International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics

ISSN: 1061-8562 (Print) 1029-0257 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gcfd20

Applications of CFD in Hydraulics and River

Engineering

Van Thinh Nguyen & Franz Nestmann

To cite this article: Van Thinh Nguyen & Franz Nestmann (2004) Applications of CFD in
Hydraulics and River Engineering, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 18:2,
165-174, DOI: 10.1080/10618560310001634186

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10618560310001634186

Published online: 25 Jan 2007.

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 International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, February 2004 Vol. 18 (2), pp. 165174

Applications of CFD in Hydraulics and River Engineering

VAN THINH NGUYENa,* and FRANZ NESTMANNb,

a
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1;
b
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr. 12, D-76128, Karlsruhe, Germany

In this paper, various applications and developments of CFD technology in hydraulics and river
engineering are presented. Numerical studies of three-dimensional turbulent flow fields in open
channels and rivers are carried out by CFD packages such as the finite element code FIDAP and finite
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volume code COMET. Meshing procedures are implemented by GAMBIT or CFD-GEOM.

To calculate the position of the free surface two methods are applied, free surface tracking and volume-
of-fluid, and some comparisons of these methods are discussed.

Keywords: Computational fluid dynamics; Hydraulics; River engineering; Free surface tracking;
Volume-of-fluid; Meshing

NOMENCLATURE

E logarithmic profile constant lm mixing length [m]

I turbulence intensity n normal vector on the free surface
P mean fluid pressure [N/m2] xi coordinates x1 x; x2 y; x3 z
Pk production of turbulent kinetic energy [m/s3] u0 fluctuating velocity [m/s]
P0 centre of control volume in FVM or node us surface velocity [m/s]
of element in FEM y dimensionless distance to the wall
PP 0 production of turbulent kinetic energy at point P0 d characteristic width of boundary layer
Q water discharge [m3/s] dn normal distance from the wall
S free surface position [m] 1 turbulent dissipation rate [m2/s3]
Ui mean velocity component in xi direction [m/s] f generic unknown
U velocity vector [m/s] k von Karman constant
Umax maximum velocity [m/s] m effective viscosity [kg s/m]
U1 the free stream velocity [m/s] m0 molecular viscosity [kg s/m]
U universal logarithmic velocity profile mt turbulent viscosity [kg s/m]
V control volume mw near-wall eddy viscosity [kg s/m]
fi body forces [N] r0 density of fluid [kg/m3]
k turbulent kinetic energy [m2/s2] tw wall shear stress [kg/m s2]

INTRODUCTION and a free surface. Among the important physical

In recent years, the development of CFD technology and
computing power has brought major advances in research
and application of CFD codes into hydraulics, river
engineering and navigation.
The flow in rivers is very complicated, because it is not
only turbulent and highly three-dimensional, but also has
irregular boundaries of a complex geometry, a rough bed
phenomena characterizing these internal flows are
the generation of secondary flows due to the turning of
the main flow, the flow separation and the reattachment
interacting with the main flow and the sediment transport.
Thus, the ability to accurately predict the three-
dimensional flow in open channels and rivers is of
obvious importance for the design and construction of
hydraulic systems in rivers.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: vnguyen@uoguelph.ca

E-mail: nestmann@iwk.uka.de

ISSN 1061-8562 print/ISSN 1029-0257 online q 2004 Taylor & Francis Ltd
DOI: 10.1080/10618560310001634186
 166 V.T. NGUYEN AND F. NESTMANN

In this paper, application of CFD codes to viscosity mt is related to k and 1 by:

the solution of various practical hydraulic problems is
presented: k2
m t r0 c m 5
1
. Godorfer Curve Project: one stretch of Rhine River
and the production of turbulent kinetic energy Pk by the
from 668 to 673 km, Germany.
mean flow is given by:
. Lengfurt Project: one stretch of Main River, from
177,300 to 174,600 km, Germany.

U i U j U i
. Kostheim Weir in Main River, Germany. Pk mt 6
x j x i x j
. Lisdorf Food Gate in Saar River, Germany.
where cm 0:09; c1 1:44; c2 1:92; sk 1:2 and
The first two of these projects are related s1 1:2 are the five empirical constants.
to navigation issues and the last two projects are
related to the flood control management in rivers in
Germany. INITIAL CONDITION
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Numerical results are compared with the data from the

field survey and experiments of the Laboratory of the In general, it can be said that all unsteady governing
Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute of equations are parabolic. Therefore, at the initial instant of
Germany at Karlsruhe. time t t0 the values of any dependent variable f (i.e. Ui,
k, 1 or P) have to be known at all points of the solution
domain V:
BASIC EQUATIONS
f xi ; t0 f 0 xi : 7
The computations are based on the solution of the
Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations
for the mean flow field together with a two-
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
equation turbulence model. The hydraulic flows usually
have high Reynolds numbers so they are fully turbulent
At the Inlet
and mostly the standard k 2 1 model is used for closure of
the RANS (Rodi, 1980). Thus, the equations to be Dirichlet boundary conditions for velocity, kinetic energy
solved are: and dissipation must be employed on an inlet boundary,
and should be obtained from experimental measurements.
U j In the absence of detailed experimental profiles of k and 1
0 1 for external or unconfined flows, a value for k can be
x j 0
derived from k 1:5IU 1 2 ; where I u 2 1=2 =U 1 is the

 turbulence intensity and U1 is the free stream velocity.
U i U i An inlet value of 1 can be given by 1 rcm k 2 =Rm m;
r0 Uj
t xj where Rm mt =m (ratio of the turbulent and laminar

 viscosities) is about O101 2 O102 : In the case of
P U i U j confined (internal) or semi-confined flows (boundary
2 r0 f i m 2
x i xj xj x i layer, etc.), the values of k and 1 can be calculated from
2 2 2 21
k c1=2
m lm dU=dy and 1 cm k lm jdU=dyj ; where


 lm is a mixing length, y is the normal coordinate axis to the
k k mt k nearest wall and U is the streamwise velocity component
r0 Uj Pk 2 r0 1 3
t x j x j sk x j at the inlet plane. Its profile can be approximated by a
power-law form U=U max y=d1=n ; where Umax is a

 maximum velocity and the exponent n is dependent on
1 1
r0 Uj the Reynolds number and can be taken from Table I.
t x j
The pressure at the inlet boundary is obtained by

 extrapolation from inside the solution domain.
mt 1 1 12
c 1 Pk 2 r 0 c 2 4
x j s1 x j k k
At the Wall
where Ui are the mean velocity components, P is The standard k 2 1 model is only applied for high
mean pressure, r0 is density, m is the effective Reynolds numbers and, therefore, it cannot be used in
viscosity identified as the sum of the molecular and the near-wall regions, which contain the viscous sub-layer
eddy viscosities m m0 mt ; k is turbulent adjacent to solid boundaries (the so-called low Reynolds
kinetic energy and 1 is the dissipation rate. The eddy number effects on turbulence). The k and 1 equations are
 CFD IN HYDRAULICS AND RIVER ENGINEERING 167

TABLE I Values of the exponent n At the Outlet and Symmetry

n 6.0 6.6 7.0 8.8 10 10 The Neumann boundary condition, i.e. zero-gradient of
dependent variables is applied on these boundaries:
rUmaxd/m 4 103 2.3 104 11 105 11 106 2 106 3.2 106
f
0: 14
xi

not solved in the near-wall sub-layer; instead, the Therefore, the outflow boundary must be placed in a
interpolation is based on the so-called wall functions. downstream location which is sufficiently far from regions
Essentially, the near-wall viscosity is replaced by the of the flow where large perturbations occur in the flow
value mw determined from the universal logarithmic field.
velocity profile
y At the Free Surface
mw m 8
U
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The flow in open channels and rivers has a free surface.

where
Especially for the flow over man-made hydraulic
8 structures such as spillways, weirs, fluvial works, etc., it
< y ; y , y
s
U
9 is very difficult to accurately calculate the free surface
: k1 ln Ey ; y $ y
s shape. Methods used to calculate positions and shapes of
the free surface fall into two broad categories: free surface
and y is the dimensionless distance to the wall, obtained tracking and volume-of-fluid (VOF) methods.
from
1=2 Free Surface Tracking Method
rc1=4
m k P0 dnP0
y : 10 The simulation of free surface flows using the free surface
m
tracking method inevitably involves domains with moving
dn is the normal distance from the wall, k is the von boundaries. A new unknown S, which represents the
position of the free surface, is introduced, i.e. the free
Karman constant which has a value of about 0.41, E is the
surface is defined by the relation (Engelman and Sani,
logarithmic profile constant (whose value depends on the
1986)
wall roughness), P0 denotes the centre (or node in FEM) of
the control volume next to the wall and y s is the viscous Sxi ; t 0: 15
sub-layer thickness
In the free surface tracking method, a Lagrangian grid is
1
y
s ln Ey
s : 11 constructed, which is moved with the fluid, and hence the
k position of the free surface is taken as known throughout
the calculation. The two following boundary conditions
At the wall with no-slip condition, zero values for
that need to be satisfied on the free surface are:
velocity components are assigned. In the k-equation, the
flux through the wall is taken as zero and the production of
. the kinematic condition, which states that there is no
k in the wall is obtained from the universal velocity
convective mass transfer through the free surface, or, in
distribution
other words, that the fluid velocity component
C1=4
1=2 normal to the free surface is equal to the free surface
ut m k P0
PP0 jtw j jtw j 12a velocity, i.e.:
kdnP0 k dn P0
U 2 us nfs 0 16
or
!2 where fs denotes the part of the boundary that coincides
PP0 d nP0 with the free surface.
kP0 k 1=4
12b
tw cm
. the dynamic condition, which states that the forces
and the dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy near acting on fluids in contact at the free surface are in
the wall is obtained from equilibrium.

3=2
c3=4
m k P0
1P 0 13 Volume-of-fluid (VOF) Method
kdn P0
The VOF method is based on a kind of two-phase model.
where tw is the wall shear stress. Immiscible fluids are not considered separately, but are
 168 V.T. NGUYEN AND F. NESTMANN

rather replaced by an effective fluid, which is considered
as a continuum in the whole solution domain. A scalar
indicator function, known as the volume fraction C, is
introduced according to the following expressions
(Ferziger and Peric, 1997):
r Cr1 1 2 Cr0
17
m Cm1 1 2 Cm0
where the subscripts 0 and 1 denote the two constituent
fluids (e.g. air and water). The function C is used to
distinguish between the two different fluids. A value of
unity indicates the presence of fluid 1 (water) and the
value of zero indicates fluid 0 (air). Volume fraction
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conjugate gradient squared (CGS) or conjugate gradient
squared stabilized (CGSTAB) methods for an asymmetric
matrix. The segregated algorithm is guaranteed to have
substantially lower storage requirements compared to the
fully coupled solver, therefore for large-scale three-
dimensional problems the segregated solver is favored.
APPLICATIONS
The following results are obtained from various research
and development projects of the Institute of Hydraulic
Engineering and Water Resources Management (IWK),
University of Karlsruhe with the Federal Waterway
Engineering and Research Institute of Germany (BAW)

values between these two limits indicate the presence of

the interface of the two fluids. The volume fraction C and at Karlsruhe, Germany. Other results and further details
the mass fraction c of fluid 1 are linked by the expression have been reported by Nguyen (2000) and Nguyen et al.
(2000a,b; 2001).
r1
cC : 18
r
Turbulent Flow in One Stretch of the Rhine River
The transport of c is governed by: (Germany) from 668 to 673 km
With a length of 1320 km, the Rhine River is one of the
d
r c dV r cU 2 us ds 0: 19 most important rivers of Europe. In order to develop and
dt promote the transportation on inland waterways, some
V S
stretches of the Rhine River (Germany) will be deepened.
Further, it is assumed that for the portion of the solution One stretch of the Rhine between Cologne and Koblenz,
domain where c has a value between 1 and 0, both fluids
share the same velocity and pressure.

NUMERICAL METHODS

A Euler implicit integration and a finite volume (COMET) or

finite element (FIDAP) procedure are used to discretize the
system of Equations (1)(4), as described in the FIDAP
(1993) and COMET (199798) User Manuals. Results
may be represented in a set of nonlinear algebraic equations:

Af f F f 20

where Af is a global system matrix, f U i ; k; 1; P; S; c (S

and c are from Equations (15) and (19)) is the global vector
of unknowns and Ff is a vector which includes the effects of
body forces and boundary conditions. There are two
different solution methodologies for solving this nonlinear
equation system, of which the algorithms are conceptually
quite different. The first approach solves all equations of
system (20) in a simultaneous coupled manner by iterative
procedures, but this is rarely done due to the excessive
storage and computing time requirements. The second
approach separately solves each equation in a sequential
segregated manner. This avoids the direct formation of a
global system matrix. Instead, this matrix is decomposed
into smaller sub-matrices, then these smaller sub-matrices
are solved in a sequential manner using either
direct Gaussian elimination or iteration methods such as
conjugate gradient (CG) for a symmetric matrix and FIGURE 1 The physical model of Rhine, 668673 km.
 CFD IN HYDRAULICS AND RIVER ENGINEERING 169
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FIGURE 2 Distribution of velocity vector at cross-sections and in Godorf Port area.

FIGURE 3 Isoline of streamwise velocity at cross-section of Rhine, 671,000 km (with Qinlet 935 m3/s).
 170 V.T. NGUYEN AND F. NESTMANN
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FIGURE 4 Streamwise velocity profiles at six vertical lines ML (distances from the left river bank: 50, 80, 110, 140, 170 and 200 m) at cross-section
671,000 (with Qinlet 935 m3/s).
from 664,000 to 675,200 km, with its current depth of only
2.10 m, had to be deepened to 2.50 m. To predict the
changes of flow field under consideration of the bed
stability, both experimental and numerical studies have
been implemented.
One stretch of the Rhine River from 668,000 to
673,000 km including a 1808 curve is modelled (Fig. 1).
The velocity field has been measured at eight cross-sections
beginning at 669,000 km and following at the distance
of 500 m to the downstream. The flow parameters are given
by two variants of the inlet discharge of 935 and 1730 m3/s.
The geometry data are obtained from the field survey,
GAMBIT is used for the meshing with 89,265 nodes
(108,256 elements). The calculation is carried out by
FIDAP on a parallel IBM RS/6000 SP computer. Because
the maximum slope of the free surface in this curved
stretch is quite small (about 0.2% from the measurement),
the free surface tracking method is used in this case, i.e. a
moving grid is used, it is moved together with the water,
and the position of the free surface is known throughout
the calculation.
The numerical results and comparisons, which are
shown here, are for the case of the inlet discharge of
935 m3/s. Figure 2 shows the distribution of velocity at
cross-sections as well as an eddy zone of the flow in the
Godorf Port area. It shows that in the curve from 670,000
to 672,000 km, due to the centrifugal force the maximum
velocity is located near the concave bank, where the
erosion of riverbed occurs, then it is gradually
concentrated in the middle of the river when the flow
exits from the curved portion. Figures 3 and 4 show
comparisons of isolines and profiles of the streamwise
velocity between computation and experiment at cross-
section of the Rhine, 671,000 km (middle of the curve).
Turbulent Flow in One Stretch of Main River
(Germany) from 177,300 to 174,600 km
This project related to the nautical problems, to study the
turbulent flow field in the upstream of the Lengfurt Port in
the Main River of Germany in order to find the reasons
why the ships were shipped outside their fairway when
they navigated into the Lengfurt Port (Fig. 5).
The meshing procedure is implemented by CFD-
GEOM with 136,976 cells, the calculation is carried
out by COMET on a parallel SGI computer. In this
case, the free surface is not enfolded so that the free
surface tracking method is used. Figure 6 shows the
difference of the water level near the mole peak in
comparison with the initial water level (142 m from
datum). This is quite a good agreement with the
measurement that the maximum sinking of the water
level near to the mole peak is about 30 cm.
In order to study the horizontal flow near the mole peak,
where the ships are shipped from the left riverbank to the
right riverbank (following the flow direction) when they
enter the Lengfurt Port, two straight lines are put in the
upstream of the port (Lines 1 and 2 shown in Fig. 7).
 CFD IN HYDRAULICS AND RIVER ENGINEERING
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FIGURE 5 Geometry of riverbed. (Colour versions of all figures on this
page available to view online.)
Figure 7 shows a multiblock grid used for this calculation,
the grid is refined in the area near the mole peak. The
numerical and experimental results shown in Fig. 7
explain that when a ship navigates into the Lengfurt Port
along Line 1 like a fairway, it will be shipped outside the
Port, because the cross velocity of the flow in front of the
mole peak is strong.
Figure 8 shows the distribution of the turbulent kinetic
energy k and the streamlines in the area of Lengfurt Port.
A comparison of velocity profiles at the cross-section
175,100 km is shown in Fig. 9.
FIGURE 6 Water level near the mole peak.
171
FIGURE 7 The horizontal velocity profile on Lines 1 and 2.
Turbulent Flow Over Kostheim Weir in Main River
(Germany)
Figures 10 and 11 show the geometry from the nature and
model of the Kostheim Weir, which includes three
cylinders. By the lifting of these cylinders the weir can
be operated to open or close for the flooding control.
In this work, the two following operations of the weir are
modelled:
. three cylinders are lifted up simultaneously, with the
minimum distance from the peak of the cylinder to
the riverbed of about 1.4 m. The water flows under the
three cylinders. The results are shown in Figs. 12 14
(underflow).
. the left and right cylinders are closed and the middle
cylinder is sunk for the water overflow. The results are
shown in Figs. 15 and 16 (overflow).
A numerical grid with 66,854 cells is used (meshing by
CFD-GEOM and calculation by COMET). Due to the free
surface being strongly enfolded, the free surface tracking
method is not suitable in this case, so that the VOF method
is used and shapes of free surfaces obtained from the
calculation are shown in Fig. 14 (underflow) and Fig. 16
(overflow). Figures 12 and 13 show velocity vectors in the
case of underflow of the three cylinders.
Figures 15 and 16 show the strongly enfolded shape
of the free surface, which is defined by the value of mass
fraction c 0:5; at t 350 s in the case of overflow of
the middle cylinder. The discharge is an important
 172 V.T. NGUYEN AND F. NESTMANN
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FIGURE 9 A comparison of a velocity profile at cross-section of Main,
175,100 km, and under water surface, 1.5 m (z WS 2 1.5 m).
parameter for the flooding control and its comparison
between computations and experiments is shown in
Table II.
Turbulent Flow Over Lisdorf Flood Gate in the Saar
River (Germany)
This gate is used to control the discharge when the floods
occur in the Saar River. The water flows over a 3.8 m step
(Figs. 17 20 presented with 10 times water depth). In this
case, both methods, free surface tracking and the VOF
method, are used in order to point out advantages and
disadvantages of each method for the calculation of a free
surface (meshing by CFD-GEOM and calculation by
COMET).
Figure 17 shows an initial grid (with 50,483 cells) at the
beginning of the calculation by the free surface tracking
method. The free surface is moved together with the water
and its shape obtained from this calculation is shown in
Fig. 18.
The result for the free surface obtained by the VOF
method is shown in Fig. 19. By the VOF method, the
computational domain is extended with almost double
height; therefore, the number of cells is nearly double
FIGURE 10 The geometry of the Kostheim Weir in nature.
FIGURE 11 The geometry of the Kostheim Weir in simulation.
(104,975 cells). This requires of course more CPU time for
the calculation and more storage space.
The shape of the free surface obtained after t 120 s
from both methods is quite similar, as shown in Figs. 18
and 19, but after this step the calculation by the free
surface tracking method breaks down, because of strong
warped elements at the free surface (over the step), while
the calculation by the VOF method continues.
Figure 20 shows a comparison of the shape of the free
surface between calculation and experiment. A compari-
son of the water discharge between computations and
experiments is shown in Table III.
CONCLUSIONS
From above study cases, various applications of CFD in
hydraulics, river engineering and navigation are
illustrated. In order to achieve these successful
applications, of course, suitable user codes for solving
a free surface problem as well as pre- and post-
processing procedures are developed. The results
obtained from computations show good agreement with
experiments.
From results of the above computations as well as the
results obtained from various computations of R & D
projects, one can point out advantages and disadvantages
of both methods, free surface tracking and VOF. The
advantage of the free surface tracking method is that a
sharp shape of a free surface can be obtained; however,
when the free surface is strongly enfolded (e.g. flow over
spillways, weirs, sluices,. . .), the numerical implemen-
tation becomes very difficult. The VOF method can
overcome this limitation of the free surface tracking
method, but it has some inherent disadvantages of larger
CPU time and storage space due to the extension of the
solution domain. Therefore, in the case of flow in which
 CFD IN HYDRAULICS AND RIVER ENGINEERING 173

FIGURE 12 Distribution of velocity vector underflow of three cylinders. FIGURE 8 The distribution of turbulent kinetic energy and the
streamlines in the area of Lengfurt Port.
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FIGURE 13 Underflow of cylinders.

FIGURE 19 The free surface obtained by VOF method.

FIGURE 14 The water level in case of underflow.

FIGURE 20 Water free surface over step by computation (upper) and

FIGURE 15 Overflow of the middle cylinder. by experiment (lower).
 174 V.T. NGUYEN AND F. NESTMANN

FIGURE 16 The free surface shape in case of overflow. (Colour version

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available to view online.)

TABLE II Comparison of the discharge

FIGURE 18 The free surface shape obtained by free surface tracking
Overflow (m3/s) Underflow (m3/s) method.
Experiment Q=49 Q=520
Computation Q=52 Q=528

TABLE III Comparison of the discharge

Experiment (m3/s) Computation (m3/s)

160 158166
260 266

COMET User Manual (1997 1998), Institute of Computational

FIGURE 17 Initial computational grid.
a free surface is not strongly enfolded, the free surface
tracking is preferred.
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Ferziger, J.H. and Peric, M. (1997) Computational Methods for Fluid
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