Friction and Thermal

Characteristics of Laminar
Sujoy Kumar Saha
e-mail: sujoy_k_saha@hotmail.com
Bikram Narayan Swain
G. L. Dayanidhi
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Bengal Engineering and Science,
University Shibpur,
Howrah 711 103, India
Flow of Viscous Oil Through
a Circular Tube Having Axial
Corrugations and Fitted With
Helical Screw-Tape Inserts
The experimental friction factor and Nusselt number data for a laminar flow through a
circular duct having axial corrugation and fitted with helical screw-tape inserts have
been presented. Predictive friction factor and Nusselt number correlations have also
been presented. The thermohydraulic performance has been evaluated. The major find-
ings of this experimental investigation are that the helical screw-tape inserts, in combina-
tion with axial corrugation, perform better than the individual enhancement technique
acting alone for laminar flow through a circular duct. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4006669]

Keywords: laminar flow, forced convection, corrugations, helical screw-tape inserts,

heat transfer enhancement, swirl flow

1 Introduction
Axially corrugated channels are used in heat exchangers. Figure 1
shows the axial corrugation in a circular duct. The effect of the
corrugation angle has been investigated by a number of investiga-
tors [1,2].The corrugation angle ranged from 0 deg to 90 deg.
Focke and Knibbe [3] have shown that at a corrugation angle of
45 deg, the fluid flow is predominantly along the furrows. Focke
et al. [1] suggested similar flow patterns up to a corrugation angle
of 60 deg. The reason for the increase and decrease of the friction
factor and Nusselt number is the positive and negative interaction
of criss-crossing fluid streams inducing secondary swirl motion, a
change of flow pattern, and the accelerating or decelerating effect
on them. Stasiek et al. [2] investigated the effect of the corruga-
tion pitch to the channel height ratio. Abdel-Kariem and Fletcher
[4] developed friction factor and Nusselt number correlations for
corrugated plate heat exchangers.
For the laminar regime
 2:5
h Sivashanmugam and Nagarajan [11] have reported experimental
f 15Re0:3
45
 0:67
h cal screw-tape inserts. They have also reported friction factor and
Nu 0:777Re0:444 Pr0:4
45
Helical screw-tape inserts [5], as shown in Fig. 2(a) cause the
flow to spiral along the tube length. Twisted tapes [68] are simi-
lar to helical screw-tape inserts. The continuous twisted-tape, as
shown in Fig. 2(b), has been extensively investigated. Addition-
ally, variants of the twisted-tape have been evaluated. They
include short sections of twisted tapes at the tube inlet or periodi-
cally spaced along the tube length. Saha and Dutta [6] performed
an experimental investigation of the thermohydraulics of laminar
Contributed by the Fluids Engineering Division of ASME for publication in the
JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING. Manuscript received December 13, 2011; final
manuscript received April 18, 2012; published online May 18, 2012. Assoc. Editor:
Michael G. Olsen.
swirl flow through a circular tube fitted with twisted tapes. Saha
et al. [7] and Date and Saha [8] dealt with regularly spaced
twisted-tape elements.
Sivashanmugam and Suresh [9,10] reported the experimental
results of the heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of a
laminar flow through a circular tube fitted with helical screw-tape
inserts of different varieties. They [9] developed friction factor
and Nusselt number correlations
f 10:7564Re0:387 y1:054 (3)
Nu 0:017Re0:996 Pr y0:5437 (4)
However, in the present work, their correlations cannot be used
for the purpose of comparison since Eqs. (3) and (4) do not
address the diameter of the rod upon which the helical screw-tape
is mounted. The rod diameter is an important parameter [8],
strongly influencing the friction and heat transfer characteristics.
(1)
results on the heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of a
laminar flow through a circular tube fitted with right and left heli-
(2)
Nusselt number correlations. Again, their correlations also the im-
portant parameter, do not take into account the rod diameter,
which is the important parameter.
It has been observed from a review of the literature that the
combined effect of axial corrugations and helical screw-tape
inserts has not been studied in the past. The helical fluid flow due
to axial corrugations, coupled with helical screw-tape-generated
swirl flow, is likely to give a larger swirl intensity and vortex in
the flow. Additionally, there may be enhanced fluid mixing with
increased heat and momentum diffusion. This may increase the
heat transfer, even if it may also cause an increased pressure drop.
In this paper, therefore, the laminar flow experimental heat trans-
fer and pressure drop results of the combined effect of axial corru-
gations and full-length helical screw-tape inserts in circular ducts
are presented. The friction factor and Nusselt number correlations

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Fig. 1 Axially corrugated circular duct
are presented. Also, the performance of this combined geometry
is evaluated.
2 Experimental Set-Up, Operating Procedure,
and Data Reduction
The pressure drop measurements were taken in a 13 mm inner
diameter and 2 m long circular acrylic duct, in which the corruga-
tions were made by gluing thin properly shaped copper foils. Heat
transfer tests were carried out in a stainless steel duct having same
dimension as that of the pressure drop tests. Figure 3 shows the
self-explanatory experimental rig. The heat transfer test section
was electrically heated by a nichrome heater wire, providing a
uniform wall heat flux boundary condition. There was porcelain
bead insulation on the nichrome heater wire. There was no direct
contact of the nichrome heater wire with the duct wall. First, there
was fiber glass tape insulation (electrical but not thermal) on the
duct wall. Then the porcelain-bead covered nichrome heater wire
was wrapped on the duct wall. Two consecutive turns of the heater
Fig. 2 Layout of a circular duct with full-length fin insert:(a) helical screw-tape, and (b) twisted-
tape
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wire were touching each other in each duct. The thermal conduc-
tivity of the duct wall material was high enough and the duct wall
thickness was sufficient to ensure uniform wall heat flux. Asbestos
rope and glass wool insulated the heat transfer test section after
the heater wire. Finally, the test section was covered with a jute
bag for further thermal insulation.
The axial corrugations were made of brass. The helical screw-
tape inserts were made of stainless steel. Axial corrugations of two
different corrugation angles and pitches were used. The dimensions
of W, c, and d (see Fig. 2(a)) were as follows: W 8 mm (fixed),
c 1 mm (fixed), and d 0, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, and 2.5 mm, giving
the value of P Wc=d 1, 5.33 mm, 4 mm, and 3.2 mm and
p P=Dh 1, 0.41, 0.31, and 0.25. It has been established by
earlier investigation [6] that reducing W gives worse performance
than full W. In the present investigation, therefore, W was
kept maximum and constant. A small variation of c does not make
any difference in performance and, therefore, c was also kept
constant. The usual fabrication method is described well in the liter-
ature [12]. Servotherm medium oil from the Indian Oil Corporation
was used as the working fluid. A wide Prandtl number range
(220558) was achieved by using this oil. Helical screw-tape inserts
were placed at the center of the duct cross-section by stainless steel
lugs.
The oil mass flow rate was measured by rotameters. Isother-
mal pressure drops were measured by a vertical mercury manom-
eter. The heat transfer test section outer wall temperatures were
measured at seven axial locations (each axial station had four
thermocouples 90 deg apart along the duct periphery) by copper-
constantan thermocouples and a digital multimeter. Typically,
there was only 45% of the maximum wall temperature variation
in the peripheral outside wall temperature measured at four loca-
tions in an axial station. Similar results have been observed for
all cases irrespective of the Reynolds number and the Prandtl
number. The peripheral wall temperature variation is due to
buoyancy. However, the secondary flow due to corrugation and
tape-induced swirl minimizes the peripheral wall temperature
variation.
Thermocouples were installed on the duct outside wall by braz-
ing. The axial locations of the thermocouples were 5 cm, 50 cm,
Transactions of the ASME
 Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the experimental rig

1.00 m, 1.25 m, 1.5 m, 1.75 m, and 1.95 m along the downstream

direction from the onset of heating at the upstream end of the
duct. The duct inside wall temperatures were evaluated by calcu- Fig. 4 Validation of the experimental setup: comparison of
lating the duct-wall temperature drop from the one-dimensional present experimental friction factor data with plain circular tube
radial heat conduction equation. data
The oil bulk-mean temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the
test section were also measured by copper-constantan thermocou-
ples. The oil temperature at the outlet was measured after the mix-
ing chamber (item 10 in Fig. 3) and this was uniform. The mixing
chamber was a cylindrical box of rectangular cross-section. The
mixing chamber had rectangular plates arranged inside, such that
that the working fluid moved in a serpentine path. This gave a uni-
form temperature of the working fluid at its exit plane. At other
locations, the fluid bulk-mean temperatures were interpolated
since the fluid bulk-mean temperature increases linearly for the
uniform wall heat flux boundary condition. The duct wall temper-
ature also rises linearly in the downstream fully developed region.
The heat input to the test section was evaluated by measuring the
resistance of and the voltage across the heater wires and the en-
thalpy rise of oil in its passage through the test duct. Peripherally
local temperatures in an axial station were arithmetically averaged
to obtain the axially local temperature and the Nusselt number.
Then axially local Nusselt numbers were averaged by the trape-
zoidal rule. The electrical energy input and the enthalpy rise of
the oil matched within 3.2%. The enthalpy rise of the oil was
taken as the thermal energy input to the heat transfer test section.
The Fanning friction factor was evaluated. The experimental
uncertainty (see the Appendix) was determined by the method of
Kline and McClintock [13]. The uncertainties in the Reynolds
number, the Prandtl number, friction factor, and the Nusselt num-
ber were 63.8%, 65%, 64.2%, and 68.5%, respectively. The
fluid temperature rise along the heated duct is not very high and
the fluid thermal properties are well documented; therefore, the
uncertainties in the fluid property variations have been neglected
without much loss in accuracy.

Fig. 5 Validation of the experimental setup: comparison of

3 Results and Discussion
The swirl parameter Sw, Manglik and Bergles [14], and other
related parameters have been clearly defined in the nomenclature.
Here, Sw represents the swirl generated by the screw-tape twist.
Axial corrugation also generates secondary flow and vortices in
the transverse direction and, in this case, Sw is defined in exactly
the same way as it is defined in the case of a helical-screw tape;
the only difference is that here, H is to be replaced by P. The pres-
present experimental Nusselt number data with plain circular
tube data
ent experimental set was validated by comparing the present fric-
tion factor data (Fig. 4) and the Nusselt number data (Fig. 5) with
standard correlations. The data agreed within 611 and 610%,
respectively.

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 Fig. 6 Effect of the helical screw-tape parameter on the friction
factor: corrugation angle 5 60 deg, P/e 5 2.0437
Fig. 7 Effect of the corrugation angle on the friction factor:
p 5 0.31, P/e 5 2.0437
Figures 68, and 911 show the friction factor and the Nusselt
number data, respectively. Data have been generated for the fol-
lowing values of the parameters
Screw-tape parameter p 1; 0:41; 0:31; 0:25
Corrugation angle h 30 deg; 60 deg
Corrugation pitch P=e 2:0437; 5:6481
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Fig. 8 Effect of the corrugation pitch on the friction factor: cor-
rugation angle 5 30 deg, p 5 0.25
Fig. 9 Effect of the helical screw-tape parameter on the
Nusselt number: corrugation angle 5 60 deg, P/e 5 2.0437
Both the friction factor and the Nusselt number decrease (Figs. 6
and 9, respectively) with a decrease in the value of p, i.e., initially,
the screw-tape parameter; however, after p 0.31 and with a fur-
ther decrease of p, no appreciable changes in the friction factor
occur; however, the Nusselt number further decreases to a large
extent. This is due to the decrease in the tape-surface area in the
initial stages of p  1; whereas, at the later stages, with the
appreciable reduction in the screw-tape parameter value, the
hydrodynamic boundary layer shape and thickness do not
Transactions of the ASME

Fig. 10 Effect of the corrugation angle on the Nusselt number:
p 5 0.31, P/e 5 2.0437
appreciably change, whereas the thermal boundary layer shape
and thickness continue to change. The velocity profile does not
become more shallow, whereas the temperature profile becomes
more shallow. Also, if we critically observe Figs. 68, it is seen
that the friction factor increases by 1030% with the combined
use of corrugations and helical screw-tape, as compared to the
separate cases of corrugations and helical screw-tape. In this con-
text, it must be appreciated that the conventional twisted tapes and
helical screw-tape are fundamentally similar as far as the flow
physics is concerned. An approximately 2565% increase in the
Nusselt number is observed from Figs. 911. Both the friction fac-
tor and Nusselt number behave similarly, i.e., they increase with
the increase in the corrugation angle and they decrease with the
increase in the corrugation pitch. The friction factor and Nusselt
number are strong functions of the corrugation angle and corruga-
tion pitch. The effect of the twist ratio of the helical screw-tape
has not been studied in this investigation since it is now well
established that the helical tapes function effectively only for a
twist ratio of 2.55. The preceding result is expected and it is
explained by the fact that, in the case of only helical screw-tapes,
there is only swirl flow; whereas there is additional fluid mixing
due to flow separation, reattachment, and recirculation of fluid in
the presence of axial corrugation. In fact, this is the prime motiva-
tion of the present work and the objective of the present work is to
see if the combined enhancement techniques perform better than
the individual enhancement technique acting alone. Periodic flow
separation and reattachment and secondary motion due to fluid
recirculation cause additional mixing of the fluid; an increased
momentum exchange causes the increased heat transfer and pres-
sure drop. For certain corrugation angles, the fluid flow is predom-
inantly along the furrows. Upon reaching the edge, the fluid
streams are reflected and return to the opposite edge along the fur-
rows. Two sets of criss-crossing streams yield secondary swirling
motions. The velocity component of the fluid moving along the
opposite furrows in a direction perpendicular to the furrow is the
driving force for the swirl in a furrow. For lower corrugation
angles, the interaction between fluid streams is positive and each
of the crossing streams has a velocity component in the same
direction as the stream it crosses. For a larger corrugation angle, the
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Fig. 11 Effect of the corrugation pitch on the Nusselt number:
corrugation angle 5 30 deg, p 5 0.25
interaction is negative and the cross streams have a retarding effect
on each other. This retarding effect eventually leads to a change in
the flow pattern. The reflection occurs between contact points and
the flow forms a zigzag pattern. The complex interactions between
fluid streams may lead to an early transition to turbulence. There is
faster momentum and thermal energy diffusion and transport in
both the molecular and bulk flow levels, causing an additional pres-
sure loss and faster heat transmission. The inertia force due to the
swirl flow generated by the helical screw-tapes enhances the peri-
odic boundary layer separation and reattachment with temperature
and velocity profiles equally flat, which is caused by the axial cor-
rugations and, hence, the enhancement. It is also observed from the
figures that the effect of axial corrugation is equally prominent on
the friction factor and on the Nusselt number, because the hydrody-
namic boundary layer and the thermal boundary layer are equally
affected. This reminds us of the Reynolds analogy. However, the
thermohydraulic performance evaluation has shown that the com-
bined use of axial corrugation and twisted tapes (with and without
center-clearance) are better than the individual enhancement tech-
nique and the combined use is recommended.
4 Correlations
One major objective of the present work has been to develop cor-
relations for the friction factor and the Nusselt number in order to
predict the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. These correla-
tions have been developed by log-linear regression analysis.
The laminar flow is influenced by the following conditions: (1)
the thermal boundary condition, (2) the entrance region effect, (3)
natural convection at a low Reynolds number, (4) the fluid prop-
erty variation across the boundary layer, and (5) the duct cross-
sectional shape. The correlations developed here address all of
these effects. The heat transfer data are presented for a uniform
wall heat flux boundary condition. The friction factor data are for
the isothermal condition. The heated/cooled condition data will
need the usual viscosity corrections. Correlations for only helical
screw-tape inserts and only axial corrugations have been devel-
oped since no such correlations were available for the present
enhancement geometry.
MAY 2012, Vol. 134 / 051210-5
 The friction factor correlation for only the helical screw-tape The correlation for predicting the friction factor for the combined
inserts has been developed as helical screw-tape inserts and axial corrugation is given by
  Eq. (7)
p 2  2d=Dh 2
f ReSw 17:355
p  4d=Dh
 
  p 2  2d=Dh 2  1=7
 1 10 Sw 6 2:67 1=7
1 exp0:0385p (5) f ReSw 17:355 1 106 Sw2:67
p  4d=Dh
The friction factor correlation for only the axial corrugation has
been developed as !
  1 exp0:0791p  exp0:05327 sin #
p 2  2d=Dh 2  1
f ReSw 17:355 P=e0:6318
p  4d=Dh
! (7)
 6

2:67 1=7 exp0:02359 sin #
 1 10 Sw 1
P=e0:3354
The corresponding Nusselt number correlations are given by Eqs.
(6) (8), (9), and (10), respectively

2   2:0 30:1  
0:9347 2:5 6 0:565 2:655 0:14
1 0:07175Gz 8:1938  10 Sw:Pr 5  lb
Num 5:1724  1 exp0:05538p (8)
lw
1:5199  1015 Reax :Ra2:18

2   2:0 30:1
1 0:07175Gz 0:9347 2:5
8:1938  106
Sw:Pr 0:565 2:655  0:14 !
6 7 exp0:04684 sin #
Num 5:1726 7  lb  1 (9)
4 5 lw P=e0:3547
15 2:18
1:5199  10 Reax :Ra

2   2:0 30:1
0:9347 2:5 6 0:565 2:655  0:14
6 1 0:07175Gz 8:1938  10 Sw:Pr 7
Num 5:1726 7  lb
4 5 l w
1:5199  1015 Reax :Ra2:18
!
1 exp0:08933p  exp0:08245 sin #
 1 (10)
P=e0:6735

For a low Reynolds number, the natural convection effect due to Criterion 1: Basic geometry fixed, pumping power fixed
buoyancy is taken into account by the Rayleigh number. However, increase heat transferperformance ratio R1 given by
as the Reynolds number increases, the natural convection effect
becomes minimal and the swirl flow and the inertia force prevail
Nucom
over the buoyancy force. R11 (11)
All correlations have been developed by log-linear regression Nuoac
analysis. The correlations predict the experimental data within Nucom
612.5%, an acceptable and usual [6,7,9,10] deviation limit in R12 (12)
view of the very complex flow physics involved in two different Nuohst
enhancement techniques. A very simple straightforward correla-
tion, though very desirable, is far from a reality since the associ- Here, Nucom at a given Re, Recom is obtained from the corre-
ated thermo-fluid mechanics is very complex. lation for the case of the combined enhancement techniques.
In addition, Nuoac and Nuohst for the cases with oac and
ohst are taken at the Re, Reoac, and Reohst, where Reoac and
Reohst are calculated from the constant pumping power con-
5 Performance Evaluation sideration, as given in Eq. (13)
Bergles et al. [15] have suggested several criteria for the per-
formance evaluation of enhancement devices. The performance of   1=3
fcom
the present geometry has been evaluated on the basis of the fol- Reoac;ohst Re3com (13)
lowing two important criteria: foac;ohst

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 Table 1 Performance ratio R1 case: First digit is for the corrugation pitch and the second digit is for the corrugation angle

R1

22 12 21 11

p 0.25 R11 R12 R11 R12 R11 R12 R11 R12

1.28 1.41 1.26 1.44 1.31 1.42 1.33 1.41
p 0.31 R11 R12 R11 R12 R11 R12 R11 R12
1.25 1.30 1.29 1.35 1.33 1.43 1.34 1.47
p 0.41 R11 R12 R11 R12 R11 R12 R11 R12
1.28 1.44 1.28 1.48 1.30 1.44 1.35 1.35
p1 R11 R12 R11 R12 R11 R12 R11 R12
1.35 1.39 1.31 1.38 1.34 1.41 1.35 1.46

Table 2 Performance ratio R2 case: First digit is for the corrugation pitch and the second digit is for the corrugation angle

R2

22 12 21 11

p 0.25 R21 R22 R21 R22 R21 R22 R21 R22

0.80 0.65 0.78 0.68 0.77 0.68 0.72 0.69
p 0.31 R21 R22 R21 R22 R21 R22 R21 R22
0.77 0.71 0.70 0.66 0.75 0.68 0.75 0.63
p 0.41 R21 R22 R21 R22 R21 R22 R21 R22
0.70 0.70 0.71 0.66 0.71 0.63 0.73 0.63
p1 R21 R22 R21 R22 R21 R22 R21 R22
0.74 0.69 0.76 0.60 0.77 0.63 0.70 0.67

Criterion 2: Basic geometry fixed, heat duty fixed reduce
pumping power performance ratio R2 given by
 
f Re3 com
R21   (14)
f Re3 oac
 3
 The experimental friction factor and the Nusselt number data
f Re com
R22   (15)
f Re3 ohst
For a given Re, Recom, the Nucom is obtained from the correlation.
Here, Reoac,ohst, corresponding to Nuoac,ohst is obtained from the
correlation for the cases with oac and ohst. The subscripts
com, oac, and ohst refer to combined enhancement techni- forms better than the individual enhancement technique acting
ques, only axial corrugation, and only helical screw-tape,
respectively.
The performance ratios are given in Tables 1 and 2. The cases
in Tables 1 and 2 are referred to by two digits; first digit is due to
the corrugation pitch (1, 2.0437; 2, 5.6481) and the second digit is
due to the corrugation angle (1, 30 deg; 2, 60 deg). The values of
p for cases 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 0.41, 0.31, 0.25, and 1, respectively.
From the tables, it is observed that the combined axial corruga-
tion and helical screw-tape performs better than the individual
enhancement technique acting alone. From Tables 1 and 2, it is
observed that there is a 2535% increase in the heat transfer for
constant pumping power and a 2030% reduction in the pumping
power for constant heat duty, depending upon the corrugation
pitch and corrugation angle in the case of combined enhancement
techniques, compared to the only axial corrugation case. Corre-
sponding values for the combined cases are 3048% and 2840%,
compared to the only helical screw-tape case.
In the case of the combined enhancement techniques, the
hydrodynamic boundary layer is more disturbed than the thermal
boundary layer by axial corrugation in the duct. The velocity pro-
file is flatter than the temperature profile. The momentum loss due
to the mixing of fluid with asymmetric velocity profiles is greater.
Moreover, the hydrodynamic boundary layer does not decay as
quickly as the thermal boundary layer. The thermal boundary
layer separation and reattachment is more frequent than the hydro-
dynamic boundary layer. Therefore, the increase in heat transfer is
greater than the increase in the pressure drop.
6 Conclusions
for a laminar flow through a circular duct having axial corrugation
and fitted with helical screw-tape have been presented. Predictive
friction factor and Nusselt number correlations have also been
presented. The thermohydraulic performance has been evaluated.
The major findings of this experimental investigation are that the
helical screw-tape, in combination with axial corrugation, per-
alone for a laminar flow through a circular duct.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledges the generous financial
support of the MHRD, DST, CSIR, Government of India for the
current research.
Nomenclature
A heat transfer area, m2
Ac axial flow cross-sectional area WDh  dDh , m2
Ao plain duct flow cross-sectional area WD, m2
Cp constant pressure specific heat, J/kg K
d rod diameter, m
D internal diameter of the plain duct, m
Dh hydraulic diameter of the test duct 4A0 =P, m
e corrugation height, m
f fully developed Fanning friction factor
1=2DP0 =qV02 Dh =z, dimensionless
fsw swirl flow friction factor
DP0 Dh =2qVs2 Ls f L=Ls V0 =Vs 2 ,
dimensionless

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 f Resw f Resw f Rep  4d=Dh =p1 p=2y2 1 , Analysis. First, the analysis for the friction factor is presented.
dimensionless Following that, the analysis for the Nusselt number is presented.
g gravitational acceleration, m/s2 Friction Factor
Gr Grashof number gbq2 D3h DTw =l2 ,   
dimensionless 1 DP qD3
f (A1)
Gz Graetz number mC _ p =kL, dimensionless 2 Lp Re2 l2
hz axially local heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2K)
" 2  2  2
H pitch for 180 deg rotation of helical screw-tape, m Df 1 @f @f @f
k fluid thermal conductivity, W/(mK) DDP DLp DD
L axial length, length of the duct, m f f @ DP @Lp @D
Ls maximum helical flow length
L1 p=2y2 1=2 , m  2 #0:5
@f
m_ mass flow rate, kg/min DRe (A2)
Num axiallyaveraged Nusselt number @ Re
L
1=L 0 hz Dh dz=k, dimensionless
P wetted perimeter in the particular cross-section of the or
duct, corrugation pitch, m "        #0:5
Pr fluid Prandtl number lCp =k, dimensionless Df DDP 2 DLp 2 3DD 2 2DRe 2
Ra Rayleigh number Gr  Pr
f DP Lp D Re
Reax Reynolds number based on axial velocity
qVa Dh =l, dimensionless (A3)
Resw Reynolds number based on swirl velocity
qVs Dh =l, dimensionless DP / h (A4)
Re Reynolds number based on plain duct diameter
qV0 Dh =l, dimensionless
p p
Sw swirl parameter Resw = y Re= y DDP Dh
2 0:5
p=p  4d=Dh 1 p=2y , dimensionless ) (A5)
DP h
T temperature, K
Va mean axial velocity m=qA
_ c , m/s
Vo mean velocity based on plain duct diameter 4m_
Re (A6)
m=qA
_ 0 , m/s pDl
Vs actual swirl velocity at duct wall
Va 1 p=2y0:5 , m/s " 2  2 #0:5
X Prn, the value of n depends on the exponent of Pr in the DRe Dm_ DD
(A7)
correlation Re m_ D
Y lb =lw 0:14  1=5:172
y twist ratio H=Dh , P=Dh dimensionless
z axial length, the distance between the measuring pres- The uncertainty in the friction factor has been calculated from the
sure taps, m preceding equations.
Nusselt Number

Greek Symbols hD
b coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion, K 1 Nu
k
(A8)
d tape thickness, m
DPz pressure drop, mm "
DP0 pressure drop, N/m2 2  2  2 #0:5
DNu 1 @ @ @
DTw wall to fluid bulk temperature difference, K NuDh NuDD NuDk
Nu Nu @h @D @k
h corrugation angle, deg
l fluid dynamic viscosity, kg/ms
q density of the fluid, kg/m3 or
(   2 )0:5
DNu Dh 2 DD
(A9)
Subscripts Nu h D
ax at axial flow condition
b at bulk fluid temperature
h hydraulic diameter q00
h (A10)
m axially averaged Twi  Tb
sw at swirl flow condition
" 2  2  2 #0:5
w at duct wall temperature, with Dh 1 @h @h @h
w/o without Dq00 DTwi DTb
z local value h h @q00 @Twi @Tb

Appendix "   2  2 #0:5

Dh Dq00 2 DTwi DTb
Uncertainty Analysis. All of the quantities that are measured (A11)
h q00 Twi  Tb Twi  Tb
to estimate the Nusselt number and the friction factor are subject
to certain uncertainties due to errors in the measurement. These
individual uncertainties along with the combined effect of these
0:5  2  
are presented here. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the q00 V =R mC
_ p Tbo  Tbi (A12)
suggestion made by Kline and McClintock [13]. pDLh

051210-8 / Vol. 134, MAY 2012 Transactions of the ASME

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 2 2  2  2  2 30:5
@ 00 @ 00 @ 00 @ 00
6 @R q DR @V q DV @ m_ q Dm_
@Tbo
q DTbo 7
Dq00 16 6
7
7
00 6  2  2  2 7
q00 q 4 5
@ 00 @ 00 @ 00
q DTbi q DD q DLh
@Tbi @D @Lh

2  2  2 30:5
1 DR 4 DV
6 2  2 7
6 1 mC_ p RDTb =V 2 R _ p RDTb =V 2
1 mC V 7
6 7
6  2  2 7
6 7
6 1 Dm_ 1 DTbo 7
6  2 m_  2 DT 7
Dq00 6 6 V 2
V 2 b 7
7
00
6 1 1 7 (A13)
q 6 RmC_ p DTb _ p DTb
RmC 7
6 7
6  2  2  2 7
6 1 DT DD DL 7
6 bi h 7
6  2 DT
7
4 V2 b D Lh 5
1
RmC_ p DTb

[5] Eiamsa-ard, S., and Promvonge, P., 2007, Heat Transfer Characteristics in a
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