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INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
q = vS Eq. 1-1
Then:
q
v=
S
CONTINUITY EQUATION
MASS FLOW RATE
m! = q Eq. 1-3
m!
G = = v Eq. 1-4
S
min = mout
q1 = q2
In Fig. 6.2 the inside diameters of the pipe at sections 1 and 2 are 50
mm and 100 mm, respectively. Water at 70C is flowing with an
average velocity of 8.0 mis at section 1. Calculate the following:
a. Velocity at section 2
b. Volume flow rate
c. Weight flow rate
d. Mass flow rate
CONTINUITY EQUATION
EXAMPLE 1-2
C
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
ENERGY AND WORK
PE = mgy
KE = 1/2 mv2
FE = PSL = PV
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
ENERGY AND WORK
E = FE + PE + KE
1 2
E = PV + mgy + mv
2
Eq. 1-8
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
ENERGY & WORK
Dividing by V:
1 2 1 2
P1 + v1 + gy1 = P2 + v2 + gy2 Eq. 1-9
2 2
Pressure
Kinetic
Potential
Adding terms:
Energy lost from a system through friction as the fluid flows through
pipes
Energy lost as the fluid flows through valves, or fittings where the
fluid must travel in complex paths, accelerate or decelerate, or
change direction
Energy removed from the system by fluid motors or turbines that use
the energy to drive other mechanical systems.
MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION
MODIFYING THE BERNOULLI EQUATION
The Mechanical Energy Equation (MEE) expressed per unit mass of fluid is
as follows:
2 2
Pa v a Pb v b
+ gya + + Wp = + gyb + + h f + Wm
2 a 2 b
Eq. 1-10
= correction factor for the average velocity (0.5 in laminar flow; turbulent
you can assume 1, it has no units)
http://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/latern_rings.htm
MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION
WORK DELIVERED TO FLUID MOTORS W M
Water flows from a large reservoir at the rate of 1.20 ft3/s through a
pipe system as shown. Calculate the total amount of energy lost
from the system because of the valve, the elbows, the pipe
entrance, and fluid friction.
MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION
EXAMPLE 1-5
The volume flow rate through the pump shown is 0.014 m3/s. The
fluid being pumped is oil with a specific gravity of 0.86. Calculate
the energy delivered by the pump to the oil per unit mass of oil
flowing in the system. Energy losses in the system are caused by the
check valve and friction losses as the fluid flows through the piping.
The magnitude of such losses has been determined to be 18.25 J/
kg.
Using the sections where the pressure gages are located as the
sections of interest, write the energy equation for the system,
including only the necessary terms.
MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION
EXAMPLE 1-5
For the pump test arrangement shown in Fig. 7.9, determine the
mechanical efficiency of the pump if the power input is measured to
be 3.85 hp when pumping 500 gal/min of oil, whose density is 56 lb/
ft3
MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION
ENERGY LOSS DUE TO FRICTION
The friction generated by the fluid can be defined as any Mechanical Energy conversion to
heat, which is absorbed by the fluid.
The term hf represents all the friction created per unit of fluid mass, as the fluid goes from
point a to b. This term is different from the other equation terms in two basic points:
1. The mechanical terms describe conditions in specific points (a and b), while hf
represents the mechanical energy losses in all points between a and b.
The friction is divided in two terms: wall friction (skin friction or skin
drag) and form friction or form drag. Wall friction occurs when the
fluid is in touch with a wall, creating a non-separated boundary layer.