ELEMENTS OF AERODYNAMICS OF SUPERSONIC FLOWS ANTONIO FERRI THE MACMILLAN COMPANY: NEW YORK 1949PREFACE Clic aeedyoanicss sed yon wo fundamental pote: (a) Ai Sea pefet fi (D) Air isan inoampresie thi. Tese two hype em the waiver anion of the entree of potential flow, thar [milting extensive matlematicntentct the peta ‘When the variation of pews gerated by seedy ans pene re large Geli ovary won the vl af flow eeu) he ypotings af innprosbl ow no loge cretbecase the comodo changes in ty ar important, procig large changes nthe flow vey. Tt [lle ocd the ec vara of det the eral phere, hd oextend wil ene eatin he tari o npr fw 10 {ae of cmp low. However thee exttion are erally apps tutions to here flow Hh se of wn ot env ay ae of {het ‘Thi natant teint analy changes wen the al speed ‘fond read or oneede In thine re a eompated phere ‘coe which completely ‘change the pial characters ofthe How ad rou eet mathemati eaten Th cae of the fom which, ely sani, Yecernes spersonie ony in sexe parts, especialy ial, whe cane of he fw whe rly Isa Ylcty greater han the pa oso yi some ans mathe fay Spier ‘This part of analy tat ean be calla aay of sapere econ leary far, fo the wettest few this took ANTONIO FERRE angie Pe, VeinCONTENTS ERLE Pn ake eee tnt ECT He Setter hte dCs time he ning ety Tel seen hr aati Seer E“hsp am Fn Rtas va i ante oon nor AEREREWENT oe ame slow. acres Beem tre util ee tn gt ry Vain fh Mtg Dain ft ae Did the Pa oe Pa ig he Carte Demis oo Dag Cte aad cerca Dir Sol Gry at Dine wh ae Sein er at te enim or aaa WHORE 8 8See date teat tr, lice nee cheater tt We IECHAPTER 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. tonal Flow. Euler's Equations. Cader apr euenpriie fw a steals mation, "ote eens, wlth toc to Ue sth an of refine 232 (Figure 1. Bene the notion tall hater ofthe om eh 1 velocity, pour, dents te ar athe aly fh dependent Vath {sys 2, Taner oder the id tn ey to dete Inn the a tha oun er carats the wm feta the pln (ry) fark Sitns of hy Roai of dow.” Aste quation af Fluid Motion, Irutational and orRen ante Fes 1. iif te mentary ame ‘hat the characteris f the fw cha ead eration do oot tecutb is pile to assume te the dete of th ety omar, {te comer anneal parallepiged dy, By the arent heen apple othe wre ds, dad dey hee eae ‘2 unwnts oF abnoorNsates oP xorEmoe FLOM 0 ria yet fr, (00) ta a he compos vty ag th ae Tih ithe us these ee ep they fave tn samen th ne Miss as soe ‘By the hypothesis of a steady flow," > du dase , ana nae att ay a a econ . ‘Theta (He's eatin) a) Continuity iguation and Energy Equation. Tos eqation of cots ‘pind to the plein of Fig I for cts ton a Q “Tiguan fe he asf de prep ates athe wk rir hv hie i a ot Selina ey Ht ana oy a en ~seareal Siw + 20 + 2 po] = eietyte aut Vay ® ut a ation 2) we tin (0 4B bw) Swot 290+ Zip) wa se so tedden) ‘ete tm eu sin) ih dee tend Toto tidal Lonttinttonerd) nd qn) ees see PL = tt = ® 1 the moti sts, the tailors he pride ow cle with tr steam es, bt by equation 3) te ttl eee of a given prt of Pn sat for he etre tion Metre the tal nr of th ait nme conan lang very Me He. Thermodynamic Concopta For perf gs he oquaton af sate gives p= Root o shee gt evra of gravity, Tb th ast temperature, and the gains, th mens af which ae length pe dee ter ag mica wit fr ean the ens Mean br expe inthe em Reene ® sur a a the spe at constant preset cst line rpetively (work dagger anit wiht TB aw termi yield the coy alas a0 asat+p4(!) ® owed)ere the quantity of eat al in work er uit was of x Ee {otal beat Totaly) i ated wonky it ms) a eine pret eae o Fm tation (6) the ni ex ab ie eat ie i ene al a a cosa ist a cin all nna appease cone qa i. {Sig etn ean) ca bene tn 14} r= catan ay ey! Set} P= mt in Equation (1) con be aplind whedrser an alibi Watton cons ide inthe Aw.” ram th equation, i show tal fe Now at set (V= 0 the tempratte 7 thew constants independ of he tee feematons that the Bow hs erp quations for Rotational Hove Yan th fst of satin (1), by al rane Jing and sabecting dw ibaa ‘ acta, a su is intr way ere as) hs of tr wp he ati nes) tn a a sa (r te) «rc omt ow vere pe fe Fr the fist thorn af thomas, 5 i the entopy (srk por Age of temperate pe uit mas) and the absslute temperate fervaton ad 9), Tas = at 2. as) Comidering variation slang eff oqathn (1) al (15) band ( Sets (1447) = age toe “ra xen Pat oa Sete ot an ie ei eo ate ris spt sh a enropy constant anger sean se ‘Conse now equation (1) a apn ang aioe snarl oa sec in, a7 84 d(r4ly)=r xem, a, 1) te so coi gsr a the fo around the bey is sto an the oy dons mot mas, the owas constant ene, beast the bay cant pace or abnor wie, ‘ning hd therfore the ow bas coat ogy lng every a Une nama) reno‘ Blew oF antonysevtes surensonie FLOW 1 he ow is norm to ity, the ene fs casa everyes and ure or vers seca re th eegy the same, wad seb) W xo 0 “Tetice in the tw the steopy teeta fall strana tne ool grat af este the By ott Will fe demonstrated ater a in auprsniuedsntinties o flow characteris ext tate elle ark ares When nek wanes ‘ext inthe fw, satiation of elroy aes the sek radon hat eyes the testy oe sek Tt shack doesnt pe th sae satiation fenrpy in the ate Ban, tbe sta rs ge ave pn feo. and an ete gratin smal the ste Fy els: tee {he on tain he shock tational AnganceThompaon Thien. Cid ds ot a nade up he same artic of The Be has the pie om side chang withthe ined fn lone ofthe hae fd Ue ‘ely pat, the a repr ow 1s the sgeuation of the Be Cader no the vation of eatin Sadfea- [Ear feda a et Pogue fooens Semen ang the he ead ag ve 2. fla aw) spe co Hae density a function of te sce th tem the nega of Une scdpart of ation 205) itt ini intel eng a for qutin (1) ceva covsoanantont 7 er ae the vrai fella so. Bata ity» Othe Toe roman soo in the hk Geld, and the snore fs etatieal TWaesy i eto aa of ter arial the val of Ueber no the can bone ota ” tre th vl other tan so i italy tant ati, “The Speed of Sound and Mach Nuonbee. Wh the flow vet the Geely phenamena stale lara csr to conser ie {Tensile i,t qoute oe pera (@ The srl of nd (0) The Mark amb In hh spr of send id he pith wh mama itunes Gatien) phlei of Che i ened rn of hed rated othe mk fl sarong he poi ‘ie Mack tr of eH a a pot the a of veto the fui abt or relative, a sy to the seit of oa at the sae Din The rosa Ihe oped of sad i ingrid hen con peilng ct ar sing one tbe cared by the fll oer In arayvanit plewatnn,the eft of epee a be inptant Ade vane of volume cane bythe vara of pesre which ect the hw a of te se ordr af agit a the vrais of vlety ‘Now cm ate tbe of kth ol (Figue 2) Th i contained in the space df ve inthe ie fon etn 1-3 Lo pst 3 The st How dns wl cage Therefor, De the volae of tbe Bow, ad» the deat, = Moss a = Costa HD+ iy = 0 @ ‘The wrk dae by the pment he sata 2 ail fran pt 12 ta md be equsaent to the pita shange of ete uf the Ho, ety Ing mass fs therfne i p the vay Soe Sand) (Dae) dea.) oad rom equation 2) can be olin lg 2 Blewaty aa tae‘ ‘uawests OF AeaoOYNAWIC OF aUPERSOE POM be ay itis sed that a ey fro equations 23) and 2) tan be shown hat ajay ae a ‘Therefore when the velty Vso he same er of masuitade me th vai {io of volume dD sof the same ode of magne the arto the velocity AVY. The quantity cmon be veh beta ethane ‘equation (5) stoned. I posible show that cio othe ‘elo of sat fhe fe, nse ey tao ait wton with ptm aveig a very low sped w(Figure 3). Ifthe fi ier, the mot ds a sae Unsataneusly bo eee fd mac, 1 posbe a every instant Yo determine se °F ian which isthe ego in hh tn a [Ee Smt he mn hh tb vs isnot propagated "The psn a this thon Fs, 3. Pam vominy Ge chang with ine. Calla the veut od, ‘at be laceent ofthe stetlon s. The welosty the webty of soe becuse yb ith which all vviatons produced by the pistons teased tothe Mow. fasten of eotinate anes ith moves with rs ake, the ating ‘elt aad of te wtlon + Vi alte rebty af on sone Between the pston ass (Vs = u —a) Ik yand ys re the domi at he tno dows sear bythe stint by the equation (ua m, eo Ince he mass ow which crs every ston of th tbe ms ean Cal pat the psu corps Ue fw bf ater the ecto sal consi hr eget of he vation of kan ena te sections Sie the change of momenta ofthe low whieh enna te es "in te ul tothe vasa of per a the to see Before cd after iC pute to wie Pa me oy but tn sation 26) vane co ‘evens connmensnions ° meet em» ae my ee monem(2) » “ ” rttent tame ttantin oy By hypathss is sal: therfore the vations of prema aod desty| call, Thus if welt athe to he quantity ee mal aod rie, ion nt ten noni tonnet at Dy definition cis equal to therefore tt by din %: ae oy ite Pot Sm bao re sloce i the series expmsion the other tent are esiibe, Therefore from ‘ation (20), et 8 = pt wet ton ene + as theron mua be for oquation (8), m-+ AE mt tone aoe = ‘The vty = dp thei the soi one the fw Conta The oampreiiity ef in he lw deeds he rato of te {hw veto the vet sound, "The atin call the Mash mdr ae ‘sual inet bythe yb Compresiility Elects in entropic Transformations, fan setrpic teammates the fw, 2 — constant, ry Therfore the velit of wand BowieBaye Yemperatre, ad dea persone devas Teel ailty effts bevme muse inst fo heals Hight, hese ‘he tempera an espe fsa dens ar st pela {gh te Mach aero. If pad ar the prensa ost romesponding novelty, rather aati tay ay hecho tat ay ate) Bat fm equation (3) There 5) ninemsn “Oreste 0 the vlrity i the se the vc xu, Va ad a oo ity = Li pe = 058%), andy, ot, ow Frum cant (5) the Cling expression can be bine (leece 1 * Set of mma pil te ei ao : ay In Table Lf the append some als ty T/T la enti of eae dip 1d ae ee te fen the nese Tents fe Senter eee eee ua IE 4 aes tbe wth ifm vkaty rs scot edie th) @ ‘aw wo we)B Satsang uation (1) in uation 17) (lene 2), =o) on ite fom wy st) per sn ein comida: ish sane nto (= 1) or) waive then de a ieee pp (7D, whe ithe ety opens (0 8 oh 9 is sopment ) 3d alan ef th sane sg "This that insane os reo the vot asian tab, smerny to dean tesetveete ne ones sins bit sepanns n,n et ost ty meoary to hve dives teas Fw ay tions (18, Tr the very do ion Pa Pm PM Pm wow oe ——_ ———_ Po PM Pw Pe ae esi we we fomet wmet Sena i Maori te shorn eet 9 that ke (> 1) he ge oe Shceragaigderets doy. Thacan nonce iain pron ety tt nee oyna sia Sram td ie ova anja pds eee toner Gress he cia ofthat). Bg ann “The minima crn wt ofthe ston tbe cores to (M = 1) (eatin 3 ‘ne the sexton of stron tae fv abi Mach aber one etd, rg twas] ste) Iwate tot srorhows "The paths of benrole oI, eal vai for fw vlc Indo thr veladty of sand excep reo thn the boundary yer ther the cnt, nected ths eal, of pram fmpetae Forsuperenie os the enti hypstsis i nt aly va even i the ‘verity eat. To ths t,he hyplnaa atzpi oe vali Ilting vie ete we epason eure bu in genera tl valid {tthe veya owe deren wd the prose ines, bce te ha cal pharma, chrsleratie sapere fo, can oc, ha re gover By aes lle than the entropic I thi ese equation (1) cal be noc nane valet afin of Mat mater Drenity of the Phenomena in Suimonie and Supersonic Flows tn ‘he presding comidratios Ht show that sal dhurbnces 8 flow se iranaite withthe vey of su As conse thi lw, e ‘rralynamic phemneanithe cse nui teh tes in ow vith day To than these of sod ace een on thn bese ‘hc th apd erst tha the ped of oe, Conse fr pte waa msn tat astra all hi esima) cage in pre pied apt P thks kn the fw ith the velaty 1” (Fgur 5). Thedisuance fansite a the Sw ‘th he vl found: efor if the ithe, 23, ad bf the at P ar consid after 1 2,3 and eve i a which ne Int ton 0, spl to srr hen wih he yt Sea tthe int ofthe neato by the variations of pees prdacd 2th pra Pi the fe pits comer the vite pit tha the vey of the pew son iar shown a Figure The pt at The vite ‘odaed by P are extend sprcal waves of rim = 0% ie (0 ‘pend of sound)" varatin of premure very sal, ad pie {© ime tat he sp ra dvs thang Ue Base he ‘pe he pol Ps tha Ue opr of se, eveey wave aera the14 rweets oF ainonrvvmes oF wernowe 1 int Pan ao tars ane ia fr of be eit P. Tet ome ‘ing, Che point P finds a how that eo of th rel be prs ofthe pint Ps and eS Ponti fa tig da eats of tpt In an se atin The wn ‘separated a cach other and therefore the change Is gradual. In the case bere the velocity of the point P is greater than the velocity of send, the etworon tit (Pee Te dee at feta our tea ‘hector a a ne Bre ft nt Pl th the the cee "nist flow. AI tw disturbance onda oe te a nope tad 1) ih «Balla the Mach angle al the ee salle the Mach cone, Te ‘enenaneconanensons 6 AI Ah dsturianee nase tangent to the ioe PA (Mak ie, wad secs the line PA a variation of flow earctertn scars In rg t= Tide toot whi Pte peer thea uate hy etn ft te pat P "The Mach ange and he Mach cea lative othe sal turbans that are ratte with an waves ti clea hats phen tnt occur fr fie sito of Br harris, thie ery be ens are are sanpntd, ad atonal tetas are poi {ny nse cu hal be nome ater, bu ative the pena fan be emir now ‘Citi for example pla AB nett bya wth lative able pereane veloy Fite) ad me tht tpt a fae wala Tit resure paced fo © the yrsste Beat than alg AP came that the ite variation of yrs pode ral at co sir fst the case i ich te varltion of pron eave AUP a “cps cur Wht a variation of one ap pda at hie Saran of pease pertains to a aoe of hf ht for eneertes ons el or igre hited bye Py hat stat um (an iii at Mach ate Is the Bld PL, he ow ba ower line Pla forthe sal variation fp be coed eutrop, esie (equine 18a 1) aco te spell me deren (7 > 1) ae the velit ad he Mach umber ease ‘ahora pecs fr prone Hw, expanse aca with ince ef setog of sam tae therefore the dst of ety aos the ne PL tens to tur rth dveton AB with cto of ration PD PC ‘When asco expan dp ic psd this expansin,Decse thee blac the ron CPL accra Mach ner higher than the ued Ture Mach amber: there the se pertaining to the mcd expansion stb Knit hy Ke Pa ot neti than Py Bene my ale than (in = 17M) athe eh eb PL ott wih pet Tier ell once expesions Use phsorcone ear; theo the expan acura the tone PL ral. ‘The ne Pl come lat Mach Hn forthe Mach manta AB, and PL th coring Mack tne i CP, at camden with ept to the vlacty V8 CP ie ince diet, and wit emp tothe Tal Ma ube ‘i hig, Cate now a postive variation of prsture. The phenameno i thie tase diet ‘The it variation of prema dp (Figure) trast {oasne of ow iid by ne Pl linea the Mach ae ith ep {othe dition AB, Buti the we CPL, the Mach number devas ead6 0 fet PD wy Py le by ise Pe Mach mane de ef Uh cy tenes tu in the eto cro eompresio dp mast bec. Bt in thst he "ums als i the see PoP “Then the ess ini then the rasa helt line Pl changes pest ad ® Sion 4 reas the Fie Pn “The ite cpt cca hy 4 wih cnt “Te sce te dae eal ‘ai ‘uta fhe dhcatinay alll ae mms the shock wave a decrease of velocity and Mach . increase of pressure, density, tem its pomae ins mata nto snc a trate that the process isnot reversible. me A vari ph phys guts fhe Bw ae Lat wills developed er Tos ety a ‘amber and the inclination of ae ‘Te ormation ef shack isp {napintas rr by a ek dei if the Mach sich with respect tthe what arch, nv inthe as of ete vrata proses nok can or ao i gral sangre nena, comnnen anions u rohce Consider for exam bse a sapere pedaling cart an chew 3. Ata sal sari of stra Iie eos sth eeu bern sal variation of romare . agreed wich rata the fw betind 4 Mach tne Ay. Beli the fine Ay the. Mae uber i Senter than in Tots therfore 3 fhother small eration in sto eo hr late Ma ie es it China than Asante Be A, yy ft Aeron the nt anata fa promue aod dnetion coc core fig tt fen Uo ALC a D these i te thee the Ae flor a an enepn rte pg ae (eos rich the variation fie and AEC of rm Slik waves pat, pom ro bo ‘ile in soe prea oes to ave Thiseandbe, nal this eae the esmgmoin cab comida srl Int femato of shock nares trations of compo I oper ok lol th te gee ee the peeing rnseratins, steady phnornena were analyzed, bat trams of fie variation of prose the fo abn crs th win waves od seek nae an ag maser for uestedy pe ra.” Carider a esr hn whieh piston wove wth vet Vy the Sel Vines sr eta lve (Fg). Ntte tin the piston moves wth verity Vand compen wae vee that sve wih the ap soon Un froto the ampesin wave the ew on d¥ | a ae iE ey. |e |5 “Frm of samp pain woe Pod Shiny memo pane ar f wntitured: and behind theft compre wave fn 08 The Bowe une with vey dV ail undersea insite incre of rosie ibe sod of he pso inreau er companion was are etre,18 rwenrs bt the ped of sound exe tetra the sped wand eth iunduries fw (beam I the tangerine ce the alopecia the hw i Tons inthe ab ih in eae tet mprewion waves travel fate than theft er as dV) ceo tin overtake the fit. The sane penne arn Ex ssa ecw wave genta by sits Inrns ef he ect i Torr ww the psn hn atin the vey Va vadatog fe ‘ur onus in the fm saat wav tal pened by ep ee, ofthe opreion was tht aie and tat tne at speed ee ta tin sre of ound. orth other si ofthe ptthephegare ne fel an be arn of your (expunon cers rua Po fe syns vavedecrees the sp sad inne lL, Theva ‘Zpanson maven travel mor key than th pang bene tie eet und an 1 tha inthe watt ow na the fo a i ae ‘ elity 4 of opposite sign than the vebwity with neh the fede trae the tbe, No sing oft een wan thera ee the tae (o)Subsonic (iseperonic Fe Dito orn prn s) mad aproni Fram ll thet cidrtons it pyar at ae difence etwen ‘uieroni nd uni How. IF the buds moves om wae gee ‘eae arto thew are rode hy he peer ofthese {aviation are important fo the sane vet Un aly wad doe spt alle (dug are roeaed by viscoum rtion, asopenone ee he (iw 0. The varios ar tnd to nity epee nae ther variations of oppose sig ar na ier inthe Howe eg cceur li or pert fw, bts te taatrmatos an lave ae tonic. Coney, «ten fom of drag must be cmon ey CHAPTER 2 THEORY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW POTENTIAL PLOW CHARACTERISTIC SYSTEM — SMALL DISTURBANCES fee vhieh occur in this plane to determine the value 0 ea pace; therefure the phenamenen ean be cmt ess et rie fy, er estou he fall fr Wo) 4 oo i ae sn ‘we op soa Tees fn eqns (58) ae (5. PPaci de tn pte of hey) Ad hy he (DE-DE. AI psa qu then ar dtr i mie f ato wich ropes th bry rit, x dered te oe a tran the val aye ote ane yee ith te eer natn ta} he enpeate a dams e “atin of tetramer pte “ rer ton of «pre fas The hoary sin mea he eae oa es oe i nw tte ti xa a iy) an ie tee th ow tb tsa to ayo en em, dane ee ale af he, Oy in nec the ell: : ‘uel the iti ha he setae of 6, slg fi that ais he sta Ile pa eg ain the ponent nodes the dy sea ‘nti nein ee tn en, Eatin (8) pris wane ntti atone i Uh alae of he sch Sl son wit te wb et wn is pie to 16, eal os. I ths es, the oetog becomes hich hepato mtn inom an tio 8) nw ; sata of he seed, va et ea lage oft Mage Auer ata teeny ‘rarony or rmosiuensonan rom ” “The types of Monge Ampere ations ext the elie, paabi and Tyrie tyes The lence betwee thee tno tyes dees the a fein (59) Aan (9 reat, oo a et the gain Mpegs type, Now te ge resin tn (0) tn (9) pater Ue ar aod oe {Mn alia pfs prea al sper (> ae Pista an nr quton 8) yp pn ‘Semen he win get ene par ee, he tn eta pea ety ofthe pra oper so pay of ips inn tet a he ato coca wth {iene he perl laf eta (ad hae th abe Sto tity ee oat ffl. ht reeds ‘ete tt susan yal diferent pera a Swe ofweey Tic ut eatin (8) pie in he ti ow th ation i ps debt roe aa wi ne hep a et ®» “ aati changes a app the ewe of awe of Flow Supertoute throughout the Batire FleMl— Character- bole Linen It wasn Chaplet span flow the sal Astor gee yi the dt bce sa ie ferme thal han evi a Dew ea ample the Nac ares Cami nos a Aired flow tat eto «ple, eure 1) a al deviate {at prom exp. The dev feseeeeecececreeree stein acer withthe pothes x {hat the phenaneens fe KEMTOIE, Fig. 10. Destin af erpanin in © Tes the expansion examen! Sr fy, and theirs Ht Bowe rp it A eins entropion 1" reuse th itr arts ae ae ope he pl in Acetone must be tramante to sume contin nthe dea Hath at te Mac age AU vd of the tee rwcin ae of te vlay inthe me AB mus dang, bce i the SEAAD. 8 omc th al devs thee ie Siac testo Now comer this pheno interrater ato (of patil to. The me C4 th pena 1s the ne BAD the potenti muat be dierent. el AB te he merece the finn TLE Iv these vals, a the nt drat oe ee (Pate ames aa hve eta veh eet SIM cusenin 0 pie aon mt vase ene ‘in et reine fo ps th aw AD an ie anne athe ta comodo heey tua te ega stig crac) sonst te grates poral ieee is in era universally dene That tae and te vuoi devas knw Sa fer des oot ocr ol if the tw hacer, en SEA itso, lca thr ar aston for cut oe ody lava he sane sea te saw dative ag str at the Mach isin he Hewat hrs a atacand the pte con, "Teceer TRA erin he pst of rt es tee "he si of he pyle meaning af tho Fguations of the Chanseteriatie Vite psdig conten ‘its is sow that thectarseetas vy tins of squat (38) ar cone sik the Mac tins: nue a hm st at csant Macha in the cote, the arate ws ture ail the posts o tg lin. Now fa plot P i the wi ‘onsitored. Pare It) at Fb te Selcty of the at, the tang te he ari tino eth shri Hc end ne oe “stun Mach anata Py sith rapt tthe dine the Invited fmt 7 2 tages oi rie iy ona ois i a Pato ih i Ce ee i tated ieee ae ft tng reac reg tor elon oes, hat tng he ede : sn tein ets oro oan (-mnen() ves if ae the tn (60) can br exresnd a Cartesian cet i w fen te characte sand my a teeta to the Fiewe 1, cont 4 © non conta = + % ng¥) = ting = Bt w “ ded, coming) = BH ae There w “ (ase + ee = ae wo wy, (8 GC) . sn (8) ation i ‘i tte gr pan Ose) -Fee).. = = one oe Wai S inet 2 ieee @ @-. (an ) ers nD the sli of qundeate nin(6) and Ko nav con _ + hve. ir etn (9) tk widen aif athe ow (a ers forth al spe ie anu ea seme thc tin of ttl ps nae Steins do ott en ais (a) (8), and tne Wes an thee rat (0 sive the ean of th character: law of Variation of the Mach Number, af the Preaure, Hof the YS one ‘equations (67) in the form Pears ete eg 8 KL om a 1 dd ae the vaio of the velar components aang a haat tate, a an May = (M4 a Beet SoC ane)ar dem Maes Baye (ay arte yen(Sen Bae [Whereis etna by the equatins (8 at, on $e = 2 tata to ‘Therfre fom eat (2) bn eatin 2) the i prods ot alg = ote da -m *+% wt san — my Eamets) It eine yao (0) atl is the ston the eatin Uns 2br + = 8 > aH ich see 2K = My = ld 2h ~ tel. “Thee ution (2) th it cater dei by e. & be a i) dt a= tor the esd carter dtd by “ Sam te ne =o ud equations (1) arte ene ny ae fant of a antes the ake fy alae ve by ation Conergy wo Moun @= 0) 1 de cores othe lowing expres ha = AV cont ~ Vin tb = dV an + Vom 6) coments and. Subatitaing the fh given y eqati where Ws the vey bing th also id de ts By equation (1) the va (ea he eal or he vale ang fo eatin (Se) the Elon ‘pec aor ae 7 ey . yn - evelyn oe ut frm he hyp of eteopic o,” ad a = 1A nye Theeefare . . Hs a » gation (9) ca be (2am bitrate tena ras wi) sot ts esgie (UE! 9) el acing) atts Petorming the integration, the fllonge Is obtain rst he gutity FYE, VE VY amt ss ten senesey equation, ta determine the value wet odin ie Ea a ol () have Ipertant een two dinner fe, aM ath tr ‘The towing comets Carer itn apn 12) hai a Mach umber ae oe eanging the yale of Equine (8) oe 1) we (1) pve the "edition othe vey any Mac sun, ost si the ase lin the We of eats (0) oe (a, bt rs paral he nal gun resus Ast tha i the sn ssf esse sale tha ext® Tho How is eae at the aan te "Te egpmsson bogs aloe the Hie BD intial at an ale pet ttn, The i BD ea trait He base the ow Fhoscwstat diet ane Macs ober Pia 12 Arie hoard hearin Anns every Mach ine he Ho adergoes a iniiesinal variation of ronuWhetthe Now ses the Mar fine BD the presareofthe ow fie nut Seome a oy tata va (pd) whet dp the Intnl variates tat i propagated inthe How abn RD. "Troe the Row aust contin Lo expan, andthe pat expan dp wl Creu acr voter Moh foe BN’ that mast pase tho Breas the Strips ie transit the Mw fas the pint Bs the ine NB Frnt he aenctinel han BD, omit he a aig iw Baus the Mach ber fe tont fs cnatant In ivr ay, all ats of presse (on) il be trated Ss Ue How es si of Mac stor Mo vol rach ot which ani a he Dow a vada peste dp The Moc ie BD und BP eavesp to the character Hes ofthe fst fais we ease vrai of route oes ang ech carrer Tie vara ort ab or alge tse nes. ‘The fins fall stains, At overs pt P th st Mach iw BD these pases Sih curve ne of the sone fiy PQ iti an ale swith Iie doetim othewety. Teens nae BD the slaty hs costa28 __urwents or atnooresiis or stremnte rons intensity an diction, the ons the vara weeny en are Se th mcd Cans. “Te vr an PO Brien he ain ae be a shea se fase atest the vey ak Tithe tra ae 1 verity lng these ine Lt the characte lve 107. The lief tn sero ‘Te values ofthe one sans eto cab atl fan the Mg ee eg hele the noe ABD Cas tear ag oe ee on ar, iain iis aie wo ermine ir eae a amet Msof the Bow vs the eames sete apt ana Cee @ z we a rng Mw tation) the cumspng ala ‘6 beech ne sm be determina The fe ti ase erence ivr te vst of tii knows fa Sg ia tle. the vale of scan be at Ca patie ert awn can nea et Stim lain ad a hey ary eee ei Mint eran aang «cv ae (ew 1) Inka a ale which the expansion osname ‘ind aon ane nt) wipes ” he srt the vale af ss Rows adn the ale of st i ti bf he aah ‘m0, tee, nb pn to ter My he fie lng raed eae Db AL le eee cnr of ely tt hy Manat an Site ws. AL te vals of prs bare "or car tnd a se om inthe hype ot betes Bom tat cnn he tt ra ne oe wore, Ina cored wallin wich cenjecon eur (Fge fh vith eck wave cco 14 ni of te a ‘at ine ong ‘hectares ins a inne te pe with espe othe rata oe ierosen; ttre th character Nowa oncn ne arts ss th ce eo ne “Th psu oan ean ao ea le maa init, bt fete "Nf tcrtea anti of Webel aaa irr sl nara sr ime he Sac ie, a the copa 1 pcan ated pgaa0 Sof Mack sunber M = 1) the devon wil bo daguted hy ether ‘rmbal (Same vals of Math number, cum te enn ofits fm Mel op are givenn Tae he see Tecmapatding vals f Mac atslatd pesure atv nope ese ps corrspandg to (8 ~ 1) a ako yen, ‘nto ea ee ely Inerd I ce sundeck the natant a bes Mao the tr sakes advo of expansion hens ‘Klcmine the comeing Mac nuntxe i Issue to dive ie sas on corapeting to Min the tabe, ante ernie eee Pipe Theft value of te = n+ 0) ae eaten {ao Me corsa toh deviton ofa t vaste n aration of psa gen by the Limiting Velocity. Consider «tnt with {ir pos pan deity, ad ere that the ws henna stig i nko the soi ar theme come eo ‘emir etn te sed of su sane Cane era ($2) at 9 Ht rset deem the vl fate ine ee Tis lay cae Ue ee! iy inet a te he {fae i tbe tow fo (5 = 1) al itv india a te Tie vale a 1 ven by so tem, bee « ‘The velit in evry pi sien by he expe option 30 egg eae a Vee rt ty, bes tail as) ‘ecu i baie ranfimatons py susan, val of V, en ant sha. uation (8 tr gut (8) ee EQ _ Boca oqo (4) a” (a0) o veaity tha the i an le oY he min paiva ve an ‘itt fig natn ea G0) asm ert ar ofthe deiaton ha t ve ah nbn ings Sapo that he ein oc My vad Pare seo at he val fo) {Flee 1) al the ae othe nate 2 thet Te 26.6 0 = 19. Ph the oo ante (Ir Ty gear ae fo he cls (<1) and (m1) Tea the ck (bn) cana te inte (= V3. Fran the pit en ces a ttl cer {othe two psi dines of aig of th sie tat anc he se fein (9) ten a toe eae ows rua the vale the, hich capsaicin {fhe valu of two tino ers, ernapniy te hse ‘arctic a uated eteteteo tention Fg 1 The amin of pcb eps gh ‘bie eh . recy pit Po the bceaph pact nthe pc fe ales of Yo yeas pe very fy ae al sects! wl et othe Bn (= oan) hat pes gh Hn 1) ned re caste ie esata the ctu tr of he ake foo he pe Pm th ce 0 =F oes Jomo <9=)PEtae[o-) im reite om 1 the sae fre pat athe ie I nthe inte = 1 w/e om wed forthe pt P20) = — 20~ 169, a he ee cial Path ya eo eed see decay Thssn wat Pee Sr en teat etn ao he ‘ranean fet ch @).--»--@), G@.G).--1 o ln. sii way fr the sal cha @.@- ws yeas (1 inp cin tha tn tangent th hracee tne mut pepe onc Ta hat he Cant te hace Wnt perro epee Thefoneert i pet hs colt to tei bt digamthe {eimsfameme tne the hacer a epee Tita Me te charartri in th ya (Figure 1) mst be pal gt imal tte eich the fi fay nthe makes ee img inthe plane most be pra ont ryder ta auf epi nang ‘oii sean onl Fetal we hte to cui 8 alvay put, and, in the arin pre deviation ws 190.15° ib petal totale he nee ony fur the uvdistre th salt266 sry characteristic can bedtime by the val ‘ution (8. Io tics fr the fen shone te theme hs 2 the shade vale of eta hal in ton (8 aga sl forth seo, Hem time. (02) ram ations 2 al oa) oy Tre ty cy ae wth mb in ah mane tnt th inet ofthe weaty fr evrs pit en bi see er ft tweeted ato tetera pansy tein the the inet of he wl fn toes Evry prof eich and Cy foe sigh a tro = constant) alba (1) taunt the ye ae GE vet sae slo +) nae ther a ae Cutten) Bre 20 eux praca doar st as ee fume epi sine. Tn Table? te apa he eae eon othe va Sy oth hodrghae ren ge 21h peers {evs inte 28 Their daramand he erpnking lari ane pete tee ‘vl al eaten Ts fw yeti ate ao the pat = the saing point Py’ in the epicyclol os eee reste af M givnti valve +) abe 2) bonw fhe ao he rains Pca a eee Zatinccoatin 0). Uf xpncionecar aang ta ae a at + Fo he it ee ch nner Pe ec ep ta we {at ae carats is th fi amity Pe, Mone the baci tes ts wi ec i eat cea ne ae cnn espe hg 00.” cane dtemined. Therapuene ae lt rel by the ekki PQ, and the nrmals P ene “rony oF rouiurnnanas row ” chi sive Mae ns PP and Qi eee of Fre 20% ao, rt 4 hare oo the sci fais "he me PP coe ei tinea ot Pt aca PQ The tbo ety ven thea ple byte epic 2 Mog PQ the velaly decrees a npr cu) We Neal oi of od 1 xp of exon aval ae eprom Fg 22. "The 7 on plane oft bodkraph comrespond to the lines My Bad Mitte al es "ie eff oe ed in tam he air sttesdckyat ronda valet pat eT few sbg te “hee frm In Fp 2 ow an exansb o tered seac Teenie pecan be didi he ae 8, Stayt hy cay sg th rte in Tae 3 the ape is ata the‘oat impli Wort ep onc" ert ‘nro can be intrest pert an "moto without rearing april the pe hw aotstarbod vay tthe toe ‘An the veloc computa cas heey ‘incom aera presse in th form: Pare o Wide compor Uhouisare eb tnd ih he osreb camp, eon ie ty ae a ey evn hay a em ve net ape 67 at ain (e,-teeeea te aw ofthe same oer alan ete, Now ifthe tems #8) setmw hi Nae ie Dan Oey 1-8. o “he vlc of wand ca be expo wing th nergy oqaton (1) ia ‘th fa ene utaree ve] or the mppresimation cepted Hat g-ne %) Sattutingenuaion (en eto (96) an nahin the es sapere ae, uation (5) bones (uo=1) 28-2 In he spin ton bo he ten » 1 thi approximation (oom ‘Tt, fom equatianses etm am ‘he prescott i given hy but a oa) Bate ‘Thee inthe apprsimaton ace, = Ren = ac CHAPTER 3 THEORY OF SHOCK WAVES Iv vas sh fr the prseing camidrations (Chapters 1 and 2) tha sen’ tempi cre a Th wih sues wt, he Mae Ties ed to conege alo fn an enelae the enclpe ea, he cena draenei aie prac 8 {Toei the flow whi al alk wae "The How aero the Slovk wave uderies «shange ofall i pl gona, ad the via Tinea loge ower by etre law de eo termi the Sariaton af the unten eres shor nave a adiabatic satioary ewe wl conse inept of Gn ad witoatenhmege (ent tet the How a he extra) The fw wil ase oe tenet Bo ‘Shock Wave Equations i Stationary Phenomena.* Consider a ape se tie at Mavs ne Mi peste dy femprataeT e (hen 2D, Al dow quanti She sbrk will ange eating nde he ieeton af the se wth the pt that stale te Toi nt th shea Athcily Wy behind the incall. ig, 24, Veetyemponds Bforea This plane a the pnt A, coer nd ab ue the tangent tthe crv le ‘Sir the font the sek (Viare 28). 16 the ag toes Tru an 3 te ange brews Va he general cae wl Ieee en ad rte a dviat(= «= Sof a dietion w1 eunmrs oF actanrssutes oF suremote ruows {ht Phoeting the vl an Yin thet rma tthe sh sea othe sec, a inating wth thesia tahoe Wea toe ree nese) lee hettye nese a fardtcee ae Fo oma ons) v V_= Veco or the onto, the ma tow we th tac “written inthe following form: vtech cone = Vieore ‘its = al 1) Thomo thorn wp! see onal te sua ‘the dipeetion tangent to the surface, gives ane Beale nt ale ws) Yah = pe «a Th of orion fees f int finshed tek ge eae we ae eee ne aay Fal i 4 om cations (10 nd (18) ae sine ' a) tone “un oe heeft (108) bn Bethe By cu relat = VE sae WMP site ‘There nin 106} bromen “ ton 8) bi ME a uv PAL $ Meats) mb ee as) an ayato (112) eros (8 ewer) =8( 25+ we). avo 1s pl tine th ef uv ln a hte ane {hoy Gand dn nna sa Mn ic, {Finest on Mn et on wth (oie Cay Grane 5) (sara #75)“ mn avai (117) combined th enti (15), (ana tern sd 9) ve Ue flowing ios F)~ nC ™F) 0 Combining equations (11) an (120) with ations (117) and (UB) th Tomi expressions at obtain 5-2 (oe 25) oe 2° Hee is From ations (10) a (10) ablated Ve Vay tm mW Vale tame me 2 (yrs) ath sn hector od faye ra "yt (125) an be trader se = ¢ 4 nto the fm a) an [Pita oe equations (21), (120, (125, and (128) pet cael of al pysie races the obi the sack ae Fanti of slat carter{6 raxesrs or srnowrsamics oF sUPEMONEC rows inten infront ofthe stk one condition of hocks Known Canal, iter Le vale o deviation of thew) a the vale af xeon te Sate its sie to determine the fncatin of the shod an eller va Ahad ecu erste abcd vations (21 1 (125) pet see cones If. baited “0 Vs ination (13) ad tates grt aa Ilr than ps onary enitoe lo sork) teen the sock wane 5. alnays in ft a the Mar In ters of hn shen of Chapter | ca be ted that Pgue 3) Ue need af tea ie Asiutbance renter than th spt sola dps he a fade of the prtarblon, he ul toy Mac an ie is aoe jn tun 10 one a rms ete ie torent eh aay om aon ety oe at stuck i spt Mach wanes Me incre av i crntant ede ‘rates (opin 125). For nv vaio 3 vale of» ution to atone is dao vad beet (te a the sl fe the shek ecm sabe, Fer ve ton 29) ewes the Hn dre i ie ae ek item ote dct of the vlay. Taras calle! ana slck at sth suck thal ves tr mano one rath acres Usk fr» ven Mach numer in fol a chen Wess, spats (21,189, an 1) ee ax za) a) ‘Sam da for normal hick are eves in Table of he appends fnetions of he steamy Mach suber. ‘The vale of § pase an voor ee (te = Mi (on sek) ta pase val fe (ce Manda sez fir al hk he tee mt 8 anim eee Fre van of, The ulus otha cerespl ton Lead a esi ef canbe eet aa eMac sb nating fons oan (125) ae fren ation (120) ct (ore aL Gere vl ie sn eit Fat ity, octane F1) 25 Tinsel epentinghein “beat ean be ved by lcm soos 20 “deen 2a oo 1d tH ye 1) e2(7 =P aid de“ tan UG ED yw so fa1-# OT accws[ty ue mecima('-f)} al tine The maximum veo comer ton vif eh he eatin oqo 132) t= (+ tanec tanga) (1~ BEA) cy minting fram oquatinn (158) with equation (120, and sling he faring ota Me Worley P= ha 8 Mh is oa Oat ie te ety anal wet) oanverte mone ren aeon om snack waves 0 Forint a ‘vending to an he the va salon of iesmaler ad Uerore geen premarerato m/l (uation 121) thn the sosad le of Tor the sont value of «there i cmepanding vale of Me bow one, snl bighpromue rata, berfare a cerapodinaly “atone” tok, while {est vale ofthe eeespnds inna to a upesonie How behind the ‘eck Only nasal oe tar (c= ) here abo «cores ab ‘ey Ind the shark forthe fint yal ower pees ati) "alle $f the append iis ste vale of & pn en Ms fein and Me he lave Vs Figure 27 «ment elt Vi tar, whe OB se Sirti ofthe fot of shock fem 0, an BA nora oO, te ity ‘emus bo given bya sete that ens lng the line BA, bests Vy = Vio Now if at a the compet ine det fe aed 9a, Fi 2. The inion of thereat rmpannds aa te sack Mle 26 Pitre cn ‘pty fhe vl Vs behind the shock pie to btn fran Te tle pa nd nino me dn ‘ie matn an een that sets he ene he fe i a ee ety Vs Td neni 0) a 18), sane roma mala Vad ax evr all a ar ited a Figue26, inden grea a pit i le 26, Sone vl fb om he sinless OBA an CDA of iar 2, neni "Bese th va a a nya ae Fae foie sire ea off ey saa om he es Pent milli. 0 i 1) tae asin fr =) und soe en mera of ery oat eat cae ae i fo (ew “he cmservtin of ener eros ta text, oe abled a the Ss tren and one between «ad y/2 The fmt Uh eon nthe = constant.a0 Ww mtu te vate of n/m thecanenerg vay aati 9), a Meco ae gy men(toX ap Pal [ vetdtl rm the sini anes D4 a 04 anf, wine prob otaod asp hw a nea ws ‘Suiting uations (182) ar 18) jn (36), a ms eri an 1H 030, el ig heat Bm mo aan 03) ea bn sh ers ‘obit beh he shed ea eck hhh vale tease fa ie ee mpi Minin of mrt kind Te te ata kl uvony oF mooR wave a -oeevery vals of Vian Vit apo to deterine many vals of and a that ay oqotin (138). th ogra plane lane wad) eatin {Ussycan be represented by wcrve ha he fr ive ais of Va {otal the pts that ithe vals of Vs whieh conf the ls of fuck (Reference 12). The curve whieh Ua of te eo of the este Vite gen vlesof Vann Ve isc tre; ad celled a pho i uri Pe cnt eta the Gling a ton f the lon font of the sk, the vals a ive cui feat of thes, u +R Meant Hs ae kno, and (Figure 2) therefore lg he ani the semen OD, OA, ED ea be taken, spective, equal to 42, Yan Sracted, Far every pnt Fhe lage es segnmnt DF canbe draw ‘ta inert the lle ide a Thang Ui normal to DI Ines DIP isa smi Uff F the nr he ais FC dro, nt Ico bw determin tn tinea of Che segments HL nad THE Bacon CPE te semi, the ae DFE te ht ne fa the seent CF ve ‘But the wines DFC and CUR aright ha te sinister, 1 Tne nds that hve for diameters Doe DE mat be en cece ce epg BE . oa COX BE oe lene OC ad CHa the ont af he wel wie coin The law iver Byun (19). eva Ys By the segment fant Vy the sogmnt 4, OF pepe o BL ves the vale of the Tage yebity Yl Fy Therefore DF, which spare o 0G, ves the deta he fot uf the avec, atd the ange FDA Bua 1s hang th potion of he pit Fath dee DF, the vals at Ys rd change, al the ota of Base alng a curve wich a strophot “Th for the cs apa Figue 29." care symtea ith tpt tthe wane niet comepordeto the we sg baad ad her Fre toth tne plier the etnatbn thes forthe sane inte52ers oF ainonrnenics oF st ‘vl bein the ek The carve ote the waa at wo pin, Fe: 2 The opal ck pal 2 devia a hon lnk, ft which the abe of Ye ee cw MA the cure has due pita he tangent a a Asi th compet othe Mac aie propia Te he seve withthe fit that fe heya 4, Ys Ty a aoe ‘cine witha Mach nae cs ith) NUL te nad het Sa tnt he pct dieed forte same eta od 1 yw eget to the waa) an afore ine mage ot sit evr itty he ay th sia ot Aiton, of grea npn fr compos wi se Ferner vata fbn the phd ih poe ‘ep teartomaton ie lift vols Un the spa Frm the curve tins th tw Beales tat pti ange the Tne ae “Tse yrs of the carve that sve yal of Ys lage than Var not we Thee th do ot come to the pal een THis pb dg the ack pa ares fr mame val of Vato “iain © prph nich can e very sf fe peat! cali of the “aration of psa quantities aoe the shock, bee eliminates usaf ‘anne (11) 0 (16), Beem, mire pee, the Moe mn foe wuly mone itvsting tha the seb, 1 snl pt oetin {059 i hn lowing oes by ingles y a 1 home sgt Oracle Malthe ment OF (igure 2 repent om the ewe, Me, whe lw epee spend el in din foto tsk magstvls. Tho ramen wn {68 royce, este, Mis an Ms, fran ic the vale of ‘ote oblate. der, fam equation (15), SF LGY-Gyees om Theat of tees era sal eine lend atk i hy ution (10) a Na The rah prs fe Bei el) mane jc iv by eatin (141) SLC) - Gilt 4 cat fet Ma laity Ae lesega oF ‘ere ea ‘value of Ms, and foe (Mi = 1), Vis eu er fhe dna af Cee {rom eatin (45) wien in paces the asa Me se ‘en tesa aK Wht wei ee a evan ocr (ig The vale utp anata psomon th oe a rs seal, ‘am ose) es a {WHoNr oF weeOE waver 35 ale the peas pT this, th value of dito & canbe deter ‘Gh which ut dfine the aback.” Fro the bck po it apears that, Fervney Mach ub fot ofthe shock a far ecry val of deviation, {ho binds of alk are poe (Fg 3), OF; and OF fr hich hee Se two curmapting wien bein the sok, 0 and an two reser The bln apart i odeteioat.Bal the lnternine- san bse By the fing conser "Coser fw at Mack ember Moving long a all 4 pa tue toe (Feu 4) In this oe Ue devin of the stan hoin hse wo condita fuk Fin are ven in Figure 0 ton {ion 04 that serene to wi {rk on andthe oto OD that envi to flow bind 9 oral ‘Hock Neal sk unt prod aly by aia ofthe back pros Z ‘ir, becuse He cermsponde Io 200 is ‘bviation Now: ite diction ofthe Fu Sl Ml oh {hw ang by rotation of the wall (4 gure thrag at are he sew stale cmon of equa ‘he evn ta conrad to the minim varatbn ofthe il con {ilian ths ems, bth conten thal coreg oth wigan the squat of variation ofthe velo wi etrespns to the minima ‘rian the ess the alle There ths enon of he fn ute 3 bef ation wes A, the ne sain O21 was OD, itis 0c Tein the ors devin 3 pad (Figure 1) and wo othe ont ate esd, eit OC thal, that fives veo Meter than he ped fue. thease, al ate fistnave th sane sed ad thy ae ait fot of thes, te tice tere these denon 6h he tecaies bin he shack ‘ean pala ave the save pe ‘The sock straight he devi Timo he stan eee pt Cosa he diceton of Cig 0) ‘hich srs to the mai deviation pose for the sock pol Cosi tad therfore fr the Mach tomber cose for usar Tow Atte plat Che problem tard bres aly one contin Logit ext. Fr the contin Cs te Bw bind the sk is ab Sin The elton (My = 1) very a he comin of asim devi ‘in, and the dlflzesef th o erespsaig deviations i ery ea Trt deviation impose the Row bier tan the aims Hhthrk nave moveein ft they (Fre 32) which dei ion is impos bestow at Aa cetion foun i 0 pnabe it