(64 iia Te: al Jags ga cgi concem with he soosruca scars ofinjstieInher works, ‘he question thar dives my investiga ito the power of democratic de ‘test validate ete oc nem and poll ules schist How can public deberons do the work of decgy critique, fe deprive them of the eanscendeeal vantage point ofan ial speech sation that ge c= ‘tf he moral point of view? My math ito emily replace the el ining resapposions oval with an account ofthe oil ements libeatve judgment In searching for ements of such an acount [next turn toancther story of paradigmatic Whi the commanicave rr, in Cota! Theory marked 3 transition fom przmaisn, historic, and ‘concep to meal aera, another powerful eadton of thecit- ing us the communicative cm to underae the eeversetasfomation— fom moval nivesalsm to pragmatim. This sa tans thar Anglo- American Pilsophicl Libera underwent with the wok of Jha Ras Tea invetgat the logic ofthis transformation, My perpective fing is the way andthe extent to which the raga hi that Raw effec in ib- ‘eal pllowpti ous the cel valsation of woe and rls, tha sing, he jg pardon, CHAPTER 3 Philosophical Liberalism Reasonable Judgment ‘Tansformation as a Point of Departare hin Cel Feary wo sete teen twee the pla ee ance an normaie vigor ofthe cial enters (he “judgment Foran) ead the communicative ros nied by Jigen Habermas ‘stag abut hit om he scaly stad ocala ‘Stoel palette peat oft Fak Scoa toward nan moral nena Inco be commaniave rum at Joho ‘owls inreced in Pawopieal Liberals egret ansrmaton inthe poids fm ora selon rte patie of polt> alder Inthe exch fora polly elvan noma theory an aa fhe ‘pan Ran ef te oa deere proces fgets ‘ete ees offen ode Hi iwi has come to bons se guns reps of Anglo-American Pskvopbil teas Tacoma ewes is doin afi mes aonty 4d popaity he ft ta it expresses gay shred mor niconste el ae r,t Thy fC) 2 Maken Ube nian enn <7 veka omenporr er democrcee‘Ofthe eee tuing | noms characterize his mol wil demonstrate tt skbowghs > she replacment ofthe category fee anal with hat ofthe “eons” tothe wok of Ra this however, the weakest one. ‘eompesto go beyond thi rode by aig he hermeneutic meson of Mrvisatieme the a arhudaretherexsons tht pomp Ras | “ovedpping conscans” be ascot mit The arr ones 1 so us arc fies judgment ein the 1] cen of he normative mod! inl in Ran her of stot Tc cing tay gow noma cry, zd this ambion |- shana how Revs bth an ofthe easy of =n ono indoles Solon ois hnkig-2eprompeed him trevisethenor- mative lvl and ices develop vowed politi theory of sormative validity tthe cll pain ir fi in he essays he wren the 198s aed 199088 In she ater works, the for is concerned parca wih the question of pia juice in @ . Genera principles juithng the pose rales of evel ,or what Raval Principe of poli iam among which his normative doctrine tis fires. These constitute pla morality and ae festanding Sn setion chili "These arte thre bai evels of what described previously asthe tan- dard sormative model (SNM), Tt marked by a definitional opposition snd esion betwen the level of she pivte sions ofthe good (evel 2) 2nd ‘env morality (evel), which sto groin pli rles (on level). Te, probe o jin (nara ale) within this med! connet the pout ues of level with te paaity of son of che good feel oat to eure the binding charter of piel nore within comple pla sory. Tn iberal democracy the two level should be beg | Ieyel}tnivesal oral peeps While the question ofjusiation win this model sands in tame af the mbontination of orrumenal pli oop bention 68 ston tothe une priniples fright, he andar slton seems tobe i a foe elt and vn secring ce tngiet t Bal gpo sna youl csc poltctinormssaliatedl yan independ ipa viva {ce ofthe dvr eal vewpon hery ping them na elonip pital egy. Ii thi impure us ter han Coal “Theol oem” perpertve soc iui! thar ene o> eka tie ‘one tose the fll impltonf Rawls posh 0 normative ley cel elope examen ta alow he dietaron a oppntios eves Spee ey cal free) now on te oefand and bane cnn wth coring ay tebe Afr ll doc wo tae epee rds the wing ‘reunen froin, which the ber enone the SNM aia at be Comes logic and conning, Hones, we wile ay nai nfl ave rusion te em pe of weon ler int ‘The Fpisemic Grown of Valid: The Grammar of use” “Junie i the Sa vireae of socal ination, a8 rut sof systems of| ‘hough writes Ravin the oping ins ofA hry of use? This yn tery besween sie se tru, 50 fondamena or the Uiberalism ofthe uta wean, seni for Rawls Wook, Une his normative ne! ean epistemology bated on a disine- ‘Sn ere two ypes of ropoons about asic on the one ha, prop ‘sons of amma tut? and, on the other, judgments with conn: ‘eo vali In ne of hie alee works—the est “Outline of Decision Procedure for Ethie” (1s), Rawls contends that “to develop 2 theory of tice—gp eal par of pial vhory—i wo fi peices that cone send toe inion of grammatical alin frm the relive wali yf vane judgments" From tis perspective, the universal mature of vel principe, afer which politcal aos shoul be jon enabled he einem foundation of wut fund in shared grammar, Ths, the amma of language a concepeual device tat enables ust designate the ohne qulty of truhfulass verrosconinger jingmenc of vase Foton share alu by Habermas and Apt (dicted in he preceding Esra20 Poop ton Sinica, foe Raws the rd of moral noms diflerens fm cam mon seme isthe ojetve rth of ieee: “Theris no reason to ss thar our sense otic canbe adequately ‘havcerizd by familar common senaepeecepts,o derived from the nore obvious karning piace, A camect account of moc apa ies wil ertsnly involve prinpes and theoreti consructions ‘phish go mach beyond the aoa and standards cited in every li iemay eventually sei fd sophisticated mathematics as well” ‘Wale the Reena tr,affece by Habermas, sont fr sion of Critical Theory along teins of Kant’ Sond Cine (of practical teas, guided by moral imperative)! Rav seems to be inal flow ing Rent’ Bn Crise (fthecrtcl sire reason, guided by logis messy)! Whats common to beth cee ha jugment i not ope but ‘erence inthe as case by & mot athe second, by lgia exe ‘Sy (Laer wileovtast this with Hanah Arend aempt comsruck model fjadgmene slong the ines of Kane’ Thin Gritque—hat oft) Tn Raw’ ater writings, the ink between soemative validity (justice) and secre tat is teaftmne: “The conezpion of pola justice 00 tore be yted on than can the axons, principe, adres of infrence of Tonthenate of ogi" Thus, fr Ra, inne with he natural lw ea onthe js elated ro the corer” 9 “ight” as opposed to "wrongs icis nor «matter of agreement or convention. In his Way he rear the totion_rpical for she SNMof right ar the nonaternaiv, objective, ‘ngulr al th This isthe epistemic backround of liberalism quit ‘Seca wast in reson and atonal as instrument fo he discovery of the princi of ustnea amoral rath, Upon this epistemic oposionbe= tween grammatically tue objective moral pinpls aribats of waiver Teas an a plurality of ial peferencs with contingent vay et ‘poe common sn), Raw ide his leading concepal dichotomies: procedural, substative princes in A Theory fore and potas ‘metaphysical in Pale! eral. TA Theory of Jui, she aspect of rammatieaity” of langage (be sein, mashemateal rts that undies al parla pronounces) fp provided by pail consractvins lascal deve of a comact a 2 echo fr areulating universal and objecive princes fright. The ‘Nello igsorance,” which presents ctzen fom knowing their socal post Philo Lin 78 tio and elated to i, particular conception of the good, constr acon “vcvine posed that ds chexe pices! In his ery concer Taston "yrammatility.?” «an epistemic Bass of objectiviny, is sey {ested oa notion of eson ata exrasocil capac of individual: "The inrions of grammacaly, which a good theory is ale to ystems ae ‘contained in oor onside jagmens, judgments raced afer de const Cahn, ie ro he cial rts eed by ies cal emits Hee ‘he juice of orm ie ecured by isang te poli (pemeated by spe: {Gn sates ane! sestepe considerations) fom the realm of considered rime, The pola virginity of considered judgments on norte Tay, however makes this mode! of judgment politely fre, Whi ae {Emin jadgmene fom the bis of particular interests and strate pot Eteooudraons alo ayn to structurally enerated domination “tndrpining clr and soc fers of aequalicy (cated to cs, ge tr, ethnic backgsund, etc), because it is constinively immune (© the eerie yam of power (of Hera cishis connec bese) ‘he moval and the politcal that Ravs atempts to revise. This eision aso ‘nals change nt epistemic aundaton of the model inamove away fom ‘Soumpions connesiag justine an crth- AT willhow in ei nthe nex ‘ections, his triggers 4 general reorientation ofthe ebeory by fexsing om Fan tees and coton sexe, which hve been era to the Amen ‘taditio of Philosophical Pragati. From Justice o Judgment Revie Dioasgton with she sander Normative Model As wehave see, a sti oppeitio and tension bewess the sormatine ot eyo the paral god and of the singular just mak the standard orate node. The dinincton berween vo ryper of os (principles of jsice tovdefntions othe ob) ath epistemic dito bexwen the "ge matali” of «proption of tice and te relaie vary of valve jnlgmentdetemine the dual compoiion of dhe model. Raw str ‘uns his argument in 0 part fist, a nonnative theory dicted othe slaboration of universal piniple of justice in a hypothetical “rigina] pos ‘Sen second, an acount ofthe application of these pip in the partion ‘brcontert of democracy. This haley berween unis prnpesand area iy of paral and config ienees creates 2 tenon berween normative et72 Peeper theory a inci scout of pital egiicnacy. This tension typical of contemporary politi pilsopy of right and limits the polical ree ance of models of judgment designed within this penpecsie. ‘Gommuniaian critics have extensively pointed out the tension between ‘nieral principles and contingent ales, on dhe coe apd and the etl ing daar of «normative scone of picils anda sociinttonal count of pratcesin Ravsconceptalizaton offi From the pepe ve tis tension appears as po par fins, the Separtion between norms and practices, al second, the rensppostion ofan autonomous ational gent (an unencumbered Sel), Thus, Rawls basic asercion that "something gol nly fit fs ino ways oie cons teat withthe principles of righ already at hand™ is paras ‘ways. Ft, prespposespaation between wae of i nd principe of ‘ght cha recede them, in which she former ate subordinate he ae. "The rules re ide ing ight (grammatically comet) inthe rg pestion “in jgnorance™ of peeepions ofthe good, which are aaquied in ‘th course of every sci rates. This gies room forthe emit jan objection tht the notions of ight ae ia ft embeded in the con rigs conceptions of te good an are therfore insepable fom them. "rom this fist paradox of deonolgy follows second one: The aserton of principles of ight, generated outs everyay contingent social practices, resupposes prsocial and an vol Keatis) agmng—= ‘tonal agen, blero compend an ply dhe inser o pact Ts, ‘kim te bass ofthe moral aw tobe fein he sje wh to able of autonomous wil? yet who generates poll noms of jus Jgporanc of the polital and social dynamics that structure the coneet oF the norms? applicition, thi criigue soul be aed ere, one hat alo ‘arges communitarian objections othe Rasan model judgment. The i= se ofthe inseparably of stions ofthe right ard he community concep- ‘ons ofthe good is a8 much a solution 353 retention of the problem of| polically reeran princpes of justice A communis conceptions of the good are kyo validate sortie standards liked to seractres of wel clr injustice, which shouldbe atte center of cts judgment. CCtcal Theory is parculaysensve wo cis aspect of judgmene. Whe liveealsm rst avoid sbsuming the asunder wha i cll ne ‘Sone and does this with thehlp ofthe pital ante ational jd ment of toncmss nti, isin this crac enc that ioe pit Calrcerance ae secre justi athe expen of pital gency. pial ideale 7 “The main challenge, therefore which Rawls fs fer A They of uti isto account for both the jie of orl prinips al eee aplication as -eitimate polite aes ina comple saciey within te very practic oo callie this whoo recourse to cxzsocl ideal proces oro an cx ‘texto ie mtional agent, 3s implied a the vasous versions ofthe socal Revising the Standard Normative Model “The pot ofthe sevanes of aoemative theory to politcal pectic, which ‘outlined cater, apesr inthe ter works of Railsasa problem of aii of social cooperation n complex democracies: "How iit possible ha thee iy exit er time 2 le nd just society of fee al equal eizenspro- Sandy divided by resonable though incompatible religious, oso, ‘nd moral doctrines” Rawls encounes his difcly inthe incapacity oF ‘ieee model to acount fer aormatve validity except by the meal isition ofthe singla just om har of he paral god: “To understand the nature ad extent of the dferenees between A Tory foie a Pll balm oe ns ether ising fom step to soe aero problem ternal wo sic afore, namely rom te at tha he acount of abi i part of Tews predicated on wht Raw ‘ims omer o considera a8 sac ocon of wll nde vcr "Thas, Rows reforms hits as one of creating just as wells polit ‘ally feasible, mode of judgment. Henceforth, in Pita! Liberal the {tion songs to cnsuc vei ignorance” inorder to ric |e independent principe of ight bu rather bw ro account for ein Consens ina demorrary around bask principles of tcal cooperation (po lial juice) thereby ensuring stabilry despite the persiing pals of sompting worvews He undrekes two min epi resting 2 pct ie pola hey justi by esting a prapmacc nd hemenewi The Pragmatic Tre ‘Rawle ots that wile the “original postion” canbe reliable ground for _ the independene estion of principle oft, cannot acount forthe inking crac ofthese rites when pe in cua lial station: The pram of ably aries beens a jar acheme of cooperation my 7 orb in xn cae ating ily seein peer each nalskept bean 7 multe sch a doctrine “aa resanding view that can be justified ro ‘nt without looking 0, tying to, or en knowing what ate, the ex Jntng comprehensive doctrines ly empleying one ene of pustice ak string fom one¥ particle comprehensive doctrine, a reasonable per Son may tse the method of «reflective eiliriam® deve such 3 com ‘Sption of jasc ae fimparcl prepa aol cooperation) fom ‘the inesrabjetnly shard background knowlege of a liberal palises! cre” ‘Along with the new pragmatic insions, Rawle alo allows the content of public eason co be given a bya single doctrine sic bat by Fa iy of poll conceptions of justice” among which sje a fires Furthermore aerate denn ar so reduced: “1a conception of jie. cam be the fous ofan oveapping conenms of reasonable doc fine, tes, for pol parpoes, this fice oenablsh public bass of jstieation "= "The focus on a polit conception fjastice ae the marpnaiacion of the “orginal poon” a tela mechanism forthe articulation of bing {ng norms would lead Rawle to seck a internal connection berwcen the formative lve The diuly of separcing universal jie and cou en jastifestion, o principles of justice and thee aceptanc seit Plea rules, hat he encoun in his exer model of udgrnen would ‘romp him ro search fra nna berween normative vel whee prev ‘uy the sandard nomstive model posted spaation. I dicovere, ‘ic a connection would overcone the methodological separation berwees _oematie arguments (orl coastrctivsn) and accounes of peti (po lea consrcvis) that, bere the ormatve and suctra asec. of Gjtice To cette cparabilty ofthe two normative levels woul in rm shater the very eptemic foundation tha supported his par tio the distinction beeween grammatical rv and cansngenty leant jlgmenc, Thi would lea an aeentiveunderstarsing of normative LF plc an sherefore of pola causaliy) within the sphere of human 0) lations that cannot be eeduced the conceps of scientific trash 7 ai oct, As Tange le, che psi of artiulting 2 new ei "emi foundation ofthe model of judgments one ofthe most important ‘chieremens of the communicative ur in bea philosophy 2 performed Rawls D+ Php tern bet reply to the jus conti of his amaciates72 Ths, Rawls enusirs the prolen f apaitaly eleva moal theory: The janice of normative pines alone itn fice to enmre ther binding character a postive rules society Tove ie addral facto that concer the ey tin ing of moral norms as plc rales. These factors re pot fom the norma tive onler of meal: “[Wyhile the ditinctie rol of conception of justice ‘scoped bascrights and dir and to deem the spropite ie tive sha, yi which erin do hii hot alee the poke Jems of efficiency, coordination, an ii.” inking the binding ature of public ages 19 chee patil mpi toa 3 ec shit hat brings Raw rer to American Pragmtisrs {cas onthe practi fet of concepts (ichatng normative concepts) as the oaly valid ground for understanding thir meaning and oerative salu. Another dimension ofthe pragma tar s the imiting f the remit of inguiry wo mater of politcal jrtice— presenting a psion he sn count ofthe political and imied to that™ Rawls mores from the moral lial Laeraln “From the beginning the reope of pial cnr sctivi Jas been Hite vo the poll values hat characterize the domain ofthe polical isnot proposed asan account of moral aes general Against the orginal eranscendenasm in Iisa pilomopty, Rawls thus proposer that, when fundamental pliseal questions ae a sake, “comprehensive doctrines of truth orightbe replaced by anes cf the politically reasonable |. ltesed to ceizene at ctzens°™ The conception of omic, this unde. J sood, isan acculaton of resonable principles specifying fir erm of soopetaton. Ie concerns the way in which the politic elation eto be ‘undensood-~namey a the reation between a government eatin ot ‘iene athe relition to one ahr” The us ofthe conception of uric, hus clarified, directs nals o mtr of pla jai, Tn oder wo focus on a polit doctrine of justi, Rave postulates « |) StPsptin ferment cores of agus he “pbc po MV eaten” or public political frum” and the background care ci [| secens where compecensve docttncs of the good life compere. Inthe ‘ferme, valid poi argoments are advanced as publicly defense and Se str independent reasons. Inthe lane arguments re exchanged onthe basis oF nonpablic and actrrltiverestont slated to particular wodiews The poll concepion of jie i worked ou Uroogh a precede of onrracion according to which 4 pilowoper or any resonable person26 Feoptattersen he Hermenetis arm “heimily ge convincing (policy el) count of oemane vain oy spain pips aula er eal pres the “orga poston) an th sta hai of ethical postions (he pak im ef “cmpetensive doin of he god?) admittedly mate Ravi they off sctlogtaly weak wad here imple ee por Ina suaions. This romped Rawls dere ein this they to epbasie “cismtreoing shoe Sokal cee 5 base joan wh gs ie ent cg png epson Sob capa en elnino ule seasge >is pul tree wae an the enti ot ek i he reason ofthe publ mbjc ithe pod ofthe pie sd mates of fondamcnal justice; and is nate nd content pub li, being given by the ideals and principles expressed by society’ conception of poiticl sis, and condcted open view om thst tis” Tide opi reason Futons 2 a meatheoreiel device tht helps to arcuate the prnipicsof justice for wel ceed constr, demo crane woe. The engitive content of conception of asic elaborated by the wc of public eaton ito be extablsed on the has fearon ape ei ence after dacesion and dae reli" izes aap hes peoples binding naka processes Bec jostfcation i addres to eh ers who disagree with 15? This move ena a tranformation ofthe doe ‘eine of uti ino a moe of agent” Te bermenetic tom owned st ‘atednes is deepened by ce increased recognition Rawls gives to the poalitial relevance aed normative validity of wodkviews (onpublc values) 2 he amie ehar poll yalues have root in comprehen doctrines. "Thus, hesneraduces ation ofa “wie” view of plc esto, ccrding ‘which pete workdviews maybe intent public pla dscusson, ‘thr slowing eizens 0 present “what they regard as the basis of plies ‘ae ood ia ther comprehensive doctrine" "This shift concn Te eof Puc Rate Reise (997), where Rawls aes tha thee may be positions for inoducing comprehensive doctrines into publi po Isa deus and chat imports fom background clue are therefore allowed “aay dine" This farther widening ote view of publi rat agli 72 sesommodates 2 hermeneutic ation of shared kaowledge and recognizes ‘asimportace fr pote judgment (Cize’s macal knowledge of one another religious and none sus doctrines expressed inthe wide view of public pial euleure cogs tie the ror of demccraictizen allegiance hee po- lisa oasepions Kein her especie comchensve dectins Tnonde to remedy theists of plc reason, Rawls ther Ty public dour: elation core” “winening™? A com ‘nn ate ofthese erative forms of pubic dix that hy allow “Tactground clr” to afc the pbc debt. Purhe, he ets the shup dination beeween the two conte of argumentation (he publi ri aod backgrnd ce) hy ierodacing 2 hie element—“poblic Poll cukure” (eg, the me) mares berwen then. “Tin, between A Thay of ad Pleo! irate Rawls normative doctrine jase aes undergoes an eel revision dc to ‘he invdution ofthe category of alleen, dsogal “publ son” i ee ae ‘london one, which hae on ators nolo 2 “on. In this move the metium of consider jadgnent™ becomes xpi ilgial Rans ims sows In this sense te recasting the eon sp pb eso in Rawr ner we mars the Beene tm vethin he wadon of Anglo-American irl pinphy prope. As wil cus bit ey, his transition toward dace ype of usta is or compe: Rawls contin toe the aay deve ofthe orginal esti ia his ateworksthrirrispeahing no pleco ofthe eg ofmonologicl ezon wih thos of doa eon. They con ‘inset exsin paral serving diffrent gal What importa istharn Sep reson ‘Toward Discourse Normative Model ‘Toe Shits Tn cambination, the prima and hermeneuric tues rgge the tans nation of Rawls project fom a sabeantive theory of sie to a modelo78 Phiepiheraie jadgment—jagmen formed through the pale we of eon. "Three ey Sifts make possble tis aneormation: (i sconteatulintion of te deo tological normative theory, (i) an mmanentizaton ofthe notion of eson, ‘fom whic reson appears at conterwaly operating pai reaton, snd (i) 2 transition fom a procedural toa politcal notion of fstise. Contetatication of Marl Prints Rav sates in Pit! iteration chat justice afer fom within 2 certain poical watson" Now, the ame oftefeences the hiswially ‘cing ane noc oni normatively presuppose plural moder democracies. “Theconteruaization ofthe chim of univers lat to asiffrom an shscacr-normatve ro 1 histvaly particular pic conception of use, “This transformation enables che eeplcement tthe daw! Iieral moa conscracviam which ele Patni nd Kantian bolt reson with ‘polite punivocete,coostevtvi. rom the tea ale (op noe fd) nr on he sai mae pie aman tral the pesopostonsof sven june opt withthe queons finaly pt, The casos be ound notin tear of ectedoes “Issue, then, ha iin? overall views ive 600 ars One pct canbe seen be, ot xine with, he publicly recognize polis oncepeion of ie; the other pact is lly or partially compechensie doctrine to which the paitcalenczpion ein ome manner ted How is this connection berween the two normative loves achieve? Im Pla Ltr, Rave sage thatthe wy within sx com- lei is achieved ats maner of "Hable ovecaping consenss of x10 ph ben a1 able compechensive doctrines” on + pola conception of juice. The ‘hanged sts ofthe concep of “oveapring eonseass"issignant In ‘Thor of ui, the tx ws ineodaced 3 way of weakening the con tions forthe resorblenes of vl disbediene na nea jst democratic soviet. ee “ovcapping consensus” was onerpual arya ln Pl {al Lika i becomes central notion that proves a eonnecrion be- ‘ean the el of the public political ie and the lee ofthe “hackground ‘cular of socery. Henceforth, in Poli Liberation he question is no Tonge: how to consrace “vi ofignrance” aka procedaral device her ing rational fee socially constructed peerences ba ater how 03° count forthe esting mation in x democratic society—between the pai te pla ues and the background cure. ‘This inntion ofan immanent connection between the backgroud ul tue of ethical play and che foreground poli cur eempeed Raw tocvoe amide nnd berwoen pricy snd nienaliy—the round cf the general of commen pola ales thar are compasbe with citi ene diverse ei ideas, Leving aie the generate and purely poems tiveaspect of the selection of pprociaeprinipls he “orig postion”), Rav asus then, tha certain insons erry within shemales the tneaning of aleve, “public” conception of he godin the substan te aenae of pulicty underscored eater. Thine amy within the halon o tical doctrine is what enables public reson ogi vay 10 political nora, Thi onerapping consnsor on 3 polial conception of Jurca an acitonal (ust) fv! the SNM. Whar che ate of ‘his sormative level? Unfotunaely, Rawls doesnot define t rcs noe oes he dfn i elton to che or three normative vel Is however, important to clarify the grounds of normaivewnky onthe we fhe “pul licconeption ofthe good” because they make possible to think about he ‘mollis of the “ea? aal the general ofthe "polit? aszeated et goriswithin a pla relevant model ofjadgmene “TheSims Premises fom he “Rasina™ she "Reaonaie® “The nature of the normative uni presoppsed in Rawls notion of he “pus concetion ofthe good!” reveled nan anajs of dhe changes in ‘he epistemic premises ofthe theory. This concerns the new seo he ein “reasonabe” in the conpt of “eaonable overlapping cenaennss” whichla ten Implicdy connects the poll andthe metphysiel oe ompeehcsie") ‘iow in modern complex democracies instead of paige, "The category of public reason” introduces «new cone of nocnaie ‘onsen contents on rane ocrine of jute The oveapping, consensus is chctedchrough the “pli wse of reason,” which eet the ‘proces as beg esonahe” fom the point of view of practical exit ing, calletive ple reaton, While in the denna version of atic {aime (in Taro i, “eason? separates the universality of the meal ‘om the pray ofthe ethical, in he new model the reasonable mma: sony connces plies ler and compechensive ethical doctrines ned of separating th. inthis way, the cargo of Ypblicresson” ads clective dimension to the plurality of competing etic postions ina complex society. What the publesares in common jon the eifrent ethical perspectives i ame ‘work coneption ofthe resonable” operating ons noemtive lee thar dt rot exis inthe SNM, "This vel cannot be equated with the communitarian notion af bck round calare—a red, contexte background—becans Rawls makes it ear that the background culture ofacomplerdemecracy ismarked bora mmc ofsbenie notions fhe go. Nori eqted with level three—that of the unitary righ, Raw exc ret the possibilty of deonogiclinrerpreration of dhe “easonable” which would eqiate x to the ional” by implying » parallel withthe ese (and therefore “igh” sco the opposite of wrong") Retween Dir of are nd Ps {al Liberation the question ofthe resonable replaces the questions of on snd epistemic wh athe casa! Hoel doctrine of igh. Recall thar the ‘ality of oemative aatcmene nA Thay of uti epiteralogically predicted onthe noone of he tse sn che tional (grammtisy eae ropoiions, genre grams) contrast atl Lean ii re ‘eaten th acon ofthe “reasonable” Here the idea of aca wity 382 mater of ovelpping cnsenssis bait upon a asc dtincon between the “reasonable” the onc hand aed she “tre” anil heaton” onthe other Plc constructivism species an ie ofthe estonatle a apie this dea to various subjects: conceptions and principe, jgmtens and rounds, persons and insitions Tees et omer 2 ‘onal imsonim does, xe or deny) the concep of tity nor does ‘question tha concept, noe could ay that the cones of eich ae axephial ein isin of the reasonable are the sume. Rather, wihin tule pal Cal conspion does without the concept of righ... One thought thatthe ea of the estonable makes an ovelaping consensus oft sonable doctrines possble in ways the concep of trth may not. tis this eplacrent of rh bythe reasonable” as an epiemi fe dion in the modelo judgment hae the use of public eon” represents lund males it pons think ofthe plat of comprehensive doctrines at ing connected to general principe of atc. While ational” as sed in A Tivo fui falls within the steps of autonomous reason, "eat ‘le als within the etegois of a contextually existing socal ational, naling a pragmatic turn. The nse of tit a longe embeded in en ‘on and expressed heh iu of grammascal wath ina hypothetical “original postion’ but contained in impli shae ideas and prin les the source of which re noir’ msin insttons ad dee accepted fos of nerpetaton”® "The conception of jie i now presented scien’ cared “basis of seasons” pots a docsine with cline truth pd objectivity deveined ‘bya tancendenal reason Poa the poe of view ofthe public use of rea sn, posal conitons ae sen a objective not det a ecourse 0 rane ‘eendcntaleason bt as far at they are “ounded on an order of aso." “This onder of reasons i no derived fom an eternal foundation but pres: cous sxiety' proper perception of the reasonable, which “is not at ods with our commot-sense idea of truth and mates offic" The contrast ‘ith he eae asterton about the det elation beeen validity and (i oui) eth opposed to commen sense isikng, These common-sense ‘eas of rath and ates of fc” ae qualitatively difent fom the notion ‘fprammaril tut which had served asthe epistemic foundation of his ‘ete move of judgment, This ean that the new mediating level in the emtive moe i hertcnsicin nara tis ere tha the ommanicave “lc elon gives ation tothe teat oeapping social omens, A Reluctant and Conservative Tarn ‘The nation ofan “overlapping consensus” indies an adona oem vein sir’ otmatie one-one tt exists on eve of generality fo: ‘ated between the univer an che patculae, where shared notions of|14 Pipi ite jc emerge a intng fr the political comumaity, The turn chat Raw ‘fects toward an imesubjecve,dalogial theory of pol egimacy i ‘oabed bya significant change in dhe epistemic foundation ofthe model of ingen’ ashiffrom the ciegoie of the “tue” athe “ston” otha ‘ofthe “eatonable” These wo innovations, which Rawls rings iat ther Aion of Philosophical Tibealam— See, the focus om pubic eson 8 me iting erven the singuls usta tbe purl good; seed, che sie fom ‘the rational othe reasonale—auply the ey element of crit teary of pola judgment However, a portant as tse ianovaion in the mode! of juegment suc the ansfomation Rawls fects eae and incomplete ad cried ‘in a conservative manner that precades both cit and innonton. [Next biel review the incompleteness ofthe wansfounaion inorder 10 ‘recut she tjetory in which the search or a polly reesantnoems tive theory needs continue, An Incoplite Hrmenestic Tire ‘The Heeneusc eel ia Rawls te work is epecscated by the notion of Alalogical public eatn tat secures the sabiry of sal coopeation by securing an “oveapping contenu” on pial ules ar oem, Yer Rawls doce not entrust this evel withthe work of generating shared norms ous tie: Although the Gling conse ie meat fo provide a itr emaecion berwoen pli jie ae worldviews, th fon deived independently of the ater, "The sald of pial principles is ensred by xsi separation be- ween, on te one and the design of norm in3 tonal “oil pos Son (athe acy of she liberal nocial- contract heey) and, om heehee and, a mechani or thes jufintin va the eof pli avon, The noted tat, Within the “wide view” of public akon, compre doc tenes can be inoue in public poiel dco. However, there isa lesion amounting 2 ever of the hermencatc urn: Compechensive doctrines at allowed eter ino publ polite dvcsion “povided that in du course proper pltcal eons re preened”* meaning thatthe ‘ality of poial conception of juice cannot be bse om estos ‘he normative onde of workviews. Note also that nthe formation of te “wide view" of pic reazon the impart of citizens woekviw is jut 8 icp tei 85 mater oflegiance, nor of genie alain, Rawls makes it plain tat 1 politcal conception ofusice can be presented independent from compre hensive doctrines of ny kind bough thy may, of eure, be sppoted by a reenable ovetppingcomsensur csc doctrines) but isnot dependent tnsch conse frie valid. An veapping onsen dos 0 ener te the mln of «peal conception (think Habermas nimndersands ‘Revie this oie) they, renares its ting arr by providing jst faton vis an velpying onsensis on a encetion ose that might oc ‘wheal he rsnable members of poll oy cry au juin ofthe sca pial conception by mln in hc eer esenabe ‘Comprehensive views Once derive independently of ctzen? woddvews, ‘ele val conception ito ndergo sition pb recognition ad tecepans tha guusnte the binding marae ofthe principles of justice (ewes orgial concern with sili). izes conceptions of politcal justice ay be presented a eetandng” vee thie comprehensive ilo Sophie and mon doauines;eherws inthe mos optimise femaions ‘fthisrltonhp ll tien are "affirm 3 comprehensive doctrine ro ‘which he pli concxpion they cop iin see way cc“ “This means thatthe connection among normative ees remains exe ‘al. fer he pital eonception ie accomplished, we hope the resonable ‘ompehensve doctrine firmed by resionable chiens in soit can ‘owt, and at nari wil have te capacity oa ue dries tar ‘auf The ress on secondary ajstment expen the extra nature of the links “Tame all iene to afrm + cmprehensivedoceine to which the poical eoneepion che acep isin ome way etd" zen arto “embed tei shared pital conception in ci ratoaate comprehensive acunes°™ That cies a 0 convince thomas ofthe val of « conception of juice amounts to clin tha pltal enezpions of usice Soule impowed en the conpting workdvews. ‘This oe only discloses ‘he ict ha the hermeneutic vel of worldviews har he secondary function ofarceptande rather than che genuine daborston of norms aust, bus !lh an stoma hat Raw ls to aoa for an inca eonaection among ‘etree anaes ofthe SNM. Ths theres of ems ad hee pla epitimacyrenain separate mers, th avng se jdgmen par daxunrscve. Weel net account forthe way the democratic artical ‘inn ofa pola rales ist guarantee hr ier normative quality of ing ater dil cept binding16 Panoptod sain An Incomple Prgmasi Ts ‘With he communicative rn Rawisdoes ot rele the jadgmen prado ‘ates, lp the problem ofjugment~as he xpi focuses on the problems ofeffceny, coordination, and ability, no on esl pital conic, "Jie frre, rane er vali conceptions of jie tht mes the reqeiremens of publican, smeantto bea purely politcal doctrine. Par loxicly, removes conic em understanding of police oar Itself fom the power dynamics triggered by competing weddvews. This iminaton of powee dynamic fom the poll onclogy on which he the- cry ris seca by the statue of the argument. Rawls starts wih 2 sound defnton ofthe poll elton a a elation among zens and be- ‘en them and government. However, when he operationalize this concept inthe noon of “public reason” (which eat concerns how the pol relia ist be undestod) the coaep ofthe pall snared in 180 ‘vas Si, via nar defn of person. Tes the reson aed byl members of «poll community sce eaton ony in ted ‘a: the eaton of eae aie Corespondingy its conten Kennett nly with etal “sc jie” and to the eo tational exenal ofa democrats wee its appliaton, howeves 8 also limited Pierson doesn even pital poli ducusion fans ‘mental quations bur only» dius of hove questions ia the “public po lie fran: the dicourse of judges and thei decisions, govern of ‘ils andcandate fox pubic office Thismighbea suabledeinision of ‘he agents of governance, but its poo nodon ofthe pois a ieee: ower dynamics generated within broader social meats “The second wy in which the concept ofthe polit is narrowed isin the efit of proper oll reasons” andthe rem in which hey ae i sed The proviso of proper political reason” specifies publi political cu ‘urea ditir rom the bickgound cutie ofl soir and mies hat rormtively valid reasons eannor be sourced fom the spere of ei 0c fy. As Thave note, een in the wie view of public reason, pate ‘worldviews cannot validate; they can only stabilize oll conception by iexecraliing raking practialy binding. This implies that cones andtmagals for poser arginstngin soir do nae plc in he cele of operation of public reason As politcal eomrestaton (ie, gvievances shout injustice) commonly emerges from cles among, comprehensive { | | \ j \ { L Pipa Let ty octines tzough which cizens make sense of shee cultural and social iden, he purgag of pablcreasoa fom considerations of background ueure and scales impeneshes the pail ontology of Rawls ‘work By purging the genuine dynamics of powe struggles fom the pit Cal Rawls ames snd reduces eto mete governance. Thus, Rawls "palit- ‘al concepion of jusice” becrmerdfinly plain the seas ia Which arcu the elatonip mong pls condi, governance ad judg- ment inthe fret chapter. ‘oth pe of narrowing the scope of political reson const a erat ‘for what Tented (in chap) 5 the pragmatic min politi theo- rising, they incur an emascalaed ontology ofthe poli. Thi mits Rawls aster to whe the jcgmen para by making moral philesophy social alii and politically eleva. ‘Hskground sumptions should not be pane fom the realm of oper- sion of plc eston as they ve beating on wh shoul count a mater offs terms of cc cooperation and even a mater of polities. Debates it ‘rious Europea sates aboot the wearing ofthe Islami wi twa de- ‘esi he United Stes on abortion, display the permeability ofthe bound aries beoween izes’ viws on the public polit realm an thir compre= hensive wero, Matt of funamenl jc and onan sents cannot be ao Ine from conics among private idea ofthe god lik. Consider the mer peace of tebe constitioal sacar of ibe demexraies The process tha et thereof eonszusinal kw started noe fom a debate abou he ‘esto essential fj soir but witha document gms Carin “Tier tht was forced en Kg Job ofEogland a Jone 12 by his bar ‘rsa order to prose thei prveges~a poi sug fe imposing thir inet thr personal, a well ar dspace fa good li, among, Which wat thecuaing of ental autor How best ole one vis deeply rive, yx geinly poli, ur tion si laces win conic, a well in cooperation wth others. These mami f conic and cooperation sec seas the pes af itimacy, "he public rea, andl the elm of governance. Es the erate spere they emerge arias of elie; nthe sphere fi sciy as issues ofthe issn of per, aque for etablishing rales of sca cooperation out ofthe coniee among private perspectives onthe ood life: Only ater hiss ‘ete by pol dgment can the proses of govenance proce to i lemene tes rae