Characteristic

Utilized in architecture, divider, interior design, explain deeper about it.

Search about something that is not in the lecture notes
Brutalism (part of the history)
Apple store granite stone curvature (stone)

- Concrete is such a basic element in the history of construction, yet very important.

The first concrete-like structures were built by the Nabataea traders or Bedouins who
occupied and controlled a series of oases and developed a small empire in the
regions of southern Syria and northern Jordan in around 6500 BC.

3000 BCEgyptian Pyramids

The Egyptians were using early forms of concrete over 5000 years ago to build pyramids.
They mixed mud and straw to form bricks and used gypsum and lime to make mortars.

300 BC - 476 ADRoman Architecture

The ancient Romans used a material that is remarkably close to modern cement to build
many of their architectural marvels, such as the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The
Romans also used animal products in their cement as an early form of admixtures.

1824Portland Cement Invented

Joseph Aspdin of England is credited with the invention of modern portland cement. He
named his cement portland, after a rock quary that produced very strong stone.

1836Cement Testing
The first test of tensile and compressive strength took place in Germany.
1889 Alvord Lake Bridge
The first concrete reinforced bridge was built in San Francisco. The bridge still exists
today.

1891 Concrete Street

The first American concrete street was built in Bellefontaine, Ohio.

1903The Ingalls Building

The first concrete high rise was built in Cincinnati, Ohio. This building has sixteen stories
and was a great engineering feat of its time.

1908Concrete Homes
Thomas Edison designed and built the first concrete homes in Union, New Jersey.
The first load of ready mix was delivered in Baltimore, Maryland.

1915Colored Concrete
Lynn Mason Scofield founded L.M. Scofield, the first company to produce color for concrete.

1930Air Entraining Agents

Air entraining agents were used for the first time in cement to resist against damage from
freezing and thawing.

1936Hoover DamThe Hoover Dam was built along the Colorado River, bordering Arizona
and Nevada. It was the largest scale concrete project ever completed.

1938Concrete Overlay
John Crossfield added latex to portland cement, aggregate, and other materials to make
coverings for ship decks.Photo on right of modern concrete overlay.

1950'sDecorative Concrete Developed

Brad Bowman developed the Bomanite process in the mid 1950's in Monterey, California.
(bromanite itself is a brand name, bomanite is an imprint process to the concrete, creating
a tile-like pattern to the concrete.

1950-1970: Brutalism
architects such as Le Corbusier uses Raw concrete to express the massive, monolithic, and
blocky in appearance. (bold, intentive, savage)
- Its old appearance mengundang critics.
- Honest approach to architecture that demanded form follow function
- Avoided unnecessary flourishes
- Brutalism was about showing off the materials from which the building was made,
which is concrete. Sharp angles, rough surfacing, and exposed services
1967Concrete Sports Dome
The first concrete domed sports arena, known as the Assembly Hall, was built at the
University of Illinois.

1970'sFiber Reinforcement
Fiber reinforcement was introduced as a way to strengthen concrete.

1980'sConcrete Countertops
Buddy Rhodes, the father of the concrete countertop, cast his first countertop in the mid
'80s.

Darrel Adamson designed the Engrave-A-Crete System.

1990Concrete EngravingDarrel Adamson designed the Engrave-A-Crete System.

1992Tallest Concrete Building

The tallest reinforced concrete building was built in Chicago, Illinois. The 65-story building
is known only by its street address.

1999Polished Concrete
The first installation of a polished concrete floor in the US was a 40,000-square-foot
warehouse floor for the Bellagio in Las Vegas.

LATEST TREND IN CONCRETE

ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE
ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
CELLULAR CONCRETE
SHOTCRETESELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
FLOWABLE CONCRETE