Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
Chvostek sign
Trousseau sign
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
CHICKEN POX (VARICELLA)
An acute and highly contagious disease of viral etiology, characterized by vesicular eruptions on
the skin and mucous membrane with mild constitutional symptoms.
CAUSATIVE AGENT
Human (alpha) herpes virus 3 (varicella zoster virus), a member of the Herpes virus group.
Pre-eruptive Manifestations:
Eruptive Stage:
Rash starts from the trunk, then spread to other parts of the body.
Initial lesions are distinctively red papules where contents become milky and a pus-like within 4
days.
In adult and bigger children, the lesions are more widespread and more severe
Vesicular lesions are very pruritic.
Celestial map scabs
Stages of lesions:
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
Maculo-papular rash
COMPLICATIONS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Direct contact or droplet spread. Indirect through articles freshly soiled by discharges of infected
persons. One of the most readily communicable of disease, especially in the early stage of
eruption.
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Virus Culture. A viral culture uses specimens taken from the blister, fluid in the blister, or
sometimes spinal fluid. They are sent to a laboratory, where it takes 1 - 14 days to detect the virus
in the preparation made from the specimen. It is also sometimes used in vaccinated patients to
determine if a varicella-like infection is caused by a natural virus or by the vaccine. This test is
useful, but it is sometimes difficult to recover the virus from the samples.
Immunofluorescence Assay. Immunofluorescence is a diagnostic technique used to identify
antibodies to a specific virus. In the case of herpes zoster, the technique uses ultraviolet rays
applied to a preparation composed of cells taken from the zoster blisters. The specific
characteristics of the light as seen through a microscope will identify the presence of the
antibodies. This test is less expensive than a culture, more accurate, and results are faster.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques use a piece of the
DNA of the virus, which is then replicated millions of times until the virus is detectable. This
technique is expensive but is useful for unusual cases, such as identifying infection in the central
nervous system.
PREVENTION
Case over 15 years of age are should be investigated to eliminate possibility of smallpox.
Report to local authority. Isolation. Concurrent disinfection of throat and nose discharge.
Exclusion from school for 1 week after eruption first appears and avoid contact with susceptible.
TREATMENT
Zovirax
Oral acyclovir
Oral antihistamine
Calamine lotion
Antipyretic
NURSING MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
Hydrophobia/photophobia
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Is considered as the worlds deadliest disease and remains as a major public health problem in
the Philippines.
TB is a highly infectious chronic disease caused by the tubercle bacilli.
It is primarily a respiratory disease but can also affect other organs of the body and is common
among malnourished individuals living in crowded areas.
Often occurs in children of underdeveloped and developing countries in the form of primary
complex especially after a bout of a debilitating childhood disease such as measles.
CAUSATIVE AGENT
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. Africanum primarily from humans, and M. Bovis primarily
from cattle.
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
Hemoptysis
COMPLICATIONS
Hemoptysis
Pleurisy
Pleural effusion
Empyema
Pneumothorax
Aspergilloma
Endobronchitis
Brochiectasis
Laryngitis
Cor pulmonale
Ca bronchus
Enteritus
Miliary Tuberculosis
HIV related opportunistic infections
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Chest x-ray
Tuberculin Test/ Mantoux Test
Sputum AFB
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
Persons with TB can be cured through regular and complete intake of the prescribed anti TB
medications. Because patients frequently stop taking their medications before completing
treatment, the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) strategy is recommended.
Drug of choice: Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol and Streptomycin Sulfate
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Maintain respiratory isolation until patient responds to treatment or until the patient is no longer
contagious.
Administer medicines as ordered.
Always check sputum for blood or purulent expectoration.
Encourage questions and conversions so that the patient can air his or her feelings.
Teach or educate the patient all about PTB.
Encourage the patient to stop smoking.
Teach the patient to cough or sneeze into tissue paper and dispose secretions properly.
Advise patient to have plenty of rest and eat balanced meals.
Be alert for signs of drug reaction.
If the patient is receiving ethambutol, watch for optic neuritis. If it develops, discontinue the drug.
If the patient receives rifampicin (Rifampin), watch for hepatitis and purpura. Also observe the
patient for complications like hemoptysis.
Emphasize the importance of regular follow-up examinations and instruct the patient and his
family about the signs and symptoms of recurring TB.
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
A clinical syndrome resulting from damage to the immune system caused by infection with HIV.
First occurred in Africa and spread in Caribbean Island.
CAUSATIVE AGENT
Physical
Macula-papular rashes
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Fever of unknown origin
Malaise
Persistent diarrhea
Tuberculosis (localized and disseminated)
Esophageal candidiasis
Kaposis sarcoma (skin cancer)
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Gaunt-looking, apprehensive
Mental
(Early stage)
Forgetfulness
Loss of concentration
Loss of libido
Apathy
Psychomotor-retardation
Withdrawal
(Later stage)
Confusion
Disoriented
Seizures
Mutism
Loss of memory
Coma
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
T4 below 200/dl
COMPLICATIONS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Sexual contact
Blood transfusion
Contaminated syringes, needles, nipper, razor blades
Direct contact of open wound/mucous membrane with contaminated blood, body fluids, semen
and vaginal discharges.
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
AIDS Drugs - medicines used to treat but not to cure HIV infection, referred to as
antiretroviral drugs which inhibits the reproduction of the virus.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Health Education - know the patient, avoid fear tactics, avoid judgmental and moralistic
messages, be consistent and concise, use positive statement and give practical advice.
Practice universal/standard precaution thorough medical hand washing after every contact with
patient and after removing the gown and gloves, and before leaving the room of an AIDS
suspect or known AIDS patient.
Use of Universal barrier or Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Avoid accidental pricks from sharp instruments contaminated with potentially infectious
materials from AIDS patient.
Wear gloves when handling blood specimens and other body secretions
Label blood and other specimens with special warning AIDS Precaution
Blood spills should be cleaned immediately using common household disinfectants, like
chlorox
Needles should not be bent after use, but should be disposed into a puncture-resistant
container
Personal articles should not be shared with other members of the family
Patients with active AIDS should be isolated
MENINGITIS
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
brudzinski's sign
kernig's sign
nuchal rigidity
opistothonus
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
DENGUE
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
MALARIA
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
Cycle of hot stage (high fever) followed bydiaphoretic stage (sweating) and then cold
stage(chilling)
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
PNEUMONIA
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
HEPATITIS A
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
HEPATITIS B
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
Icteric sclera
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
HEPATITIS C
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
MENINGOCOCCEMIA
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
DEFINITION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
TREATMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT