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- 1= 1 + -1 = -1 + - 1 (9.35)
U, hi(IDJ0Dt) h, hi, h,
(9.24)
In a number of cases involving shell-and-tube equipment, the inlet temperatures of the fluid
streams are known, and the outlet temperatures are to be determined. By appropriately combining
the defining equation for the correction factor F,(Equation 9.33) with the definition of the log-
mean temperature difference and the overall heat-transfer coefficient, it is possible to derive the
following equation for 1-2 shell-and-tube exchangers:
(- )
UAO =F,("-)
'ccpc actual 'ccpc countemow
- -In[
R
/.,-
1 2-S(R+l-J=)
2--S(R+l+,/S) 1 (9.36)
T, = T ,-R(r2-tl) (9.37)
Example 9.5
In an electricity-generating facility, steam leaves a turbine and is piped to a condensing unit. After
condensation occurs, it is desired to further cool the (distilled) water by means of a shell-and-tube
exchanger. The water enters the heat exchanger at 110F with a flow rate of 170,000 lbm/hr. The
heat will be transferred to raw water from a nearby river. The raw water is available at 65"F, and
the mass flow rate is 150,000 Ibm/hr. It is proposed to use a heat exchanger that has a 17-1/4-in-
ID shell and 3/4-in-OD, 18-BWG tubes that are 16 ft long. The tubes are laid out on a 15/16-in
triangular pitch. The tube fluid will make two passes. The shell contains baffles that are spaced
1 ft apart. Determine the outlet temperature of the distilled water and the pressure drop for each
stream.
Heat Exchangers 485
. , , . . .
0.1 1 10
U A I mcCpc
FIGURE 9.1 3 Ten Broeck graph for determining outlet temperature when inlet temperatures, flow rates,
and fluid properties are known.
Solution
The flow rates here are much larger than those encountered with double- pipe exchangers.
Assumptions
1. Fluid properties are constant and evaluated at or near the inlet temperatures.
2. Raw- and distilled-water properties can be obtained from the same water-property tables.
3. The system is at steady state.
4. All heat lost by the distilled water is gained by the raw water.
From Appendix Table C.11, for (distilled) water at 104F (an estimate), we read
Also,
Calculations are performed in steps ( t subscript = tubes; s = shell; formulas are in Summary section):
I. Flow Areas
Place the raw water through the tubes, because it has the lower flow rate.
150,000 0*05423 = 1 . 2 9 ~ 1 0 ~
Raw water Re, =
3600(62.4)(0.259) 1,083 x lo-'
4 0.55
Distilled water Nu, = 0.36( 1.66 x 10 ) (4.34)"3 = 123
V. Convection Coefficients
hi = 97.4(0'345) = 619;
0.0543
Outlet temperatures
150,000(0.9988) =
R =
170,000(0.998)
t2-11.
5' = 0.58 = -
T , - tl'
Distilled water
f, = exp[0.576 - 0.19 In( 1.66x lo4)] = 0.281
VIII. Velocities
150,000
Raw water v, = 3600(62.4)(0.259) = 2.58 ft/s
170,000
Distilled water v, = 3600(0.994)(62.4)(0.287) = 2.65 ft/s
Outlet temperatures
Pressure drops
The pressure drop for the streams is comparatively low, with -10 psi being an accepted maximum
for low pumping costs. If the pressure drop for either fluid is too high, then a decrease in the flow
rate of the respective fluid might be an acceptable solution. The outlet temperatures may change
along with the decrease in flow rate, however, and less heat will be transferred. Thus there will be
a trade-off between trying to recover as much heat as possible versus keeping the pressure drop as
low as possible. Such decisions are obviously based on economic factors. 0
A number of methods can be used to increase the heat recovered. For example, two 1-2 shell-
and-tube exchangers could be connected in series. Two 1-2 exchangers could be piped so that the
tube fluid passes through in series while the shell fluid passes through in parallel. The tubes could
be arranged so that the tube fluid passes through the same exchanger more than twice, or the shell
fluid could pass through more than once (e.g., 1-4, 1-6, 1-8 or 2-4, 2-6, 2-8 types). A number
of applications exist; for further information the interested reader is referred to the literature.
mccpcATc= m,c,,AT,