36 0.43 3.09
Rural
Localroad 0.29 0.83 3.09 0.88 0.93
Collectorroad 0.29 0.83 3.09 0.88 0.93
Arterial 0.29 0.83 3.09 0.88 0.93
Freeway 0.36 0.43 3.09
Source:DMRBVolume11,Part10,HD45/09,Annex1,MethodD(DepartmentforTransport,2009).

Whenconsideringthelengthofroadineachcategory,theriskfactorfromTable3.14
appliestoalllengthsofroadwithin100moftheseintersectiontypes.Todemonstrate
how the designer has determined this, a sketch of the road types in relation to
intersectionsshouldbeprovidedtotheoverseeingorganizationatDesignStage2.

PAGE44 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Usingthedatagathered,theannualprobabilityofspillageforeachsectionofroadcan
nowbecalculatedusingthefollowingformula:

PSPL RL SS AADT 365 109 % HTs/100

where
PSPL = annualprobabilityofaspillagewiththepotentialtocausea
seriouspollutionevent
RL = roadlengthinkilometers
SS = spillageratesfromTable3.15
AADT = annualaveragedailytraffic(basedupondesignyearforanewroad)
%HT = percentageofheavytrucks

Having calculated the probability of a spillage event, the probability of that spillage
resultinginaseriouspollutionincidentshouldbedeterminedbyusingthefollowing
equation:

PINC PSPL PPOL

where
PINC = probabilityofspillageeventresultinginaseriouspollutionevent
PPOL = probabilitythat,onceaspillagehasoccurred,itwillresultinaserious
pollutionevent;thisvalueshouldbeselectedfromTable3.16
Source:DMRBVolume11,Part10,HD45/09,Annex1,MethodD(DepartmentforTransport,2009).

Table3.16 ProbabilityofSeriousPollutionOccurringasaResultofaSerious
Spillage

Urban Rural Remote

ReceivingWater (responsetimetosite (responsetimetosite (responsetimetosite
Body <20minutes) <1hour) >1hour)
Groundwater 0.3 0.3 0.5
Marineenvironment 0.3 0.3 0.5

IftheproposedlevelsoftreatmentdeterminedfromTable3.14includeasystemlisted
inTable3.16,thenafurtherriskreductionfactorshouldbeappliedbeforedetermining
thefinalrisk.So,iftheriskofaseriouspollutioneventwithoutthemitigationprovided
bythepollutioncontrolleveloftreatmentisPINC,thentheadjustedriskincorporating
thelevelsoftreatmentisdeterminedbyPINCRF,whereRFistheriskreductionfactor
forthatsystem.Table3.17listsriskreductionfactors.

VOLUME2 PAGE45

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.17 SpillagesandRisksandReductionFactors(Indicative)
PollutionControl RiskReductionFactor(%)
SuDS
Filterdrain 0.6(40%)
Swale 0.6(40%)
Detentionbasin 0.6(40%)
Infiltrationtrench 0.6(40%)
Bioretention 0.7(30%)
Subsurfacestorageandinfiltration 0.6(40%)
Traditional
Penstockandvalve 0.4(60%)
Bypassseparator(Class1)
Downstreamdefender(HydroInternational)a
Upflowfilter(HydroInternational)a 0.5(50%)
Stormtreat(StormTreatSystems)a
StormX4(Polypipe)a
InnoletG(FunkeeGruppe)a 0.6(40%)
aOrsimilarapproved.

In some situations, a higher factor signifying a lower risk reduction may be more
appropriate because of the limited extent of the given type of pollution control
selected.Anexamplewouldbewhereashortlengthofswaleisproposedthatserves
onlyapartoftheroadunderassessment.Insuchinstances,itwouldbeappropriateto
usealesserreductionfactor,say20percentorafactorof0.8.

After calculating the adjusted figure for PINC, add the annual probabilities for each
sectionofroaddischargingtoanoutfall.Ifthisfigureisgreaterthanthefigureagreed
tobytheOverseeingOrganization(defaultvalue1percent),thenlookateachsection
ofroadtodeterminethehighestrisk.Considerwhetheranyfactorsneedamending,orif
anadditionalformofmitigationcanbeincludedtoreducetherisktoanacceptablelevel.
Recalculatetheriskusingthisiterativeprocessuntilanacceptablelevelisreached.

3.6 Sustainable Drainage Systems

Asoutlinedin1.4,SuDScanbeusedtohelpmimicamorenaturaldrainageprocessto
minimize the impacts created with regard to quality and quantity and to maximize
biodiversity. Thesectionprovidesdesignerswithguidanceondrainage systemsthat
shouldbespecifiedwherepossible.Thedevicesoutlinedinclude:

Permeablepavements
Soakaways
Swales
Filtertrenchesanddrains
Bioretentionareas
Sandfilters
Basins(infiltrationanddetention)

PAGE46 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Eachsubsectionincludesabriefintroductionofeachdevice,locationswheretheyare
likelytobemostappropriatelyspecified,potentialbenefits,andlimitations.Keydesign
considerations and steps to be taken, minimum maintenance requirements, and
generalconstructionadvicearealsoprovided.Guidanceonwhereinfiltrationintothe
surrounding soil should be allowed and information about specifying vegetation are
includedtohelpdesignersgivefullconsiderationtotheseelements.

Thedesignershouldstrivetoreducerunofffromthehighwaybyintegratingmultiple
stormwater controls throughout a site, recognizing that pretreatment is likely to be
necessarytoenhancethelongevityoffeatures.

3.6.1 Infiltration Guidance

Infiltrationofstormwaterrunoffintothesurroundingsoilisausefulwaytohelpreduce
thevolumeofrunoffatornearitssource.Itcanhelppromotegroundwaterrestoration,
improvewaterqualitythroughphysicalfiltrationandabsorption,andreducetheneed
to install additional drainage downstream to convey flows away from the site.
Infiltration is not appropriate in all circumstances, and care must be taken that the
infiltrationdeviceissuitableforthespecificsitelocation.

Asageneralguide,infiltrationisadvisablewhere:

Pretreatmentandemergencycontrol,suchasanoilinterceptor,orbeingsituated
offlinecanpreventgroundwaterfrombecomingpolluted.
Thegroundwatertableismorethan4mbelowthebaseoftheproposedinfiltration
device.
The structure of the soil is suitably stable to support a large volume of runoff
infiltratingintoitwithouttheriskoffailure.

To aid decision making, it is advisable to consult with a geotechnical engineer to

determine whether infiltration is likely to be appropriate. Figure 3.11 highlights the
mainstepstoconsiderwhenspecifyinganinfiltrationdevice.

Figure3.11 ConsiderationofInfiltration

VOLUME2 PAGE47

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.2 Specification of Suitable Vegetation

Carefulconsiderationisrequiredwherevegetationistobespecifiedtohelpstabilize
thesoilstructureofSuDSfeaturesorhelpimprovethebiodiversityofthearea,orboth.
Vegetationtypicallyspecifiedinotherpartsoftheworldmightnotbeappropriatefor
theclimaticandsoilconditionsinQatar.Alandscapearchitectorsimilarprofessional
shouldbeconsultedtoinvestigatepotentialoptionsatanearlystageincaseswhere
vegetationislikelytobenecessary.

FurtherguidanceonvegetationsuitableinQatarisprovidedinSection28oftheQatar
ConstructionSpecifications(MoE,2010).

3.6.3 Pervious Surfaces

Pervioussurfacesallowrainfalltoinfiltrateintothesubbase.Thisprovidesalevelof
attenuation,waterqualitytreatment,andpointsofsourcecollection,whichreducethe
needforotherdrainagesystemstobeconstructed.Thesubbaselayerscanbedrained
byinfiltration,apipeddrainagesystem,orboth.

Porousasphaltandporousconcretearethemostsuitableformsofpervioussurfacefor
highways.

3.6.3.1 Location Setting

Carefulattentionneedstobepaidtovehicularloadingandroadspeeds.Becauseofthe
more permeable nature of the subbase, compaction can cause depressions and
damage to the functionality of the system. Where high sedimentation loads are
expectedandareunlikelytoberegularlydispersedorcleaned,thesesurfacesmaybe
lesseffectiveandmayfail.Table3.18providessuitablelocationsforpervioussurfaces.

Table3.18 PotentiallySuitableLocationsforPerviousSurfaces
RoadLocationandType PotentialSuitability
UrbanAreas
Localroads No
Serviceroads No
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Expressways Yes
RuralAreasa
Localroads No
Collectors No
Arterials No
Freeways Yes
Note:
aRuralroadsarenotsuitable.Ifaroadistaggedyesbutitcannotbesweptfrequently,ittooisnot

suitable.
Source:CIRIASuDSManualC697.

PAGE48 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.3.2 Benefits and Limitations of Pervious Surfaces

ThefollowingbenefitsandlimitationstopervioussurfacesarefromtheSuDSManual
(CIRIA,2007).

Benefits

Aidstheremovalofrainfallatsource.
Canhelptoattenuateflowsandimprovewaterquality.
Dual purpose reduces the need for additional installation space. For example,
drainageandroadsurfaceinone.
Reducessurfacepondingontheroadsurface.

Limitations

Requires regular maintenance where sediment. Loads are likely to be high to

preventclogging.
Vehicular loading, volumes, and road speeds need careful consideration to help
maintaintheroadsurface.
Ifthegeotextilebecomescloggedwithfinesilt,itwilladverselyaffecttheinfiltration
rateintothesubbase.

3.6.3.3 Key Design Elements

Theguidancebelowisan overviewofconsiderationsrequired duringdesign.Advice
fromasuitablemanufacturershouldbesoughtduringtheearlystagesofdesign:

Thepervioussurfaceandsubbaseshouldbestructurallydesignedforthespecific
site andthe expected vehicular loading.This shouldbe done in compliance with
manufacturerrecommendations.
Guidanceshouldbesoughtfromaqualifiedgeotechnicalengineerastowhether
infiltrationshouldbeallowedorwhetheralinershouldbeinstalledtoprovidean
impermeablebarrier.Ifalinerisinstalled,acontinuationpipeisrequiredtodrain
thesubbase.Thiswillneedtobeappropriatelyconnecteddownstream.
Surfaceinfiltrationratesshouldnormallybeanorderofmagnitudegreaterthanthe
design rainfall intensity. Manufacturer guidelines should be referenced to clarify
thisinformation.
Thesubsurfacestoragevolumeshouldbeadequatetoensurethattheinfiltration,
thedischargeratethroughthecontinuationpipe,orboth,willnotbecomealimiting
factorandcreatesurfacepondingduringaneventequivalenttoitsdesignevent.
Angular, crushed material with high surface friction should be used for subbase
construction. Sand and gravel with rounded particles should not be used to
maintain voids and limit compaction of the material, which would reduce
permeability. Guidance should be sought from a geotechnical engineer about
suitablelocalmaterials,whenpossible.

VOLUME2 PAGE49

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

The subbase should usually be laid in 100 mm to 150 mm layers and lightly
compacted to ensure that the required void ratio is achieved for the particular
materialused.Guidanceshouldbesoughtfromageotechnicalengineer,asurface
manufacturer,orbothaboutasuitablesubbaseconstruction.
Ageotextilemaybespecifiedasafiltrationtreatmentcomponentnearthetopof
thesubbase.Wherethisisdone,careshouldbetakentoensurethattherateof
infiltrationisgreaterthantheratethroughtheperviousroadsurface.
Soil and other material must be prevented from contaminating the pavement
surfaceandsubstructure.Thiscanbeachievedbyensuringthattheadjoiningland
slopesawayfromtheroadsurface.

3.6.3.4 Design Stages

Figure 3.12 is an overview of the steps to be taken when considering installing a
permeablepavement.

Figure3.12 PerviousSurfaceDesignSteps

3.6.3.5 Maintenance Requirements

Table 3.19 lists the minimum regular maintenance requirements to maintain the
efficiencyofthepavement,alongwithlikelyoccasionalneeds.

Table3.19 PerviousSurfaceMaintenanceRequirements
MaintenanceType Action
Regular Inspectpervioussurfacesfor
evidenceofstructuraldefectionor
reducedinfiltrationefficiency.
Cleanorsweepthepervious
surface.
Occasional Remediatesurfacedepressions.
Reconstructpervioussurfaceand
subbase.
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).
Frequency
Quarterlyorasthemanufacturer
recommends.
Asthemanufacturerrecommends.
Asrequired.
Whentotalfailureofthestructural
integrityorabilitytoabsorbrunoff
occurs.

PAGE50 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.3.6 Construction Advice

Toensurethepavementisinstalledtooperateeffectively,thegeneraladvicebelow
should be communicated to contractors before work starts on site; further advice
shouldbesought,asappropriate:

Care must be taken to prepare the formation level in compliance with

manufacturersguidelines.
Noticeablesoftspotsintheformationlevelshouldbeexcavatedandbackfilledwith
suitable,wellcompactedmaterialbeforelayingthesubbaselayers.
Impermeablemembranesmustbetreatedwithcareduringinstallation.
Tomaintainpermeableproperties,thesubbasemustnotbecompacted.Thiswill
reducethevoidratioandeffectivenessofthesystem.
Geotextile should be laid in accordance with manufacturers instructions, with
overlaps between adjacent strips and without folds or creases, to ensure full
coverage.
Contaminants should be prevented from entering the pavement surface and
subbase during and after construction, to ensure that the pavement remains
permeablethroughoutitsdesignlife.

Siltfencesandtemporarydrainagethatdivertrunoffawayfromtheareashouldbe
considered to manage risks during construction. Landscaping should be carefully
designedtopreventdepositionofmaterialsfromadjacentland;forexample,thesides
ofthesoakawayshouldslopeawayfromthehighway.

3.6.4 Soakaways
Soakaways provide stormwater attenuation, treatment, and groundwater recharge.
Soakaways areexcavatedpitsor perforated storagechambersthatareusuallyfilled
withrubble.Brickwork,perforatedprecastconcrete,orpolyethyleneringscanbeused
tolinethestructures,andtheycanbegroupedorlinkedtogethertodrainlargeareas,
includinghighways.

3.6.4.1 Location Settings

SoakawayscanbesuitablysizedfortheroadtypeslistedinTable3.20,providedthe
geotechnicalconditionsareconducivetoabsorbingtheanticipatedvolumeofwater.

VOLUME2 PAGE51

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.20 PotentiallySuitableSiteLocationsforSoakawayInstallations
RoadLocationandType PotentiallySuitability
UrbanAreas
Localroads Yes
Serviceroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Expressways Yes
RuralAreas
Localroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Freeways Yes

3.6.4.2 Benefits and Limitations of Soakaways

ThefollowingbenefitsandlimitationofsoakawaysarefromtheSuDsManual(CIRIA,
2007).

Benefits

Minimallandtakeisneededforinstallation.
Canbedesignedinseriesorindividuallyfortheneedsofthesite.
Helpstoprovidegroundwaterrecharge.
Providesgoodvolumereductionandpeakflowattenuation.
Easytoconstructandoperate.

Limitations

Notsuitableforpoordrainingsoils.
Notsuitablewhereinfiltrationisunacceptable.
Notappropriatefordrainingpollutedrunoff.
Limitedlifespan,beforerequiringreplacement.
Reducedperformanceifgroundwatertablerises.

3.6.4.3 Key Design Elements

Fieldinvestigationsarerequiredatanearlystagetoconfirminfiltrationratesandthe
acceptability of infiltration to the soil. A geotechnical engineer should be consulted
during this assessment. The guidance below provides an overview of considerations
requiredduringthedesignofsoakaways:

Soakawaysshouldbeinvestigatedduringthedesignphase.Thiscanbethroughan
inspectionwelloranopeninginthecover.
Aperforatedpipecanbeincorporatedtoprovideapointofdischargetodrainsmall
soakaways. The pipe should be visible, and access should be provided to allow
debrisandsedimentstobeclearedfromthepit.

PAGE52 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Soakawayscanbebuiltassimpleexcavationsbackfilledwithhighvoidmedia,or
they can be supported perforation precast concrete or plastic chambers that
improvestabilityandmaximizeinfiltrationtothesurroundingground.
Asuitablegeotextileliningshouldseparategranularmaterialfromthesurrounding
soilandpreventmigrationoffinesintothesoakaway.
Soakawaysmustbeofsufficientstrengthfortheloadsactingonthem,especially
wheretheymustbeartraffic.Astructuralengineershouldbeconsulted.
Storms exceeding the design return period need to be considered so that
floodwater can safely be conveyed downstream. This may require additional
drainagecomponents,becausetheinfiltrationratewillbealimitingfactor.
Thesoakawayshouldfullydischargewithin48hourstominimizemosquitobreeding
andtoprovidesufficientcapacityforrunofffromsubsequentstorms.

3.6.4.4 Design Stages

Figure3.13isanoverviewofthestepstobetakenwhenconsideringtheinstallationof
asoakaway.

Note:*GuidanceonmodelingsoftwareisprovidedinTable3.12.

Figure3.13 SoakawayDesignSteps

Handcalculationsfordesignpurposescanbeusedwherethedrainagecatchmentis
smallandamodelwouldbeinappropriateforthesizeoftheproject.Thevolumeof
storage required will be a function of inflow minus outflow over time. This can be
determinedbyusingthelevelpoolroutingtechniquewhenamodelisinappropriate.
ThisisdescribedindetailinAppendixC.

3.6.4.5 Maintenance Requirements

Table 3.21 lists the minimum regular maintenance requirements, along with likely
occasionalneeds.

VOLUME2 PAGE53

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.21 SoakawayMaintenanceRequirements
Maintenance
Type Action Frequency
Inspectandidentifyareasthatarenot Monthlyforthefirst3months,
Regular operatingasdesignedandremediatethem. thenevery6months.
Removedebrisandblockages. Monthly.
Removesedimentfrompretreatment Annually(orasrequired).
structures.
Removesedimentfromsoakaway Annually(orasrequired).
Occasional structures.
Remedial Annuallyandafterlargestorms.
Conductdetailedinspectionsofall
structuralelements.
Makerepairstostructureelements. Asrequired.
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

3.6.4.6 Construction Advice

Thefollowinggeneralpointsaretobenotedduringconstruction.Thisinformation,and
further guidance with regard to health and safety, should be communicated to
contractorsundertakingthework:

Untreated drainage from construction sites should not discharge into soakaways
duringconstruction,becauseitcancausethesoakawaytobecomeineffective.

Siltfencesandtemporarydrainagethatdivertrunoffawayfromtheareashouldbe
consideredtomanagerisksduringconstruction.Landscapingshouldbedesignedto
preventdepositionofmaterialsfromadjacentland;forexample,slopingsidesaway
fromthehighway.
Theexposedsurfaceofthesoilshouldbemanuallycleanedsothatthegeotextile
andgranularfillsurroundingthechamberareinstalledunderoptimalconditions.
Groundwater control measures are requiredtoreducethe groundwater table to
allow a passive system of soakaways to work. Refer to the Qatar Integrated
DrainageMasterPlan(MWHConsultants[MWH],2013)forfurtheradvice.
Selectionofproposedplasticstructuresforstorageandsoakawaysneedscareful
consideration to ensure that the structure is appropriate for the proposed
overburdenloads.Thestructuresmustbesuitablefortherangeoftemperaturesin
Qatar.

3.6.5 Swales
Swales are wide, shallow, gently sloping channels usually covered by grass or other
suitable vegetation, although reinforced earth or riprap can also be used. They are
designed to intercept flow from the highway and convey runoff slowly along their
surface. Infiltration can be encouraged through the use of check dams or berms
installedacrosstheflowpath.

Infiltration can be conducted in standard swales or by using a dry swale. These

incorporateafilterbedandunderdrainsystemunderthebaseoftheswaletoimprove
thecapacityofthesystem.

PAGE54 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.5.1 Location Setting

Swalesareusuallylocatedparalleltothehighway.Theyneedtoberelativelywideso
thatshallowdepthscanbemaintained.Thisusuallymakesthemmostsuitedtoareas
wherewideshouldersareavailable,buttheycanalsobeconsideredwherethereare
onlynarrowcorridors,suchasinurbanareas.Table3.22listspotentiallysuitablesite
locations,butengineeringjudgmentisadvisable.

Table3.22 PotentiallySuitableLocationsforInstallingSwales
RoadLocationandType PotentialSuitability
UrbanAreas
Localroads Yes
Serviceroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Expressways Yes
RuralAreas
Localroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Freeways Yes
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

3.6.5.2 Benefits and Limitations of Swales

ThefollowingbenefitsandlimitationofswalesarefromtheSuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

Benefits

Helpsreduceurbanpollutantsinrunoff.
Canhelpreducerunoffrates(andvolumeswhereinfiltrationispermitted).
Pollutionandblockagesarevisibleandeasilydealtwith.

Limitations

Notsuitableforpoordrainingsoils.
Requiresavailablelandtobesetasideandmaintained.
Notsuitablewherevehiclesmayparkontheswaleanddamagethem.
Potentialriskofblockageswhenconnectingswaleswithpipework.
Notappropriatefordrainingpollutedrunoff.
Vegetationrequiresregularmaintenance.

VOLUME2 PAGE55

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.5.3 Key Design Elements

Theguidancebelowprovidesanoverviewofconsiderationsrequiredduringdesign:

Vegetation in the flow channel should typically be maintained at a height of

100mmto150mm.
Theswaleshouldbetrapezoidalorparabolicincrosssection,becausetheseareeasy
toconstructandmaintainandbecausetheyprovidegoodhydraulicperformance.
Swale side slopes should be no greater than 1:4 to promote sheet flow and low
velocitiesandtomaximizethewettedperimeter,promotefiltration,andminimize
erosion.
Thenormalmaximumdryswaledepthis400mmto600mm,ifalltechnicaland
safetyissueshavebeenconsidered.
Freeboardof150mmshouldbeprovidedoverthedesignhourvolumedepthto
allowforblockages.
Conveyanceswalesshouldhaveaminimumlongitudinalslopeof1:300.
Thebasewidthoftheswaleshouldbe0.5mto2m.
Thedesigneventrunoffvolumesshouldemptybyhalfwithin24hourssothatrunoff
fromsubsequentstormscanbeaccommodated.
The design event runoff volumes should fully empty within 48 hours to reduce
stagnationandmosquitobreeding.
Themaximumflowvelocityintheswaleforeventsbelowa1yearreturnperiod
shouldbe0.3m/stopromotesettlement.
Flowvelocitiesforextremeeventsshouldbelessthan1.0m/stopreventerosion.
Checkdamsandappropriatepretreatmentsystemsshouldbeusedtoimprovethe
hydraulicandwaterqualityperformanceoftheswalesystembyreducingtheflow
velocity,increasingresidencetime,increasinginfiltration,andpromotingstorage.
Whererequired,checkdamsaretypicallyprovidedat10mto20mintervals,and
thewaterlevelatthetoeoftheupstreamdamshouldbethesamelevelasthecrest
ofthedownstreamdam.
Checkdamsshouldbeconstructedintothesidesoftheswaletoensurethatwater
doesnotbypassthestructure.Asmallorificeorpipeatthebaseofthedamwill
allowlowflowstobeconveyeddownstream.

Figure 3.14 depicts a typical swale with the check dam and erosion protection
arrangement.

PAGE56 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure3.14 DiagramofTypicalSwale

3.6.5.4 Maintenance Requirements

Table3.23liststheminimumregularmaintenancerequirementslikelytoberequired
tomaintaintheefficiencyoftheswale,alongwithlikelyoccasionalneeds.

Table3.23 SwaleMaintenanceRequirements
MaintenanceType Action Frequency
Litteranddebrisremoval. Asrequired.
Regular
Watervegetation. Daily.
Checkforareasofpoorvegetationgrowthand Twiceyearlyorasrequired.
reseedaccordingly.
Inspectinlets,outlets,overflows,andcheck Twiceyearly.
Occasional damsforsignsoferosion,silting,and
Remedial blockages;alsocheckforareasofponding.
Repairstructure. Asrequired.
Removepollutantsandsedimentbuildup. Asrequired.
Relevelunevensurfaces. Asrequired.
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

3.6.5.5 Construction Advice

Swales should not receive storm runoff until vegetation in the system is fully
establishedandconstructionhasreachedastateatwhichsedimentfromthesitewill
not cause siltation ofthe swale.Interceptionpits maybe required inthe interimto
controlthequalityofthewater.

3.6.6 Filter Trenches and Drains

Filtertrenchesareshallowexcavationslinedwithageotextileandareusuallybackfilled
withstonetocreateanundergroundreservoirtodrainrunofffromsmallcatchment
areas.Runoffcantheninfiltrateintothesurroundingsoil.Filterdrainsaresimilarbut
use a porous or perforated pipe placed at the bottom of the trench that flow to a
drainagesystem.Infiltrationcanbepermitted,oranimpermeablelinercanbeusedto
preventinfiltration.Bothsystemsaredesignedtoprovideattenuationbypromoting

VOLUME2 PAGE57

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

slowinfiltrationthroughfillmaterialandintothegroundwhereinfiltrationisallowed.
Theyalsoprovidestorageinthetrench.

3.6.6.1 Location Setting

Filterdrainsandtrenchesaresuitableforinstallationattheedgesofhighwaysandcan
bedesignedforsitecharacteristics.Table3.24listspotentialsuitablelocations.

Care must be taken to restrict vehicle access onto the drain. This can cause stone
scatter,whichwillbedangeroustootherroadusers,anditcancauseheavyloadingon
thetrenchmedian,whichwillcausecompaction.

Table3.24 PotentiallySuitableLocationsforFilterTrenchesandDrains
RoadLocationandType PotentialSuitability
UrbanAreas
Localroads No
Serviceroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Expressways Yes
RuralAreas
Localroads No
Collectors No
Arterials No
Freeways Yes
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

3.6.6.2 Benefits and Limitations of Filter Trenches and Drains

ThefollowingbenefitsandlimitationoffiltertrenchesanddrainsarefromtheSuDs
Manual(CIRIA,2007).

Benefits

Helpstoslowtheflowrateandprovidesattenuation.
Whereinfiltrationispermitted,runoffvolumeswillbesignificantlyreduced,which
promotesgroundwaterrecharge.
Aidstreatmentofcontaminatedrunoff,leadingtoimprovedwaterquality.
Canbeeasilyinstalledclosetothehighwaytoreducetheneedforfurtherdrainage.
Relativelylowlandtakeandcostofinstallation.

Limitations

Stablesubsurfacematerialisessentialtoreducetheriskoftrenchcollapse.
Pipecollapsesinfilterdrainsarecommonduetothenatureofthepipematerial.

PAGE58 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Notsuitableforsiteswherefiltercloggingislikely;forexample,clayorsiltinthe
upstreamcatchment).
Failureofthesystemisdifficulttoseeintheearlystages.
Regularmaintenanceisrequiredtoreducetheriskoffailureduetoclogging.

3.6.6.3 Key Design Elements

Theguidancebelowisanoverviewofconsiderationsrequiredduringdesign.Itshould
beusedwiththerequirementsoutlinedinthispart:

Tomaximizethelifetimeeffectivenessofthesesystems,pretreatrunofftoremove
heavysolidsbeforearrivalatthetrench,becauseitisdifficulttorestoreoperation
oncetrenchesbecomeclogged.
Trenchesshouldnotbeconstructedonsteepslopeswherethereisanincreasedrisk
ofstabilityconcerns.
Wheredesignedtoallowforinfiltration,themaximumgroundwaterlevelshouldbe
greaterthan1mbelowthebottomofthetrenchtoavoidcontinuedsaturationof
thefiltermediaandriskofgroundwaterinfiltrationintothedrainagenetwork.
Afullgeotechnicalassessmentshouldbeconductedtoverifythatgroundconditionsare
suitable for trench excavation and that the infiltration rate is appropriate; see
Section3.6.1.
Thetrenchshouldbedesignedtobehalfemptywithin24hoursafterbeingfullso
that capacity is available for subsequent events and to reduce the risk that the
trenchwillbewaterloggedforlongperiods.
Trenchdepthsshouldnormallybebetween1and2m.
Locallyavailablegranularstoneorrockfillshouldbespecified,wherepossible.
Thegeotextileontrenchsidesandgeotextilewrappingaroundpipesshouldhave
greaterpermeabilitythanthesurroundingsoilwhereinfiltrationisallowedsothat
thegeotextiledoesnotpresentabarriertoflow.Manufacturersguidanceshould
beusedtoassessthissituation.
Measuresshouldbeimplementedtopreventstonescatterbyvehiclesorhumans.
This could mean locating the trench slightly away from the highway or not
constructingthistypeofsysteminurbanareasorclosetosettlements.
Infiltrationtrenchesshouldbeconstructedwithahighleveloutletforexceedance
conditions, and appropriate drainage should be designed to convey flows safely
downstream.
The base of the trenchshould slopegentlytoencourage flowmovement and to
avoidponding.
Adequate access to the trench should be provided for maintenance, which will
includetheneedforwashingandreplacementofthetoplayersregularly.

VOLUME2 PAGE59

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.6.4 Design Stages

Figure3.15isanoverviewofstepstobetakenwhenconsideringinstallationofafilter
trenchordrain.Handcalculationsfordesignpurposescanbeusedwhenthedrainage
catchmentissmallandamodelwouldbeinappropriateforthesizeoftheproject.The
storage required will be a function of inflow minus outflow over time and can be
determinedusingthelevelpoolroutingtechnique.

Note:*Section3.4.3containsguidanceonmodelingsoftware.
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

Figure3.15 FilterTrenchorDrainSteps

3.6.6.5 Maintenance Requirements

Table 3.25 lists the minimum regular maintenance requirements likely needed to
maintaintheefficiencyofafiltertrenchordrain,alongwithlikelyoccasionalneeds.

Table3.25 FilterTrenchorDrainMaintenanceRequirements
MaintenanceType Action Frequency
Removelitteranddebrisfromthetrenchsurface. Monthly.
Inspecttrenchsurfacesforevidenceofponding Atleastquarterly.
Regular
andsiltaccumulation.
Washingof exposedstone. Annually.
Remediatefiltermediaandgeotextilewhen Asrequired.
cloggingoccurs.Thisrequirestheexcavationofthe
Occasional trenchandreinstallingaftercleaning.
Inspectpipeworkforevidenceofoperationand Asrequiredorhalfthe
failure. expectedassetlife.
Reexcavatetrenchwalls. Asrequired.
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

PAGE60 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.6.6 Construction Advice

Toensurethefiltertrenchordrainisinstalledforoptimaloperation,thegeneraladvice
below should be communicated to contractors before they start work onsite; further
adviceshouldbeprovidedasappropriate:

Trenchesshouldbeconstructedafterhighwayshavebeenconstructedtominimize
compactionofsurroundingsoil.Wheresoilhasbeencompactedduringprevious
construction activity, it needs to be loosened or perforated to maintain the
effectivenessoftheinfiltrationpropertiesoftheground.
Because of the loose compated nature of the trench fill and the maintenance
requirements to remove and clean the fill to prolong its lifespan it is not
recommendedthattrenchesareinstalledbelowtheroadwayatall.
Stone fill and geotextile around pipes should be clean before installation. Care
should be taken so that the geotextile covers all sides of the trench and is not
damagedduringinstallation.
Care must be taken during construction to prevent trench collapse during
excavationorinstallationoffillmaterial.Thisisofparticularimportancewhenthe
trenchdepthisgreaterthan1.2mdeeporgroundconditionsareweak.Supports
shouldbeusedtostabilizethetrenchinbothcases.
Afterinstallation,aninfiltrationtestisrecommendedtoconfirmthatthetrenchis
operatingasdesigned.

3.6.7 Bio-retention Areas

Bioretention areas are shallow landscaped depressions composed of several
componentsthatacttogethertoimprovewaterquality.Grassfilterstripsorchannels
helptoreducerunoffvelocities.Apondingareanormallyisincorporatedtoprovide
temporarystorage;anorganiclayerandplantingareprovidedtoencouragefiltration
andpollutantuptake;andasandbedisprovidedtopromoteaerobicconditions.These
measuresareaimedatmanagingandtreatingrunofffromfrequentbutlowintensity
rainfall events. Runoff from extreme events must be designed for with additional
measuressuchasbalancingpondsoremergencyfloodareas.

3.6.7.1 Location Setting

Vegetation needs to be incorporated, and daily watering is required. As a result, bio
retentionareasarelikelytobesuitableonlywhereplantingislikelyandonlywithsuitable
vegetationasoutlinedinthispart(seeTable3.26).

VOLUME2 PAGE61

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.26 PotentialSuitableLocationsforBioretentionAreas
RoadLocationandType PotentialSuitability
UrbanAreas
Localroads Yes
Serviceroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Expressways Yes
RuralAreas
Localroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Freeways Yes
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

3.6.7.2 Benefits and Limitations of Bio-retention Areas

ThefollowingbenefitsandlimitationofbioretentionareasarefromtheSuDsManual
(CIRIA,2007).

Benefits

Providesaestheticappealandcanbeincorporatedasalandscapefeature
Effectiveinremovingurbanpollutants
Canreducevolumeandrateofrunoff
Hasflexiblelayouttofitintolandscape

Limitations

Requireslandscapingandregularmanagementtomaintainvegetation
Susceptibletocloggingifsurroundinglandscapeispoorlymanaged
Notsuitableforareaswithsteepslopes
Particularilysuitableforlowintensityevents

PAGE62 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.7.3 Key Design Elements

Figure3.16isatypicalcrosssection.

Note:Perforatedunderdraintobesurroundedwithgeotextilemembrane.

Figure3.16 TypicalCrossSectionthroughaBioretentionArea

Theguidancebelowprovidesanoverviewofconsiderationsrequiredduringdesign;a
suitablemanufacturershouldbeconsultedforfurtherguidance,ifnecessary:

Typicallythesystemisdrainedbyanunderdrainandreliesonengineeredsoilsand
enhanced vegetation. Individual units can be supplied to meet site needs, and a
suitablemanufacturershouldbeconsultedduringthedesignphase.
Thestoragevolumeofthesystemshouldbedesignedsothatitwillbehalfempty
within24hours,eitherbyinfiltrationorthroughtheoutletpipe.
Theshapeofabioretentionareaisnotacriticalfeatureindesign,butaminimum
widthof3mandlengthtowidthratioof2:1isrecommendedtoaidinplanting.
Thesoilbedshouldhaveaminimumdepthof1m.Wheretreesareplanted,the
depthshouldbe1.2mto1.5m.
Thesoilshouldbeasandyloammixturewithapermeabilityofatleast12.6mm/h,
andpHshouldrangebetween5.2and7.
Thesandfiltershouldhaveaminimumthicknessof0.3mandconsistofsandwith
agrainsizeof0.5mmto1mm.
Thegravelaroundtheunderdrainshouldconsistof5mmto20mmaggregate.
Geotextilemembraneshouldbeplacedaroundperforateddrainagepipes.

VOLUME2 PAGE63

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.7.4 Maintenance Requirement

Table3.27liststheminimumregularmaintenancelikelytoberequired,alongwithlikely
occasionalneeds.

Table3.27 MaintenanceRequirementsforBioretentionAreas
Maintenance
Type Action Frequency
Watervegetation. Daily
Removelitteranddebris. Monthlyorasrequired
Regular
Removeweeds. Asrequired
Verifythatanaerobicconditionsarenotpresentinsoil. Monthlyorasrequired
Replacemulchandspikingsoil. Annually
Inspectinlets,outlets,andoverflows. Twiceyearly
Occasional Restorevegetationorerodedareas. Asrequired
Remedial
Clearblockagesandremovesiltandbuiltupvegetation. Asrequired
Repairstructures. Asrequired
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

3.6.7.5 Construction
Theadvicebelowshouldbecommunicatedtocontractorsbeforetheystartworking
onsitesothatthebioretentionareaoperateseffectivelyonceconstructed.Thislistis
notextensive,andfurtheradviceshouldbeprovided,asappropriate:

Bioretention areas should be constructed after construction of the road to

minimizeerosionandsedimentgeneration.
Care should be taken not to compact the soils below the bioretention area,
particularlythefilterandsoilplantingbed,becausedoingsowillreduceinfiltration
capacities.
Abackhoeshouldbeusedtoexcavateabioretentionarea.Onceformed,personnel
shouldavoidrunningoveranddamagingthebioretentionarea.
If soil for the filter layer is imported, soil testing should be conducted. The test
should include particle size distribution, pH, and organic matter test for each
retentionarea.

3.6.8 Sand Filters

Sand filters are designed to treat surface water runoff through filtration and can
significantlyimprovewaterquality.

Surfacesandfilters,shownonFigure3.17,arestructures,usuallyconstructedasoff
linefacilitiesthatincorporatesandfilterbedsatthebaseoftheexcavation.Theycan
be designed with impervious linings and a drainage system, or they can allow
infiltrationintothesurroundingsoil.

PAGE64 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure3.17 DiagramofaTypicalSurfaceSandFilter

Undergroundsandfilters,shownonFigure3.18,canbeusedwherespaceislimited.
These are essentially chambers that aid water quality treatment before flow passes
throughthedrainagesystem.

Figure3.18 DiagramofaTypicalUndergroundSandFilter

3.6.8.1 Location Setting

Thedesignofsandfiltersisflexibleandallowstheopportunityforincorporationinto
multiplelocations.However,careshouldbetakensothereisadequatepretreatment
oremergencycontrolscanbeconducted,suchasinstallingthemoffline.Table3.28
liststheroadtypesforwhichsandfilterscouldpotentiallybeused.

VOLUME2 PAGE65

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table3.28 PotentialSiteLocationsforSandFilters
RoadLocationandType PotentialSuitability
UrbanAreas
LocalRoads Yes
ServiceRoads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Expressways Yes
RuralAreas
LocalRoads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Freeways Yes
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

3.6.8.2 Benefits and Limitations of Sand Filters

ThefollowingbenefitsandlimitationsofsandfiltersarefromtheSuDsManual(CIRIA,
2007).

Benefits

Flexibledesign.
Efficientinremovingarangeofurbanrunoffpollutants.
Suitableforretrofitsandintightlyconstrainedurbanlocations.

Limitations

Notrecommendedforareaswithhighdebriscontentinrunoff.
Waterlogged conditions can support algae growth, filter clogging, and mosquito
breeding.
Notsuitableforlargecatchmentareas.
Highcapitalcostandmaintenanceburden.

3.6.8.3 Key Design Elements

Theguidancebelowisanoverviewofconsiderationsrequiredindesigningsandfilters.

SurfaceSandFilter

Pretreatmentisrequiredtoremovedebrisandheavysedimentsothatitdoesnot
enterthefilterbed.
Specializedmediacouldbeusedtoremoveheavymetals.
A sedimentationchamber should be incorporated into thedesignthatpromotes
settlingofheaviersolidstohelpkeepthesandfilterclear.

PAGE66 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Aflowseparatingdeviceshouldbeusedtodistributeflowevenlyacrossthefilter
bedandkeepthebedmaterialinplace.
A series of underdrains should be installed parallel to the direction of flow to
promoteflowtransfer.Theunderdrainsshouldbe150mmperforatedPVCpipes
installed inagravel layer with aminimumslopeof1percentandspacingnotto
exceed3m.
Thefilterbedshouldconsistofa0.45mto0.6mlayerofwashedmediumsandor
otherspecializedmedia. Topsoilorgravelcanbeinstalledonthetoptoprevent
erosion; this cover layer should be roughly 75 mm deep. Figure 3.19 shows the
typicalconstructionofthebedlayers.

Figure3.19 TypicalSandFilterBedConstruction

Apermeablefilterfabricshouldbeplacedaboveandbelowthesandbedtohelp
keepthefilterandunderdrainsystemclear.
Thelengthtowidthratioofthefiltershouldbeatleast2:1.
Thesideslopesoftheexcavationshouldbeatleast1:6.
The design should allow easy access for maintenance. There may be a need to
remove heavy wet sand from the system. This is usually done by hand, and the
accessshouldbedesignedtofacilitatethis.
Inspectionandcleanoutwellsshouldbeprovidedtotheunderdrain.
Filterareasshouldbesizedtocompletelydrainin48hoursorless.Filterareascan
bedeterminedbyusingDarcyslawandtheequationbelow:

VOLUME2 PAGE67

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

where
Af = surfaceareaoffilterbed,squaremeters(m2)
Vt = waterqualitytreatmentvolume,cubicmeters(m3)
L = filterbeddepth(m)(typically0.45mto0.6m)
k = coefficientofpermeabilityoffiltermediumforwater(m/s)
= 0.001(approximately)for0.5mmsand
= 0.006(approximately)for1.0mmsand
h = averageheightofwaterabovefilterbed(m)(halfmaximumheight,wherehmaxis
typically2)
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

UnderdrainFilters

Topreventbackflowofwaterinthesystem,themaximumheadofwaterthatcan
developinthesedimentmustbeatleasttwicetheaverageheightofwaterabove
thefilterdevice.
Underdrainfiltersshouldbeofflineoranoverflowshouldbeprovided,orboth,to
allowforexceedanceconditions.

3.6.8.4 Design Stages

Figure3.20isanoverviewofstepstobetakenwheninstallingasandfilter.

Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

Figure3.20 SandFilterDesignSteps

Handcalculationsfordesignpurposescanbeusedwherethedrainagecatchmentis
small and a model would be inappropriate for the size of the project. The storage
requiredwillbeafunctionofinflowminusoutflowovertimeandcanbedetermined
usingthelevelpoolroutingtechnique.

PAGE68 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.8.5 Maintenance Requirements

Table3.29liststheminimumregularmaintenancerequirementsforsandfilters.

Table3.29 SandFilterMaintenanceRequirements
Maintenance
Type Action Frequency
Watervegetation. Daily.
Checkforodorsindicativeofanaerobicconditions. Monthly.
Monitorsedimentaccumulationandvegetation. Monthly.
Removesediment,litter,anddebrisfromtheinlet
Asrequiredorafterastorm.
andoutlet.
Asrequiredoratleast
Regular Checkthatthesedimentationchamberis<50%full. annually.
Checkthatfilterbedhassurfacesediment Quarterly.
accumulationof<15millimeters.
Checkanaerobicdigestion. Monthly.
Washthetoplayersofthesandtomaintain Asrequiredoratleast
efficiency. annually.
Repaireerodedsurfaces. Asrequiredorafterastorm.
Occasional Realignerosionprotection. Asrequiredorafterastorm.
Repairinletoroutlet. Asrequired.
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

3.6.8.6 Construction Advice

Theadvicebelowshouldbecommunicatedtocontractorsbeforetheystartworking
onsite;furtheradviceshouldbeprovided,asappropriate:

Filtersshouldnotreceiverunoffuntilvegetationinthesystemisfullyestablished
andconstructionatthesitehasreachedastateatwhichsedimentconcentrations
intherunoffwillnotcauseclogging.
The top of the filter bed must be completely level; otherwise, filtration will be
localized,andearlyfailuremayoccur.
Inareaswheregroundwaterprotectionisaconcern,thecompletedtankstructure
(concreteormembrane)shouldbefilledwithwaterfor24hourstodetermineif
thereisleakage.

3.6.9 Basins
Detention basins are designed to store runoff when the surface water system is in
surcharge.Thebasinsstoresurchargedwaterandhaveacontrolledoutflow.Detention
basinsarenormallydryandarelinedtopreventinfiltration.

Infiltrationbasinsaredesignedtotakeexcessflowfromthestormwatersystemand
infiltrateitintotheground.Infiltrationbasisareunlinedtopromoteinfiltration.

Section4.2.5providesinformationaboutEFAs,whichprovidealevelofwatertreatment
bysettlingparticulatepollutants.Figure3.21showsalayoutforatypicalbasin.

VOLUME2 PAGE69

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure3.21 PlanViewofaTypicalBasin

Ripraporgeotextilemattingprotectionscouldbeusedtoimprovethesoilstructure
andtoreduceorreplacetheneedforafullyvegetatedsystem.

3.6.9.1 Location Setting

Thesizeofthebasinsdependsonthecatchmentbeingserved.Basinscanbedesigned
to accommodate varying volumes and are suitable for a range of situations.
Incorporatingbasinsinnarrowcorridorsorindense,urbanzonesmaybechallenging.
However,basinsbenefitwaterqualityandareeasytomaintain.

Table3.30listslocationswherebasinsarepotentiallysuitableforbasins;howeverthe
decisiontousebasinswilldependonsiteconstraintsandengineeringjudgment.

Table3.30 PotentialSuitableLocationsforaBasin
RoadLocationandType PotentialSuitability
UrbanAreas
Localroads Yes
Serviceroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Expressways Yes
RuralAreas
Localroads Yes
Collectors Yes
Arterials Yes
Freeways Yes
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

PAGE70 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.9.2 Benefits and Limitations of Basins

ThefollowingbenefitsandlimitationsofbasinsarefromtheSuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

Benefits

Canbeusedforawiderangeofrainfallevents.
Detention basins can be used where infiltration is inappropriate or groundwater
couldbecomepollutedasaresultofcontaminatedrunoff.
Infiltrationbasinscancontributetogroundwaterrechargeandreducetheneedfor
furtherdrainage.
Simpletodesign,construct,andmaintain.
Providesafeandvisiblecaptureofaccidentalspillages.
Theyprovideattenuationoflargeflowsand/orhighintensityevents.

Limitations

Littlereductioninrunoffvolumewheredetentionbasinsareused.
Detention depths are limited by the drain down time and health and safety
considerations.
Likelytobesubjecttoheavysiltation,particularlyinruralareas,andtheyrequire
regularmaintenance.
Vegetation,whereapplicable,willrequireregularwateringandmaintenance.
Structural improvement is likely to be required where the soil is loose and not
structurallystable.

3.6.9.3 Key Design Elements

Theguidancebelowprovidesanoverviewofconsiderationsrequiredtoaiddesign:

Thebasinshouldbesizedtodelaypeakrunoffandtodrainwithin48hourstoavoid
stagnationandminimizetheopportunityformosquitoestobreed.
Pretreatment should be provided where possible, especially where infiltration is
allowed.Pretreatmentpromotestheinfiltrationpropertiesofthesoilandfacilitates
thecaptureofpollutantsfromaccidentalspillsbeforetheyinfiltrateintotheground.
Basinsshouldusuallybeimplementedasofflinesystems,butwheretheyareon
line,anemergencyspillwayshouldbedesignedtosafelyconveyexceedanceflows.
The maximum depth of water in the basin should not normally exceed 1.5 m
because of health and safety concerns. Adequate protection should be provided
aroundthebasintopreventaccidentalentrybymotoristsorotherroadusers.
Adequate access must be provided for inspection and maintenance, including
accessforequipment.

VOLUME2 PAGE71

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Sideslopes usually should not exceed 1:4 unless site conditions, safety
arrangements,orbothallowforsteeperslopes.
Thebottomofthebasinshouldgentlyslopetowardtheoutlettopreventstanding
water;thegradientshouldbeshallowerthan1:100.
Aminimumlengthtowidthratioof2:1isrecommended.
Alinermaybespecifiedtopreventinfiltrationinunstablelocations(e.g.,infiltration
<50mm/hrorwheregroundwatercouldbecomecontaminatedbypollutedrunoff).
If soilconditions areunsuitable and an embankmentisrequired toimpoundthe
water,theembankmentfillmaterialshouldbeinertnaturalsoilthatwillnotleach
contaminantsintothestoredrunoff.
Ripraporotherscourprotectionshouldbeusedtodissipatetheenergyofincoming
flows.Thevelocityofincomingflowsshouldbe<1m/s.
OutletflowsshouldbecontrolledbyaVnotchweir,orificeplate,orvortexflow
controldevice.Thedeviceshouldbebuiltintoadikeorberm,witheasyaccessfor
maintenance.
Thebottomandsideslopesshouldbestructurallystable.Wheresoilconditionsdo
notallowthis,anembankmentfromimprovedmaterialshouldbeconstructed.
If there is adequate space, sufficient volume should be provided in the basin to
accommodatethedesignevent.Ifthereisinsufficientspace,theflowshouldbypass
thebasinflowsafelydownstream.
Anemergencyoverflowshouldbedesignedtoconveyexcessflowsinemergency
situations.Theoverflowwillneedtobedesignedspecificallyforthebasin.

Figure3.22showsthetypicalcrosssectionforadetentionbasin.

Figure3.22 TypicalCrossSectionofaDetentionBasin

PAGE72 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.9.4 Design Steps

Figure3.23isanoverviewofthestepstotaketoinstallinfiltrationordetentionbasins.

Note:Section3.4.3containsguidanceonmodelingsoftware.
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

Figure3.23 BasinDesignSteps

Handcalculationsfordesignpurposescanbeusedwherethedrainagecatchmentis
small and a model would be inappropriate for the size of the project. The storage
requiredwillbeafunctionofinflowminusoutflowovertimeandcanbedetermined
usingthelevelpoolroutingtechnique.

3.6.9.5 Maintenance Requirements

Table 3.31 lists the minimum regular maintenance likely to be required for an
infiltrationordetentionbasin.

Table3.31 MaintenanceRequirementsforBasins
Maintenance
Type Action Frequency
Watervegetation. Daily.
Monitorsedimentaccumulationandvegetation. Monthly.
Regular Remove sediment,litter,anddebrisfromthe Asrequiredorafterastorm.
inletandoutlet.
Ifvegetated,maintainvegetation(e.g.,cutting Asrequiredoratleastannually.
orpruning).
Repaireerodedsurfaces. Asrequiredorafterastorm.
Remedial Realignerosionprotection. Asrequiredorafterastorm.
Repaire inletoroutlet. Asrequired.
Source:SuDsManual(CIRIA,2007).

VOLUME2 PAGE73

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

3.6.9.6 Construction Advice

Theadvicebelowshouldbecommunicatedtocontractorsbeforetheystartworkon
site;furtheradviceshouldbeprovidedasappropriate:

Ifalinerisused,careshouldbetakentoavoiddamagingitduringconstruction.
Tomaintainstabilityofthebasin,constructionshouldoccurwhenthereisnoheavy
rainfall.
Care should be taken that the slopes remain stable and that slope materials are
unlikelytofallawayduringstormconditions.
Side slopes should be shallower than 1:4 while constructing the basin to avoid
collapseduringexcavation.
The base of the basin should be carefully prepared to an even grade, without
significantundulation.
All excavation and leveling should be performed by equipment with tracks that
exert light pressure so that the basin floor is not compacted, which may reduce
infiltrationcapacity.

Constructionoftheinfiltrationbasinshouldtakeplaceafterthesitehasbeenstabilized
tominimizetheriskofprematurefailureofthebasin.

3.7 Preliminary Design Strategy

Aftermostofthepreliminarydesigninformationoutlinedintheprevioussubsections
hasbeendetermined(e.g.,theroadgeometryandsurfacerunoffquantified),astrategy
for the road drainage should be developed. The strategy should explain the design
decisions,clearlyjustifyingeachdecisionandcrossreferencingthismanualtoexpedite
thereviewprocess.

InQatar,itishistoricallyconventionaltoinstallpipeddrainagesystemswithgullyinlets
toconveyrunoffquicklyfromthehighway.However,therehavebeenissueswiththese
systems in recent years, and drainage systems that mimic a more natural drainage
processarepreferredwherepossible.Systemsthatmimicnaturaldrainageprocesses
arereferredtoasSuDSandaredesignedtominimizetheenvironmentalrisksresulting
from urban surface water runoff (e.g., quantity and quality of the runoff) and to
maximizeamenityandbiodiversityopportunities.SuDSfeaturescanbeusedaloneor
withconventionalsystemstomeetthespecificneedsofthesite.Table3.32provides
guidancesforthesuitabilityofusingSuDSonurbanandruralroads.

SuDStypicallyincludethreemaincontrolcategories:source,site,andregional.

Sourcecontrolsystemsdealwithrunoffasclosetothesourceaspractical.Theycan
beusedaloneorasthefirststageinamultistagemanagementsystem.
Sitecontrolsystemsaredesignedtomanagewaterlocallyandareusedeitheras
thefinalmanagementstageafterrunoffiscapturedbysourcecontrolsystemsoras
aninterimmeasurebeforeflowsareconveyedforregionalcontrol.

PAGE74 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Regionalcontrolsystemsmanagerunofffromlargeormultipleareasandtendto
belargerstructuresthanthoseusedforsitecontrol.RegionalSuDSareusuallythe
finalstageinthemanagementprocess.

Mostfeaturesclassifiedassource,site,orregionalcontrolsystemscanbedesignedfor
multiple purposes and may be classified as more than one system. Guidance about
typicalclassificationisprovidedinTable3.10.Section4containsfurtherguidanceabout
eachtypeoffeatureandthekeydesignelements.

3.8 Review Process

Afterthedesigncriteriahavebeenestablished,theyshouldbereviewedbytheMMUP
and key stakeholders, as agreed at the project concept design stage. Approval
procedures in Section 1.2.2 should be followed. The designer should continue to
engage internal design team members to ensure that a collaborative approach is
implementedtodeveloptheroaddesign.

To bestachieve the requiredoutputsand to facilitate anefficientapprovalprocess,

engagementshouldcontinuethroughouttheprocess.

VOLUME2 PAGE75


PAGE76

DRAINAGE
VOLUME2PART10
Table3.32 PotentialSuitabilityforSuDSInstallationonUrbanandRuralRoads
SourceControl
SiteControl
RegionalControl
Pipes,
Pervious Filter Filter Infiltration Bioretention Sand Subsurface Detention Infiltration
Technique Surfaces drains Strips Soakaways Swales Trenches Areas Filters Storage Basin Basins
UrbanRoads
Expressways N Y Y P Y Y P Y Y Y Y
MajorArterialRoads N Y Y P Y Y P Y Y Y Y
MinorArterialRoads N Y Y P Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
BoulevardArterialRoads N Y Y P Y Y P Y Y Y Y
MajorCollectorRoads N Y Y P Y Y P Y Y Y Y
MinorCollectorRoads N Y Y P Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
DistributorCollectorRoads N Y Y P Y Y P Y Y Y Y
ServiceRoads Y Y Y P Y Y P Y Y Y Y
LocalRoads Y P Y P Y P Y P Y P P

RuralRoads
Freeway N Y Y Y Y Y P Y Y Y Y
ArterialRoads N Y Y Y Y Y P Y Y Y Y
CollectorRoads Y Y Y Y Y Y P Y Y Y Y
LocalRoads Y P Y Y Y P Y P Y P P
Key:Y=likelytobeappropriate;N=notlikelytobesuitable;P=potentiallysuitable.Pondsarenotconsideredsuitableforthecontrolofstormwaterandhencearenot
recommended.
VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

4 Detailed Design Work

4.1 Design Stage 3 Summary
Duringthedetaileddesignphase,thecomprehensivedesigncriteriaestablishedinthe
twopreviousstagesareusedtodevelopthefinalworkingdesign.Figure4.1depictsthe
process.

Figure4.1 DetailedDesignProcess

Eachdesignwillvaryaccordingtothelocationandspecificdrainagerequirements,so
noteverystepinthisstagewillnecessarilyberelevantforalldesigns.Theengineer
shoulduseFigure4.1tofollowthecorrectprocedureandthenreferencetherelevant
sectionswithinthispartofthemanual,asappropriate.

4.2 Design in Urban Areas

Earlyplanningofhighwaydrainageinthedesignprocessisessentialtoestablishdrainage
corridorsandrightsofwaythatwillnotclashwithotherplannedutilitycorridors.

VOLUME2 PAGE77

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

At the planning and design stage, it is important to consider amenity areas such as
parks, footways and car parks that may be used for strategic storage. There is also
potentialtoincorporateSuDSoptions,suchasrunoffcollection,atnearbypublicsites
toalleviatesurfacewaterflows.

4.2.1 Urban Catchments

Urbandevelopmentincorporatingroads,amenities,andhousingchangesthenatureof
existinglandandthesurfacewaterrunoffcharacteristicsofthecatchment.

Whenconsideringnewroadsforurbandevelopment,theengineershouldconsiderthe
totalcatchmentareaonbothsidesoftheroad.Surfacewaterthatrunsofffromthe
catchment needs to be assessed to ascertain if runoff will contribute to the overall
highwaydrainagesystem.Partoftheassessmentprocessistoestablishtheavailability
ofdischargepointsforthecollectionofwaterandpotentialpollutionproblemscaused
bytheintakeofsurfacewaterrunoffintothehighwaydrainagesystem.Thedesigner
shouldgivedueconsiderationtowindblownsandenteringthedrainagesystem,which
couldcauseblockagesthatpotentiallyresult infloodingproblems.Thedesignerwill
needtoprovidefacilitiestoreducethispotential.

4.2.2 Drainage of the Roadway

Figure4.2showsatypicalroadcrosssection,butthisdoesnotindicateameansofSuDS
collection for surface water. SuDS should be considered in preference to traditional
techniques,suchasgullies,wheresiteconstraintsallow.Forabalancedroadsection,the
roadfallsawayfromthecenterlineandcrownoftheroadtothechannelandcurbline.
This fall is known as the transverse gradient, and a 2 percent transverse gradient is
considerednormalfordrainagedesign.

Figure4.2 TypicalRoadCrossSection

The longitudinal gradient for the channel line to the discharge point (for SuDS
techniquesortraditionaltechniques,suchasagullypot)isaminimumof0.3percent.
Thisreducesthepeakingoftheverticalalignmentoftheroad.Adesirableminimum
longitudinalgradientof1percentistobeprovided,wherepractical.

PAGE78 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Manholes for new roads are to be located in allocated surface water corridors in
accordancewithMMUPstandardroadcrosssections.Theobjectistokeepthemain
roadway free of manhole covers and to reduce the potential settlement problems
associated with a flexible road surface and a solid manhole construction. This
requirementshouldbeagreedtowithMMUPduringthepreliminarydesignstage.

Forallpipeddrainage,manholesshouldbeprovidedatthefollowinglocations:

Changesofdirection,gradient,orpipematerial
Theupstreamendofallpiperuns
Everyjunctionoftwoormorepipes(excludinggullyconnections)
Eachchangeinpipediameter
Spacingsofnogreaterthan100morasdictatedintheAshghalDesignmanual
Tocollectgullyconnections

Theroaddesignerneedstoensurethatnoflatzonesarecreatedatroadintersections.
Whereconflictinglongitudinalgradientsoccur,arollingcrowncanbeusedtoavoid
aflatzone.Thelengthoftherollingcrownisdeterminedusingthesameformulaas
thatforapplyingsuperelevation(seeFigure4.3).

Figure4.3 TypicalDetailofRollingCrownacrossaSingleRoadway

Forthepurposeofcollectingsurfacewaterfromroadareasatlowpoints,gulliesshould
beprovidedalongthecurblineorgutter.

4.2.3 Design of Traditional Drainage Capture Techniques

Thissectiondiscussesmethodsfordeterminingthesizingandspacingofconventional
roadside drainage technique, and it describes the limitations of those techniques.
ConventionaltechniquescanbecombinedwithSuDStechniques(seeSection3.6)or,
withappropriatemodification,beconsideredSuDS.

4.2.3.1 Gully Design

Designersmayspaceroadgulliesatadistancethatbestprovidesadequatedrainage
andminimizesthenumberofgulliesrequired.Tomaintaingullyperformanceunder
the influence of windborne debris and dust and to improve collection during high

VOLUME2 PAGE79

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

rainfallevents,itispreferredthatgulliesbeconstructedaspairs.Itisalsoimportantto
designanappropriatemaintenancescheduletopreventthebuildupofsandthatcould
inhibitdrainagemeasures.

The design is based on the equations provided in theDesign Manual forRoads and
Bridges,Volume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).The
maximumpreferredgullyconnectionlengthis15m.Theabsolutemaximumlengthis
30m,whichrequiresAIAapproval.

Therearetwoprimaryequations.Thechoiceofwhichequationsismostapplicableis
baseduponwhetherthegradientofaroadisuniform.Theseequationscontainseveral
variablesandrequirethefollowinginput:

Longitudinalgradientofaroad(asafraction)
Crossfallofaroad(asafraction)
Acceptableflowwidth(inmeters),asagreedtobytheAIA
Mannings roughness coefficient for the surface of the road to be drained (see
Table4.3andassociateddiscussion)
Themaintenancefactor(seeTable4.4andassociateddiscussion),whichdepends
onfutureroadmaintenance
Rainfallintensity(seeSection3.3.1)
Widthofcatchment(inmeters)fortheareathatdrainstotheroadcurb
Gratingparameter(thecalculationofwhichisoutlinedfurtherinthissection)
Grating,slotdimensions,andpattern,whichmaybeprovidedbythemanufacturer

Allothervariablesarecalculatedusingtheseinputswiththeequationsprovidedinthe
followingsection.

LimitationoftheDesignMethod

Theslotsinthegratingshouldhaveatotalwaterwayofmorethan30percentof
thegratingscleararea.
Theportionofthetotalwaterwayareawithin50mmofthecurbfacemaynotbe
lessthan45squarecentimeters.
Gulliesshouldberectangular(preferred)ortriangular,withonesideoftheframe
positionedhardagainstthecurbface.Circulargulliesandothershapesthatcannot
fulfillthisrequirementareunacceptable.
A gully nearby must be placed directly upstream to minimize flow and minimize
disturbancetopedestrians.
Onsteepsectionsofroad,themaximumallowablespacingbetweengulliesmaybe
determined by the flow capacity of the gully pot beneath it rather than the

PAGE80 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

collectionefficiencyofthegrating.Generally,agullypotcanacceptabout15liters
withoutsurchargingiftheoutletpipehasadiameterof150mm.
Thedesignmethodgiveninthissectionisappropriatefortherangeoflongitudinal
gradientsbetween1/300(0.33percent)and1/15(6.67percent)andcanreasonably
beextendedtoagradientof1/12.5(8.00percent).Forgradientsflatterthan1:300,
thisapproachisnotapplicable,andalternativemethodsshouldbeapplied,suchas
describedbyWhiffinandYoung(1973).
Roadgullieshaveanadvantageoversurfacewaterchannelsinthatthegradientto
carrytheroadrunofffromthegullytotheoutfallisnotdependentonthegradient
oftheroad.However,roadgulliesdonotusuallyprovidethebestdrainagesolution
forlong,flatgradients.Thisissueshouldbeconsideredduringdesign.

IntermediateGratingsandInlets

Forintermediategratingsandinletswherethereisauniform,themaximumallowable
spacingbetweenadjacentgratings(Sp)maybecalculatedfromthefollowingequation:

where
Q = flowrate(m3/s)
= maintenancefactor
= flowcollectionefficiency(%)
= designrainfallintensity(mm/hr)
We = effectivecatchmentwidth(m)
Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

Where there is a nonuniform gradient between gullies, the spacings are calculated
(startingwiththeupstreamgully)withthefollowingequation:

where
Q = flowrate(m3/s)
= maintenancefactor
= flowcollectionefficiency(%)
= designrainfallintensity(mm/h)
We = effectivecatchmentwidth(m)
Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

VOLUME2 PAGE81

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

CalculatingFlowRate

Theflowrate,Q(incubicmeterspersecond)approachingthegratingiscalculatedfrom
Manningsequation:

where
Af = crosssectionalareaofflow(m2)
= longitudinalgradient(fraction)
R = Hydraulicradius(m)
= Manningsroughnesscoefficient
Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000)

HydraulicRadiusandCrossSectionalArea

Tocalculatethehydraulicradiusandcrosssectionalarea,thedepthofwateragainst
thecurbmustfirstbecalculatedbyusingtheequationbelow:

Source:DMRBVol4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

Thecrosssectionalareacanthenbecalculatedbyusingtheequationbelow:

Source:DMRBVol4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

PAGE82 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thisnowallowsforthecalculationofthehydraulicradiusbyusingtheequationbelow:

where
B = maximumallowableflowwidth(m)
SC = crossfall(fraction)
Source:DMRBVol4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000)

MaximumAllowableFlowWidth

Theflowofwaterparalleltothecurbshouldnotexceedanallowablewidth,asshown
onFigure4.4.

Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

Figure4.4 GullyDesignParametersforIntermediateGully

AIAmaydesignateanallowablewidthofflow.Table4.1providestypicalvaluesofB.

Table4.1 DesignHourVolumeWidthsonVariousRoadTypes
(TypicalValuesofB)
RoadType FlowWidth(m) Notes
Expressway,freeway 1.0 Wherethereisashoulder,theflowwidthmaybe
extendedto1.5m.
Arterialroads 1.5
Collectorroads 2.0
Serviceroads 2.5
Localroads Halfthewidthof Thiswidthofflowisacceptableonlywheretherearelow
thetotalroad. volumesoftrafficthattravelslowly.
Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000)andAshghal
guidance.
m=meters

VOLUME2 PAGE83

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

TheactualvalueforBshouldbesitespecificanddependentonthespeedandvolume
oftraffic,rainfallintensity,roadmaintenance,andgradients.Theparameterslistedin
Table4.2shouldalsobeconsidered.

Table4.2 DesignHourVolumeWidthsforSpecialSituations(TypicalValuesofB)
Situation FlowWidth(m) Notes
Pedestriancrossings 0.45 Agullyshouldbeplaceddirectlyupstreamfromthese
orbusstops pointstoensurethiswidthisnotexceeded.
Curbreturns 1.0
Other Asdeterminedbythe AsdeterminedbytheOverseeingOrganization.
localauthority.
Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000)andAshghal
guidance.
m=meter

ManningsRoughnessCoefficient

ManningsroughnesscoefficientorManningsnvalueisrelatedtotheroughnessofa
surface,anddifferentvaluesneedtobeapplieddependingonthesurfaceoftheroad.
Table4.3providestypicalvaluesofnforcommonlyusedsurfacematerialsforflowin
triangularchannels.

Table4.3 TypicalValuesofManningsnforVariousSurfaces
SurfaceType n
Concretegutter(troweledfinish) 0.012
Asphaltpavementtexture:
Smooth 0.013
Rough 0.016
Concretepavementfinish:
Float 0.014
Broom 0.016
Brickandpavementblocks 0.016
Gutterwithvegetationandcracks 0.020
Sprayedseal 0.018
Sources:Various,includingCIRIA(2007)andDMRB.

MaintenanceFactor

Reducedmaintenanceandtheaccumulationofdebriswilllowertheefficiencyofan
inletorgratingasthehydraulicareaisreduced.Themaintenancefactormisintroduced
toaccountforthis effect. The higher the levelof maintenance andconditionof the
road,thecloserthevalueofmtendsto1.0.Table4.4listssuggestedvaluesform.

PAGE84 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table4.4 MaintenanceFactor
Situation MaintenanceFactor,m
Wellmaintainedurbanroads 1.0
Roadssubjecttolessfrequentmaintenance 0.9
Roadssubjecttosubstantialleaffallsorvehiclespillages(e.g.,atsharp 0.8
roundabouts)
Sagpointsonroadgradients 0.7
Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

DesignRainfallIntensity

Thedesignrainfallintensityshouldbegiveninmillimeters.

EffectiveCatchmentWidth

Theeffectivecatchmentwidthofagullyshouldbegiveninmetersandrepresentthe
widthoftheareadrainingtothegratingorinlet.Allpavedandunpavedareasshould
beincluded.Figure4.5showsaneffectivecatchmentwidth.

Figure4.5 EffectiveCatchmentWidth

FlowCollectionEfficiency

CurbInlets
Theflowefficiency(asapercent)iscalculatedbyusingtheequationbelow:

.
.

Source:DMRBVol4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

VOLUME2 PAGE85

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

GullyGratings
Theflowefficiency(asapercent)iscalculatedbyusingtheequationbelow:

where
Q = flowrate(m3/s)
H = waterdepthagainstcurb(m)
Li = lengthofopeninginlineofcurbprovidedbytheinlet(m)
Gd = gratingparameter(valueisdeterminedbygratingtype)
Source:DMRBVol4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

If grating efficiency, , is less than 80 percent for an intermediate gully, the most
effectivesolutionislikelytoberedesignwithanimprovedgratingtype.

DeterminingGratingType

ThedesignvalueofGdisbaseduponthegratingtype.Table4.5liststhesevalues.

Table4.5 GratingTypeDesignValues
GratingType P Q R S T
RangeofG(s/m2) 30 30.145 45.160 60.180 80.1110
DesignvalueGd(s/m2) 30 45 60 80 110
Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000andSpalivieroet
al.,2000).
s/m2=secondspersquaremeter

Fivegratingtypeswerecreatedthathavespecifichydraulicrequirements.Thegrating
typesareinaccordancewithSpacingofRoadGullies(Spalivieroetal.,2000).

ThevalueofGiscalculatedbyusingtheequationbelow:

where
Cb = gratingbarpatterncoefficient
Ag = areaofsmallestrectangleparalleltothecurbthatincludesallslots(m2)
= waterwayareaas%ofgratingarea(Ag)
Source:DMRBVol4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000andSpalivieroet
al.,2000).

Table4.6providesthegratingbarpatterncoefficient.

PAGE86 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table4.6 GratingBarPatternCoefficient
GratingBarPattern Cb
Transversebars 1.75
Otherbaralignments(i.e.,longitudinal,diagonal,andbarsincurveplan) 1.5
Source:DMRBVolume4,Section2,Part3,HA102/00(DepartmentforTransport,2000).

TerminalGullies

Terminalgulliesarerequiredattheendofdrainagerunsorlowpoints.Theydifferfrom
intermediategullies,because itis importantforthemtohaveahigh flowcollection
efficiency in order to collect a high percentage of the water, and thus prevent the
accumulationofwaterinterferingwithtraffic.Thisisusuallydonewithadoublegully.

Curbinletsarenotadvisedforuseasterminalgulliesunlessusedinconjunctionwitha
grating.Figure4.6shouldbeusedtodeterminewhichsideofasagpointwillprovidethe
greater flow. (If using a single terminal gully, the flow should be doubled.) Figure 4.6
shouldalsobeusedtodeterminetheflowcollectionefficiency,(foraterminalgullyto
beeffective,eachgullytobeusedshouldhaveavalueof95percent).

Figure4.6 TerminalGullyDesignParameters

Ifthegratingefficiencyofaterminalgratingislessthan95percent,redesignisessential
and an improved grating type should be used. If the required efficiency is still not
achieved,thenthepermittedwidthofflow(B)shouldbereduced.Thiswilldecrease
thedesignhourvolumeapproachingthegratingandincreasethegratingefficiency.
However,itmayresultinadditionalintermediategulliesbeingneeded.

4.2.3.2 Design of Surface Water Capture on Flat or Shallow Gradients

The process described in the previous sections is suitable only within the limitations
described.Designersmaybefacedwithscenariosthatfalloutsidetheselimitations.The
designoutlinedhereisaguidetogullyspacingalongroadsthatarelevelornearlylevel.

VOLUME2 PAGE87

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

ThissectionisbasedonthedesignapproachsetoutinDrainageofLevelorNearlyLevel
Roads (Whiffin and Young, 1973). This report should be referred to for any queries
extending beyond the scope of this section. This study was carried out using the
parameterslistedinTable4.7.

Table4.7 LimitingParameterstoEquationforDesignofLevelorNearlyLevel
Roads
Parameter Minimum Maximum
Roadwidth(m) 5.43 14.00
Crossfall(%) 0.5 5.0
Longitudinalgradient(%) 0.00 0.50
Rainfallintensities(mm/hr) 38.1 57.0
Maximumwidthofflowalongtheedgeofroadcurb(m) 0.5 3.0
Source:LR602(TransportResearchLaboratory,1973).
m=meters
mm/hr=millimetersperhour

Ifthisapproachisusedbeyondtheseparameters,itcannotbeguaranteedtoprovide
asuitabledesignandthedesignermayneedtoconsultahighwayresearchorganization
forfurtherdesignconsiderationsandassistance.

where
J = outletspacing(m)
N = maximumflowwidth(m)
I = rainfallintensity(mm/hr)
W = roadwayandshoulder(m)
C = crossfall(%)
Y = longitudinalgradient(%)
= indexdependingoncrossfall
B = coefficientdependingoncrossfall

Theindex,dependingoncrossfall,canbefoundusingthevaluesinTable4.8.

. .

Source:LR602(TransportResearchLaboratory,1973).

PAGE88 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Table4.8 ValuesforIndex
Crossfall%,C Coefficient,B Index,
0.5 117 2.26
1.0 190 2.19
1.5 265 2.125
2.0 326 2.06
2.5 380 1.995
3.0 416 1.93
3.5 448 1.80
4.0 448 1.67
5.0 395 1.54
Source:LR602(TransportResearchLaboratory,1973)

4.2.3.3 Linear Drainage Design

Inplaces,highwaygeometrymaybesuchthatthelongitudinalgradientoftheroadway
providesminimalornolongitudinalfall,andalineardrainagesystemmayberequired.
Thesesystemscanbeprovidedinmanyforms;themostcommonisacombinedcurb
drainageunit,whereaseriesofholesoracontinuousgratingisusedastheinlet.

Although linear drainage can be a useful solution to overcoming flat or nearly flat
longitudinalgradients,ahigherfrequencyofmaintenancecanberequiredtoretainthe
selfcleansingconditionsandtoensuretheunitsoperateasdesigned.

ThisdesignprocessisbasedonHydraulicCapacityofDrainageChannelswithLateral
Inflow(Escarameiaetal.,2001).

. .
. . .

where
Q = hydrauliccapacity(m3/s)
L = channellength(m)
A = channelcrosssectionalarea(m2)
h = designdepthofwater(m)
S = longitudinalslope(expressedasafraction)with

. . for

. for

Source:HEscarameiaetal.,2001.

VOLUME2 PAGE89

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

4.2.4 Drainage of Medians, Pedestrian Paths, and Shoulders

4.2.4.1 Medians
Themedianofaroadsystemisthemiddleareaoftheroad,whichisusuallypavedor
landscapedinurbanareas.Theseareasneedtobewithincurbingtocontainsoilandto
haveacrossfalltodirectrunofftothedrainagesystem.

4.2.4.2 Pedestrian Paths and Bike Lanes

Pedestrianpaths andbikelanes are usuallypaved areas adjacenttothe roadway in
urban areas. These should be designed to have a 2 percent crossfall toward the
roadway. The crossfall will direct runoff onto the roadway where it will enter the
drainagesystem.

Owners of adjacent properties must be advised it is their responsibility to prevent

runofffromtheirpropertiesfromflowingacrosspedestrianpathsandbikelanes.Such
flowsshouldbedirectedintocollectorchannelsandthentothesurfacewatersystem.
Largeparkingareasorforecourtareasofpetrolstationsneedtohaveoilandpetrol
interceptorsandgrittrapsthatfilterrunoffbeforedischargingtothedrainagesystem.

4.2.4.3 Shoulders
Shoulderswithhardlandscapingshallbeslopedtoshedwatertowardtheroadway.
Softlandscapingshallbeedgedandslopedtopreventrunofffromdepositingsoiland
plant debris onto the adjacent pedestrian areas or property thresholds. Areas with
raisedplantingthathavedrainholesshallincorporateafiltermembranetopreventsoil
erosionontoadjacentareas.

4.2.5 Emergency Flood Areas

EFAs are areas of land either external to the roadway or, where space is available,
withinthehighwaycurtilagethatareusedtostorerainwaterthathassurchargedthe
normaldrainagesystem.Hencetheyareanidealsolutiontotheproblemofsurcharged
systemsinextremerainfallevents;thatis,outsidethenormaldesigncriteria.These
areascanalsobeusedtocatchandstorewaterfromtheexternalcatchmentareato
theroadwaytopreventfloodingofroadareasanddamagetoproperties.Thefollowing
aredesignconsiderationsrequiredforlargestorageareas:

Watershouldnotbeallowedtopondforextendedperiodssoastocauseahealth
hazard.Daysratherthanweeksareconsideredacceptable.
Watershouldbestoredwhereitcanbeeasilypumpedbyatankerortemporary
pumpingstation.
Borehole soakaways should be used to aid discharge to the groundwater table,
whereinvestigationhasshownthisisachievable.
Apermanentsurfacewaterpumpingstationandrising mainmayberequiredto
directflowstothetrunksewersystem.

PAGE90 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Wherethereisagravityconnectiontothemainsurfacewatersystem,someform
of control mechanism is required. Vortex flow control mechanisms are
recommendedbecausetheyprovideaconstantdischargeflowrateundervariable
headconditionsandhavenomovingpartsthatwouldcreatemaintenanceissues.

Tomakethebestuseoflandindevelopedareas,itisnormalpracticetodesignEFAsas
sportsfields,parks,playingfields,orcarparks.EFAsthatarenotlandscapedorused
forotherpurposestendtocollectrubbishandbecomeunsightly.Section3.6.9provides
informationonstoragebasinsusedinsustainabledrainagesystems.

EFAsshouldbeconsideredaspotentialdrowninganddiseasehazards.Wherepossible,
they should be shallow and spread over a large area, which helps evaporation and
dissipationandpresentsalessdeepwaterhazard.Sideslopesshouldbegentletoallow
easy exit. Marker posts should be located around the rim to identify deeper areas
duringheavyflooding.

Before designing EFAs, the prevailing groundwater table should be ascertained to

ensure the excavation does not allow standing water to accumulate. Soakaways or
boreholescanbeconstructedinthebaseoftheEFAtodissipatewater.Discharging
runoffwatertoloweraquifersissubjecttoapprovalbytheMinistryofEnvironment.

4.2.6 Retention of Stormwater

4.2.6.1 Minimizing or Elimination Mosquitoes

Mosquitoeslayeggsonfreshorstagnantwater,althoughsomespeciesareabletolay
eggsondampsoilandsaltwatertides.Inusualconditions,ittypicallytakes2daysfor
larvaetohatchand10daystodevelopintoanairborneadult.

StandingWater

To minimize the presence of mosquitoes, constructed temporary sources of surface

watershallnotbelefttostandforlongerthan48hours.Thisincludes,butisnotlimited
to,subsurfacestorage,temporarywetlands,detentionbasins,conveyanceswales,wet
swales,andrainwaterharvesters.

WaterConveyance

Waterconveyancesystemsmustbedesignedtominimizethepotentialforallowing
mosquitoestohatch.Conveyancestructuregradientsmustbesuchthatwaterisnot
allowedtostandformorethan48hours.Routinemaintenanceshouldoccurtoensure
that the gradient is maintained throughout the life of the structure. Conveyance
structuresshouldbedesignedtoensurethat anyunintended scourdoes notcreate
depressionsthatmayholdstandingwater.

VOLUME2 PAGE91

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Access

Sealed manhole covers should be used where possible to prevent mosquitoes from
accessingbelowgroundstructures.Thisisespeciallyimportantinplaceswhereasump
orbasinmaybeused,becausetheseareidealareasformosquitoestolayeggs.

Wherethesumporbasinissealed,itisimportanttorememberthatfemalemosquitoes
canflythroughpipes.Therefore,whereitispossible,theinletandoutletshouldbe
submergedtoavoidinfestation.

Where possible, belowground sumps should be designed to be dewatered

automatically.

Inspections

Drainage systems must be kept clear of debris and vegetation. Channels, gutters,
ditches, and drainage facilities should be inspected regularly to ensure they remain
clear.Inspectionsshouldalsobecarriedouttoensurethereisnostandingwateror
mosquitoes.Maintenanceaccessbeconsideredduringthedesign.

4.3 Design in Rural Areas

Thedesignerofhighwaydrainageneedstoconsiderthefollowing:

Precipitationinhardenedareasoftheroadandreservationareas
Drainageflowsfromthefulldrainagecatchmentarea
Potentialerosionduetothevelocityoftheflowingwater

Surface water runoff from rural roads is normally achieved by dispersion to road
shoulders.

4.3.1 Rural Catchments

Thehighwaydrainageforruralroadsdoesnotnormallyrequirethestorageofrunoff
water during highintensity rainfall events, as is required in urban situations. The
generalprincipleistoallowrunofftoflowfromtheroadareastotheshoulderareas
andintonaturaldrainagepaths.However,ruralcatchmentscancoverlargeareasand
generate large areas of surface water during highintensity storms. The highway
drainagedesignerneedstoensurethatoverlandfloodingdoesnotimpedetrafficflow.
Itmaybeappropriatetoinstallculvertsunderruralroadstolinknaturaldrainagepaths.
Thedesignershallassesstheflowpathstoconsideriftheidentifieddesignvelocities
have the potential to erode the proposed profile. The designer should consider
protection to embankments, footings, and abutments to avoid washouts. Inlet and
discharge locations should also be carefully detailed to mitigate against potential
erosion.

PAGE92 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Velocitiesgreaterthan1.5m/swillneedstoneprotection.
Velocitiesgreaterthan2.0m/swillneedgroutedriprap.
Velocitiesgreaterthan2.5m/swillneedgabianmattressprotection.
Velocitiesgreaterthan3.0m/swillneedconcreteprotection.

4.3.2 Drainage of the Roadway

Drainageofruralroadwaysamountstobasicverticalalignmentoffinishedroadlevels,
allowingrunofftodraintonaturalshoulderareas.Therearetworequirementsforthis
provision:

Transversegradientsof2percentareprovidedasnormalfordrainingtheroad.
Longitudinal gradients are not considered for drainage purposes on uncurbed
roads.However,caremustbetakenduringthedesignofsuperelevatedsectionsto
avoidflatzonesintheroadway.

Forruralroadswheresurfacewatercoulddamageembankments,curbingandpositive
drainagemayberequired.

4.3.3 Drainage of Medians and Shoulders

4.3.3.1 Medians
Mediansinruralareaswillnormallybeopenlandwithnopaving.Theyshouldslope
awayfromtheroadwaysothatsoilwillnoterodeontotheroadway.Whererunoffis
collectedfromlongsectionsofgradient,medianoutletsshouldbeprovidedatwadi
andvalleypointstopreventpondingandfloodingontotheroadway.Alternatively,the
medianmaybedividedintoindividualcatchmentsegmentsandsurfacewaterallowed
topercolateintothegroundorevaporate.Medianditches,ifrequired,shouldhavea
maximum side slope of 1:6 and be designed such that water in the ditch cannot
percolateintotheroadbed(seeFigure4.7).

Figure4.7 TypicalMedianDitchCrossSection

VOLUME2 PAGE93

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

4.3.3.2 Shoulders and Ditches

Shoulders adjacent to rural roads are sloped to direct surface water away from the
roadway.Atthebackoftheshoulder,ashallowditchmaybeprovidedtocollectand
transport roadway runoff and to catch minor area runoff for discharge to natural
drainagepathsalongtheroad.

Thehighwaydrainagedesignershallensurethatditchesarelocatedsuchthatsurface
waterisintroducedintothepavementconstruction.Normalpracticeistoprovidea
ditchattheedgeoftheroadwaywithaninvert0.3mbelowroadwayformation.

Ruralditchesgenerallywillbeunlined.Theshapedependsonhighwaysafetyissues
andthefollowinghydraulicconsiderations:

Contributingcatchmentarea
Appropriatestormduration
Gradient
Roughnesscoefficientoftheliningandsurface

Figure4.8givespermissibledepthsofflowforunlinedchannels.Shallowsideditches
normallyarenotgradedtoprovideafallbutinsteadfollowtheroadprofile.

Ditch slopes should not present a significant hazard to vehicles that leave the road
duringacrash.Slideslopesof1:6orshallowershouldsuffice.Inareasofsteepcutting,
ditchesshouldbelocatedsotheyarenotfilledwithloosedebrisfromthecutting.In
areaswherenaturalsurfacerunoffishigh,itmaybenecessarytoinstalladitchsetback
fromthetopofthecuttingssorainfalldoesnotdamagethecuttingface.

Figure4.8 PermissibleDepthsofFlowsforUnlinedChannels

PAGE94 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

4.3.4 Natural Surface Drainage

Whereahighwaycrossesawadi,thewadicatchmentcharacteristics,designstorm,and
the class of the road will determine the type of road crossing required. It is normal
practicetoallowrunofffromsmallcatchmentstocrossundertheroadtominimize
disruptiontothenaturalsurfaceflow.

4.3.4.1 Culverts
Aculvertisacoveredchannelorpipelineusedtoconveyawatercourseundertheroad.
Culvertsconsistofaninlet,oneormorebarrels,andanoutlet.

Typically, culvert barrels will be constructed from concrete or steel pipes or boxes.
Inlets and outlets may be constructed with gabions, mattresses, stone pitching, or
concrete.

Thehydrauliccharacteristicsofaculvertarecomplexbecauseofthenumberofflow
conditionsthatcanoccur.Thehighwayengineershallconsultspecialistliteratureinthe
designofculvertsandchoosethemostappropriateculvertforthespecificpurpose,
consideringthefollowinggeneralconstraints:

Preferredminimumpipeculvertdiameterof900mm.
Minimumpipeculvertdiameter600mm.
Floodingagainstembankmentsmaybeacceptablefortheshortterm,depending
on the embankment protection. Freeboard to the edge of the roadway for the
designstormshouldbeaminimumof0.5m.
Embankmentslopesof1:6orgreaternormallydonotrequireprotectionagainst
washoutduetoshorttermponding.Longtermpondingmayrequireembankment
slopesof1:10ifandwheredeemedacceptable.

The engineer shall balance embankment height with culvert height to provide a
satisfactorytechnicalandeconomicsolution.

Considerationshouldbegiventhattheseculvertscouldhaveadualpurposeandbe
usedascamelunderpassesforinstance.

4.3.4.2 Fords
Culvertsmaybeimpracticalwherewadiflowsareexceptionallyhighorwheretheroad
requiresalowstormdesignreturnperiodandislightlytrafficked.Inthesecases,adry
ford or vented dry ford may be considered. In designing a dry ford, care must be
exercisedto ensure driver awarenessof thepotential hazard. Guideposts should be
positionedadjacenttotheroadwaytoassisttrafficpositioning,andadvancesigning
shouldindicatethedryfordtoapproachingdrivers.Theuseofsuchdesignsolutionsis
highlydiscouragedandisonlyenvisagedinveryrarecircumstances.

Specificattentionmustbegiventominimizingscourandpreventingroadwaysurfacing
andedgeloss.Imperviouslayersorrockshouldbeusedtoprotectshoulders,medians,

VOLUME2 PAGE95

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

andembankmentslopes.Washoutofembankmentfinesshouldbepreventedbythe
useoffilterlayersorimpermeablemembranes.

4.4 Intersection Drainage

4.4.1 Consideration for Drainage at Intersections
Effectivedrainageofintersectionsisnecessaryfortworeasons:

Theneedtoretainsurfacegriptoenablethesafestopping,starting,andturning
maneuversbyvehicles
Theneedtomaintainthetrafficsystemcapacity,particularlyatmajorintersections,
sothatfloodingoflanesandareductioninintersectioncapacityareavoided

Thefollowingcriteriamustbeconsidered:

Satisfactorytransversegradientsmustbemaintained,particularlyontheapproach
tostoporyieldlines.
Longitudinalgradientsmustkeepslacksectionsofchanneltoaminimum.
Whereslackgradientsareunavoidable,thetransversegradientshouldbeatleast
2percent.
Collectionpointsmustbecarefullysitedtoavoidpondingorrunoffacrossroadways
fromonechanneltoanother.
Collectionpointsmustlinktoaneasilymaintainabledisposalsystemwithadequate
capacity.

Junctionsshouldpreferablybesituatedawayfromvalleypointsforlargecatchments
topreventfloodconcentrationatthesepoints.Locatingintersectionsadjacenttotrunk
sewersorEFAstoprovideadditionaldrainagefacilitiesshouldalsobeconsidered.

Urbanintersectionsshouldalwaysbecurbedanddrainedbygulliesthatdischargeto
thedisposalsystem.

Ruralintersectionswouldnormallybecurbed.However,flushcurbsatcollectionpoints
with shallow lined channels to remove the water to the adjacent ground is an
economicalcollectionanddisposalmethod.

Lightweight glassreinforced concrete embankment channels are easily installed to

preventwashoutofembankmentslopeswhererunoffcollects,suchasatcurbends.

Roadway crossfalls and longitudinal gradients at intersections channel water to

collection points. The following sections describe examples of satisfactory crossfall
layoutswithtypicalcollectionpoints.

PAGE96 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

4.4.2 T-Intersections
ThefollowingfeaturesarerequiredforeffectivedrainagedesignatTintersections(see
Figure4.9):

Constantcrossfallmaintainedonmajorroad
Longitudinalgradientonmajorroadmaintainedacrossminorroadthroat
Longitudinalgradientmaintainedonminorroadtomajorroadchannelline
Constanttransversegradientonminorroadmaintainedtoradiustangentpoints
Gullypositionschosentopreventflowcrossingtheminorroadentryorexit

It is preferred that the major roadway transverse gradients be maintained through

crossroadsorsmallsignalizedintersections.

Figure4.9 TypicalDrainageatTIntersections

4.4.2.1 Large Signalized Intersections

The following features are required for effective drainage design at large signalized
intersections(seeFigure4.10):

Transverse gradients will be maintained at approaches to stop lines and

pedestriancrossings.
Longitudinalgradientswillbesatisfactorytopreventalargeflatareabeingcreated
attheintersectionpoint.
Transversegradientswillbeonrightturnslipstoprovidesuperelevation.
Valleyscreatedinslipswillhaveadequatecollectionanddisposalpoints.
Additionalgullieswillbeplacedatcollectionpointsservingalargesurfacearea.
Gullypositionswillbechosentopreventflowcrossingroadways.

VOLUME2 PAGE97

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure4.10 DrainageataLargeSignalizedIntersection

4.4.3 Roundabouts
Thefollowingfeaturesarerequiredforeffectivedrainageofroundabouts(seeFigure
4.11):

Transversegradientsmaintainedatapproachestoyieldlines
Longitudinalgradientstocontinuetobemaintainedonapproachesanddepartures
Channelofcentralislandtofalltoonecollectionpoint
Transversegradientstoprovidesuperelevationforrightturnersorthosecirculating
Gulliespositionedtopreventcrossroadwayrunoff

PAGE98 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Figure4.11 RoundaboutDrainage

4.4.4 At-Grade Intersections

Variousfeaturesarerequiredforeffectivedesignofatgradeintersections,depending
ontheangleofconvergenceofthesideroad,orslipramp,tothemainroadway.Such
featuresinclude:

Constantcrossfallmaintainedonmajorroad
Longitudinalgradientonmajorroadmaintainedacrossminorroadinterfaceline
Longitudinalgradientmaintainedonminorroadtomajorroadchannelline
Constanttransversegradientonminorroadmaintainedtoradiustangentpoints
Gullypositionschosentopreventflowcrossingtheminorroadentryorexit

4.4.5 Interchanges
Interchanges will involve combinations of roads on embankments, on bridges, in
cuttings,orwithinretainingstructures.Drainagesystemswillchangetoaccommodate
changingroadlayoutsandcircumstances.Withinloopstheremaybeextensiveopen
areas that can be used for locating suitable sustainable drainage systems. Roads in
cuttings may require stormwater pumping stations located adjacent to roadways,
providedwithsuitablelaybysforaccessbymaintenancepersonnel.Dependingonthe
steepnessofthesideslope,drainagefromroadsonembankmentsmayneedcollection

VOLUME2 PAGE99

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

channels at the roadway edges leading to channels down the slopes, with energy
dissipation features to prevent erosion of the embankment. Roadways on bridges
requiredrainageusingchannelsanddownpipestothelowerlevels.

4.4.6 Drainage Design of Highway Tunnels and Underpasses

Drainageofhighwaytunnelsandunderpassesdesignsshouldconsiderthefollowing:

Drainagecollectionsystemsshallcontainspillsofhazardousorflammableliquids
andpreventflamepropagation.
Theminimumdesignhourvolumerateshallincludethedesignspillrateforfuelor
other hazardous liquids, the stand pipe system discharge rate, rainfall, tunnel
washing,andfixedfirefightingsystems.
Where possible, stormwater collection ahead of tunnels or underpasses shall
incorporategratedchannelsratherthangullies.
Tunnelandunderpassdrainageshouldbedesignfora1in50yearstormprotection
event.

4.4.7 Highway Tunnels and Underpasses Drainage Monitoring

Tunnelsandunderpassesshouldbedesignedsothatfloodingeventscanbemonitored.
RefertoTunnelandUnderpassDrainage(Ashghal,2013).Thedesignsneedtohavethe
capacitytobestandaloneifthecentralisedICTsystemisnotinplace.

4.4.8 Storm Attenuation Tanks and Pumping Stations

For the 1in50year storm design event, stormwater must be captured in an
attenuationtankfor24hours.Thatperiodcanbereducedto2hoursifthetunnelcan
beclosedandtrafficisdiverted.Thestoredwatershouldbeconveyedbyasubmersible
pumpingstation,whichisanintegralpartoftheattenuationstructure.

Thereshouldbeadequatesafeaccessandoffstreetparkingformaintenanceofthe
pumpingstation.RefertoTunnelandUnderpassDrainage(Ashghal,2013)forfurther
details.

The designs of any drainage systems for tunnels and underpasses should have the
capacity for future connections to a centralised control room for monitoring water
levelsandalarms.

4.5 Maintenance Strategies

Alldrainagesystemsrequireplannedandreactivemaintenancetoperformefficiently.
Thefollowingsectionsoutlinetherequiredstepstodevelopaneffectivemaintenance
strategythattakesintoaccountplannedandreactivemaintenancerequirements.

4.5.1 Planned Maintenance

Planned maintenance for highway drainage takes into account activities that will
ensure the drainage system is operating when it is needed. In Qatar, rains are
infrequentandusuallynotsevere.However,thehighwaydesignerneedstoconsider

PAGE100 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

worstcaseevents.Onemajormaintenanceproblemissandinthedrainagesystem.
Catchpitsandverticalvortexspinners shouldbeemployedtoremovegrit fromthe
highwaydrainagesystem(seeFigure4.12).Maintenanceactivitiesshouldbeincreased
beforetheonsetoftherainyperiod,fromOctobertoMay.Catchpitsandpipesystems
shouldbedesiltedtoensurethefreepassageofdisposablewater.

Figure4.12 TypicalVortexGritRemover

4.5.2 Reactive Maintenance

Reactivemaintenanceinvolvesnonplannedactivities,whichareusuallyassociatedwith
blockages in highway drainage systems. To help maintain a balanced budget, it is
importanttominimizethistypeofactivity.Somereactivemaintenancewillalwaysbe
necessary, especially during the rainy season, from October toMay. Other forms of
pollution control, such as SmartSponge or Inolet, can help reduce reactive
maintenanceactivities.

AssetAffairsdepartmentofAshghalistheresponsibleauthorityforthemaintenance
ofdrainagesystemsincludingnetworks,pumpingstations,EFAs,andstorageareas.

4.6 Subsurface Drainage

4.6.1 Introduction
Subsurface drainage historically was not an issue in Qatar, because it was not
consideredaproblem.Lowlyingareaswerefilledpriortoconstructiontoraisethem
above the groundwater table. With the rapid urbanization in Qatar in recent years,
groundwaterlevelshavebeenrisingsignificantly.Groundwaterstudies(Schlumberger
WaterServices,2009)indicatethat,becauseofthenatureofthesubsoilconditions,
therearemanyareasinDohawherecolumnsofgroundwaterarenearthegroundlevel.

VOLUME2 PAGE101

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

4.6.2 Groundwater Control

TheQatarIntegratedDrainageMasterPlan(MWH,2013)hasdevelopedadrainage
strategy to reduce groundwater levels and to recycle the collected water. In Doha,
dewateringandoverpumpingarenecessary,particularlywherethereareconstruction
works.Overpumpwater,whichisbasicallygroundwater,isdischargedtoanapproved
dischargelocation.MWHsconceptistolowerthegroundwaterto4mbelowexisting
groundlevels.Inatypicalroadconstructionproject,deepporouslanddrainagewould
beinstalled,andgroundwaterwouldbepipedtoasuitabledeepstoragetank.Thetank
woulddrainbygravityflowtoadeepintercepttunnelorbepumpedtoawetlandarea
fortreatment.Thetreatmentprocesswouldremovesaltandtreattoastandardthat
allowsthewatertobeusedforirrigation.ThecontrolstrategydevelopedbyMWHhas
yettobeimplemented,andinterimstrategies,suchasdeepwellboreholes,mayhave
tobeconsidereduntilagroundwater/surfacewatersystemisimplemented.

4.6.3 Subsurface Drainage

Subsurfacedrainageallowstheremovalofwaterthatpermeatesthepavementlayers
andcontrolsgroundwaterlevelswhereitishighenoughtoadverselyaffectthedesign
lifeofthepavement.

Subsurfacedrainagecantakeanumberofforms.Typicallyitconsistsoflongitudinal
drainsatthelowedgesoftheroadpavement.Thesedrainthepavementlayersand
foundationandcontroltheingressofwaterfromroadshoulders.Adequatedrainage
oftheselayersandofformationsandsubformationscanbeachievedbyshapingeach
todirectflowstothesubsurfacedrainageintheshoulderormedianandtopreventthe
creationoflowpointswherewatercouldcollect.

There are five primary types of subsurface drainage: fin drains, narrow filter drains,
filterdrains(essentiallyalargenarrowfilterdrain),combinedcarrierfilterdrains,and
drainageblankets.Thissectionfocusesonthefirstfourtypes.

The design of drainage blankets should be undertaken in close consultation with a

geotechnical engineer, and approval should be sought from the Overseeing
Organization.Itislikelythatdrainageblanketswillberequiredinlocationsthathave
highgroundwaterlevelsorareindeepcuttings,orboth.

Thefollowingmeasuresarekeyfactorsindevelopingthedesignofsubsurfacedrainage:

Slopetheformationtodrainawayfromtheroadwaytotheshoulderormedian.
Avoidstepsintheformationthatcouldcreatewaterconcentrationpoints.
Separate planting areas from the pavement construction to prevent moisture
transfer.
Ensureplantingareawateringiseffectivelycontrolledtopreventoverwatering.
Usesurfacewaterdrainagefeaturesthatreducethechanceofaccidentaldamage
andmaintenanceproblems.
Ensuresoakawaysdonotintroducewatertothepavementconstruction.

PAGE102 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

4.6.4 Subsurface Drainage Methods

4.6.4.1 General Design Considerations

Todevelopsuitablesubsurfacedrainage,itisessentialtounderstandgroundconditions
by undertaking thorough ground investigations. If ground conditions are not
establishedtoinformthedesign,theroadstructurecouldfailbeforethedesignlifeis
reached. It is likely that corrective actions will be more costly, because full
reconstructionwouldberequired.

Groundwaterlevelsvaryovertimeinrelationtorainfall,underlyingstratapermeability,
gravity, capillary action, and proximity to the coast. The buildup of water in the
pavementlayers,formation,andsubformationwillincreaseporewaterpressureand
canresultinthepavementbeingweakenedby:

Washoutoffinesbymovementofporewater
Increased salt content in pavement layers, resulting in swelling because of the
capillary rise when there is a significant concentration of salt in the underlying
material
Swellingofsusceptiblematerialfollowedbyshrinkageordryingout

PavementengineerswillbasetheircalculationsonCaliforniaBearingRatio(CBR)values
forthesubgrade.Thesevalueswillbeaffectedbyanyincreaseingroundwaterlevels.
Wheregroundwaterisallowedtoriseuncheckedbysubsurfacedrainage,thebearing
capacityoftheformationandsubformationwillbediminished.

4.6.4.2 Considerations for Fin Drains and Narrow Filter Drains

Findrainsandnarrowfilterdrainsshouldbeinstalledataminimumdepthdetermined
bythenominalpipediameterplus50mmtoinvertbeneaththesubformationlevel,or
600mmtoinvertbelowtheformationlevel.Ifnocappinglayerispresent,drainsshould
beinstalledtothegreaterofthetwodepths.Ifgroundwateriswithin300mmofthe
subformationlevel,theminimumdepthswillbeinsufficient,andthefinornarrowfilter
drain should be installed at a greater depth. A geotechnical engineer should be
consulted regarding the design depth of the drainage. Where large quantities of
groundwaterareencountered,afilterdrainislikelytoprovideabettersolutionthan
thefinornarrowfilterdrainoptions.

BecausethetopographyofQatartypicallyisgentlyundulating,afurtherconsideration
istoensurethatsubsurfacedrainagecandischargefromalllowpointstoasuitable
outfall.

4.6.4.3 Considerations for Combined Carrier Filter Drains

Itisnormalpracticetoseparatesurfacewaterdrainagefromsubsurfacedrainageto
prevent large volumes of water from entering the road foundation and pavement
layers.Whenthisapproachisnotfeasible,suchasincuttings,analternativeapproach
ofusingcombinedcarrierfilterdrainsisacceptable.Theuseofcombinedfilterdrains
offersanumberofbenefits:

VOLUME2 PAGE103

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Removalofgroundwatertoagreaterdepththanpossibleusingfinornarrowfilter
drainsduetotheircomparativelylargehydrauliccapacity
Simplerconstructionthanlayingbothacarrierdrainandfinornarrowfilterdrains
Easieraccessforinspectionandmaintenancethanispossiblewitheitherfinand
narrowfilterdrains

Combined carrier filter drains should consist of halfperforated or slotted pipes laid
with their perforations or slots face up, with sealed joints to minimize water loss
throughthetrenchbase.Thebaseofthetrenchshouldbelinedwithanimpermeable
membraneuptothepipesoffittoreducewaterlosstothesoilbelow,whichislikelyto
be dry otherwise. The trench is backfilled with permeable material wrapped in a
geotextiletopreventtheingressoffines.

Aspreviouslynoted,itisbestpracticetoseparatesurfaceandsubsurfacedrainages
because of potential problems in performance with the combined approach. Issues
withstonescatter,pavementfailure,earthworksfailure,andmaintenanceproblems
haveoccurredwherethecombinedapproachhasbeenadopted.However,theseissues
canbemitigatedbyappropriatemaintenanceofthesystemandbyimplementingthe
followingdesignmeasurestocontrolstonescatter:

Eithersprayingtheexposedfiltermediumwithbitumenorusingbitumenbonded
filtermaterialforthetop200mmofthetrench
Usinggeogridstoreinforcethetoplayeroffiltermedium
Usinglightweightaggregateforfiltermaterialinthetop200mmofthetrench

Another concern with the combined approach is the required attenuation at the
downstreamendofthesystemtomeetdischargerateconstraints.Theattenuationcan
result in surcharging of the surface water drainage network, and surcharging of the
carrier pipe can cause backflow into the filter medium. Therefore, where combined
systemsareproposed,thedesignermustdemonstratethatdownstreamflowcontrols
willnotsurchargethecarrierpipe.

4.6.4.4 Social Considerations for Coastal Areas

In tidal coastal areas, sabkha is likely to be present as an indication of a high
groundwatertable.Inthesesituations,acapillaryriseofupto1.0mcandrawsaline
water up to the road formation level, depositing salt lenses and increasing pore
pressure.Thisgenerallyispreventedby:

Constructinghighembankments
Installingagranularcapillarybreaklayerbelowtheformation

PAGE104 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

References

Ashghal.QatarSewerageandDrainageDesignManual.PublicWorksAuthority.DrainageAffairs.
DohaQatar.December2006.

Ashghal.TunnelandUnderpassDrainage.InterimAdviceNoteNo.023.Rev.No.A1.
September2013.

Butler,D.andW.John.UrbanDrainage.Secondedition.2004.

ConstructionIndustryResearchandInformationAssociation(CIRIA).SuDSManual.Reportnumber
C697.Errata2007.

DepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernment.TechnicalGuidancetotheNational
PlanningPolicyFramework.London,UK.March2012.

Department for Transport. Spacing of Road Gullies. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges.
Volume 4, Section 2, Part 3, HA 102/00. UK Highways Agency: London, England.
http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol4/section2/ha10200.pdf.November2000.

DepartmentforTransport.RoadDrainageandtheWaterEnvironment.DesignManualforRoads
& Bridges. Volume 11, Section 3, Part 10, Chapter 8, HD 45/09. UK Highways Agency: London,
England.http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol11/section3/hd4509.pdf.2009.

Dwyer,I.J.andD.W.Reed.AllowanceforDiscretizationinHydrologicalandEnvironmentalRisk
Estimation.InstituteofHydrology,Wallingford,UK.1995.

Escarameia,M.,Y.Gasowski,R.W.P.May,andA.LoCascio.HydraulicCapacityofDrainage
ChannelswithLateralInflow.ReportSR581.HRWallingford.2001.

MamoonA.A.,N.J.Joergensen,A.Rahman,andH.Qasem.EstimationofDesignRainfallinArid
Region:ACaseStudyforQatarUsingLMoments.Proceedingsofthe35thIAHRWorldCongress.
2013.

MinistryofEnvironment(MoE).QatarConstructionSpecifications.2010.

Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture. Qatar Highway Design Manual. 2nd edition. Civil
EngineeringDepartment.1997.

MinistryofMunicipalityandUrbanPlanning.StudyofRegionalDesignRainfall,Qatar.April2013.

MinistryofMunicipalityandUrbanPlanning.MultiUseofStormwaterManagementfacilities
Guidelines.March2014.

MWH Consultants (MWH). Qatar Integrated Drainage Master Plan, Volume 1. Document No.
QAT/D110001/13/019/01).PreparedonbehalfofAshghal.May2013.

VOLUME2 PAGE105

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

NationalHighwayInstitute.UrbanDrainageDesignManual.HydraulicEngineeringCircularNo.
22,ThirdEdition.PublicationNo.FHWANHI10009.U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.Federal
HighwayAdministration.RevisedAugust2013.

Ponce,V.M.andR.H.Hawkins.RunoffCurveNumber:HasItReachedMaturity?Journalof
HydrologicEngineering1,No.1,pp.1119.1996.

Rossmiller,R.L.TheRationalFormulaRevisited.ProceedingsoftheInternationalSymposiumon
UrbanStormRunoff,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,KY.1980.

SchlumbergerWaterServices.StudyingandDevelopingtheNaturalandArtificialRechargeofthe
GroundwaterAquiferintheStateofQatar.Projectfinalreport,inthreevolumes.2009.

SoilConservationService(SCS).NationalEngineeringHandbook.Section4,Hydrology.U.S.
DepartmentofAgriculture.Washington,D.C.1985.

Spaliviero,F.,R.W.P.May,andM.Escarameia.SpacingofRoadGullieshydraulicperformanceof
BSEN124gullygratingsandkerbinlets.ReportSR533.HRWallingford.2000.

TransportResearchLaboratory.Drainageoflevelofnearlylevelroads.LaboratoryReportLR602.
Wokingham,UK.1973.

WastewaterPlanningUsersGroup.CodeofPracticefortheHydraulicModellingofSewer
Systems.Version3.001.AmendedDecember2002.

Whiffin,A.C.andC.P.Young.DrainageofLevelorNearlyLevelRoads.TRRLReportLR602.1973.

PAGE106 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Appendix A
Qatar Stakeholders

VOLUME2 PAGE107

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGE108 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Appendix AQatar Stakeholders

Authorities, Regulatory Bodies, Stakeholders, and Consultations

ThepermitandapprovalsprocessinQatarrequirestheinvolvementofgoverningbodiesandutility
andregulatorybodies.TheMunicipalandDepartmentalBodiesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

MinistryofMunicipalitiesandUrbanPlanning(MMUP)
MinistryofEnvironment
CivilDefenseDepartment(CDD)
QatarMunicipalities
QatarRail
CentralPlanningOffice(CPO)responsibleforprogrammingoftransportationprojects
Qatar 2022 Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy responsible for oversight for all
projectsrequiredtobedeliveredfororaffectingtheQatar2022FIFAWorldCup
MinistryoftheInterior
UtilitiesandRegulatoryBodies
KAHRAMAA(KM)QatarGeneralElectricity&WaterCompany
Ashghal(HighwaysandPublicWorksAuthority)Inc.Stormwaterdrainage
QatarTelecomQtel
QatarPetroleum(QP)Oilpipelinesandinfrastructure
QatarArmedForces(QAF)includingtelecommunicationsinfrastructure
PrivateEngineeringOffice(PEO)responsiblefortheprojectsassociatedwiththeRoyalFamily
QatarMuseumHeritage
MowsalatPublictransportation
KeyStakeholders
LusailRealEstateDevelopmentCompanyLusailLRT;LusailMarina/ThePearlStation
HamadHospital&SupremeCouncilofHealth(AlRayyan/CRingStation)
QatarFoundation(QF)EducationCity
UnitedDevelopmentCompany(UDC)LusailMarina/ThePearlStation
Qatar Sustainable Assessment System (QSAS)an external body that does not require
permitting

VOLUME2 PAGE109

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGE110 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Appendix B
Intensity-Duration-Frequency
Design Curves for Future
Climatic Conditions (20702099)

VOLUME2 PAGE111

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGE112 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Appendix B Intensity-Duration-Frequency Design Curves for

Future Climatic Conditions (20702099)

Northern Region

200
180
160
140
Intensity[mm/hr]

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Duration[minutes]

2Years 5Years 10Years 25Years 50Years 100Years

Source:StudyofRegionalRainfall,Qatar,2013.

Central West Region

180
160
140
Intensity[mm/hr]

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Duration[minutes]

2Years 5Years 10Years 25Years 50Years 100Years

Source:StudyofRegionalRainfall,Qatar,2013.

VOLUME2 PAGE113

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Central East Region

160

140

120
Intensity[mm/hr]

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Duration[minutes]

2Years 5Years 10Years 25Years 50Years 100Years

Source:StudyofRegionalRainfall,Qatar,2013.

Southern Region

160
140
120
Intensity[mm/hr]

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Duration[min]

2Years 5Years 10Years 25Years 50Years 100Years

Source:StudyofRegionalRainfall,Qatar,2013.

PAGE114 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Appendix C
Level Pool Routing Technique

VOLUME2 PAGE115

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGE116 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Appendix CLevel Pool Routing Technique

Storageisafunctionofinflowminusoutflowovertime,asoutlinedintheequationbelow;thelevel
poolroutingtechniquecanbeusedtocalculatethevolumeofstoragerequiredwhereamodelis
inappropriate:

where
S=storage
=inflowvolume
=outfallvolume
, , =storage,inflow,andoutfallatthestartofatimestep
, , =storage,inflow,andoutfallattheendofatimestep
=timestep
Source:ButlerandJohn,2004

Whenusingthismethod,anoutletcontrol,suchasaweirororifice,mustbeassumedsothatthe
relationshipbetweentheoutflowdischargeandheightinthestoragecanbeidentified.

Anappropriatetimestepmustbedeterminedoveradefinedperiodsothatthestoragecanbe
moreaccuratelydetermined.

The inflow volume into the storage area can be determined by multiplying the runoff flow
(calculatedusingguidanceprovidedinSection3.4)andthetimestepduration.Theoutfallvolume
willneedtobecalculatedbythedischargeratemultipliedbythetimestepduration.

VOLUME2 PAGE117

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGE118 VOLUME2

 VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Appendix D
Example Calculations

VOLUME2 PAGE119

VOLUME2PART10
DRAINAGE

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

PAGE120 VOLUME2

 Hydraulic calculation as per Qatar Drainage Manual (Stormwater)
Project: Example Road / System: Highway Drainage 05-Sep-09
Option 3 Calculation Parameters Tr: 10 C: kb:
Location Pipe Road Len Width Road Area Plot Area Rainfall Charac. Calculation
Imper Imper Imper total
Manhole v L J D Qp ARoad
Coeff.
Ared A1
Coeff.
A1 red A2 a
Coeff.
Ared 6$red
6Ared
tA t i QM (l/s) Qd Qd / Qp Results
From CL IL Depth To CL IL Depth Grad m/s m %o mm l/s ha <S ha ha <S ha ha <S ha ha ha sec min l/s ha var (l/s) Const l/s % of the Pipe
Junction 9 0.00 10.00 0
PS1 19.17 D6 17.8 16.20 1.60 280 400 0
PS2 19.00 D6 17.8 16.20 1.60 230 400

D500 19.80 16.00 3.8 D504 12.00 10.00 2.00 40.00 2.87 240 25.0 375 316.90 240 34 0.82 0.90 0.73 0.73 0.73 83.6 11.4 164 121 121 38 Dia. OK.
D504 12.00 10.00 2 PS1 19.00 9.80 9.20 200.00 1.27 40 5.0 375 140.72 40 34 0.14 0.90 0.12 0.12 0.86 31.4 11.9 161 138 138 98 Dia. OK.

D512 19.00 16.80 2.2 D509 18.80 16.00 2.80 225.00 1.20 180 4.4 375 132.57 180 34 0.61 0.90 0.55 0.55 0.55 150.0 12.5 158 87 87 66 Dia. OK.
D509 18.80 16.00 2.8 D506 17.00 15.20 1.80 225.00 1.35 180 4.4 450 214.35 180 34 0.61 0.90 0.55 0.55 1.10 133.5 14.7 147 162 162 75 Dia. OK.
D506 17.00 15.20 1.8 PS1 19.00 14.90 4.10 300.00 1.25 90 3.3 500 244.55 90 34 0.31 0.90 0.28 0.28 1.38 72.3 15.9 141 195 195 80 Dia. OK.
Junction 9 to 8
D6 17.80 16.20 1.60 D7 17.08 15.40 1.68 75.00 2.35 60 13.3 450 373.17 60 40 0.24 0.90 0.22 0.22 0.22 25.6 10.4 170 37 37 10 Dia. OK.
D7 17.08 15.40 1.68 D8 16.82 15.00 1.82 150.00 1.77 60 6.7 500 347.16 60 40 0.24 0.90 0.22 0.22 0.43 33.9 11.0 167 72 72 21 Dia. OK.
D8 16.82 15.00 1.82 MBTSW/35/18 16.82 14.90 1.92 50.00 3.07 5 20.0 500 603.69 5 40 0.02 0.90 0.02 0.02 0.45 1.6 11.0 167 75 75 12 Dia. OK.

D9 15.69 14.00 1.69 D12 15.54 13.40 2.14 300.00 1.04 180 3.3 375 114.58 180 40 0.72 0.90 0.65 0.65 0.65 173.5 12.9 156 101 101 88 Dia. OK.
D12 15.54 13.40 2.14 D14 15.38 12.80 2.58 300.00 1.17 180 3.3 450 185.30 180 40 0.72 0.90 0.65 0.65 1.30 154.5 15.5 143 186 186 100 Dia. OK.
D14 15.38 12.80 2.58 PS4 15.38 12.70 2.68 100.00 2.03 10 10.0 450 322.82 10 40 0.04 0.90 0.04 0.04 1.33 4.9 15.5 143 190 190 59 Dia. OK.
Junction 8
PS3 D16 15.40 13.80 1.60 140 400
PS4 D16 15.40 13.80 1.60 100 400
PS6 D17 15.40 13.80 1.60 60 300
Junction 8 to 7
D16 15.40 13.80 1.60 D19 14.10 12.50 1.60 138.46 1.53 180 7.2 375 169.48 180 40 0.72 0.90 0.65 0.65 0.65 117.3 12.0 161 104 104 62 Dia. OK.
D19 14.10 12.50 1.60 D22 13.43 11.80 1.63 257.14 1.26 180 3.9 450 200.35 180 40 0.72 0.90 0.65 0.65 1.30 142.9 14.3 149 193 193 96 Dia. OK.
D22 13.43 11.80 1.63 D25 14.00 11.35 2.65 400.00 1.21 180 2.5 600 341.54 120 40 0.48 0.90 0.43 0.43 1.73 149.0 16.8 138 238 238 70 Dia. OK.
D25 14.00 11.35 2.65 PS5 14.00 11.30 2.70 500.00 1.08 25 2.0 600 305.01 5 40 0.02 0.90 0.02 0.02 1.75 23.2 17.2 136 238 238 78 Dia. OK.
Junction 7
PS5 D31 9.80 7.80 350 400

D25 14.00 10.70 3.30 D27 10.80 9.00 1.80 70.59 2.16 120 14.2 375 238.09 120 40 0.48 0.90 0.43 0.43 0.43 55.7 10.9 167 72 72 30 Dia. OK.
D27 10.80 9.00 1.80 MBTSW/35 10.80 8.85 1.95 233.33 1.18 35 4.3 375 130.15 35 40 0.14 0.90 0.13 0.13 0.56 29.7 11.4 164 92 92 70 Dia. OK.
Junction 6 to 7
D34 10.42 8.80 1.62 D30 9.65 8.00 1.65 300.00 1.04 240 3.3 375 114.58 180 40 0.72 0.90 0.65 0.65 0.65 231.3 13.9 151 98 98 85 Dia. OK.
D30 9.65 8.00 1.65 MBTSW/32 10.88 7.60 3.28 75.00 2.43 30 13.3 475 430.20 180 40 0.72 0.90 0.65 0.65 1.30 12.4 14.1 150 194 194 45 Dia. OK.
Junction 7 to 6
D35 10.32 8.50 1.82 D38 9.40 7.60 1.80 200.00 1.27 180 5.0 375 140.72 180 40 0.72 0.90 0.65 0.65 0.65 141.3 12.4 159 103 103 73 Dia. OK.
D38 9.40 7.60 1.80 D41 8.90 7.00 1.90 300.00 1.21 180 3.3 475 213.66 180 40 0.72 0.90 0.65 0.65 1.30 149.3 14.8 146 189 189 89 Dia. OK.
D41 8.90 7.00 1.90 MBTSW/17 8.48 6.45 2.03 290.91 1.42 160 3.4 600 401.26 160 40 0.64 0.90 0.58 0.58 1.87 112.7 16.7 138 258 258 64 Dia. OK.
Junction 6 to 7
D51 12.18 9.65 2.53 D47 10.08 8.00 2.08 175.76 1.58 290 5.7 475 280.01 290 45 1.31 0.90 1.17 1.17 #REF! 183.5 #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
D47 10.08 8.00 2.08 D44 8.48 6.80 1.68 175.00 1.83 210 5.7 600 518.68 210 45 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.85 #REF! 114.5 #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
D44 8.48 6.80 1.68 MBTSW/17 8.48 6.75 1.73 300.00 1.40 15 3.3 600 395.07 15 45 0.07 0.90 0.06 0.06 #REF! 10.7 #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Junction 6 to 5
D55 12.00 10.00 2.00 D58 11.18 9.40 1.78 300.00 1.08 180 3.3 400 135.84 180 50 0.90 0.90 0.81 0.81 0.81 166.5 12.8 156 127 127 93 Dia. OK.
D58 11.18 9.40 1.78 MBTSW/11 11.18 9.35 1.83 300.00 1.25 15 3.3 500 244.55 15 50 0.08 0.90 0.07 0.07 0.88 12.0 13.0 155 136 136 56 Dia. OK.
Junction 6 to 5
D59 11.00 9.00 2.00 D62 9.40 7.50 1.90 120.00 1.65 180 8.3 375 182.19 180 50 0.90 0.90 0.81 0.81 0.81 109.1 11.8 162 131 131 72 Dia. OK.
D62 9.40 7.50 1.90 MBTSW/9 9.36 7.30 2.06 150.00 1.47 30 6.7 375 162.76 30 50 0.15 0.90 0.14 0.14 0.95 20.4 12.2 160 151 151 93 Dia. OK.
Junction 6 to 5
D63 9.30 7.30 2.00 D66 8.75 6.70 2.05 300.00 1.08 180 3.3 400 135.84 180 50 0.90 0.90 0.81 0.81 0.81 166.5 12.8 156 127 127 93 Dia. OK.
D66 8.75 6.70 2.05 MBTSW/7 8.75 6.64 2.12 307.69 1.23 20 3.3 500 241.44 20 50 0.10 0.90 0.09 0.09 0.90 16.3 13.0 155 140 140 58 Dia. OK.
Junction 6 to 5
D67 8.70 6.70 2.00 D70 8.84 6.10 2.74 291.67 1.10 175 3.4 400 137.80 175 50 0.88 0.90 0.79 0.79 0.79 159.6 12.7 157 124 124 90 Dia. OK.
D70 8.84 6.10 2.74 MBTSW/5 8.84 6.00 2.84 150.00 1.54 15 6.7 400 192.94 15 50 0.08 0.90 0.07 0.07 0.86 9.8 12.8 156 134 134 69 Dia. OK.
Junction 6 to 5
D71 8.80 6.80 2.00 D73 9.16 6.39 2.77 292.68 1.05 120 3.4 375 116.02 120 50 0.60 0.90 0.54 0.54 0.54 114.2 11.9 161 87 87 75 Dia. OK.
D73 9.16 6.39 2.77 MBTSW/4 9.16 6.29 2.87 300.00 1.04 30 3.3 375 114.58 30 50 0.15 0.90 0.14 0.14 0.68 28.9 12.4 159 107 107 93 Dia. OK.
 Hydraulic calculation as per Qatar Drainage Manual (Stormwater)
Project: Example Road / System: Highway Drainage 05-Sep-09
Option 3 Calculation Parameters Tr: 10 C: kb:
Location Pipe Road Len Width Road Area Plot Area Rainfall Charac. Calculation
Imper Imper Imper total
Manhole v L J D Qp ARoad
Coeff.
Ared A1
Coeff.
A1 red A2 a
Coeff.
Ared 6$red
6Ared
tA t i QM (l/s) Qd Qd / Qp Results
From CL IL Depth To CL IL Depth Grad m/s m %o mm l/s ha <S ha ha <S ha ha <S ha ha ha sec min l/s ha var (l/s) Const l/s % of the Pipe
Junction 4 to 5
D91 11.94 10.00 1.94 D86 12.24 9.23 3.01 305.19 1.20 235 3.3 475 211.81 235 50 1.18 0.90 1.06 1.06 1.06 196.6 13.3 154 163 163 77 Dia. OK.
D86 12.24 9.23 3.01 D82 11.97 8.56 3.41 313.43 1.37 210 3.2 600 386.41 210 50 1.05 0.90 0.95 0.95 2.00 153.7 15.8 142 284 284 73 Dia. OK.
D82 11.97 8.56 3.41 D79 9.84 8.00 1.84 312.50 1.37 175 3.2 600 387.00 175 50 0.88 0.90 0.79 0.79 2.79 127.9 18.0 133 371 371 96 Dia. OK.
D79 9.84 8.00 1.84 D74 7.86 5.80 2.06 122.73 2.19 270 8.1 600 620.27 270 50 1.35 0.90 1.22 1.22 4.01 123.1 20.0 126 504 504 81 Dia. OK.
D74 7.86 5.80 2.06 MBTSW/2 8.13 5.55 2.58 240.00 1.72 60 4.2 700 662.99 60 50 0.30 0.90 0.27 0.27 4.28 34.8 20.6 124 530 530 80 Dia. OK.
Junction 4 to 3 Diversion of Existing 1600mm dia sewer
D600 11.00 7.00 4.00 D607 9.25 5.70 3.55 292.31 2.60 380 3.4 1600 5230.46 380 60 2.28 0.90 2.05 2.05 2.05 146.1 12.4 158 325 325 6 Dia. OK.
D607 9.25 5.70 3.55 D611 8.90 4.90 4.00 300.00 2.57 240 3.3 1600 5162.53 240 60 1.44 0.90 1.30 1.30 3.35 93.5 14.0 150 503 503 10 Dia. OK.
D611 8.90 4.90 4.00 D615 8.90 4.05 4.85 305.88 2.54 260 3.3 1600 5112.33 260 60 1.56 0.90 1.40 1.40 4.75 102.3 15.7 142 676 676 13 Dia. OK.
D615 8.90 4.05 4.85 D619 8.00 3.26 4.74 303.80 2.55 240 3.3 1600 5129.96 240 60 1.44 0.90 1.30 1.30 6.05 94.1 17.3 136 822 822 16 Dia. OK.
D619 8.00 3.26 4.74 AS/63 8.00 3.19 4.81 285.71 2.63 20 3.5 1600 5290.85 20 60 0.12 0.90 0.11 0.11 6.16 7.6 17.4 135 833 833 16 Dia. OK.
Junction 2
PS8 AS/63 50 250

D625 7.90 3.80 4.10 D620 7.80 2.70 5.10 300.00 2.57 330 3.3 1600 5162.53 330 60 1.98 0.90 1.78 1.78 1.78 128.5 12.1 160 285 285 6 Dia. OK.
D620 7.80 2.70 5.10 AS/63 7.70 2.54 5.16 312.50 2.52 50 3.2 1600 5057.55 50 60 0.30 0.90 0.27 0.27 2.05 19.9 12.5 158 325 325 6 Dia. OK.

Junction 1 to 3
D121 7.23 5.70 1.53 AS/50/7 7.30 3.41 3.89 78.71 2.04 180 12.7 375 225.39 180 50 0.90 0.90 0.81 0.81 0.81 88.2 11.5 164 133 133 59 Dia. OK.
Junction 3
D700 10.20 8.00 2.20 D705 7.10 5.00 2.10 110.00 1.72 330 9.1 375 190.37 330 35 1.16 0.90 1.04 1.04 1.04 191.5 13.2 154 160 160 84 Dia. OK.
D705 7.10 5.00 2.10 D709 3.30 1.00 2.30 60.00 2.34 240 16.7 375 258.41 240 35 0.84 0.90 0.76 0.76 0.76 102.6 14.9 146 110 110 43 Dia. OK.
D709 3.30 1.00 2.30 PS7 3.20 0.30 2.90 300.00 1.04 210 3.3 375 114.58 210 35 0.74 0.90 0.66 0.66 0.66 202.4 14.8 147 97 97 85 Dia. OK.

D716 9.70 7.00 2.70 PS7 3.20 0.30 2.90 35.82 3.03 240 27.9 375 334.98 240 35 0.84 0.90 0.76 0.76 0.76 79.1 11.3 165 125 125 37 Dia. OK.

2
Legende: Qd / Qp = / Capacity of the pipe ARoad = Catchment area (Roads) ha = hectar (10000m )
m n
i = / (t+d) * 2.78 i = is the average intensity of Rainfall over the time t

C , m, n , d = ermine the rain intensity A1 = Catchment area within ROW

t = uration in minutes A2 = Catchment area outside the ROW limit
T = n period in years a = Redcuction coefficient to A2
i = intensity in l/s.ha Ared = Reduced Catchment Area with Surface coefficient
Data to be filled
formulae