GENERAL INDEX

Notes: Page numbers in bold indicate major references; those in italics indicate caption
Further page references for place-names can be found in the Gazetteer.

Aaron 80 Ahaziah, king 102, 107

Abar Nahara 131 Ahenaten, Pharaoh 40-1
Abdullam, cave of 91 Ahijah (Shiloh prophet) 98
Abel-beth-maacah 94, 104, 108 Ahirat/Asherah 69, 107
Abel-meholah 95 Ai/Aiath 73, 115
Abijah/Abijam (son of Rehoboam) destroyed 83
103 Jews return to 132
Abimelech, king 9, 75 Aijalon 19, 90
Abner 93 Ain Feshka 136
Abraham (Abram) 5, 15, 40, 73-4 Akhenaten, Pharaoh 38, 71, 181, 1 99
covenant with Abimelech 9 Akhetaten/Akhetaton (Tell el-
`descendants' listed 99 Amarna) 38, 71, 100, 178
God's promise to 7, 9 Akkad and Akkadians 6 9, 199
travels from Ur to Haran 43, 65, civilization, cradle of 42, 43
73 Sargon I, king of 9, 70, 77, 108,
Absalom (son of David) 94 1 99
Acco 115 script see Behistun Inscript on
dimate 29 Akra (fort in Jerusalem) 5o
and Egyptians 71 Akrabattene 1 34
Plain of 18, 22 Alborz (Elburz) Mountains 46
Achaemenids/Achaemenian Empire Albright, W.E. 187
see Persia Alcimus 1 34
Achaia/Achaeans (Greece) 21, 170 Alema 1 34
Achish, king of Gath 91 Aleppo 1 95
Achzib, Micah's prophecy against Alexander `the Great' of Macedon
115 49, 59, 132, 137
Actium, battle of 53, 156, 201 defeats Persians at Issus 130, 137,
Adad-nirari III 43-4, 112, 200 201
Adasa 1 34 successors see Seleucids
Adhaim, River 42 Alexander Jannaeus 51-2, 136, 201
Adiabene g9-6o Alexander (son of Aristobulus II) 52
Helena of 60, 190 Alexandra (Hasmonean king) 136
Admah 74 Alexandria (Egypt) 59, 137, 171
Adonijah (son of David) 94 -5 Alexandri(Sy)137
Adrammelech (son of Sennacherib) alphabets 1 93, 199
"3 altars 188
Adullam 115 , 132 Amanus Mountains 109
Aegean Sea 127, 181 Amathus 52
Hellenistic period 137, 184 Amaziah 108
Paul visits 167 Amelekites 74, 80, 88
Aelia Capitolina, Jerusalem as 165 Amel-marduk (son of Nebuchad-
Aesdepius 165 rezzar) 45, 126
aetiology 8-9 Amenemope 196
Africa see North Africa Ammon/Ammonites 3, 27, 90, 131
afterlife, belief in 189-90 and Assyrians 112, 121
Aga of Ashkelon 123 capital city (Rabbah) 94
agriculture 3 25, 123, 180 Hellenistic and Seleucid periods
storing produce 188 1 34
Agrippa see Herod Agrippa marriage forbidden th omen
Ahab (son of Omri) 95, 9 6-7, 109, of 131
200 Uzziah conquers 75
fights Shalmaneser III 43 Ammon/Rabah 94
sons (Ahaziah and Jehoram) 102, Amon (son of Manasseh) 117
107 Amon, temple of 103
wife (Jezebel) 99, 107 Amorites 74, 80-1, 1 95, 199
Ahaz, king of Judah 44, 108, 112, 200 see also Hammurabi I
to illustrations and maps.

Amos 3, 35, 108 Arad 8o

Amphipolos 167 Aradus/Arvad 58, 109, 112
Amraphel of Shinar, king 43, 74 Aram-naharaim 41, 65, 76
Anata 12 Cushan-rishathaim of 43, 87
Anath/Beth-anath 87 see also Mesopotamia
Anathon 12 Aramaic language and script 60, 131,
Anathoth 115, 132 1 93, 194, 196, 1 98
Jeremiah of 40, 120-1, 122, 123 Arame/ ns 107
94,
Anatolia see Asia Minor Araq el-Emir 131
animals 27, 32, 34-6, 34, 190 - I Ararat see Urartu
Anshan 126, 127 Arbatta 1 34
Antigonus (Hasmonean king) 5 1, 53, Arbela 137
1 37 archaeology 177-98
Antigonus of Phrygia 49 Bronze Age 181, 190, 191
Antioch (Pisidian) 58, 61, 157 buildings and artefacts 1889
Antioch (Syria) civilization, beginning of 177-81
and Greeks/Hellenistic period definitions 185
49, 137 expectations 185-6
and Paul 167,170 Jericho 177, 180, 190
and Romans 54 maps of sites 178-9, 182-3
Antiochus III (the Great) 49, 5 0, organic remains 190-I
132,137 -9, 201 practice 186-91
Antiochus IV see Epiphanes tombs and burial practices
(Antiochus) 18 9-90, 197
Antiochus V 1 34 written documents 191-8
Antipas (son of Herod the Great, see also Iron Age
tetrarch of Galilee and Perea) archaeozoology 190-I
54 Archelaus of Judea (son of Herod
Antipate, king of Galilee 53, 147 the Great) 54, 56, 148
Antonia Tower see Hananel Tower Aretas of Nabataeans 54
Antonius Felix, M. 56-7 Argob see Bashan
Antony see Mark Antony Ariarthes (of Cappadocia) 58
Aphek 107 Aristobulus I (son of John
Apocrypha 132 Hyrcanus) 51, 6o, 1 35
Apollonia 167 Aristobulus II 5 2, 53, 1 36
Apollonius (Antiochus' general) 50, 0, 93 ArkofCvenat9
1 34 Armageddon see under Megiddo
Apollos (of Alexandria) 171 Armenia 43
Apostles see disciples and apostles see also Cilicia
Appuasha of Pirindu 126 Arnon, River 15, 2 7, 95
Aqaba, Gulf of 15, 27 as boundary of Promised Land 94
and Exodus 77, 8o and Exodus 8o, 81, 82
and trade 102 Hazael takes 107-8
aqueducts 188 Aroer 81, 94, 107
Caesarea 148 Arrapkha 122
Aquila 56, 157, 160 Arsaces (of Parthia) 58
Arabah 15, 27 Arses (of Persia) 130
Joshua conquers 83 Artaxerxes I 47, 130, 201
Sea of see Dead Sea Artaxerxes II 47, 130, 201
Arabeh/Arubboth 95 Artaxerxes III 130
Arabia 5, 131 Arubboth/Arrabeh 95
Christianity, spread of 58 Arvad/Aradus 58, 109, 112
Gebal, Queen of 112 Asa, king of Judah 10 3-4
and Romans 53, 1 56 Ascalon/Ashkelon 71, 113, 123,
102 trade 1 47
Uzzia fights 108 Asdudimmu 112
Ashdod/Azotus Auranitis 147
Christianity, spread of 5 8, 154 Philip of 54
marriage forbidden with women Avaris see Rameses/Avaris
of 131 Avva 112
plague at 90 Azariah/Uzziah 108
Sargon captures 44, 112, 115 Azekah 91, 119, 121, 132
and Seleucids 1 34 Azmaveth/Beth-azmaveth 132
Uzziah destroys 1o8 Azotus see Ashdod
Asher 88, 95 Azuri, king of Ashdod 112
asherah (cult object) 196
Asherah/Ahirat 69, 107 Baal 7, 69
Ashkelon/Ascalon 71, 11 3, 123, 147 temple for 68, 107
Ashtoreth-karnaim 74 Baalath 95
Ashurbanipal (`Osnappar') 44, 113, Baal-gad 83
122, 195, 200 Baalis (Ammonite) 121
Ashuretililani 122 Baal-meon 81
Ashurnasirpal II 109, 109 Baasha, king of Israel 10 3-4
Ashuruballit 113 Babel 43
Asia Tower of 65
Christianity in 58, 174 Babylon and Babylonian Empire 74,
see also Ephesus; Laodicea; Lydia; 122-6, 200, 201
Pergamum; Philadelphia; and Achaemenians see Persia
Sardis; Smyrna; Thyatira and Assyrians 109, 113, 117, 120,
Asia Minor (Anatolia) 48, 50, 181 121
and Akkadians 70 Babylonian Chronicle 44
chronology 1 99 Chaldeans (neo-Babylonians) 15,
Genesis stories 70-1 122-3
Hellenistic period 137, 138 Christianity, spread of 157
Hurrians 70-1 , 181 civilization, cradle of 6, 37, 40, 42,
Jewish Diaspora 60 43
Paul's journeys in 167-70 creation story (Enuma Elish) 1 95
and Romans 156 on earliest map 9
Troy 18 4, 199 and Egypt 15, 71, 123
see also Hittites; Ugarit and Genesis stories 65
'Assassins' (Sicarii) 56-7 and Greeks 49, 137
Asshur 113, 122 Jews in see under Jews
Assos/Behramky 170 and Judah 7, 44-6, 119-21
Assyrians and Assyrian Empire 6, 7, map of 124-5
109-14,199, 200 and Romans 53
ascendancy 112-13 fall of 126
and Babylonians 109, 113, 117, 120, see also Hammurabi;
121 Nebuchadrezzar
capital see Nineveh Bacchides 134
civilization, cradle of 37, 40, 42, Bactria 130
43, 44, 122 Baghdad 42
dimax and dedine 113, 122 Balaam 81
and Damascus 44, 109 Balak, king of Moab 81
early conquests 109, 112 Balikh, River 4 2
and Egypt 15, 45, 71, 112, 113, 117, Balikhu 122
121, 122, 200 Banias see Caesarea Philippi
and Israel 43, 44, 108 Bar Kochba 61
and Jerusalem 44, 45, 113, 117, 121, Barak (judge' /ruler) 87
122 Baris castle see Hananel Tower
and Judah 43, 115, 1,8 -19 Barnabas 61, 157, 167
map of 110-1i Bashan 27
trade tot and Exodus 80, 81, 82
see also Sargon; Sennacherib; Hazael takes 107
Tiglath-pileser in Solomon's kingdom 95
Astyages 126 Baskama 1 35
Aswan/Syene 3 8,59 Batanaea 54, 147
Ataroth 81, 107 Bath-pelet 132
'Aten, Hymn to' 40 Bath-sheba 94
Athalia, king of Judah 200 Bealoth 95
Athens Beautiful Gate (Jerusalem) 162, 164
Acropolis 48 Beeroth 132
Paul visits 167 Beer-sheba 13, 14, 15, 28, 115
and Persians 129 Jews in 132
Atrahasis/Ziusudra/Utnapishtim 4 2 and Patriarchs 76
Atroh-span81 and Promised Land concept 94
Attalia 167 storehouses 97
Attalus (of Pergamum) 58 Valley of 22
Augustus Caesar (Octavian), wells 9, 75
emperor of Rome 5 2, 53-4, 147 Behistun Inscription 127-8, 127, 191,
battle of Actium 53, 156, 201 192
Behramky/Assos 170 Caesar Octavian see Augustus
Beitin see Bethel Caesar (Octavian)
Belsan see Beth-shan Caesarea
Belshazzar (son of Nabonidus) 126 inscriptions 149, 191
Bene-berak 115 Paul visits 167, 170
Ben-hadad of Damascus 104, 107 Caesarea Maritima 21, 5 8, 147, 148,
Benjamin and Benjaminites 88, 90, 1 53
94 Christianity, spread of 154, 157
Benjamin (place) 7, 95 water supply 189
Bergama see Pergamum Caesarea Philippi (Paneas/Banias) 7,
Bernice (sister of Herod Agrippa II) 15, 54, 5 6, 57, 1 48
57 River Jordan at 24, 26
Beroea 167 Calah see `Black Obelisk'
Berossos 43 Caligula (Gaius), emperor of Rome
Berytus 71 52, 56, 156, 201
Beth Shemesh see Beth-shemesh Cambyses (son of Cyrus) of Persia
Beth-anath/Anath 87 127, 201
Beth-azmaveth/Azmaveth 132 camels 191
Beth-dagon 115 Canaan/Canaanites 5, 69, 82, 200
Bethel/Beitin 12, 28 conquest, infiltration or emer-
Abijah attacks 103 gence 83, 86-7, 118
Abraham at 73 Genesis stories 65, 68 - 9
and Hasmoneans 1 34 judges'/'deliverers' 87-90
Jacob's dream at 8-9, 76 map 84 S
Jeroboam establishes as shrine 103 myths and legends 197
Jews return to 132 see also Patriarchs; Ugarit
Josiah destroys altar 117 Capernaum 152, 154
Samuel at 90 Cappadocia, Christianity in 58, 1 74
Bethesda/Bethzatha pool 162, 164 Carbon 14 dating 187
Beth-ezel 115 Carchemish 40, 109, 123
Beth-haccherem 131 Caria 58
Beth-hanan 95 see also Miletus
Beth-haran 81 Carmel hills (Galilee) 17, 22, 27
Beth-horon 95, 134 Mount Carmel 104, 107
Bethlehem Promontory 18
Church of Nativity 149 Carnaim 1 34
David anointed by Saul 90, 91 Carrhae see Haran
Jesus born in 5 6, 147, 149 cartouche 187
Jews return to 132 `casement' walls 188
Rachel buried near 76 Cassander 137
Beth-nimrah 81 Central valley see Tyropoeon valley
Bethrehob, Arameans of 94 cereals 102
Bethsaida (renamed Julias) 54 Chalcolithic period 190
Beth-shan/Beth-shean/Belsan 12, Chaldean (neo-Babylonian) Empire
28, 95, 187 15, 122-3
stele 187 see also Ur
Beth-shemesh/Issachar 70, 9 0, 95, Champollion, Jean Franois 1 93
108 Chaspho 1 34
Bethzatha/Bethesda pool 162, 164 Chebar, River 123
Beth-zechariah 1 34 Chedorlaomer, king of Elam 74
Beth-zur/Bethsura 131, 1 34, 135 Cheesemakers' valley see
Beyond the River 47 Tyropoeon valley
Bezer 82 Chephirah 132
Bit-adini 109 Cherethites 94
Bithynia 174 Chinnereth see Galilee, Sea of
Bitter Lakes 80 Chios 170
`Black Obelisk' 42, 43, 112, 194 `Chrestus' as cause of dissension 160
Boaz 88 Christianity
Bodmer Papyri 61-2 beginnings of 1 49-55
Borsippa 109, 126 cradle of 171 -4
Bosor 1 34 map 172-3
Bozrah/Bosrah 1 34 Roman emperors and 58, 1 47, 156,
Britain 156 157, 160, 165, 174
Bronze Age 1 99 spread of 52, 58, 60-2, 154-60 pas-
archaeology 181, 190, 191 sim
Ugarit 7, 37-8, 181 as `Way' 7, 1 54
Ur 15, 42, 43, 73 see also disciples; Jesus
see also Hittites; Pharaohs of Cilicia
Egypt; Sumer Christianity 157
burial practices 189-90, 197 and Egyptians 71
Byblos/Gebal 71, 109, 112 Khilakku 113
Tarsus 60, 157
Caesar Augustus (Sebastos) 147 Trachea/Pirindu 123, 126
Caesar, Julius 53, 157, 201 Cimmerians/Gimarrai 113
Cities of the Plain see Admah; Dan 6, 13, 14, 15, 24
Gomorrah; Sodom; Zeboiim; and Abraham 74
Zoar and Assyrians 115 , 120
civilization, beginning of 177-81 and Exodus 82
Claudius, emperor of Rome 56, 156, Judah attacks 104
I57, 165, 201 and Promised Land concept 94
day Tel Dan 13, 1 94
ossuaries 190 tribe of 88
tablets 194-5 Danube, River 129, 156
Cleopatra 5o, 53 Daphne, sanctuary of (near
dimate, flora and fauna 29-36 Antioch) 5o
animals 3 2, 34-6, 34 Darius I, the Great, of Persia 47,
crops 3 2-3 127-9, 127, 192, 201
rainfall 29-31, 3o Darius II of Persia 130
seasons 29 Darius III of Persia 49, 130, 137
vegetation 33 Dasht-e Kavir depression 46
Cnidus 58 Dathema 1 34
coastal plains see Mediterranean David, king 9i 5, 98, 194, 200
coast ancestors 88
Codex Sinaiticus 197 and Bath-sheba 94
Code-Syria 49, 137 and Goliath 35, 9 1
Commagene/Kumukhu 112 Jerusalem as City of 93, 142 , 143,
Conder, Captain Io 11
- 1 44
Coogan, M.D. IT Samuel and 90, 91
Coponius of Judea 56 sons see Absalom; Adonijah;
Coptic language 62 Solomon
Corinth 61, 160 Dead Sea/Salt Sea 5, 6, 19, 24, 27
Paul visits 167, 170, 171 Qumran 5, 5I, 136, 188
Cos 58, 170 Scrolls 5, 5I, 1 36, 185, 193, 196
Court of the Women (Jerusalem) Siddim valley equated with 74
162, 164 Deborah (Judge' /ruler) 87
cradle of civilization 37-8 Decapolis 47, 152
Crete Dedan (Arabia) 131
Christianity, spread of 58, 157 Deir el Balah : coffin 189
Minoans 181 Delos 58
Crocodile River (Wadi Zerqa) 18-19 Demetrius I 1 34, 135
crops 3 2-3, 123, 18o Demetrius II (Seleucid) 51, 1 35
Crusades io Demetrius (of Persia, son of
Cunaxa, battle of 130 Antigonus) 49
cuneiform script 1 92, 193 Demetrius (of Syria) 58
Cush (son of Ham) 5 Demetrius (silversmith) 170
Cushan-rishathaim of Aram- demotic script 1 93
naharaim 43, 87 Derbe 167
Cushites see Ethiopians (Cushites) Deuterocanonical books 132
Cuspius Fadus 56 Dever, William 185
Cuthah 109, 112 Diaspora, Christian see spread under
Cyprus Christianity
Christianity, spread of 58, I57 Diaspora, Jewish (`Dispersion')
`Cylinder' 1 94 58-6o, 61, 122, 123
and Egyptians 71 and Christianity 157
and Hellenistic period 137 in Elephantine (Yeb) 59, 127, 130
Jews in 157, 201 return of Babylonian exiles 127
Paul visits 167 see also Jews
Cyrene 58, 1 37 Dibon 81
Cyrus (brother of Artaxerxes II) 130 Jews in 132
Cyrus the Great of Persia 42, 126, `Moabite Stone' at 106, 107, 1 94
131, 201 disciples and apostles of Jesus 7, 62,
rebuilds Temple in Jerusalem 163, 164
46-7, 127, 131 ministry and beginning of church
1 49, 152-3, 154
Dagan 68 and Romans 156, 157, 160
Damascus 3, 27, 43, 94, 108, 112 divided monarchy 200
and Assyrians 44, 108, 109 see also Israel; Judah
Ben-hada, king of 104 Diyala, River 42
Christianity, spread of 154, 157 Djoser 71
and Egyptians 71 Dok 1 35
and Greeks 49 Domitian, emperor of Rome 58,
Hazael of 107-8, 109 174, 201
kings of 44, 104, 107-8, 109 Dor 5 2, 95
regicide in 107 Plain of 18-19
Rezin of 44, 108 Dothan 76, 107
and Romans 54, 157 Drusilla (sister of Herod Agrippa II)
and Samaritans 107 56
Damascus Gate (Jerusalem) 162, 165 Dur-sharrukin /Khorsabad 112
Ealah, Valley of 91 Elon 95
Eastern Hills see Transjordan Sloth see Ezion-geber
Eastern Sea (Persian Gulf) 41 el-Qom inscription 196
Ebla 1 95 Eltekeh 113, 115
Ecbatana 47, 126, 127, 137 mar 195
`Ecce Homo Arch' 164 Emmaus 1 34
Eden, Garden of 4, 8 , 43, 65 Jesus appears on road to 153
Edessa emperors of Rome 5 2, 53-4, 5 6, 57,
Christianity, spread of 62, 157 6o, 201
Jewish Diaspora 6o and Christians 58, 147, 156, 157,
Edom/Seir(Aram?)/Edomites 3, 15, 160, 165, 174
2 7, 83 `year of four' 156
and Amaziah 108 see also in particular Augustus;
and Assyrians 112, 121 Caligula; Nero; Tiberius
and David 94 Engedi and wilderness of 5, 91
and Exodus 74, 76, 8o En-rimmon 132
Hadad 98 En-rogel spring 141
and Jehoram (son of Jehoshaphat) Enuma Elish 1 95
107 Ephah mi
rebuilding 131 Ephes-dammim 91
Eglon (judge'/ruler of Moab) 83, Ephesus and Christianity
87 John addresses 174
Tel el-H?esi II, 12, 118 Library of Celsus 169
Egypt Paul visits 167, 170
animals 35 Ephraim/Ephraimites 22, 82, 98,
archaeology 180, 19 2-3, 194, 196, 120
1 97 in Solomon's kingdom 95, 9 8
and Assyrians 15, 45, 71, 112, 113, Ephron65,103
117, 121, 122, 200 Epic of Gilgamesh 42, 195
and Babylonians 15, 71, 123 Epiphanes (Antiochus IV) 5o, 132,
Bitter Lakes 8o 1 34, 139-40, 144, 201
Christianity, spread of 58, 62, 171 Epiphanes (Ptolemy V) 5o
chronology 199-20o Epiphania see Hamath
civilization, cradle of 38-41 Er (son of Judah) 76
Genesis stories 65, 71 Erech 37, 7o, 122
and Greeks/Hellenistic period Eridu 42, 65, 70
49-5 0 , 137, 201 Esarhaddon of Assyria (son of
and Israel 11 Sennacherib) 44, iii, 113, 200
Jews in 59, 127, 130, 196, 201 Esau 76
Joseph in 76 Esdraelon see Megiddo
and Judah 117, 122-3 Eshnunna 42, 7o
language 59 Essenes 5, 5 1 , 197
Middle, New and Old Kingdoms Etham 77
71 Ethiopia /Ethiopians/ Cushites 5,
papyrus 196 104, 113
Patriachs in 73 etymological aetiology 8-9
and Persian Empire 127, 130, 201 Euphrates, River 15, 41-2, 4 1, 195
pyramids 71, 181 archaeology 180, 1 95
and Romans 53 and Assyrians 109, 117
script (hieroglyphs) 71, 19 2-3 city on see Babylon
`Sea Peoples' attack 184 and Egyptians 71
stele of Merneptah 3 8, 40, 194 and Genesis stories 65
trade 99, 101 and Romans 156
see also Elephantine; Nile; see also Mesopotamia
Pharaohs; Ptolemies Europus see Carchemish
Ehud (judge'/ruler) 87 Eusebius, Onomasticon of 1o, 12,
Einan 177 1 49
Ekron 91, 113, 115 Evil-merodach see Amel-marduk
plague at 90 Exodus 77-82
El 68, 69 beginning of 77-8o
Elah (son of Baasha) 104 from Kadesh to Nebo 80-2
Elam and Elamites 58, 7o, 74, 122, Ezekiel 7, 8, 122
156 exile in Babylon 46
language on Behistun inscription lament over Tyre 102
192 vision of restored (Promised)
Elasa 1 34 land 94
Elath see Ezion-geber Ezion-geber/Sloth/Elath 15, 8o,
Elborz Mountains/ Elburz 46 107
Elealeh 8, Edomites recapture 108
Eleazar (priest) 57 Ezion-geber/Sloth/Elath) Hiram's
Elephantine/Yeb, Jews in 59, 127, fleet at 102
130, 196 Ezra 1 4, 47, 130, 132
Elijah 107
Elisha 107 Felix, M. Antonius 56-7
Fertile Crescent 15, 120 Genesis stories, setting of 65-71
central hill country 16, 21-4 Asia Minor and beyond 70-I
main roads 21, 27-8 Egypt 6 5, 71
Mediterranean coast I5-21 Mesopotamia 65, 69
Ri ft Valley 16-17, 24-7 Ugarit 68-9
rivers see Euphrates; Jordan; Nile; Gennath Gate (Jerusalem) 162, 163,
Tigris 165
see also Mesopotamia; Trans- geology and relief 14, 15, 16-17, 21-2,
jordan 27
Festus, Porcius 57 Gerar 75
Flinders Petrie see Petrie Gerasa 52, 152
fl ood 42, 1 95 Gergesa 152
Florus, Gessius 57, 6o Geshem the Arab 131
funerary goods 189-90 Gethsemane 162
Gezer/Gazara 94, 134, 135
Gabbatha 162, 163 `Calendar' 32
Gabinius 52 fortified by Solomon 95, 9 6
Gad/Gadites 6, 81-2, 94 six-room gates 188
Gadara 52, 152 Ghor (valley of Jordan) 24
Gaius see Caligula Gibbethon 103, 104
Galatia, Christianity in 49, 167, Gibeah 90
1 74 Gibeath-haaraloth 9
Galba, emperor of Rome 156 Gibeon/ Gibeonites
Galilee 15 and Assyrians 121
and Assyrians 108 and Israelites 83
dimate 29 Jews return to 132
geology and relief 17, 21-2 Solomon's prayer for wisdom
Hellenistic and Seleucid periods 95
1 34 Temple builders from 131
Jesus' ministry and spread of Gideon 88
Church 7, 1 49, 152-3 Gihon spring see under Jerusalem
Jewish Diaspora 6o Gilboa, Mount, battle of 90
physical features 21-2 Gilead 27, 74, 82, 88, 120
and Romans 53, 54, 57 and Assyrians 108
trade 102 Hazael takes 107
see also Herod; Israel; Jordan Hellenistic and Seleucid periods
Galilee, Sea of/Chinnereth 24, 27, 1 34
104 Promised Land concept 94
Jesus' ministry and beginnings of in Solomon's kingdom 95
Church 153 trade 99
Tiberias on 54, 148, 153 Gilgal 9, 90
Gallim 115 Gilgamesh, Epic of 42, 1 95
Gallio 21 Gimarrai/Cimmerians 113
Gamaliel, Rabbi 157 Gittaim see Gath
Garden of Eden see Eden Gittites 94
gates of cities 95, 188 Gizeh 71
Jerusalem 162, 163, 164, 165 Gnosticism 62
Gath/Gittaim 91, 132 Gobryas 126
Achish, king of 91 Golan 82
Hazael takes 108 gold trade 102
Micah's prophecy against 115 Golgotha (`Place of Skull'/Calvary)
Sargon captures 112 164, 165
Uzziah destroys 108 Goliath 35, 9 1
Gath-hepher, Jonah of 108 Gomrah74
Gaugamela 137 Gorgias 134
Gaulanitis 54 Gortyna 58
Gaza 3, 27, 115 Goshen (Egypt) 77, 131
and Canaan 73 Joshua conquers 83
Christianity, spread of 58, 154 Gospels
and Greeks 49 surviving remnants of 61-2
Hannoo, king of 112 see also disciples
and Herod and his successors Gottwald, Norman 86
1 47 Gozan 112
and Romans 52 Granicus, River 137
Gazara see Gezer Greeks/Greece 47 52, 182, 184, 200
Geba 1 4, 94, 115 Achaia/Achaeans 21, 170
fortified with stones from Ramah and Babylon 49, 137
104 Christianity, spread of 58, 62, 157,
Jews return to 132 167-70
people from Benjamin in 132 see also Paul
Gebal/Byblos 71, 109, 112 and Egypt 49-5o, 137, 201
Gebim 115 and Jerusalem 49, 5o, 5 1, 132, 134
Gedalia 45, 121 and Jewish Diaspora 59, 6o
Gehenna see Hinnom Judaism proscribed by 5o, 140
 language and script 193, 194, 197, Hellespont 137
198 Hepher 95
Nicopolis 54, 174 Hermon, Mount 15, 21, 27, 34, 8 3,
and Palestine 49-50 120
and Persians 129 Herod Agrippa I (grandson of
and Romans 5o, 138, 201 Herod the Great) 56, 165, 201
and Syria 49, 137 Herod Agrippa II 54, 173, 201
see also Alexander; Athens; sisters 56, 57
Hellenistic period Herod Antipas (son of Herod the
Gudea of Lagash 7o, 1 99 Great) 15, 54, 148
Gutians 7o Herod the Great (son of Antipater)
15, 53-4, 147
Habor, River 42, 112 Caesarea Maritima built 21
Hadad the Edomite 98 as dient of Romans 156
Hadadezer of Zobah, king 94 Herod's Palace (Masada) 53,54, 55
Hada-ezer of Damascus 109 and Jerusalem 52, 163, 165
Hadid 132 rebuilds Temple 147, 161, 162,
Hadrian, emperor of Rome 201 163, 194, 201
Haggai 131 and Jesus 53, 54, 5 6
Haifa, road to 21 `massacre of innocents' 53
Halak, Mount 83 successors 148
Halicarnassus 58 death 54
Halys, River 126 Herodium 147
Ham 5, 74 Heshbon 81
Hamath 70, 73, 94, 112 Hezekiah, king of Judah 4 0, 44, 45,
Hammurabi I (Hammurapi) the 113, 115 117, 200
,

Great of Babylon 70, 74, 181, 1 94 Jerusalem tunnel and inscription

Stele/Law Code 1 94 1 43, 144, 189, 191
Hananel Tower/Baris/Antonia mentioned on Sennacherib's
Tower (Jerusalem) 5 6, 143, 144, `Prism' 1 94
161, 162, 164, 165 hieroglyphs 71, 19 2-3
Hanigalbat 113 hill country of Palestine, central 16,
Hannoo, king of Gaza 112 21-4
Haram esh Sharif (Temple Mount, northern part see Galilee
Jerusalem) 142 southern part see Judah
Haran/Carrhae 15, 41, 43, 73, 122 Hindush 128
Genesis stories 65 Hinnom valley/ Gehenna /Topheth?
and Romans 156 141, 143, 161, 162
Harim, Jews return to 132 Hippicus Tower (Jerusalem) 161, 162
Hasidim 51 Hippos 52
Hasmon/`Hasmoneans' (descen- Hiram of Tyre 94, 102
dants of Judas, son of Hittites 70-I, 94, 181, 1 99
Mattathias) 51, 1 34-6 , 147, 163, amd Genesis stories 65, 71
201 and archaeology 197
last king see Antigonus and Egypt 71
Hatti 123 Holy Sepulchre Church (Jerusalem)
Hattina 109 164
Hattusa 7o Hor, Mount 8o
Hawothjair 82, 95 Horeb see Sinai
Hazael of Damascus 107-8, 109 Horites see Hurrians/Horites
Hazar-shual 132 Hormah 8o
Hazazon-tamar 74 horses and chariots, trade in see
Hazor 27, 86, 188 `Stables' under Solomon
and Assyrians 108 Hosea 108
fortified by Solomon 95, 9 6, 97 Hoshayahu: letters to Yoash 119, 121,
people from Benjamin in 132 1 93, 195
water supply 189 Hoshea of Israel (Pekah's successor)
Hebrew language and script 131, 108, 112
1 93, 19 8 houses 188
Hebron 22, 28, 132 Huleh basin, lake and valley 24, 27,
Absalom dedares himself king in 177
94 Hurrians/Horites 70-I, 74, 181, 1 95
climate 29 Hyksos period 38, 40, 71
and conquest of Canaan 83 Hyrcania 137
David at 9 1, 93 Hyrcanus I see John Hyrcanus
Hellenistic and Seleucid periods Hyrcanus II 5 2-3
1 34
Helena of Adiabene, Queen 6o, Ibleam 28, 107, 108
190 Iconium, Paul visits 167
Heliodorus 5o Idumea and Idumeans 1 34
Heliopolis 65, 127 Jesus' ministry 152
Hellenistic period 132, 1 34, 137-40, and Romans 53, 54, 147
184, 201 see also Herod
see also Greeks Ijon 104, 108
Ilium/Troy 18 4, 199 Judah) 4 0, 45, 117, 121, 123, 200
incense trade 99, loi son see Jehoiachin
India 128 Jehoram/Joram (son of Ahab) 107
Indus, River 137 Jehoram/Joram (son of
inscriptions see scripts Jehoshaphat) 107
Ionia 12 3, 129, 137 Jehoshaphat, king of Judah 102, 107,
Ipsus/Phrygia, battles of 49, 137 200
Iraq see Mesopotamia Jehu, king of Israel 107-8, 112
Iron Age 181, 188, 190 Elisha anoints 107
Egypt 40, 45, 96, 99, 103, 117, 122, and Shalmaneser III 42 , 43, 194
200 Jekabzeel 132
Israel 184, 200 Jephthah 88
Isaac (son of Abraham) 65, 75-6 Jeremiah of Anathoth 40, 120-I, 122,
wife (Rebekah) 43, 65 123
Isaiah 108, 117, 122 Jericho 52
Ish-boshet/Ish-baal, son of Saul 93 archaeology 177, 180, 190
Ishmael/Ishmaelites 76, 99, lOI, 121 and Hasmoneans 134
Israel and Israelites 7, II, 103, 118 Jesus in 152
earliest references to 71, 1 94 Jews return to 132
and Assyrians 43, 44, 108 Neolithic round tower 180
cradle of civilization 37-8, 184 in New Testament 12
David and Solomon 91 -8 plastered skulls 190
emerge in Iron Age 184, 200 Temple builders from 131
Joshua and Judges 83-90 tumbling walls of 83
see also conquest under Canaan Valley of see Jordan
kingdom of 103 -8 Jeroboam I ii, 40, 98, 200
and the nations 37 -62 Jeroboam II (son of Jehoash) 108,
see also diaspora and spread of 200
Christianity; Egypt; Greeks; Jerome io
Mesopotamia; Persia; Romans Jerusalem 7, 22, 28, 93, 115
and Philistines, conflict with Amaziah plunders 108
8 3, 87, 88, 90 animals in 35
various meanings of Israel IT and Assyrians 44, 45, 113, 117, 121,
war with Judah 10 3-4 122
Issachar see Beth-shemesh and Babylonians 108, 123, 126
Issus, battle of 49, 137 and Christianity 15 2-3, 154, 157
Italy see Rome/Roman Empire civilization, cradle of 40
Ituraea/Ituraeans 60 climate 29, 31
Philip of 54, 148 and conquest of Canaan 83
Izates of Adiabene 60 David's capital 93, 142 , 143, 144
on earliest map 9-10, to
Jabbok, River 27, 95 as Eden 8
and Exodus 76, 81, 82 and Egyptians 71, 103
Jabesh-gilead 90 in First Milleniuem BCE 141 -6
Jabin of Hazor, king 83 gates of 162, 163, 164, 165
Jabneh 108 Gihon spring 8, 34, 116, 117, 141,
Jacob 43, 75, 76 142, 143, 162
dream at Bethel 8-9, 76 Golgotha near 164, 165
as Israel IT and Greeks 49, 50, 51, 132, 1 34
son (Joseph) 35, 76, 99 Hazael threatens 108
wife 65 and Herod the Great 52, 147, 161,
Jaffa see Joppa 163, 165
Jahaz, battle of 80-1, 107 Hezekiah's tunnel 1 43, 144, 18 9,
James (`brother of Jesus' hoax) 197 191
James (brother of John) 56 Holy Sepulchre Church 164
Jamnia 1 34 and Jesus 56, 15 2-3, 154, 164
Janoah 108 and kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Jarmuth 83, 132 103
Jason (brother of Onias) 50, 60 maps of 143, 162
Javan 48-9 as Millo 141-2
Jazer 81, 134 as `navel' of earth 8
Jebel el-Aqra (Syria) see Zaphon in New Testament times 15 2-3,
JebelJermaq, Mount 21 1 54,
Jebel Musa/Mountain of Moses 80 157, 161 -6
Jebusites 141 Ophel 1 42, 144
Jehoahaz (son of Josiah/king of Patriarchs 75
Judah) 40, 117, 200 Paul visits 170
Jehoash (grandson of Jehu/king of Pekah and Rezin attack 108
Judah) 108, 200 Persians and 130
Jehoash/Joash (son of Amaziah) rebuilt 131
108, 112 Rehoboam in 103
Jehoiachin (son of Jehoiakim/king Romans and 52 , 53, 54, 56, 57, 61,
of Judah) 45, 121, 123, 200 147-8, 156, 201
Jehoiakim (son of Josiah/king of Seleucids and 1 34, 144
 Sennacherib's siege of 44
Solomon 95, 142, 1 44
`Tombs of the Kings' 190
Uzziah rob
walls 47, 5 6, 1 43, 162, 165
water supply 116, 117, 141, 142-4,
1 43, 1 44, 162, 164, 189, 191
Western (Wailing') Wall 162, 163
Wilson's Arch' 162, 163
Zedekiah captures 200
see also Hananel Tower; Siloam
Pool; Temple
Jeshanah 103
Jeshua 132
Jesus 35, 201
birth 54, 5 6, 147
and Herod 53, 54, 5 6
and Jerusalem 5 6, 15 2-3, 154, 164
as Messiah 7
ministry and beginnings of
Church 1 49-55
and Nazareth 149-50
and Romans 52
trial and crucifixion 56, 164
see also Christianity
Jethro (priest) 77
Jews 132
in Babylon 59, 122, 123
return to Judah 127
in Egypt (Elephantine) 59, 127,
130, 196
in kingdom of Herod 147
Paul visits 167
revolt against Romans 154 5, i65,
201
see also Diaspora
Jezebel (wife of Ahab) 99, 107
Jezreel
Jehu's chariot ride to 107
Valley of 22
see also Esdraelon, Plain of
Joab 93, 94
Joash see Jehoash/Joash
Jogbehah 81
Johanan 121
John (Apostle) 61, 62, 152, 153, 163,
164
and Ephesus 174
gospel fragment 196
Monastery of St John (Patmos)
1 71
John of Gischala 57
John Hyrcanus (son of Simon) 140,
201
son (Aristobulus) 51, 6o, 1 35
Jokmeam 95
Jonah 21
Jonah of Gath-hepher 108
Jonathan (son of Mattathias) 52,
1 34-5
Jonathan (son of Saul) 90
Joppa 19,21
and Assyrians 115
Christianity, spread of 58, 1 54
and Hasmoneans 1 35
and Herod and his successors 147
Jonah leaves from 21
and Romans 5 2 , 53
Joram see Jehoram /Joram
Jordan, River and Valley 6, 22, 28,
82, 153
animals 35
crossed at Gilgal 9
Jesus baptised in 152
at Paneas (Banias) 24, 26
Patriarchs in 73-4, 74
source 24
valley (Ghor) 24
Joseph of family of Tobias 50
Joseph (father of Jesus) 5 6, 149
Joseph (son of Jacob) 35, 40, 65, 76,
99
Josephus, Flay us 1 49
on Aramaic speech of Adiabene
6o
on Jerusalem 8, 49, 155, 161, 165
on revolt quelled by Varus 54
Joshua 5, 9, 47
and conquest of Canaan 83, 87
Josiah (son of Amon/king of Judah)
45, 120
religious reform 117
son of see Jehoiakim
death 15, 40, 96, 122
Jotham 142
Judah (Patriarch) 76
Judah 6, 7, 4o, 82, 102, 103-8
and Assyrians 43, 115 118-19
,
Babylonians attack 7, 44-6, 119-21
David in 90, 91
and Egypt 117, 122-3
energence of 200
extent 14, 15
geology and relief 17, 22-3
Hellenistic period (Code-Syria)
1 37
struggle to survive 115-17
war with Israel 10 3-4
Wilderness of 22
decline and fall 117, 119-21
see also Hebron; Jerusalem
Judaism proscribed by Greeks 50,
140
Judas the Galilean 56
Judas Maccabeus (`the Hammerer',
son of Mattathias) 51-2, 1 34
descendants see
Hasmon/'Hasmoneans'
Judea
Jesus' ministry 152, 154
Romans and 15, 52-3, 54, 5 6-7,
1 36, 147, 148
judges (charismatic leaders) 87-8
Julia (daughter of Augustus) 54
Julias (previously Bethsaida) 54
Julius Caesar 53, 157, 201
Kadesh 71
Kadesh-barnea 14, 8o
Karduniash see Bablyonia
Karnak (Thebes) 103, 113
Kedar io1, 131
Kedesh 108
Keilah 91, 131
Kenyon, Kathleen 186
Keret 69
Keturah (wife of Abraham or
incense trade) 99
Khilakku (Cilicia) 113
Khindanu 122
Khirbet el-Qom inscription 196
Khorsabad (Dur-sharrukin) 112
Khume/Kue 112, 123, 126
Kidron Valley 93, 141, 161, 190, 191
Kimukhu 123
`King Solomon's Caves' 165
kingdoms of Israel and Judah 103-8
King's Highway 27, 8o
Kiriath-arba see Hebron Lydda/Lod 5 8, 132, 154
Kiriathaim 81 Lydia /Lud 49, 123, 126, 130
Kiriathjearim 121 Lysias 134
Ark of Covenant transferred to Lysmachus 137
Jerusalem 9 0, 93 Lystra 167
Jews return to 132
Kirshu 126 Maacah, king of 94
Kish 42, 7o Maccabees 132
Kitchener, Herbet, Captain (later revolt 50-I, 201
Field-Marshal and Earl) 10-ii Macedonia/Macedonians
Koppeh Dagh, mountains of 46 Hellenistic period 137
Kue/Khume 112, 123, 126 Paul visits 167, 170
Kumukhu (Commagene) 112 Persians conquer 129, 130
Kuntillet Arjud, pithoi from 195-6 in Samaria 49
Machpelah, cave of 75, 76
Labashi-marduk of Babylon 126 Madaba (Transjordan) 9, 10
Lacedaemon/Sparta 58, 129 Magnesia `ad Sipylum' (Asia Minor)
Lachish 12 5o
artefacts from 119 battle of 138
and Assyrians 118-19, 119, 121 magnetometry 187
burials 190 Mahanaim (Transjordan) 76, 93, 94,
and conquest of Canaan 83 95
jar with stamp 188 Makaz 95
Jews in 132 Maked 1 34
Letters (from Hoshayahu to Malta I57
Yoash) 11 9, 121 , 193, 195 Mamre (near Hebron) 74, 75, 76
Sennacherib's siege of 44, 45, 1 94 Manasseh, king of Judah 44, 88, 113
Sennacherib's use as base 117 half-tribe of 81, 82
Lagash 7o, 1 99 Wall (Jerusalem) 143
Laishah 115 Maon, wilderness of 91
lands of Bible 13-28 maps
extent 13-15 ancient 9-12
geology and relief 14, 15, 16-17, see also Gazetteer
21-2, 27 Marathon 129
Fertile Crescent
see also Mareshah (Maresha) 32, 104, 115
language Mari 1 95
Akkadian see Behistun Mariamme 53
Aramaic 6o, 131, 1 93, 194, 196, 198 Tower in Jerusalem 161, 162
Coptic62 Mark (Apostle) 7, 152, 160, 163, 164
Egyptian 59 Mark Antony: battle of Actium 53,
Hebrew 131, 193, 198 156, 201
Latin 1 93 Mary Magdalene 1 53
Semitic 1 92, 193 Mary (mother of Jesus) 56
Syriac 6o, 157 Masada and Romans 147
Ugaritic 68 fall of 58, 61
see also scripts; writing Herod's Palace 53, 54, 55
Latin 1 93 Jewish resistance's last stand 155
laws, codes of 7o, 1 94, 197 `massacre of innocents' (Herod) 53
Leah (wife of Jacob) 76 Mattathias 1 34
Lebanon descendants see Hasmon; Judas
Joshua conquers 83 Maccabeus
mountains 21, 120 and Maccabean revolt 51-2
Lebo-Hamath (Lebweh) 14, 68, 73, son of (Jonathan) 5 2, 134-5
108 Matthew (Apostle) 152, 153, 163, 164
Leja/Trachonitis 27, 54, 147 Meconah 132
Leontes, River 14 Media 58, 112, 123, 130, 156
Levant 200, 201 Medes 113, 122, 126
archaeology 181,191 see also Persia
southern see Canaan Mediterranean coast/coastal plains
Levites 87 16, 17, 18-19, 21
Libnah, revolt of 107 Babylonian Empire 123
Libya 58, 201 Hellenistic period 137
Lipit-Ishtar, king of Isin 7o Romans 156
livestock see animals Mediterranean Sea 7o, 82, 109, 112
Lod/Lydda 58, 1 32, 154 Medmenah 115
Lo-debar 94 megalithic tombs 190
Lot 73 -5 Megiddo (Esdraelon) 22, 38, 96-7, 107
Lud/Lydia 49, 123, 126, 130 battle of 71, 87-8, 117
Lugal-zaggisi 7o and Egyptians 71
Luke (Apostle) 7, 12, 62 fortified gateway 95
Jesus' death 164 `high place' (altar?) 188
Jesus' ministry 1 49, 153 hill of (Armageddon) 96
and Romans 156 seal of Shema 1 93
Lycia 58, 1 37, I57 Shoshenq I attacks 103
 six-room gates 188 Modein 1 34
Solomon's building works 95 Moladah 132
statue base found 187 Monastery of St John (Patmos) 171
water supply 189 Moresheth-gath 115
Megiddo (Esdraelon), Plain of 27, Moriah 75
28, 96 Moses 77, 80, 82
battle of 71, 87-8, 117 birth of 40
climate 29 Mot 70
Megiddo Pass 27 Mount of Olives 8
Megiddo, Mount (Armageddon) 96 mountains 109
Melchizedek of Salem, king 75 Lebanon 21, 120
Melitene (Milid) 112 of Moses 80
Memphis Persia 46, 70
Assyrians and 113 mrzh (drinking dub) 69
Hyksos and 71 Myndos 58
Jewish Diaspora 59 Myra (Lycia) 157
Persians conquer 127 Mysia 167
Rosetta stone 192-3, 192 myths/legends, Ugaritic 69
Menahem of Israel 44, 112 Mytilene/Mitylene 170
Menahem of Tirzah 108
Mendenhall, George 86 Nabataeans 54, 147
Menelaus 50 Nabonidus/Nabunaid of Babylon
Menes 71 126, 201
Meribah 80 Nabopolassar of Babylon 113, 122
Meribath-Kadesh see Kadesh-barnea Nadab (son of Jeroboam) 103
Merneptah, Pharaoh 71, 118, 1 99 Nag Hammadi texts 62
stele of 38, 40, 1 94 Nahor 41
Merodach-baladan of Babylon 44 -5, Nairi 100
112, 117 Naomi 88
Mesha, king of Moab: stele Napata 113
(`Moabite Stone') 106, 107, 1 94 Naphath-dor 95
Meshech 48 Naphtali 82, 87, 95, 104
Mesopotamia 15, 87, 126, 181 Napoleon 192
Christianity, spread of 58, 60, 157 Naram-Sin of Akkad 1 99
chronology 199-201 Natufian period 177, 189
civilization, cradle of 41-6 `navel' of earth 8
Flood story 195 Nazareth 1 49, 153
Hebrew equivalent see Aram- Church of Annunciation 152
naharaim Neapolis (Macedonia) 167
Jewish Diaspora 60 Nebaioth 101
myths and legends 197 Neballat 132
rivers see Euphrates; Tigris Nebo 132
and Romans 156 Mount 81, 82
texts 197 Nebuchadrezzar/Nebuchadnezzar
see also Akkad; Assyrians; 40, 45, 59, 118-19, 121, 123, 126, 200
Babylonia; Sumer; Ur see also Babylon
Meunites 108 Neco II, Pharaoh 40, 45, 96, 1x7, 122, 200
Micah 115 121
, Negeb/Negev 22, 24, 82
Michmash 90, 115 132
, Joshua conquers 83
Midian/Midianites 77, 88 and Patriarchs 73, 75
trade 99, 101 tumuli 190
Migdol 59, 77 Nehemiah 47, 130, 131, 132, 201
Migron 115 and Jerusalem 1 44
Miletus 12 9, 137 Neolithic period 189, 190, 1 99
Paul visits 170, 171 round tower 180
Milid (Melitene) 112 Nergal-shar-
Millo (Jerusalem) 141-2 u s?ur/ Neriglissar/ Nergal
Minoans 181 sharezer of Babylon 126
Mitanni 70-I, 181, 1 99 Nero, emperor of Rome 56, 57, 60,
Mitylene/Mytilene 170 156, 201
Mizpah 90, 121 and Paul 157, 160
fortified with stones from Ramah Neronian (Caesarea) 56
104 Nerva, emperor of Rome 201
Temple builders from 131 Netophah 132
Moab/Moabites 3, 15, 27 New Testament times 140 -74
and Assyrians 112, 121 earliest manuscript 196
David visits 91 Herods 146-8
defeated 94 Jerusualem 1523, 154, 157, 161 -6
and Exodus 80, 81, 82 Ministry of Jesus and beginnings
marriage forbidden with women of church 1 49-55
of 131 and Romans 58, 61, 156-60
revolt against Omri 107 see also Christianity; disciples and
rulers see Balak; Eglon; Mesha apostles; Hellenistic period;
`Stone' 106, 107, 1 94 Jesus; Paul
Nicanor 1 34
Nicodemus 152
Nicopolis (Greece) 54, 174
Nile River 15, 127
archaeology 180
delta 18-19, 77
First Cataract (Syene) 38
Nineveh 122, 1 37, 195, 200
Sennacherib's palace in 44, 45,
Lachish siege depicted 119
library 113
Sennacherib killed at 113
water supply 42
Nippur 65
Nisibis 122
Noah 5
Nob 91, 115
North Africa 58, 156, 201
see also Egypt
Noth, Martin 86
Nuzi 1 95
obelisks see `Black Obelisk; stelae
Oboth 8o
Octavian/Octavius see Augustus
`offset walls' 188
Og, king (of Bashan) 8o
Olives, Mount of 153
omphalos concept 8
Omri 103, 200
house of 104, 107
Israel as `land of' 44, 104, 200
and Moab 107
named on Mesha's stele 1 94
son of see Ahab
On see Heliopolis
Onias and Onias II 5o
Ono 132
Onomasticon of Eusebius 10, 12, 149
Ophel (Jerusalem) 142, 1 44
Opis 126
Orontes, River 1 4-15, 43, 109
Osnappar see Ashurbanipal
ossuaries 190, 197
ostracon (potsherd) 1 95
Othniel (Judge' /ruler) 43, 87
Otho, emperor of Rome 156
Ottoman/Turkish wall (Jerusalem)
162, 165
Paddan-aram see Aram-naharaim
Palaces
Jerusalem 161, 162, 163
Masada 53, 54, 55
Sennacherib's see under Nineveh
Ugarit 68
palaeoethnobotany 190-I
Palestine 14
archaeology 177, 180, 184, 185-6
chronology 199-20o
and Egypt 71
Exploration Fund 10 - 11
extent see Fertile Crescent; lands
of Bible
and Greeks 49-5o
natural regions, map of zo
northern part see Israel
and Romans 54
southern part see Judah
see also Israel; Jerusalem; Judea
Pamphylia and Christianity 58, 167
Paneas see Caesarea Philippi
Paphos 167
papyrus 196
Paran, wilderness of 91
parchment 196-7, 196
Parthia/Parthians 53, 58, 15 6
capital (Ecbatana) 47, 126, 127, 137
Patara 170
Pathros (Paturisi) 59, 113
Patmos, Christianity in 171, 174
Patriarchs in Canaan 73-6
11 5 see also Abraham; Isaac; Jacob;
Joseph; Judah (Patriarch)
Paturisi (Pathros) 59, 113
Paul
brings Gentiles into Temple 1 94
journeys (and letters about) 58,
61, 157, 160, 161, 167-70, 171, 1 74
map of places visited 168-9
trial 57
Pekah of Israel 44, 108
Pekahiah (son of Menahem) 108
Pelethites 94
Pella 147
Peloponnesian War 201
Pelusium 53, 127
Penuel/Peniel 75, 76
Perea 54, 147, 152
Perez (Tamar's child) 76
Pergamum 1 39
Christianity, spread of 58, 167,
1 74
Persepolis 128, 137
Persia/Persian (Achaemenian)
Empire 42, 46-7, 123, 127-30,
131, 181
Alexander `the Great' defeats 130,
137, 201
conquests and expansion 127-9,
194, 201
and Egypt 127, 130, 201
map of 128 - 9
Old Persian on Behistun inscrip-
tion 192
rulers of 47, 129, 130, 201
see also Cyrus the Great; Darius
trade 191
Persian Gulf 41
Peter 7, 56, 58, 61, 157, 16o
Petra 147
Petrie, Sir William Flinders 11, 12,
187
Pharaohs of Egypt 51, 71, 11 3, 134,
181, 187
chronology 199-20o
Iron Age 4 0, 45, 96, 99, 103, 117,
122, 200
New Kingdom 3 8, 4 0-1 , 77, 96,
118, 1 94, 199
see also Akhenaten; Merneptah;
Rameses; Shoshenq;Thutmose
Pharathon (Pirathon) 1 34
Pharisees 51
Phasael (son of Antipater) 53
Tower (Jerusalem) 161, 162,
165
Phaselis 58
Philadelphia 1 47, 174
Philadelphus (Ptolemy II) 59
Philip I of Antioch 58
Philip of Macedon 130
Philip (son of Herod the Great and
tetrarch of Trachonitis,
Batanaea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis
and Ituraea) 15, 54, 56, 148
Philippi 167, 170
Philistia, Plain of/Philistines
43, 200
and Assyrians 112
and David 94
and Goliath 35, 9 1
diet 191
Hellenistic and Seleucid periods
1 34, 184
and Joshua and Judges 83, 87, 88,
90
and Judah 115
and plague 90
and Uzziah 1o8
see also Palestine
Philo of Alexandria 59
Phoenicia/Phoenicians 49, 200
and Assyrians 112, 115
Christianity, spread of 58, 157
and Greeks/Hellenistic period 137
Jewish Diaspora 60, 157
and Persian Empire 130
Plain of 18
as sailors 19, 102
script 131, 1 93
see also Tyre
photography 187-8
Phrygia and spread of Christianity
49, 58, 167, 170
pigs 191
Pi-hahiroth 77
Pilate, Pontius 5 2, 56, 148, 163, 1 94,
201
Pinnade of the Temple (Jerusalem)
162, 164
Pirathon (Pharathon) 1 34
Pirindu 123, 126
Pisgah 82
Pisidia 61, 167
Antioch in 58, 61, 157
pithoi (storage jars) 195-6
Pithom 77
Pitusu 126
plague affects Philistines 90
Pliny the Elder 5
Pliny the Younger 174
pollen anaylsis 187
Pompey 5 2, 53, 136, 147, 201
Pontius Pilate see Pilate
Pontus, Christianity in 58, 157,
1 74
Porcius Festus 57
potsherd (ostracon) 1 95
pottery 188, 189
chronology 186-7
precious stone, trade in 102
Priscilla 56, 157, 160
`Prism' of Sennacherib 1 94
Promised Land 7-8, 94
see also Canaan
Proto-Sinatic script 1 93
Psammetichus I, Pharaoh of Egypt
200
Ptolemais 53
and Hasmoneans 1 35
Hellenistic and Seleucid periods
1 34
Paul visits 170
Ptolemies of Egypt 49-50, 5 8, 1 32,
1 37
Ptolemy I (Soter) 49, 201
Ptolemy II (Philadelphus) 59
Ptolemy V (Epiphanes) 5o
Pul see Tiglath-pileser III
Punon 80
21, 27, Puteoli 157
pyramids 71, 181
Qainu (son of Geshem) 131
Qargar 109
battle of 43, 97, 200
Quirinius of Syria 56, 156
Qumran 5, 51, 136, 188
see also Dead Sea Scrolls
Quramati 123
Rabbah/'Ammon 94
Rachel (wife of Jacob) 76
radiocarbon dating 187
Raga/Rages see Rhagae
rainfall 27,29-31,30
Ramah 90, 104, 115, 132
Rameses II, Pharaoh 71, 77, 1 99
Rameses III, Pharaoh 200
Rameses VI, Pharaoh 187
Rameses/Avaris (city in Egypt) 38,
71, 77
Ramoth-gilead 82, 95
battles at 107
Raphia /Rapha 49,5 0, 112
Ras an-Naqura (`Ladder of Tyre')
18
Ras Shamra 68
see also Ugarit
Rawlinson, Major Henry 192
Rebekah (wife of Isaac) 43, 65
Red Sea
and Exodus (Reed Sea?) 77, 80
and trade 102, 107
see also Aqaba, Gulf of; Ezion-
geber
Re'e/Sib'e/So (Tartan commander)
112
Rehoboam (son of Solomon/king
of Judah) 98, 103, 200
relief see geology
Reuben, tribe of 81-2
Rezin of Damascus 44, 108
Rezon of Zobar 98
Rhagae/Raga/Rages 137
Rhine 156
Rhodes 53, 54
Christianity, spread of 58, 170
Rift Valley 16-17,24-7
Rimmon 115
rivers 18-19, 4 1, 47, 112, 123, 126, 137
Danube 129, 156
Jabbok 27, 76, 81, 82, 95
major see Arnon; Euphrates; Nile;
Tigris
Orontes 1 4-15 43, 109
,
Zab 42, 109, 122
roads in Fertile Crescent 21, 27-8
Robinson, Edward ,o
Rogelim 94
Rome/Roman Empire 52-8,
156-69, 201
Arch of Titus 57, 58
Christianity and New Testament
background 58,61,156-60
and Greeks 50, 138, 201
and Herod and successors 147-8
and Jerusalem 52 , 53, 54, 5 6, 57, 61 ,
1 47-8
Jewish revolt against 154 5, 165,
201
Jews expelled from 56
and Judea 1 5, 52-3, 54, 56-7, 136
Latin script 1 93
 Paul visits 170 `Sea Peoples' 18 4, 199
tombs 190 Seal rob
see also emperors of Rome seasons 29
Rosetta stone 192-3, 192 Sebaste (Samaria) 34, 147, 153
Ruth 88 Sebastos (Caesar Augustus) 147
Seilun see Shiloh
Saba see Sheba Seir see Edom/Seir
sacrifice 190 Seleucids 49, 5 1, 132, 134, 137-40, 144
Saka, people of see Scythians Paul visits 167
Salamis 167 Seleucus I 137, 201
battle of 129 Seleucus IV 5 0, 139
Salem (Jerusalem) 75 Semechonitis, Lake see Huleh
Sallune 126 Semitic language as lingua franca
Salome Alexandra 201 1 92, 193
Salonica see Thessalonica Sennacherib of Assyria (son of
Salt Sea see Dead Sea Sargon) 4 2 , 44, 112-13
Salt, Valley of 22, 94, 108 attacks Jerusalem 117, 200
Samal 112 day `Prism' of 1 94
Samaria and Samaritans 15, 47, 130, invades Judah 115 , 117, 118-19, 190,
131 200
archaeology 1 95 palace see under Nineveh
and Assyrians 44, 117, 200 Prism of 112, 1 94
Baal's temple in 107 sons of see Esarhaddon; Sharezer
as capital of Israel 103 death in Nineveh 113
Christianity, spread of 58 Sepharad/Sardis 126
Damascans attack 107 Sepharvaim 112
and Greeks 49 Sepphoris 5 2, 1 53
Herod and successors 147, 148 `Septuagint' 59
hill of, Omri buys 104 Serabit el-Khadim: inscriptions 1 93
and Jerusalem 47 Seron 1 34
Jesus' ministry and beginnings of Seri I, Pharaoh 1 99
Church 152 , 153, 1 54 stele of 187
Omri as ruler of 44, 104, 200 Shaalbim 95
ostraca from 1 95 shaft tombs 190
Pakahiah killed in 108 Shallum 108
road to 28 Shalmaneser III 96-7, 109, 200
and Romans 54, 5 6 `Black Obelisk' 42, 43, 112, 194
34, 147, 1asSebt53 Shalmaneser V 44, 108, 112, 200
Shallum killed in Io8 Shamgar (Judge' /ruler) 87
Shalmaneser V captures 108, 112 Shamshi-Adad of Assyria 1 99
Samos 58, 170 Sharezer (son of Sennacherib) 113
Samothrace 167 Sharon, Plain of 19
Sampsames 58 Shaveh-kiriathaim 74
Samson 35, 88 Sheba/Saba 94, Jot, 103
Samuel 88, 90, 91 Queen of 102
Sanballat (Samaria) 47, 130, 131 Shebna/Shebaniah (royal steward)
Saqqarah (Memphis) 71 191
Sarah (wife of Abraham) 65, 75 Shechem 28
Sardis/Sepharad 126 as centre (t?abbr) 8
Sargon I, king of Babylon (Sargon and Egyptians 71
of Akkad) 9, 70, 77, Io8, 1 99 as first capital of Israel 103
Sargon II, king of Assyria 44, 112, and Patriarchs 73, 76
200 rebuilt (4th century) 49
satrapies 128 sanctuary 9
Saul (Christian) see Paul Shema (servant of Jeroboam): seal
Saul (first king of Israel) 90, 91, 200 1 93
son (Jonathan) 90 Shephelah 17, 22
succession daims 91 , 93 Sheshbazzar 131
Scipio 50 Shiloh 12, 88, 121
scripts and inscriptions 131, 1 49, Philistines steal Ark of Covenant
1 91-7, 1 93 90
alphabets 1 93, 199 prophet (Ahija) 98
Aramaic 60, 131, 1 93, 194, 196 Shinar 43, 74
Behistun127-8,9 see also Akkad; Babel; Sumer
cuneiform 192 ships 35, 102
Dead Sea Scrolls 5, 51, 136, 185, Shoshenq I (Shishak I), Pharaoh 40,
1 93, 19 6 99, 103, 200
hieroglyphs 71, 192-3 Shuruppak 42
Rosetta stone 192-3, 192 Shushan/Susa 122, 137
vowels introduced 1 93 Sib'e/Re'e/So (Tartan commander)
see also Siloam Pool; writing 112
Scythians 113, 120, 122 Sibmah 81
Scythopolis 52, 147 Sicarii (Assassins') 56-7
see also Beth-shan Sichar/Sychar 152
Sicily 157 Syracuse (Sicily) 157
Sicyon 58 Syria and Syrians 7, 54, 94, 134, 200
Siddim, Valley of 74 and Akkadians 70
Side 58 and Assyrians 109
Sidon 54, 73 Christianity, spread of 58, 157
and Assyrians 109, 115, 121 chronology 199-200
daughter of king of (Jezebel) and Egyptians 71
99 Greeks and Hellenistic period 49,
and Egyptians 71 137, 201
Jesus' ministry and beginnings of Herod and his successors 147
Church 152 Jewish Diaspora 60
and Promised Land 94 Paul visits 167
Sihon, King (of Amorites) 8o-I and Romans 53, 54, 5 6, 156
Sihon, land of 95 Syriac language 60, 157
Silas 61, 167 see also Arameans; Damascus;
Siloam Pool and Inscription 142, Euphrates; Ugarit
1 43, 1 44, 162, 164, 191, 1 93
Silwan inscription 191 Taanach 68,95,188
Simon (high priest) 58 t?abbr (centre of earth) 8
Simon (son of Mattathias) 5 2, 134, Tab-bur-erez/Tabbur-Haares 8
1 35 tablets, clay 1 94 5, 195
Simon (successor of Judas Tabor, Mount 8, 22, 70
Maccabeus) 140 Plain of Esdraelon battle 87, 88
son see John Hyrcanus Tahpanhes 59
Sinai peninsula (Horeb) 18-19, 24, Tamar 76, 95
131 Tandame, Pharaoh 113
Codex Sinaiticus 197 Tappuah/Tiphsah/Tephon 108,
and Exodus 8o 1 34
Serabit el-Khadim inscriptions 1 93 Tarshish, ships from 35, 102
Sinsharishkun (son of Ashurbanipal) Tarsus 60, 157
122 Tartan commander 112
Sippar 126 Tattenai 47
Sirbonis, Lake 77 tax collections, records of 188
Sirion see Hermon Tekoa 131
Sisera 87-8 Wilderness of 1 34
Smyrna 174 Tel/Tell 186
So/Sib'e/Re'e (Tartan commander) -abib 123
112 Aviv 21
Socoh 9 1 , 95 Beth Shean 187
Sodom 74 Dan 13, 194
Sogdiana 127 ed-Duweir 118, 119
Solomon 15, 95-8 , 103, 200 see also Lachish
administration and building el=Amarna (Akhetaten) 38, 71,
projects 95, 188 100, 178
and animals 35 el-H?esi (Eglon?) II, 12, 118
and Egypt 40 el-Muteselim 96
and Jerusalem 95, 142, 143, 144 see also Megiddo
son of see Rehoboam Ujemme 191
`Stables' 95, 96-8, 101-2, 101 Temple in Jerusalem 6, 52
and trade 95, 101-2, 107 Ark of Covenant transferred from
Solomon's Porch/Portico Kiriath- jearim 93
(Jerusalem) 162, 164 Cyrus rebuilds 46-7, 127, 201
Soter (Ptolemy I) 49, 201 Greeks and Hellenistic period 50,
Sparta/Lacedaemon 58, 129 5 1 , 1 32 , 140
spice trade 102 Herod rebuilds 147, 161, 162, 163,
standing stones, inscribed see stelae 194, 201
stelae 106, 107, 187 location 143, 162
of Hammurabi 1 94 Mount (Haram esh Sharif) 142
of Merneptah 38, 40, 1 94 Persians rebuild 46-7, 127, 130,
see also `Black Obelisk' 131
Stephen, death of 5 8, 157 Pinnacle of 162, 164
`Stone Pavement' see Gabbatha and Romans 52, 56, 57, 61
Strato's Tower 52, 147 and Solomon 95, 142
Succoth (Egypt) 76, 77, 131 Tephon/Tappuah/Tiphsah 108,
Suetonius 160 1 34
Sukhu 122 Teushpa 113
Sumer and Sumerians 70 Thebes (Karnak) 103, 113
civilization, cradle of 37 -8, 43, 199 theological geography 7-8
objects found 42, 181 thermo-luminescence 187
see also Akkad; Ur Thermopylae 129
Suppiluliumas, king of Hittites 71 Thessalonica/Salonica 61, 167
Susa/Shushan 122, 137 Thomas (disciple of Jesus) 62, 153
Sychar/Sichar 152 Thrace 12 9, 137
Syene/Aswan 3 8, 59 Thutmose I, Pharaoh 38
Thutmose III, Pharaoh 38, 71, 96, geology and relief 15, 16, 17, 27
1 99 Hazael takes 107-8
Thyatica 174 Jehoash recovers 108
Tiberias (city) 54, 148, 153 Mahanaim 76, 93, 94, 95
Tiberius, emperor of Rome 54, 5 6, and Promised Land concept 94
148, 156, 201 Trapezus/Trebizond 130
Tibni 104 trepanning 190
Tiglath-pileser I 109, 200 Troas see Alexandria (Egypt)
Tiglath-pileser III (Pul) 44, 108, 112, Troy/ Ilium 18 4, 199
200 Tubal 4 8 , 49
Tigris, River 15, 41-2, 65, 109, 126 Tueshpa, king of Gimarrai 113
archaeology 180, 1 95 tumuli 190
see also Mesopotamia tunnels, water supply 96, 97, 189
timber trade 102 Turkish/Ottoman Wall (Jerusalem)
Timnah 115 162, 165
Timnath 1 34 Turushpa/Lake Van 109, 112
Timothy 167 Tyre 3, 4 8 , 54
Tiphsah/Tappuah/Tephon Io8, 1 34 and Assyrians 109, 112, 121
Tirhakah, Pharaoh 113 and Babylonians 123
Tirzah and Egyptians 71
beseiged 104 and Greeks 49
as capital of Israel 103, 104 Hiram, king of 94
Menahem of 108 Jesus' ministry and beginnings of
Titus (Paul's companion) 171, 174 Church 152
Titus (son of Vespasian, emperor of Ladder of 18
Rome) 57-8, 201 Paul visits 170
Tob 94 and Promised Land 94
Tobiah 131 trade with 102
Tobias 5o Tyropoeon valley (Jerusalem) 141,
Toi, king of Hamath 94 143, 161, 163
tombs 189-90, 197
Topheth see Hinnom Ugarit 7, 37- 8 , 68 - 9, 181, 1 99
Torah 59 clay tablets 1 95
Toras 167, 170 cuneiform script 1 93
Towers and Egyptians 71
Babel 65 language 68
Mariamme and Hippicus 161, 162 religion 69, 71
Phasael 161, 162, 165 royal palace 68
Strato's 52, 147 United Monarchy 93, 98, 103, 200
see also Hanamel see also David; Saul; Solomon
Trachonitis/Leja 27, 54, 147 Upper Sea see Mediterranean Sea
trade routes 99-102, 191 Ur 15, 42, 43, 73, 181, 1 99
map of loo Genesis stories 65, 70
and Solomon 101-2 ziggurat 70
Trajan, emperor of Rome 201 see also Chaldean
Transjordan and Eastern Hills 9, 87, Ura 126
134, 200 Urartu/Ararat 43, 112, 113, 122
Uriah the Hittite 94 Xenophon 130
Uriah (prophet) 121 Xerxes I r29, 20r
Ur-Nammu 7o Xerxes II 130
Urukagina 7o
Utnapishtim/Atrahasis/Ziusudra Yam 68
42 Yarmuck, River 27
Uzziah (Azariah) 108, 142 Yeb see Elephantine
Yehud (Judah restored) 131
Van, Lake/Turushpa ro9, 112 Yoash: letters from Hoshayahu 119,
Varus of Syria 54 121, 1 93, 195
Vespasian, emperor of Rome 57, 5 8,
156, 20r
`Via Dolorosa' 164 Zab Rivers, Upper and Lower 42,
Vitellius, emperor of Rome 56, r09, 122
156 Zagros Mountains 46, 7o
Zalmonah 8o
Wadi Daliyeh 49 Zanoah r3r, 132
Wadi Qilt 22 Zaphon, Mount 7, 68
Wadi Zered 8o Zealots 56-7
Wadi Zerqa (Crocodile River) 18-19 Zeboim/Zeboiim 74, 132
walls, types of 188 Zebulun 87, 88
water supply ,8o-,, 188-9 Zechariah 131
aqueduct at Caesarea 148 Zechariah (son of Jeroboam)
Beer-Sheba 9, 75 108
Jerusalem rr6, 117, r4r, r42, 143, Zedekiah, king of Judah 45, 121, 123,
144, 162, r64, r89, r9r 200
Megiddo tunnel 96, 97 Zephathah, Valley of 104
Nineveh 42 see also Maresha
`Way', Christianity as 7, 154 Zerah the Ethiopian (Cushite)
`Way of the Sea' 27 104
guarded see Megiddo Zerah (Tamar's child) 76
see also coastal plains Zered, River and Valley 27
wells see water supply Zerubbabel 131
`Western Sea' see Mediterranean Zerubbabel (grandson of
Western (Wailing') Wall of Jehoiachin) 47
Jerusalem 162, 163 ziggurat of Ur 70
Wisdom literature 41 Ziklag 91, 132
`Witch of Endor' 90 Zimri 104
wood trade roe Zimri-lim, king of Mari 7o
writing Zion, Mount 7-8, 115
Bible and extra-biblical texts Ziph, wilderness of 91
1 97-8 Ziusudra /Utnapishtim/Atrahasis
development of 65 6, 68, 7o, 71,
- 42
r8r Zoar 74, 82
systems of 192-3 Zobah 94, 9 8
written documents 191-8 Zor 24
see also scripts Zorah 132