GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

GAS CARRIERS

TABLE OF CONTENT

MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION

PART 1
LNG BUSINESS AND HISTORY OF ABS INVOLVEMENT WITH GAS TRANSPORTATION AT SEA

1. WORLD ENERGY DEMAND

2. ENERGY TRANSPORTATION -SHIPS VERSUS PIPELINES

2.1 Natural gas exporting countries
2.2 Natural gas importing countries
2.3 The increase of natural gas demand
2.4 Costs and other considerations
2.5 Rate of increase of the LNGC fleet

3. COMPARISON BETWEEN LNG AND OIL

3.1 Conversion factors
3.2 Cost of LNG

4. ABS EXPERIENCE WITH LNG CARRIERS

4.1 Early developments
4.2 Further developments
4.3 Recent acquisitions
4.4 The ABS LNGC fleet

PART 2
GAS CARRIER TRAINING FOR ABS PROJECT MANAGERS AND SURVEYORS & PROJECT
MANAGEMENT OF LNGC PROJECTS IN KOREA

5. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF GAS CARRIER COURSE

5.1 The training program for construction of LNGCS
5.2 The scope of the classroom training
5.3 Subjects dealt with in the training course
5.4 On-the-job training First part - Cargo containment system installation
5.5 On-the-job training Second part - Cargo handling and safety systems
5.6 The checklist

6. SURVEYS OF NEW GAS CARRIERS IN KOREA

6.1 The Gas Carrier Survey Group
6.2 Why does ABS have a separate Gas Carrier Survey Group?
6.3 Composition of the Gas Carrier Survey Group
6.4 Gas Carrier Group coordination and contact points
6.5 The Gas Carrier Task Force
6.6 The training team
6.7 The role of the Project Manager and Support Surveyor

Page 1
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

6.8 Project manning

7. PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR LNG PROJECTS

7.1 ABS QA system and project management
7.2 Project organization
7.3 Location of plan review for Korean projects
7.4 Location of detailed engineering analysis
7.5 Project personnel (Engineering/Technical advice)

8. THE ABS LNG FOCUS GROUP

MODULE 2
LNG

1. DEFINITION OF LNG

2. METHANE

3. DEFINITION OF LPG

4. CHEMISTRY OF GASES

5. DEFINITONS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES

5.1 Vapor
5.2 Dryness fraction
5.3 Critical temperature
5.4 Critical pressure
5.5 Atmospheric boiling point
5.6 Liquid gases specific gravity
5.7 Mixtures of liquid gases
5.8 Isomers
5.9 Ideal gas laws
5.10 Latent heat of vaporization
5.11 Enthalpy
5.12 Entropy
5.13 Mollier diagram

6. HAZARDS OF LIQUEFIED GAS CARGOES

6.1 Flammability
6.2 Polymerization
6.3 Health hazards
6.4 Corrosion
6.5 Hydrates
6.6 Rollover
6.7 Cold

7. SUMMARY OF METHANE HAZARDS AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

7.1 Spillage
7.2 Contact with liquid
7.3 Vapor inhaled

MODULE 3

Page 2
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. LNG CARRIER CLASSIFICATION

1.1 Classification notations
1.2 RELIQ and GCU class notations
1.3 Statutory
1.4 Future IMO and Flag State legislations applicable to gas carriers
1.5 ABS ES and POT notations and GREEN PASSPORT
1.6 Deliverables

2. LNG CARRIER SPECIFICATION

2.1 Rules and Regulations
2.2 Specifications and Guidelines
2.3 Coating standards

3. THE IMO GAS CODES

3.1 The origin of the gas code
3.2 Applicability of the IGC Code
3.3 IGC code requirements, which are not within the scope of the class certification
3.4 The certificate of fitness
3.5 Products covered in the IGC Code
3.6 Topics dealt with in the IGC Code

4. THE ABS RULES

4.1 Rules for LNG carriers
4.2 Additional Rules and Guides
4.3 ABS requirements relative to the certification of various equipment and components
4.4 ABS type approval
4.5 Rule requirements for product certification
4.6 Certification of materials, machinery and equipment for LNG carriers

5. THE USCG RULES

5.1 Liquefied gas definition
5.2 Air changes in air locks
5.3 Leaks in the interbarrier spaces
5.4 Reference ambient temperature
5.5 Steel grades
5.6 Allowable stresses
5.7 Venting cargo
5.8 Cargo tank pressurization
5.9 Further USCG requirements

6. IACS

7. SIGGTO

8. OCIMF

9. LNG CARRIERS CHARACTERISTICS

9.1 Ship general arrangement
9.2 Conventional damage
9.3 Ship categories as per IGC Code
9.4 Definition of ship categories

Page 3
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

9.5 Additional features

9.6 Mooring

10. HAZARDOUS AREAS

APPENDIX 1
ABS NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS APPLICABLE TO LNG CARRIERS

APPENDIX 2
KEY ABS, INDUSTRY AND STATUTORY RULES, GUIDES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
APPLICABLE TO LNGCS
APPENDIX 3
LIST OF SIGGTO PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX 4
LIST OF OCIMF PUBLICATIONS

MODULE 4
CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS FOR LNG CARRIERS AND CARGO
OPERATION GENERAL

PART 1
CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS FOR LNG CARRIERS

1. LNG CARRIER PROJECT

1.1 Factors involved in selection of LNGC project
1.2 Cargo containment system selection

2. CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS

2.1 Integral tanks
2.2 Membrane tanks
2.3 Semi-membrane tanks
2.4 Independent tanks
2.5 Internal insulation tanks
2.6 Secondary barriers

3. EXISTING LNG CARRIERS CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM CONCEPTS

3.1 Ships with internal insulation tanks
3.2 Ships with type A independent cargo tanks
3.3 Type C independent tanks
3.4. Todays cargo containment systems
3.5 Membrane tanks concept
3.6 Independent spherical tank concept

4. COMPARISON OF CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS

4.1 Membrane tank vessels
4.2 Spherical tank vessels
4.3 Independent prismatic tank vessels
4.4 Summary of comparison among various systems

Page 4
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

PART 2
LNG SHIP OPERATION - A General Overview of Aerating, Inerting and Cooling of Cargo Tanks

5. TYPICAL CARGO OPERATIONS

5.1 Aeration
5.2 Inerting
5.3 Purging (Gassing-up)
5.4 Cool-down
5.5 Gas trials
5.6 Warming up
5.7 Inerting (after warming-up)
5.8 Aeration (after warming-up)
5.9 Loaded voyage
5.10 Unloading/discharge
5.11 Ballast voyage

6 INERTING INTERBARRIER SPACES (MEMBRANE TANK VESSELS ONLY)

MODULE 5
HULL CONSTRUCTION

1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LNGCs AND TANKERS

2. HULL TEMPERATURES AND MATERIAL SELECTION

2.1 Hull temperature
2.2 Material selection
2.3 Heating of cofferdams
2.4 Use of materials with improved through thickness characteristics
2.5 Importance of structural details of LNGCs
2.6 Use of high tensile steels

3. STRUCTURAL DETAILS AND FATIGUE

3.1 The importance of fatigue
3.2 The evaluation of fatigue life

4. SLOSHING AND FILLING RATIO

5. SAFEHULL CONSTRUCTION MONITORING

5.1 General
5.2 Welding joint classification
5.3 SAFEHULL construction monitoring plan

6. HULL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

6.1 SAFEHULL
6.2 DLA analysis
6.3 Additional considerations for independent tanks
6.4 SFA notation

7. STEEL FRACTURE MODES

7.1 Fracture mechanism
7.2 Elastic fracture

Page 5
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

7.3 Ductile fracture

7.4 Brittle fracture
7.5 Fatigue fracture
7.6 Creep fracture
7.7 Wear failure
7.8 Stress corrosion cracking

8. STABILITY ANALYSIS
8.1 ABS analysis
8.2 Intact stability
8.3 Damage stability

MODULE 6
ADVANCED ANALYSIS

PART 1
ABS ADVANCED ANALYSIS FOR LNGC
1. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS APPLICABLE TO LNGC
1.1 SAFEHULL
1.2 Dynamic loading approach (DLA)
1.3 Spectral based fatigue analysis (SFA)
1.4 Containment system strength assessment
1.5 Pump tower and base structure analysis
1.6 Vibration analysis including containment system
1.7 Shaft alignment calculation

PART 2
PRESENTATION ON ABS ADVANCED ANALYSIS
2. TYPICAL PRESENTATION
2.1 Typical presentation
2.2 Presentation
2.3 SAFEHULL principles and evolution
2.4 SAFEHULL phase A
2.5 SAFEHULL phase B
2.6 Dynamic Loading Approach (DLA)
2.7 Spectral Fatigue Analysis (SFA)
2.8 DLA/SFA for Moss-Rosenberg ships
2.9 DLA for SPB ships
2.10 Sloshing
2.11 Pump tower strength assessment
2.12 Insulation strength assessment

MODULE 7
INDEPENDENT CARGO TANKS

1. TYPE A TANKS
1.1 Conch design
1.2 Esso design

2. TYPE B SPHERICAL TANKS

2.1 Features of Moss-Rosenberg ships

Page 6
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

2.2 Design criteria for spherical tanks

2.3 Sphere assembly
2.4 Welding
2.5 Insulation
2.6 Pump tower
2.7 Partially secondary barrier (drip tray)
2.8 Finite Element Analysis for gas carriers fitted with type B tanks
2.9 Design considerations resulting from analyses on spherical tanks
2.10 Technological developments and future trends

3. TYPE B PRISMATIC TANKS

3.1 Features of SPB ships
3.2 The SPB tank
3.3 Tank construction
3.4 Tank insulation
3.5 Drip trays
3.6 Advanced analysis
3.7 Future development

4. TYPE C TANKS
4.1 LNG carriers with type C tanks
4.2 C type cargo containment system concept
4.3 Cargo tank design
4.4 Tank insulation
4.5 Drip trays
4.6 Advanced analysis
4.7 Future development

APPENDIX 1
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS & ALUMINUM WELDING METHODS AND
PROCEDURES

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS

5.1 Aluminum and aluminum alloys
5.2 Aluminum alloys series
5.3 Problems with aluminum alloys 5086
5.4 Mechanical properties
5.5 Key concepts for welded alloys

6. ALUMINUM WELDING
6.1 Welding processes
6.2 GTAW (TIG)
6.3 GMAW (MIG)
6.4 Friction Stir Weld (FSW)
6.5 Welding preparation
6.6 Material cleaning techniques
6.7 Weld procedure specifications (WPS) and welding workmanship
6.8 Preheating and post-weld heat treatment (PWT)
6.9 Welding aspects of aluminum
6.10 Miscellaneous

7. WELDING DEFECTS
7.1 Main causes of welding defects
7.2 Porosity

Page 7
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

7.3 Cracks
7.4 Poor weld bead profile
7.5 Dilution ratio

APPENDIX 2
WELDING OF STAINLESS STEEL FOR LNG APPLICATIONS

8. MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
8.1 General considerations
8.2 Toughness requirements

9. STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

9.1 The welding processes where they are used
9.2 GTAW
9.3 GMAW
9.4 SMAW
9.5 FCAW
9.6 SAW
9.7 Toughness
6.8 Weld procedure
9.9 Welding aspects of aluminum

MODULE 8
MEMBRANE CARGO TANKS - MARK III SYSTEM PRINCIPLES AND
COMPONENTS

PART 1
MEMBRANE CARGO TANKS

1 MEMBRANE TANKS
1.1 General
1.2 Secondary barrier
1.3 Stress on the membrane system
1.4 Common main features for the membrane tank systems
1.5 Membrane systems

2. MARK III SYSTEM

2.1 General description
2.2 Advantages of Mark III system
2.3 Disadvantages of Mark III system

3. NO.96 SYSTEM
3.1 General description
3.2 Advantage of NO.96 system
3.3 Disadvantages of no-NO.96 system

4. CS1 SYSTEM

5. INTERBARRIER SPACES: PRESSURIZATION - INERTIZATION

Page 8
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

6. MEMBRANE VESSELS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Increased cargo carrying capacity
6.2 The Qatargas project
6.3 Conoco-Phillips concept design

7. SCAFFOLDING

PART 2
MARK III SYSTEM COMPONENTS

8. COMPONENTS

9. STUDS

10. LOAD BEARING MASTIC

11. INSULATION PANELS

11.1 Flat panels
11.2 Corner panels
11.3 Top bridge pads
11.4 Reinforced polyurethane foam boards
11.5 Foam board fabrication procedure

12. SECONDARY BARRIER MATERIAL - TRIPLEX

12.1 The rigid secondary barrier
12.2 Characteristics of rigid triplex
12.3 The flexible secondary barrier
12.4 Characteristic of S-triplex

13. PRIMARY MEMBRANE

13.1 Membrane components
13.2 Characteristics of corrugated sheets
13.3 Characteristic of sheets on chamfered sides
13.4 Membrane forming process
13.5 Dimensions and tolerances after shaping
13.6 Angle pieces
13.7 Dog legs
13.8 Sealing caps

14. STAINLESS STEEL CORNERS

14.1 Steel corner characteristics
14.2 Materials
14.3 Dimensions and tolerances

MODULE 9
MARK III - INSULATION INSTALLATION

1. MARK III CONTAINMENT SYSTEM PREPARATION FOR INSTALLATION

2. MARK III CONTAINMENT SYSTEM INSTALLATION STEPS

3. CONDITIONING OF THE INNER HULL

Page 9
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

3.1 Cargo tank dimensional tolerances

3.2 Inner hull flatness
3.3 Inner hull cleanliness and environment conditions
3.4 Marking: reference lines
3.5 Marking-out of panels and stud positions
3.6 Sensors in interbarrier spaces
3.7 Retainer bars
3.8 Determination of the reference surface for insulation layout
3.9 Preparation of the reference surface - Installation of the reference wedges
3.10 Determination of the reference surface for the liquid dome

4. STUD WELDING
4.1 General
4.2 Steel plating condition
4.3 Welding
4.4 Welding tests
4.5 Checking of welded studs
4.6 Studs for lath thickness fitting

5. MASTIC APPLICATION
5.1 General principle
5.2 Epoxy mastic depositing principle
5.3 Application of the resin beads and patches
5.4 Depositing procedure
5.5 Mastic procedure qualification test
5.6 Checking operations at application time

6. PANEL ERECTION
6.1 Installation procedure
6.2 Cylindrical foam plug installation
6.3 Filling gaps between panels

7 BONDING OF SECONDARY BARRIER TRIPLEX

7.1 General
7.2 Installation principles
7.3 Extremity and overlap principle
7.4 Bonding
7.5 Installation procedure
7.6 S-triplex strip bonding on flat panels
7.7 Bonding of curve triplex between corner panel
7.8 Bonding of s triplex between flat panels and corner panels
7.9 Bonding procedure qualification test for s triplex
7.10 Checking of epoxy glue depositing process

8. BONDING OF STEEL CORNER/HARDWOOD KEY ASSEMBLY

8.1 General
8.2 Bonding of hardwood key
8.3 Bonding of hardwood key assembly between trihedron and corner panel
8.4 Bonding procedure qualification test for hardwood key

9. BONDING OF TOP BRIDGE PADS

9.1 General
9.2 Bonding of top bridge pads between flat panels
9.3 Bonding of top bridge pad alongside corner panel

Page 10
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

9.4 Bonding procedure qualification test

10. INSULATION COMPLETION PROTECTION AND FINAL CHECK

10.1 Fitting of thermal protection strips
10.2 Final inspection of the insulation

MODULE 10
MARK III -MEMBRANE INSTALLATION

PART 1
MEMBRANE ERECTION

1. PREPARATION
1.1 General
1.2 Border membrane sheet definition
1.3 Membrane sheet positioning on insulating panels
1.4 Marking of the membrane sheet limit line on corner panel

2. MEMBRANE WELDING TECHNIQUES AND QUALIFICATIONS

2.1 Types of welding
2.2 Manual welding
2.3 Automatic welding equipment
2.4 Welders, operators and machine qualifications
2.5 Non-destructive tests for qualifications
2.6 Destructive tests for qualifications

3. MEMBRANE WELDING PROCEDURES

3.1 Welding of membrane sheets
3.2 Tack welding sequences
3.3 Intermittent welding
3.4 Welding defects, acceptability criteria and repairs

4. INSTALLATION SEQUENCE
4.1 Concept
4.2 Installation sequence organization
4.3 Installation and welding of the membrane sheets
4.4 Installation and welding of angle pieces and other closing overlap pieces
4.5 General welding control

PART 2
MEMBRANE TESTS

5. PRINICPLES

6 AMMONIA TEST
6.1 Tightness test of the membrane welding
6.2 Characteristics of the tanks to be tested
6.3 Ammonia
6.4 Reactive paint
6.5 Preliminary test procedure
6.6 Nitrogen ammonia mixture injection
6.7 Locating and repair of the leaks
6.8 Draining-rinsing- cleaning of the tank

Page 11
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

6.9 Local test

7. PRIMARY BARRIER GLOBAL TEST

7.1 Test principle
7.2 Test procedure
7.3 Results analysis

8. SECONDARY BARRIER TIGHTNESS TEST

8.1 Principle of test
8.2 Performance test
8.3 Acceptance criteria

MODULE 11
NO.96 MEBRANE SYSTEM

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HOLD PLANARITY AND COUPLING INSTALLATION

2.1 General description
2.2 Cargo tank dimensional tolerances
2.3 Inner hull flatness
2.4 Marking reference lines
2.5 Determination of the reference surface
2.6 Positioning of couplers and reference wedges
2.7 Welding of coupler base sockets
2.8 Welding of studs in way of transverse corners and longitudinal dihedrons
2.9 Positioning of anchoring bars

3. CONSTRUCTION OF INSULATION BOXES

4. INSTALLATION OF BOXES TO THE INNER HULL

4.1 General description
4.2 Types of boxes for flat panel area
4.3 Epoxy resin depositing principle
4.4 Application of resin ropes
4.5 Resin procedure qualification test and application time test
4.6 Periodical checks
4.7 Installation of boxes in the flat panel area
4.8 Controls during box fitting
4.9 Final controls

5. CORNERS AND INSTALLATION OF INVAR TUBES IN TRANSVERSE CORNERS

5.1 General description
5.2 Corner arrangement
5.3 Trihedron erection
5.4 Invar tubes and their installation
5.5 Installation sequence of standard type A corner
5.6 Installation sequence of standard type B corner
5.7 Installation of longitudinal dihedrons

6. INSTALLATION OF SECONDARY BARRIER AND INSULATION SPACE

6.1 General description

Page 12
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

6.2 Invar strakes

6.3 Membrane erection sequence
6.4 Insertion of invar tongues
6.5 Fitting of thermal protection
6.6 Installation of the standard invar strake
6.7 Installation of the 1mm thick invar strake
6.8 Spot welding the invar strakes
6.9 Welding the invar strakes
6.10 Erection and welding the end strakes
6.11 Junction of the trihedrons
6.12 Perforation of the strakes
6.13 Welding the collar studs
6.14 Controls

7. TESTING AND EVACUATION OF SECONDARY BARRIER

8. INSTALLATION OF INSULATION BOXES FOR PRIMARY SPACE

8.1 General description
8.2 Precautions to be taken
8.3 Bearing criteria and wooden boxes flatness
8.4 Gap between boxes
8.5 Positioning of the primary boxes in the flat panel area
8.6 Installation of angle corners
8.7 Invar tube connections
8.8 Connection of invar tubes to trihedrons
8.9 Installation of the standard longitudinal dihedrals
8.10 Installation of plywood bridges

9. INSTALLATION OF PRIMARY BARRIER

9.1 General description
9.2 Installation procedure of primary membrane
9.3 Invar tongues for primary membrane
9.4 Installation of the invar tongues

MODULE 12
NO.96 SPECIAL LOCATIONS AND MEMBRANE WELDING AND TEST PUMP
TOWERS CS 1 MEMBRANE SYSTEM

PART 1
SPECIAL LOCATIONS AND MEMBRANE WELDING AND TEST

1. NO. 1 CARGO TANKS

1.1 General description
1.2 Tank No.1 longitudinal corner arrangement
1.3 Installation of the studs
1.4 Installation of the pillars
1.5 Installation of secondary insulation in way of pillars
1.6 Installation of primary insulation in way of pillars

2 LIQUID DOME

3 VAPOR DOME

Page 13
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

6. WELDING PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES FOR NO.96 CRYOGENIC LINING SYSTEM

4.1 Welding procedures for NO.96 membrane installation
4.2 Invar characteristics
4.3 FCAW (flux core arc welds)
4.4 GMAW (gas metal arc welding)
4.5 Automatic TIG (tungsten inert gas)
4.6 Manual TIG (tungsten inert gas autogenous)
4.7 Manual TIG (tungsten inert gas filler metal)
4.8 ERW (resistance spot welding) type tack welding
4.9 Automatic ERW (electric resistance welds)
4.10 Welders, operators and machine qualifications

5. TIGHTNESS TEST
5.1 General consideration
5.2 Strength test
5.3 Bearing test
5.4 Mechanical stressing test
5.5 Helium test
5.6 Global test
5.7 Other tests

PART 2
PUMP TOWERS

6 PUMP TOWER SUPPORTS

6.1 General consideration
6.2 Traditional design of pump tower supports for NO.96 systems
6.3 New design of pump tower supports for NO.96 systems
6.4 Pump tower supports design for MARK III systems

7. FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION OF PUMP COLUMN/TOWER

7.1 Pump tower arrangement and critical points
7.2 Pump tower fabrication and installation

PART 3
CS 1 CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM

8 CHARACTERISTICS OF CS 1 SYSTEM
8.1 Differences between CS1 and NO.96/MARK III
8.2 Transverse corners
8.3 Longitudinal corners
8.4 Tank No.1

Page 14
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

MODULE 13
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR HAZARDOUS AREAS AND HIGH VOLTAGE
ELECTRIC PLANTS

PART 1
PROTECTION OF THE ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR
HAZARDOUS AREAS

1. ENCLOSURES AND DEGREE OF PROTECTION

2. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT TEMPERATURE CLASSES

3. GAS HAZARDS
3.1 The flammability triangle
3.2 Flash point
3.3 Gas grouping

4. HAZARDOUS AREAS
4.1 Definitions
4.2 Areas classification
4.3 Hazardous areas on LNG carriers

5. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR HAZARDOUS AREAS

5.1 Classification of certified Safe Type Equipment
5.2 Explosion proof equipment (Ex d)
5.3 Increased safety equipment (Ex e)
5.4 Intrinsically safe equipment (Ex i)
5.5 Oil immersion equipment (Ex o)
5.6 Pressurized apparatus (Purged apparatus) (Ex p)
5.7 Powder filled equipment (Ex q)
5.8 Encapsulated equipment (Ex m)
5.9 Non sparking equipment (Ex n)
5.10 Special type equipment (Ex s)

6. INSTALLATION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS

6.1 General considerations
6.2 Maintenance and inspections

7. ELECTRIC INSTALLATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS

7.1 Sources of electrical power
7.2 Distribution systems
7.3 Electrical protection
7.4 Equipotential bonding
7.5 Static electricity
7.6 Lighting protection
7.7 Cathodically protected metallic parts
7.8 Electromagnetic radiations
7.9 External influences
7.10 Ambient temperature

8. SUMMARY OF EQUIPMENT/CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS

8.1 General requirements

Page 15
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

8.2 Summary of spaces in which certified-safe electrical equipment is located on board an

LNGC

9. HAZARDOUS AREAS OF TANKERS CARRYING LIQUEIFIED GAS IN TANKS

9.1 Gas carriers zone 0 (cargo tanks, interbarrier spaces)
9.2 Gas carriers zone 1 (hull spaces adjacent to cargo tanks)
9.3 Gas carriers zone 1 (external spaces)
9.4 Gas carriers zone 2

PART 2
HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRIC PLANTS

10. PLANNING FLOW OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

11. REASONS FOR SELECTING HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEM

11.1 Interrupting capacity of circuit breakers
11.2 Production limits of rotating machines
11.3 Magnetic contactor capacity limits
11.4 Earthing methods for generator neutral
11.5 Volume of cables

12. FEATURE OF HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEMS

12.1 Coordination of circuit breakers
12.2 Main bus bars
12.3 Large motors applications and volume of cables in cableways
12.4 Electro-magnetic interference
12.5 Additional features
12.6 Space
12.7 Additional advantages and disadvantages of HV systems versus LV systems

13. SAFETY FEATURES IN HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEMS

13.1 Rotating machines
13.2 Switchgears and control gear assembly
13.3 Power transformers
13.4 HV cable installation
13.5 Additional miscellaneous recommendations

14. HIGH VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS

14.1 Components
14.2 Frame
14.3 Operating mechanism
14.4 Trip unit
14.5 Trip intelligence
14.6 Arc extinguisher
14.7 Vacuum interrupter technology

15. MAINTENANCE
15.1 Equipment and tools
15.2 Generators
15.3 Switchgears

16. HARMONIC DISTORSIONS

16.1 Production of harmonics
16.2 Effects of harmonics

Page 16
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

16.3 Mitigation of harmonics

16.4 Harmonic limit recommendations

APPENDIX 1
RECOGNIZED TESTING LABORATORIES

MODULE 14
CARGO HANDLING AND OTHER SYSTEMS INSTALLATION

1. CARGO HANDLING SYSTEM (LIQUID AND VAPOR)

1.1 General features of cargo systems
1.2 Liquid lines
1.3 Vapor lines
1.4 Spray line

2 CARGO TANK VENTING AND RELIEF SYSTEMS

2.1 Cargo tank relief and vacuum valves
2.2 Insulation and interbarrier spaces relief valves
2.3 Line relief valves
2.4 Vent line
2.5 Emergency vent line (one tank operation)

3. INTERBARRIER AND INSULATION SPACES PRESSURIZATION AND INERTING SYSTEM

3.1 General plant description
3.2 Insulation and interbarrier spaces
3.3. Nitrogen production system
3.5 Oxygen analyzer
3.6 System operation

4. INERT GAS AND DRY AIR SYSTEM

4.1 Main features of the system
4.2 Working principle
4.3 Dry air production
4.4 Inerting/dry air lines
4.5 Air drying and inerting operations

5 CARGO SYSTEM OPERATIONS

6. DOME ARRANGEMENT

7. COFFERDAM HEATING SYSTEM

7.1 General arrangement
7.2 Heating coils
7.3 System operation

8. HULL VENTILATION SYSTEM AND COFFERDAM ARRANGEMENT

8.1 Ventilation
8.2 Cofferdam arrangement

9. INTERBARRIER SPACES DRAIN SYSTEM

9.1 Main feature
9.2 Operation

Page 17
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

10. INSULATION SPACE WATER DRAIN SYSTEM

10.1 Main feature
10.2 Insulation space water discharge

11. USE OF BOIL-OFF AS FUEL AND MEANS TO DISPOSE EXCESS BOIL OFF
11.1 Tank pressure control
11.2 Boil off in engine room
11.3 Boil off capacity
11.4 Gas combustion plants
11.5 Reliquifaction plants
12. JETTISON

13. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

13.1 Fire and wash deck system
13.2 Water spray system
13.3 Dry power system
13.4 CO2 system
13.5 Fire fighting systems on other projects

MODULE 15
MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS FOR HANDLING LNG

1. CARGO PUMPS
1.1 Typical pump installation
1.2 Main cargo pumps
1.3 Stripping/spray pump
1.4 Emergency cargo pump
1.5 Critical items of cargo pumps

2. CARGO COMPRESSORS
2.1 Typical compressor installation
2.2 Heavy duty compressors
2.3 Low duty compressors
2.4 Seal-gas
2.5 Surge control system
2.6 Inlet guide vanes

3. BOIL-OFF/WARM-UP HEATERS
3.1 Feature
3.2 Typical heaters

4. VAPORIZERS
4.1 Features
4.2 LNG main vaporizer
4.3 Forcing vaporizer
4.4 Mist separator

5. RELIEF VALVES
5.1 Characteristics of cargo tank and interbarrier spaces relief valves
5.2 Cargo tank relief valves

Page 18
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

5.3 Interbarrier spaces relief valves

5.4 Line relief valves

6. NITROGEN GENERATORS
6.1 High capacity units
6.2 Main characteristics
6.3 Control system

7. INERT GAS GENERATOR

7.1 General
7.2 Burners

8. THERMAL OXIDIZER (GCU)

8.1 Purpose of GCU
8.2 GCUs manufacturers
8.3 Main components of a GCU plant
8.4 Gas combustion unit
8.5 GCU performance
8.6 Advantages of GCU

9. MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
9.1 Filters
9.2 Pipes
9.3 Cargo pipe welding acceptance criteria
9.4 Stainless steel pipes passivation
9.5 Valves
9.6 Expansion bellows
9.7 Cryogenic cargo hoses

APPENDIX
ABS REQUIREMENTS - INTERPRETATIONS, EXPLANATIONS
Process Pressure Vessels and Liquid, Vapor, and Pressure Piping Systems

MODULE 16
PROPULSION

PART 1
STEAM PROPULSION

1. STEAM TURBINES
1.1 Overview
1.2 Flexible couplings
1.3 Quill shafts
1.4 Thrust bearings
1.5 Journal bearings
1.6 Bearing wear

2. REDUCTION GEARS

3. OVERVIEW OF A 36,000 SHP KAWASAKI CROSS-COMPOUND MARINE TURBINE

Page 19
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

4. MAIN BOILERS
4.1 Main characteristics of boilers for LNGCs
4.2 Superheaters
4.3 Basic steam propulsion plant
4.4 Boilers arrangement characteristics
4.5 Boiler safety system

5. STEAM CONDITIONING
5.1 Steam dumping
5.2 Steam dumping valves
5.3 Steam cooler
5.4 Steam sparger
5.5 Steam conditioning system

PART 2
ALTERNATIVE PROPULSION SYSTEMS

6. WHY ALTERNATIVE PROPULSION SYSTEMS?

6.1 Overview
6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of various propulsion systems
6.3 Regulations for alternative propulsion
6.4 Economical considerations
6.5 Summary of restrictions of alternative propulsion systems

7. SLOW SPEED DIESELS

7.1 The LNGC two stroke solutions from MAN / B & W
7.2 Comparison between slow speed diesel and steam turbine plant
7.3 Dual fuel two stroke engines
7.4 Elements of the ME engine
7.5 Features of MAN / B & W ME GI engines
7.6 Gas compressors for MAN / B & W ME GI engines
7.7 Safety

8. MAN / B & W DIESEL ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM COMBINED DIESEL

ENGINES AND GAS TURBINES (CODAG)
8.1 CODAG electric propulsion for LNG tanker
8.2 Advantages of CODAG system

9. ELECTRIC PROPULSION BASED ON WARTSILA DUAL FUEL DIESEL ENGINES

9.1 Wartsila approach
9.2 Wartsila dual fuel diesel engines concept
9.3 Cylinder control principle
9.4 Gas supply system
9.5 Typical machinery arrangement

10. GAS TURBINE PROPULSION

10.1 Rolls Royce proposal
10.2 The MT 30 and the 501 KTB dual fuel gas turbines
10.3 Advantages of Rolls Royce propulsion system

Page 20
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

MODULE 17
AUTOMATION, SAFETY AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

1. AUTOMATION BASIC CONCEPTS

1.1 Meaning of automation Class notations
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Monitoring systems
1.4 Safety systems
1.5 Override of safety system functions
1.6 Automatic safety shutdown
1.7 Failure mode and effect analysis
1.8 Power supply
1.9 ACC / ACCU
1.10 Propeller control, ordered speed and direction
1.11 Emergency shutdown
1.12 Transfer between remote control stations
1.13 Interior communication system

2. CARGO CONTROL ROOM

3. INTEGRATED AUTOMATION SYSTEM (IAS)

3.1 General considerations
3.2 Introduction
3.3 IAS universal control station
3.4 IAS universal control station operation
3.5 Other IAS components
3.6 Cargo part displays and operation planning
3.7 Personal computer netework
3.8 Extension alarm system
3.9 Flow mimics

4. CUSTODY TRANSFER SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction
4.2 History of custody transfer system
4.3 Custody transfer measurements
4.4 Custody transfer system Level measurement
4.5 Trim-list indicators
4.6 Temperature measurement
4.7 Pressure measurement and control

5. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SYSTEM

5.1 Emergency shutdown system principle
5.2 Main feature

6. REMOTE SOUNDING SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS

7. TANK OVERFILLING ALARM SYSTEM

8. BOIL-OFF CONTROL SYSTEM

8.1 General description
8.2 Boil-off control system
8.3 Vent mast control
8.4 Boil-off gas heaters

Page 21
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

8.5 Forcing vaporizer

8.6 Low duty compressor control

9. NITROGEN CONTROL SYSTEM

9.1 General consideration
9.2 Control system

10. GAS DETECTION SYSTEM

10.1 Infrared gas analyzer system Cargo area locations
10.2 Catalytic combustion analyzer system
10.3 Gas detection system general arrangement

11. FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

11.1 General feature
11.2 Central unit panel
11.3 `Led indicators
11.4 Fire alarm
11.5 Pre-warning

12. WATER DETECTION SYSTEM IN SECONDARY BARRIER SPACE

MODULE 18
SURVEYS DURING CONSTRUCTION

1. HULL SURVEYS
1.1 General considerations
1.2 Preparation for hull surveys and inspection
1.3 Survey/inspection methodology
1.4 Scope of surveys and items to be checked

2. MACHINERY INSTALLATION SURVEYS

2.1 General consideration
2.2 Cargo and process piping
2.3 Cargo tank protection
2.4 Use of boil-off as fuel
2.5 Ventilation in cargo area
2.6 Emergency shut-down system
2.7 Instrumentation
2.8 Means for disposing excessive boil-off
2.9 Dual fuel diesel engines and gas turbines
2.10 Fire fighting systems

3. SURVEYS OF ELECTRIC, AUTOMATION AND NAVIGATION PLANTS

3.1 General consideration
3.2 Electrical equipment certification
3.3 Electrical equipment shipboard installation and tests
3.4 Remote propulsion control surveys
3.5 Ship with ACC notation
3.6 Ships with ACCU notation
3.7 Surveys relative to notation for navigation equipment

Page 22
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

4. INSTALLATION OF MARK III CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM

4.1 Mark III system components
4.2 Installation of Mark III system

5. INSTALLATION OF NO.96 CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM

5.1 General considerations
5.2 Survey patrolling
5.3 Installation

6. CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM OF INDEPENDENT TANK VESSELS

7. GAS TRIALS
7.1 Purpose and scope of gas trials
7.2 Aerating and inerting
7.3 Purging
7.4 Cooldown
7.5 Loading
7.6 Aerating, inerting, purging and cooling down at sea
7.7 Cargo transfer and pumping operations
7.8 Unloading
7.9 Warming-up
7.10 Inerting and aeration

8. FIRST LOADING UNLOADING OPERATIONS

8.1 Surveyors attendance during first loading-unloading operations
8.2 Verification of filling limits
8.3 Verification of cold spots

APPENDIX 1
EQUIPMENT LIST FOR MEMBRANE TYPE LNGC

APPENDIX 2
LNGC OUTFITTING INSPECTION ITEMS
MODULE 19
SURVEYS ON EXISTING SHIPS

PART 1
SURVEYS ON EXISTING LNG CARRIERS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABS Rules and instructions
1.2 Specific survey requirements for LNG carriers
1.3 Drydock surveys
1.4 Cargo containment system
1.5 Cargo handling systems
1.6 Propulsion
1.7 Control and safety systems
1.8 Electrical equipment

2. IMO SURVEYS

3 LIST OF SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR LNG CARRIERS

Page 23
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

4. ANNUAL SURVEYS
4.1 Hull annual surveys
4.2 Machinery (Electrical) annual Survey)
4.3 Automation, remote controls and instrumentation annual survey
4.4 Miscellaneous annual surveys

5. INTERMEDIATE SURVEYS
5.1 Hull intermediate surveys
5.2 Machinery intermediate surveys
5.3 Automation, remote controls and instrumentation intermediate survey

6. SPECIAL SURVEYS
6.1 Hull speoial surveys
6.2 Machinery special survey)
6.3 Automation, remote controls and instrumentation special survey
6.4 Miscellaneous special surveys requirements

PART 2
SURVEYS BASED ON RELIABILITY CENTERED MAINTENANCE

7. MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHY
7.1 History of reliability centered maintenance approach
7.2 The ABS approach
7.3 The principles of the predictive maintenance
7.4 Surveys

MODULE 20
LPG CARRIERS HULL AND CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM

1. LPG CARRIERS
1.1 Statistic data
1.2 Difference between LPG carriers and LNG carriers
1.3 General layout of LPG carriers

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG CARRIER CARGOES

2.1 Hazards of cargoes contemplated by the IGC Code
2.2 Selection of transportation methods (pressurized, refrigerated, combination thereof)
2.3 Additional IGC Code requirements for certain cargoes

3. VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS OF LPG CARRIERS AND CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS

3.1 Allowable types of cargo containment systems
3.2 Type A tanks
3.3 Extension of the secondary barrier
3.4 Type C tanks
3.5 Other cargo containment systems, minimum distance of cargo tanks from side shell, damage
stability
3.6 Access to spaces in cargo areas
3.7 Restrictions of cargo tank size

4. HULL AND CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION OF LPG CARRIERS

4.1 Materials
4.2 Hull design and construction

Page 24
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

4.3 Supports for type A independent cargo tanks

4.4 Checks and verifications during prismatic cargo tank construction
4.5 Anti-roll and ant-pitch chocks and anti-lifting devices
4.6 Supports for type C independent cargo tanks
4.7 Type C cargo tanks
4.8 Tank testing

5. INSULATION OF LPG CARRIERS INDEPENDENT TANKS

MODULE 21
LPG CARRIERS CARGO HANDLING AND SAFETY SYSTEMS

1. CARGO HANDLING SYSTEMS

1.1 Piping systems
1.2 Additional requirements of the IGC Code relative to cargo handling system materials
1.3 Typical cargo handling systems
1.4 Inerting
1.5 Purging (replacement of inert gas)
1.6 Cooling down
1.7 Cargo loading
1.8 Cargo unloading
1.9 Methanol filling system
1.10 Cargo handling during navigation in full load condition
1.11 Sparging
1.12 Summary of cargo loading operations

4. CHANGING CARGO PROCEDURES

2.1 Changing cargo from Propane to Butane
2.2 Changing cargo from Butane to Propane
2.3 Specific requirements of the IGC Code relative to cargo incompatibilities

5. INERT GAS GENERATING SYSTEMS

3.1 Absorption system
3.2 Membrane separation system
3.3 Inert gas produced by combustion of oil
3.4 Advantages of on-board inert gas generator

4. RELIQUIFACTION SYSTEMS
4.1 Importance of the reliquifaction system
4.2 Use of the Mollier diagram for reliquifaction plants
4.3 Reliquifaction plants of todays LPGCs

5. EMERGENCY SHUT-DOWN SYSTEM

5.1 Ship-shore interface
5.2 SIGTTO guidelines

6. GAS DANGEROUS AREAS AND VENTILATION IN CARGO AREA

6.1 Definition of the hazardous areas and electrical equipment in hazardous areas
6.2 Ventilation in cargo area

Page 25
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

7. FIRE PROTECTION AND EXTINCTION

7.1 Types of fire
7.2 Fire watermain
7.3 Water spray system
7.4 Dry chemical powder fire extinguishing systems
7.5 Carbon dioxide system

8. FILLING LIMITS FOR CARGO TANKS

8.1 General requirement
8.2 Reference temperature
8.3 Example of filling limit calculation for loading of Propylene in type C tank (fully pressurized
tank)

MODULE 22
FLOATING LNG TERMINALS FUTURE TRENDS & TECNOLOGIES

1. FLOATING LNG TERMINALS

1.1 General considerations
1.2 Offshore terminals categories
1.3 Various proposed designs for offshore terminals
1.4 Design considerations and requirements for offshore terminals
1.5 Cargo containment systems
1.6 Evolution of the concrete barge concept
1.7 Containment systems for gravity based concrete terminals (GBS)
1.8 Mooring, loading, unloading
1.9 Exporting LNG terminals LNG production process

2. PERSPECTIVES ON NATURAL GAS

3. KEY NATURAL GAS PRIORITIES AND CHALLENGES

3.1 Energy sources
3.2 Deep trek Technology needed to dramatically decrease cost of drilling below 20,000
3.3 Natural gas infrastructure program
3.4 Regas LNGC
3.5 LNGC-RV equipment
3.6 Alternative market for LNGC-RV

4. HYDRATES
4.1 Transportation of hydrates at sea
4.2 Characteristics of hydrates
4.3 Ships for transportation of hydrates

5. ICE CLASS LNG CARRIERS

5.1 LNG carriers trade routes and new LNG exporters
5.2 Consideration for design of ice class LNG carriers
5.3 Other concerns
5.4 Future trends

6. GAS-TO-LIQUID (GTL)
6.1 GTL characteristics
6.2 Transportation cost for GTL

Page 26
 GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

7. COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)

7.1 CNG versus LNG
7.2 CNG projects
7.3 Cran & Stennings Coselle
7.4 Enerseas Votrans
7.5 Trans Ocean Gas concept
7.6 Knutsen PNG concept Pressurized natural gas
7.7 Trans-Canadas GTM
7.8 Statoil-Teekay-Hoegh concept
7.9 IFP project
7.10 Technical considerations

APPENDIX 1
ABS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LNGC WINTERIZATION

MODULE 23
SAFETY RECORDS AND DEBRIEFING

PART 1
RISKS CONNECTED WITH TRANSPORTATION OF LNG AT SEA

1. PREMISE

2. SAFETY ASPECTS OF LNG CARRIERS

2.1 Safety records
2.2 Additional hazards not strictly related to LNGCs
2.3 The human factor
2.4 Major spillage and fire - Terrorism
2.5 Other possible risks

3. FURTHER STUDIES
3.1 Lloyds study
3.2 Hazard identification (HAZID) of LNG vessels/ports hazards

PART 2
FURTHER INFORAMTION ON GASES

4. GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS

______________________

Page 27
GAS CARRIERS Table of contents

Page 28