Ato

ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf
2003 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmrlqk 2006 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& 2000

vli,fpmay 'kwd,qk&
ykodrfatmifoef;OD;
pD p Of w nf ; jzwf o l - OD;GefY[H (GefY[H- MuLawm) wefzdk; usyf

pmwnf; (wm0efcH)
- a':wifarT; (arT;i,fi,f)
pmayvufaxmuf
yef ; csD - nDnD
pmayAdrmefpmwnf;rSL;csKyf OD;armifvIdif (armifaqGi,f) u

rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (07492) ]zifh |dkufdSyfI
pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolYvufpGJpmpOf rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (03911) ]zifh xkwfa0onf/
EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
'dkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;
EdkifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;eSifh w&m;
Oya'pd;k rk;d a&;/
jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&; trsKd;om; jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;/
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIrNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&; cdik rf monfh zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'opf jzpfay:vma&;/
tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&; 'dkYta&; jzpfay:vmonfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfESifhtnD acwfrD
zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufaom Edik if aH wmfopfwpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;/
pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
pdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccH tjcm;pD;yGm;a&; u@rsm;udkvnf;
jynfolUoabmxm; bufpHkzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;/
aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpmG jzpfay:vma&;/
jynf y tm;ud k ; yk q d e f d k ; tqd k ; jrif 0 g'D r sm;tm; jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm; zdwfac:
qefYusifMu/ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;/
EdkifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfvHk;udk zefwD;EdkifrIpGrf;tm;onf
EkdifiHawmfwnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EkdifiHawmf Edik if aH wmfEiS w
hf idk ;f &if;om;jynfow
l Ydk \ vuf0,fwiG &f adS &;/
wdk;wufa&;udk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm;
qefYusifMu/ vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
EkdifiHawmf\ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf wpfrsKd;om;vHk;\ pdwf"mwfESifh tusifhpm&dwjrifhrm;a&;/
aESmifh,Sufaom jynfyEdkifiHrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/ trsKd;*kP?f Zmwd*P k f jrifrh m;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI tarGtESprf sm;?
jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efol trsKd;om;a&;vuPmrsm; raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;
tjzpf owfrSwfacsrIef;Mu/ apmifah &Smufa&;/
rsKd;cspfpw
d "f mwf &Sio
f efxufjrufa&;/
wpfrsKd;om;vH;k usef;rmBuHUckid af &;ESihf ynm&nfjrifrh m;a&;/
rmwdum
pOf taMumif ; t&m pmrsuf E S m
1/ uReaf wmfjrefrmjynfom; ... 1

2/ urmBu;D ESit hf NyKd if ... 8
3/ a&TyakH wmifapwD&if;0,f ... 16
4/ tarG ... 23
5/ ordik ;f a<u;udq k yfaeonf ... 30
6/ Adv
k rf LS ;ol&tk;H cdik f ... 37
7/ yavmifow D if;uRwyf JG ... 46
8/ bk&m;av;i,fi,fu;kd awmifjynfw h nf ... 52
9/ ig;csOpf m;yGJ ... 61
10/ vlMurf;uav;uReaf wmf ... 72
11/ vrif;xdeo f mavnif;jzmNyD ... 80
12/ nKd ;EGr;f awmhrnfyh ef;av;wpfyiG t
hf wGuf ... 95
13/ jrefrmpmonfwpY k d m jrefrmuAsmonfwu Y k d Asm... 104
14/ ajrudv k QK;d rd;k udyk srH nf ... 113
uReaf wmfjrefrmjynfom;
uReaf wmfarmifyyk g/ ajrvwfa'o pavNrKd Uom; jzpfygonf/

,cktcg uRefawmfonf pavNrdKU tajccHynmtxufwef;
ausmif;wGif 'orwef; ynmoifMum;aeaom ausmif;om;
wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/
pavNrKd Uonf acsmufNrKd Ue,fwiG f yg0ifaomfvnf; acsmuf
NrKd Uxuf uReaf wmfwYkd pavNrKd Uu yd k a&S;uscahJ Mumif; ordik ;f
rSwfwrf;rsm;u qdkygonf/
ou&mZf 1145 ckESpf ppfwrf;t& pavNrdKUwGif r[m
ormef; qdo k l tkycf sKycf yhJ gonf/ pavNrKd Uu ajrwdik ;f NrKd U olBu;D
r[mormef;\ ajymjycsuft& pavNrdKUudk ol\bD iukvm;
r[mormef; tkycf sKycf ahJ Mumif;? r&Sv d Qif ol\ab; i&J oHr[m
ormef;trnfESifh tkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif;? r&SdvQifol\bdk; ivSol
r[mormef;trnfESifh BuD;pdk;cJhaMumif;? r&SdvQif ol\tpfudk
om;ajr;tquftcHr&Sdojzihf nDjzpfol uRefawmf ia&TMuL
onf bD? ab;? bdk; tdk;rysuf r[moref;trnfESifh BuD;pdk;
cJhygonf[k rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awGUjrifod&Sd&ygonf/
1
2 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf uRefawmf jrefrmjynfom; 3
pavNrdKUonf jrefrmhordkif;wGif xif&Sm;aom NrdKUwpfNrdKU ,ck t cg pavk y f p H k a usmif ; BuD ; wG i f pavNrd K U\
vnf; jzpfygonf/ yk*HaejynfawmfBuD;ESifh uyfvsuf awmif usufoa&aqmif pmqdkawmfBuD; OD;yknudk *kPfjyKaom
t&yfwiG f &So d jzifh jrpfaMumif;? uke;f aMumif;wdjYk zifh qufo,
G f tm;jzifh OD;yknjywdu k Bf u;D udv k nf; wGzJ ufziG v
hf pS x
f m;ygonf/
oGm;vmEdkifaom NrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKU jzpfygonf/ pmqdkausmfOD;yknjywdkufBuD;taMumif; ajymrjyrD uRefawmf
pavrif;acG;ESifh pmqdkausmfpavOD;yknwdkY\ *kPf&Sdef pavkyfpHkausmif;awmfBuD;taMumif; OD;pGmajymjyygrnf/
aMumifhvnf; vlodrsm;NyD; xif&Sm;aom NrdKUwpfNrdKUvnf; pavkyfpHkausmif;BuD;udk 1244 ckESpfrS 1254 ckESpf
jzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif pav"mwfajrMoZmpufHk/ pavqD;oD; twG i f ; q,f E S p f w d k i f w d k i f wnf a qmuf c J h M u&ygonf /
wdkYaMumifh vnf;aumif;? arGU&m? acgif;tHk;rsm; aumif;pGm ausmif;wum wdkYrSm OD;bdk;MunfESifhZeD;a':a&ToufwdkY
xGuf&Sdjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; xif&Sm;cJhygonf/ jzpf y gonf / yxrqH k ; ausmif ; wd k i f q &mawmf B uD ; rS m
taemf&xmrif;BuD;onf oxkHbk&if rEl[mrif;xH ok"r*dkPf;q&mawmfBuD; OD;*kP jzpfygonf/
yd#uwfawmfrsm; tvSLcH&m ray;ojzifh yk*Hppfonfrsm;jzifh ausmif;trsK;d tpm;rSm tdraf wmfyakH usmif;jzpfNy;D tvsm;
oGm;a&mufwdkufcdkufodrf;,lvmcJhNyD; pavNrdKUESifh av;rdkifcefY 125 ay? teH 76 ay &Su d m rlvausmif;wdik af ygif; 154 wdik ?f
tuGmwGif yd#uwfawmfrsm;tm;BuKd qakd omae&mwGif pmBuKd ausmif;aqmifaygif; 7 aqmif&SdNyD; pvif;NrdKUe,f wanmif
bk&m;? qHBuKd b&k m;? pG,Bf uKd b&k m;rsm; wnfxm;ud;k uG,cf ahJ om aus;&GmrS vuform;rsm; aqmufvyk cf MhJ uonf[k od&ygonf/
aMumifhvnf;aumif; xif&Sm;aom NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfcJh&ygonf/ ausmif;awmf\ a&SU? 0J? ,m? aemufausmwdw Yk iG f uEkwf
xdjYk yifpavNrKd UtwGuf txl;*kP, f zl ,
G f jrefrmhtEkynm yef;? EG,yf ef;cufrsm; 0ef;&Hum ig;&mig;q,fZmwfEiS hf ZmwfBu;D
vuf&mrGefrsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxkvkyfxm;aom pavkyfpHk q,fbGJUwdkYrS kyfvHk;kyf<u kyfxkaygif; 45 kyf&SdNyD; yckuLESifh
ausmif;awmfBuD;aMumifhvnf; pavNrdKUonf ydk *kPf<u,f a&pBuKd wrYkd S yef;ykq&mBu;D rsm; xkvyk cf MhJ uonf[k od&ygonf/
aeygNy/D pavkypf akH usmif;awmfBu;D ESiyhf wfouf okawoe
ausmif;awmfBu;D \ oufwrf;rSm ESpaf ygif;wpf&mausmf
ynm&SiftoD;oD;u a&;cJhrSwfwrf;wifcJhNyD; jzpfygonf/
Mumjrif h v monf E S i f h t rQ &moD O wk ' Pf a Mumif h ysuf p D ;
jrefrmjynft&yf&yfrS oli,fcsi;f rsm;taejzihf ynm&SBd u;D
tdka[mif;vm&m? EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;
rsm; a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuaom usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk tcsKdU
aumifpDrS 1992-93 ckESpfwGif a&S;rlrysuf jyefvnfjyKjyif
vnf;zwfzl;Muygvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUvnf; zwfzl;MuvdrfhOD;rnf
rGrf;rHay;cJhygonf/ tcsdefu EdkifiHawmfrS xnfh0ifaiG
r[kwyf g/
ESpfodef;? jynfolvlxkxnfh0ifaiG 216 odef;jzifh jyKjyifrGrf;rH apwDi,frsm;? tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI ausmufvufeufrsm;?
cJNh y;D 1994-95 ckEpS w f iG f bufprkH rG ;f rHcjhJ yef&m Edik if aH wmfrS 25 ajrykwD;aph? ajrem;awmif; (yk*Hacwf)/
odef;? jynfolvlxkrS 25 odef; xnfh0ifNyD; pavkyfpHkausmif; xdkYjyif kyfpHkausmif;awmfBuD; aqmufvkyfpOfu wl;azmf
r[mBuD;tm; bufpHk axmifhpHkrS jyKjyifrGrf;rHcJhMuaMumif; od&Sd &&Scd ahJ om vl;kd ESit hf d;k cGu?f yk*aH cwfqrD ;D cGu?f ajrcGu?f Al;wm;?
&ygonf/ ajrwHqdyfwHk;rsm;? tkwfcGufbk&m;rsm;? qifoHk;pD;yvifcH
a&Tausmif;awmfBuD;onf jrefrmtEkynmvuf&m ajrqif;wkrsm;? pOf&h nfow k t f ;kd ...? ysLacwf td;k td;k tpdwf
yef;q,frsK;d wdjYk zifh tqifwefqm qifxm;&um; jrefrmEdik if o H l tydkif;rsm;? tkwf<uyfjym;rsm;? ausmufMumyvif? aMu;zvm;?
EdkifiHom;rsm;omru EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS vma&mufavhvmokaw [oFmkyt f av;rsm;? aMu;em;awmif;rsm;? oDaygrif;vufxuf
oejyKMuonfh ynm&Sif toD;oD;wd\ Yk &ifoyfaI rmzG,f jrefrmh oHk;'*Fg;rsm;? a'gif;wHqdyf aiG'*Fg;rsm;...?
,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtqifhjrifhrm;rIrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppf xdjYk yif kypf akH usmif;'umBu;D OD;bd;k Munf\aps;0,fpm&if;?
rSwfwrf;wifEdkifrnfh pHxm;p&m a&Tausmif;r[myif jzpfyg ta&mif;t0,fy&k ydu k ?f xef;vsuaf &mif;pm&if;? ausmif;'um
awmhonf/ OD;bdk;Munf "m;jywdkufcH&jcif; avQmufxm;csufay;pm?
a&Tausmif;awmfBu;D \ tkwaf vSum;jzLrsm;udk eif;um ta&mif;t0,frw S w f rf;yk&ydu k rf sm;? acs;iSm;pmcsKyrf sm;udv
k nf;
wuf twGif;odkY 0ifcJhonf&Sdaomf pavNrdKUomru jrefrm avhvmawGU&SdEdkifygonf/
jynf wvTm;yif xif&Sm;ausmfapmawmfrlaom pmqdkawmfBuD; xdkYjyif oHk;NrdKU0efrif;BuD; OD;Munf\ ta&;awmfyHk
OD;ykntm; *kPfjyKwnfaxmifzGifhvSpfxm;aom pmqdkawmf aqmif&GufcsufrSwfwrf;rsm;? oHawmfqifhpavNrdKUtkyfrif;
OD;ykntxdr;f trSwf jywdu k Bf u;D udk iGm;iGm;pGiphf iG hf jrifawGUMu& aersK;d rif;xifausmaf cgif\ w&m;qH;k jzwfpmrsm;? &wemyHak cwf
rnf jzpfygonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m rSwfwrf;rsm; yk&ydkufrsm;udkvnf; awGU&Sd
OD;yknjywduk x f wJ iG f rSeAf D Bkd u;D rsm;jzifh jyoxm;onfh rsO;f eD avhvm&rnf jzpfygonf/
ayxkyf? &wemyHkacwf ayxkyfBudK;? yef;azmfBuHqpfa&Tay? xdkYjyif jrefrmpmqdkausmf pavOD;ykn\ omoem
,Gr;f yef;xd;k usr;f ? uvsmPDausmufpmedoQ? omoemhvuFm& avQmufpmwrf;? a0E&mZmwf? arwmpmrsm;? w&m;a[m
usrf;? NAdodoQacwf avmif;avSi,fyef;yk? uGrf;tpfi,f? pm yk&ydkufrsm;? oEdvuFm 16 yk'f? 0dZ,jyZmwfrsm;udk ayrl
yef;yGwf qGr;f tkyif ,f? 'efqif;wkO;D acgif;rsm;? yef;yGwv f uf&m twdkif; jyoxm;onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;NyD; q&mBuD;
pavOD;ykn\ vufa&;udkvnf; awGUodavhvmEdkifMurnf twef;jrifhrm;cJhaMumif; od&SdEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ uRefawmf jrefrmjynfom; jzpf&onfudk tNrJ*kPf,laerdrnf
xdkYjyif OD;vmb yk&ydkuf? tmumo oQw&usrf;rsm;? jzpfygonf/
rif;wkef;rif;xHokdY q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ qufoGif;pmrsm;udk
vnf; awGU&SdavhvmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
xdkYjyif ESpfaygif;wpf&mhESpfq,fu aMu;oGef;Ak'qif;wk
awmfBu;D (blrzd rkj'm)tjyif opfom;Ak'q if;wkawmfrsm;?
vTpmrHAk'qif;wkawmfrsm;? e*g;ckepfaumifywf Ak'qif;wk
awmf? yk*Hacwfu aMu;acgif;avmif;BuD;? &wemyHkacwf
a'gif;aygif;yef;yGvuf&m AsyfcGufrsm;? qGrf;awmftkyfrsm;?
oHoydwfrsm;? oacG;udkifBudrfyef;xdk; oydwfajc? a&Tcs om;dk;
azmif;<u yef;yGwfqGrf;awmftkyfrsm;? yk*Hacwftdk;jcrf;uGJrsm;?
yk*Hacwftkwfrsm;? Oa'gif;kyfyg yk*Hacwftkwf? pwkjy,f [k
pmygaom yk*Hacwftkwfrsm;...
oli,fcsi;f wdYk rQqv kd Qif pavkypf akH usmif;awmfBu;D ESihf
OD;yknjywdkufBuD;taMumif; tawmftwef od&SdavmufNyD/
a&S;acwfu td;k jcrf;yJw h pfco k nf a&Txuftzd;k wefonf
[laom pum;&Syd gonf/ odq Yk vkd Qif kypf akH usmif;awmfBu;D
ESihf pmqdak wmfBu;D OD;yknjywdu k t f wGi;f &Sd ypn
h ;f rsm;onf rnfrQ
wefzdk;&Sdrnfenf;/
oli,fcsi;f wdYk csichf sed rf Ed ikd Nf y/D jrefrmhtEkock rk ypn;f rsm;?
a&S ; a[mif ; yp n f ; rsm;ud k avh v mok a woejyKjcif ; jzif h
uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmrsm;onf ,Ofaus;rIe,fy,fwGif tqifh
urm Bu;D ESit
hf NyKd if
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf 9
av;ode;f oH;k aomif; ESpaf xmifEh pS &f mckepfq,f&h pS u f sy)f tukef
tuscHum wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;od&onf/
pmMunfhwdkufBuD;onf tqifhjrifh E-Library tjzpf
wnfaxmifxm;av&m vlBu;D vli,ftm;vH;k twGuf uGeyf sLwm
urmBuD;ESifhtNydKif 15 vH;k wyfqifxm;ygonf/ {&m0wDpmMunfw h ukd Bf u;D twGi;f
wGif uav;vli,frsm;twGuf tvG,w f ulavhvmoifMum;
uRefawmfwdkY oli,fcsif;wpfpk ausmif;ydwf&uf pae? Ed k i f a om pD ' D r sm;? ausmif ; om;âusmif ; ol r sm;twG u f
we*FaEGaeYrsm;odkYa&mufwdkif; uefom,m&Sd a&ul;uefodkY bmom&yf qdik &f mavhvmoifMum;Edik af om Education C.D rsm;?
oGm; a&ul;avhusiMhf uonf/ Ny;D awmhabmvH;k uefMuonf/ wuodkvf ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;twGuf avhvm
wpfcgwpf&H opfndKukef;aus;&GmwpfavQmuf&Sd awmrsm;qD
oifMum;Edik af om pG,pf u kH sr;f rsm;? jywdu
k rf sm;? *E0ifpmtkyrf sm;?
vnfywfum iSuyf pfxu G af vh&MdS uonf/ naecsr;f tcg ykord f
ajryHkrsm;ygonfh Reference CD rsm;? EdkifiHwum pD;yGm;a&;
qdyfurf;wpfavQmuf vrf;avQmufjcif;? jrpfurf;yg;wGif
xdkifum i0efjrpfxJwGif pkefqefoGm;vmaeMuaom oabFm qufqaH &;enf;vrf;rsm;? enf;Oya'rsm;? pmay;pm,l a&;om;
rsm;? avSormefrsm;udk ai;um tyef;ajzjcif;? vufzuf&nf Edkifaom Business CD rsm;? aq;ynmbmom&yfqdkif&m
qdkifrsm;wGifxdkifum ta&r&tzwfr& pum;awGajymum ukxHk;rsm;? aq;0g;taMumif;ygonfh Medicial CD rsm;?
tcsdefawGukefcJhMuzl;ygonf/ tif*sifeD,mtDvufxGef;epf odyHenf;ynmqdkif&m bmom
,cktcg uRefawmfwdkY ykodrfNrdKUawmfcef;rBuD;ESifhtwl &yfrsm;? 0goemtvdkuf tdrftvSjyifqifjcif;? O,smOfpdkufysKd;
{&m0wDpmMunfw h ukd Bf u;D ay:aygufvmaomtcg uReaf wmf jyKpkjcif;? um;jyifjcif;? *Dwm pE&m;wD;enf;? csufjyKwfenf;?
wd\
Yk tzd;k weftcsed rf sm;udk {&m0wDpmMunfw h u
kd t
f wGi;f jrK yEf HS tus' ZD ikd ;f rsm;yg0ifonfh Hobby CD rsm;? aw;oDcsi;f Music
um pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; avhvmzwfIjcif;jzifh tcsdefrsm;udk (Karaoke) CD rsm;? Pf&nf PfaoG;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufaprnfh
tusKd;&Sd&Sd toHk;cswwfvmNyDvnf; jzpfygonf/ Sport ESihf Game CD rsm;? pkpa k ygif; CD "mwfjym; ckepf&mausmf
{&m0wDpmMunfhwkdufBuD;udk {&m0wDwdkif;at;csrf;
&Syd gonf/
om,ma&;ESifhzGHYNzdK;a&;aumifpDrS aiGusyf (ESpfq,fh&Spfuka#
8
10 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf urmBuD;ESifhtNydKif 11
xyfr H CD RoM rsm; 0,f,jl znfq h nf;aeaMumif;vnf; Cybertech toif;0ifvdkolrsm; vpOfaMu; 1000 usyf
od&ygonf/ aemifwiG f Computer Application Course oifwef; jzpfygonf/
rsm;ydkYcsOD;rnf[k odxm;ygonf/ uReaf wmfwo Ykd il ,fcsi;f rsm;onf Computer rsm;toH;k jyK
uReaf wmfwYkd {&m0wDpmMunfw h ukd w f iG f okawoepmtkyf E-Book rsm;zwfjcif;? CD RoM rsm;toHk;jyKavhvmjcif;?
aygif; 4500 ausmf&SdNyD;? &nfnTef;pmtkyfrsm;? aeYpOfxkwf Philips (48) vufr TV tqufrjywfxkwfvTifhvsuf&Sdaom
owif;pmrsm; (t*Fvdyf+jrefrm) vpOfxkwfr*Zif; 25 rsKd;? qufoG,fa&;N*dK[fwkrSowif;rsm;? kyfoHtpDtpOfrsm;udk
*sme,f 20 ausmf? Asia Week, News Week, Time ESifh Busi- MunfhIcHpm;EdkifMuNyDvnf; jzpfygonf/
ness Week Edi k if jH cm;r*Zif;? jrefrmwdik ;f r*Zif;rsm;xm;&So d nfukd uRefawmfwdkY {&m0wDpmMunfhwdkufBuD;udk 2001 ckESpf?
awGY jrifzwfIae&ygonf/ Mo*kwfv 18 &ufaeY 13;45 em&DtcsdefwGif zGifhvSpfay;
tqdyk gpmtkyrf sm;xJwiG f World Book 1994 pG,pf u kH sr;f cJyh gonf/
wpfpHkwnf;yif jrefrmaiGusyf 14 odef;wefzdk;&SdaMumif;
od&ygonf/ uReaf wmfEiS hf armifo[ D wdo Yk nf ykord Nf rKd U? ukeo
f nfvrf;
{&m0wDwikd ;f pmMunfw h ukd Bf u;D udk 2001 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f BuD;twdkif; pufbD;rsm;pD;vsuf {&m0wDpmMunfhwdkuf&Sd&modkY
1 &ufaeYwGif ,cif{&m0wDwdkif; at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh xGufcGmvmcJhMuygonf/ ykodrfa&Trka|mapwDawmfBuD;teD;
zGNYH zKd ;a&;aumifpOD u| taemufawmifwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw f ikd ;f rSL;? a&mufaomtcg ndK0if;ESifh vSodef;wdkYu vufzuf&nfqdkif
AdkvfcsKyfol&a&Tref;trSL;xm;NyD; {&m0wDwdkif;pmMunfhwdkuf twGif;rS vSrf;ac:ygonf/
toif;0ifjcif; tcrf;tem;jyKvyk u f si;f ycJyh gonf/ xdak eYu ykord f uReaf wmfwEYkd pS af ,mufvnf; vrf;ab;yvufazmif;wGif
NrdKUol^NrdKUom;oHk;axmifausmf wufa&mufcJhNyD; xdkaeYwGifyif pufb;D udak omhcwfum qdik w f iG ;f od0Yk ifcMhJ uygonf/ qdik w
f iG ;f
OD;a&ESpf&m toif;0ifcJhygonf/ ,cktcg uRefawmfwdkY wGif qlnHpGm pD'Dtdkauqdkolrsm;aMumifh pum;yifaumif;pGm
tygt0if toif;0if 5700 cefYtoif;0ifNyD; jzpfaeMuygNyD/ ajymrMum;Mu&yg/ ndK0if;u pD;u&ufzGmIduf&if; ...
uRefawmfwdkY {&m0wDpmMunfhwdkuftoif;0ifEIef;rSm ]]bmaomufrvJ ... rSmavuGm}} [kqdkavonf/
ESpfpOf aMu; 600 usyf jzpfygonf/ E-Library toif;0ifvdk uRefawmfu ]]csKdqdrfhESpfcGuf}} [krSmvdkufonf/
Muol rsm; vpOfaMu; 500 usyEf eI ;f jzpfygonf/ Internet Bagan ]]rif;wdkYESpfa,mufu b,foGm;rvdkYvJ...}}
]]wdkY{&m0wDpmMunfhwdkuf oGm;rvdkYuG ...}} ]]tNrJwrf;pmtkyfawG? uGefysLwmawGeJY wdkYOD;aESmufudk
[k qdkvdkufaomtcg olwdkYu NyHK;Muonf/ armraeapcsib f ;l uGm/ ckvkd ttm;&wJt h csed af wGrmS OD;aESmuf
]]ausmif;rSmvnf;pm? usL&Sirf mS vnf;pm? ausmif;jyifyrSm udt k em;ay;csiw f ,f/ aysmaf ysmyf g;yg;oDcsi;f awGqMkd u/ uMueJY
vnf;pmqdak wmh rif;wdu Yk rvGev f eG ;f bl;vm;uG? bmvJ ...
pdwfudkvef;qef;apcsifw,f ...}}
rif;wdkYu *kPfxl;awG woDwwef;BuD;eJY trSwftrsm;qHk;
[kqdkum pD;u&ufudk rD;ndzGmIdufvdkufjyefonf/
q,fOD;pm&if;0ifcsifMuvdkYvm; ...[m; ...[m...}}
]]'g vlysif;awG? vHkYvr&SdolawGajymwJhpum;yg vSodef;?
[kqu kd m avSmifajymifvu kd Mf uonfukd uReaf wmfwNYkd yKH ;ae
vdu
k rf Md uonf/ rif;wd[ Yk m ckyMJ unfh vufzuf&nfqikd x f ikd rf ,f? oDcsi;f qdrk ,f?
]]tcsdefqdkwm odyfwefzdk;&Sdw,foli,fcsif;? tzdk;wefwJh pD;u&ufaomufr,f? Ny;D awmh bde;f jzLawGom vG,v f ,
G u
f ul l
tcsdefawG wdkYtvum;rjzKef;ypfcsifbl;/ uaeYigwdkY&&SdaewJh &&if pdwfudktem;ay;NyD; OD;aESmufudkaq;r,fqdkNyD; prf;oyf
tcsdefav;[m aemifjyefr&Edkifawmhbl; ...}} MuOD;rSmr[kwv f m;? rl;,pftpaq;vdyu f wJh r[kwv f m;...}}
]][J ...[J ckawGv Y u
kd &f wJh i0efjrpfxu J a&[m ckeawGY [k oD[uajymvdkufaomtcg ndK0if;uNyHK;onf/
vdkuf&wJh i0efjrpfa&r[kwfawmhbl;aygh ...}} ]]'DaeYvli,fawG[m tcGifhta&;awG tompD;&aewJh
[kqdkum &,farmvdkufMuonf/ tcsdefuG? wdkYawG trDrvdkufEdkif&if usefcJhrSmyJ/ vGefcJhwJhtESpf
]]'DrSm armifndK0if;? wjcm;NrdKUBuD;wcsKdUrSmawmif wdkY{&m ESpfq,foHk;q,favmufu wdkYykodrfom;vli,fawGeJY uaeY
0wDpmMunfhwdkufrsKd; tqifhjrifh E-Library awG&SdMuao;wm ESpfq,fhwpf&mpk wdkYykodrfvli,fawGrwlMuawmhbl;/ wdkYrSm
r[kwfbl;? wcsKdUNrdKUi,fav;awGqdk&if omrefpmMunfhwdkuf tcGifhtvrf;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdaew,f/ 'DtcGifhta&;awGudk
awmif&SdMuwmr[kwfbl;/ wcsKdUNrdKU&GmawGrSm jyefMum;a&;ESifh wdvYk ufvw T tf qH;k I;H cHMu&if wdu
Yk secf rhJ mS yJ/ urmBu;D [modyNf y;D
jynfoq Yl ufqaH &;pmMunfw h ukd af vmufom &SMd uao;wm/ wdYk
wd;k wufaew,f/ wdaYk wG trDvu kd Mf uzdv Yk w kd ,foil ,fcsi;f ..}}
awG b,favmufuaH umif;MuovJ? 'DtcGit hf a&;rsK;d udk rif;wdYk
]]bmvJ rif;wdu Yk vufzuf&nfqikd x f ikd ?f t&ufqikd af wG
vufvw G q
f ;kH I;H cHMur,fq&kd if rif;wdaYk vmufru kd w
f AhJ mvawG
r&SdMuawmhbl;vdkY rSwfvdkufMuayawmhuGm }} [kqdkvdkufaom rSmyJ b0udek pfreG ;f ysupf ;D cHaeMurSmvm;? usm;xd;k ? Z,fawmuf
tcg vSoed ;f u vufzuf&nfwpfcu G af rmhaomufvu kd &f if;../ arsmufyef;vSefaeMur,fhacwfr[kwfawmhbl;uG/ wdkYawG
Internet uGef&ufawGeJY urmBuD;eJYqufoG,fNyD; avhvmpl;prf; {&m0wDpmMunfw h ukd Bf u;D \ atmufxyfrmS a&m txuf
okawoejyK&r,fh acwfa&mufaeNyD . . .}} xyfrSmyg ynmvdkvm;avhvmaeMuol vli,fxktrsm;udk
uReaf wmfph um;aMumifh armifnKd 0if;eJY vSoed ;f wdNYk ird o f mG ; uRefawmfwdkY awGYvkdufMu&onf/
Muonf/ olwdkYtm;vkH;onf wdk;wufaeaomurmBuD;udk trD
]]ode;f aygif;ESpq f ,f&h pS u f ak #ausmf &if;ES;D jrK yEf aHS y;xm;wJh vdkufaeMuolrsm;yif r[kwfygvm; . . ./
{&m0wDpmMunfw h u
kd Bf u;D &JUrsuEf mS udk rif;wdrYk axmufb;l vm;?
{&m0wDpmMunfhwdkufBuD;[m ykodrfom; vli,fvlBuD;awG&JU
b0tvif;a&mifuG}}
[kqu kd m uReaf wmfwu Ykd vufzuf&nfqikd rf x S u G rf nftjyK
ndK0if;ESifhvSodef;wdkYuvnf; NydKifwlae&mrSxvdkufMuonf/
]]tvum;aemufwmyguGm? wdkYykodrfNrdKU&JU usufoa&
aqmifom r[kwfygbl;/ {&m0wDwdkif;wpfckvHk;&JUusufoa&
aqmif? NyD;awmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JUusufoa&aqmif? {&m0wD
pmMunfw h u kd Bf u;D udk oGm;Ny;D ravhvm&if rdu k &f musrmS ayghumG ?
wdkYvnf;toif;0ifolawGyguG? vmoGm;Mur,f ...}}
[kqu kd m ndK0if;ESiv hf o S ed ;f wdu
Yk vnf; olwpYkd ufb;D rsm;qD
avQmufoGm;NyD; aomhzGifhvdkufMuonf/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY
vli,fav;rsm; urf;em;vrf;&Sd {&m0wDpmMunfhwdkufBuD;qD
pufbD;udk rSefrSefeif;cJhMuonf/
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf a&TyakH wmifapwD&if;0,f 17
uReaf wmfww Ykd pfck a&TyakH wmifb&k m;&ifjyifwiG f em;cdu
k m
bk&m;tm; OD;csuefawmhNyD; tarmajzvkdufMuygonf/
]]acsmufNrdKU&JUorkdif;odvm;...}}
ausm0f if;\pum;aMumifh oufatmifEiS hf 0if;armifwu Ykd
a&TyHkawmifapwD&if;0,f NyKH ;vduk Mf uonf/
]]wdkYacsmufNrdKU[m ou&mZf 800 ausmfavmufu
wpfcak om we*FaEGausmif;ydw&f uf eHeuf 8 em&Dtcsed f bkr& mZmvdaYk c:wJh &Gmpkav;om jzpfcahJ o;wmuG? jrefrmjynf
cefw
Y iG f uReaf wmfwYkd a&TyakH wmifb&k m;qDoYkd OD;wnfNy;D pufb;D rsm; BuD;udk t*FvdyfawG odrf;NyD;wJhaemuf bDtdkpDa&eHukrPDu
eif;um xGufcGmvmcJhMuygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYpD;eif;vm&m a&eHacsmif;rSm pNyD; a&eHwl;Muw,f? tJ'Daemuf 1900 jynfh
0J,m ESpfzufwGif a&eHwGif;rsm;? a&eHodkavSmifuefrsm;udk ESpfavmufrSm a&S;u pOfhul;a&eHajrvdkYac:wJh wdkYacsmufNrdKU
awGUjrifcJhMu&ygonf/ a&mufvmNy;D ckwaYkd &mufaewJh a&TyakH wmifb&k m;awmifajc&if;
tcsKdUa&eHwGif;ysufrsm;? a&eHodkavSmifuefysufrsm;udk vrf;&JU 0JbufrmS yxrqH;k a&eHwiG ;f udk pwifw;l &mu a&eHawG
vnf; awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ a&TyHkawmifbk&m;onf {&m0wD xGufvdkY a&eHvkyfom;awG NrdKUtoD;oD;u a&muf&Sdvm&mu
jrpfurf;wGi&f NdS y;D acsmufNrKd UESihf av;rdik cf efw
Y iG f uGma0;ygonf/ pnfum;vmNy;D acsmufBuKd acsmufMum; jrpfurf;em;rSm NrKd Uwnf
,cktcg rauG;wdkif;twGif; tylydkif;pdrf;vef;pdkjynfa&; aewmaMumifh bkr& mZmvdYk rac:awmhbJ acsmufNrKd UvdYk ac:cJh
pdkufcif;rsm;? pdkufuGif;rsm;udk jyKpkxm;av&m vrf;ab;0J,m wmuG}} [k 0if;armifu qdkvdkufaomtcg ausmf0if;onf
wpf a MumwG i f wrmyif w ef ; rsm;? ,l u vpf y if w ef ; rsm;? NyHK;vsuf {&m0wDjrpfBuD;qDai;armaevdkufavonf/
xaemif;? refusnf;? r,fZvDyifawmrsm;jzifh pdrf;vef;pdkjynf ]]'gjzifh 'Da&TyakH wmifapwDBu;D udk b,fow l nfxm;wmvJ?
vsuf &SdaeNyDudk awGUjrifMunfEl;rdygonf/ rif;wdkY odMuvm;/ NyD;awmh bmhaMumifh wnfxm;wmvJ..}}
a&TyakH wmifBu;D pdr;f vef;pdjk ynfa&;twGuf opfawm OD;pD; ausmf0if;\ar;cGef;udk oufatmifuajzygonf/
XmerS wrmpdu k cf if;rsm;? r,fZvDyifpu kd cf if;rsm;udk pepfwus ]]ig..acsmufNrKd Uom;yguGm? acsmufNrKd Uom;qdw k m acsmuf
pDrHpdkufysKd;xm;&m aemufav;ig;ESpftwGif; a&TyHkawmifBuD; NrKd UrSm&Swd hJ bk&m;awG&UJ ordik ;f avmufawmh odxm;ygao;w,f?
wpfckvHk; pdrf;vef;a0qmawmhrnfvnf; jzpfygonf/ t[rf;...}}
16
18 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf a&TyakH wmifapwD&if;0,f 19
[k qdkum ausmf0if;tm; NyHK;Munfhvdkuf&m ausmf0if; &GpH &maumif;vSygwum;? rke;f p&maumif;vSygwum;vdYk qdNk y;D
uvnf; NyHK;NyD;... oHa0*&cJw h ,f/ tJ'v D ykd J jynfojl ynfom;rsm;vnf; ppfukd &GrH ek ;f
]]uJ-rif;od&ifajymavuGm? tvum; 0g<um;raeygeJY]] aMumufvefY oHa0*&ap&eftwGuf &nf&G,fNyD; a&TyHkawmif
[k qdkavonf/ uRefawmfwdkY oli,fcsif;wpfpk\pum; apwD B uD ; ud k wnf x m;ud k ; uG , f c J h w ,f v d k Y od & ygw,f
udk pdwf0ifpm;Muojzifh bk&m;zl;vmoltcsKdUu em;pGifhvsuf armifausmf0if;...}}
&SMd uygonf/ [k aemufvdkuf&m bk&m;zl;rsm;yg apwDawmfBuD;\
]]'Dvukd ?G ou&mZf 863 ckEpS rf mS e&ywdpnforl if;Bu;D [m ordkif;udk odvdkufMu&ojzifh txl;auseyftm;&oGm;Mu
tif;0rSm eef;pHawmfrlcJhw,fwJh? tJ'Dbk&ifudk a&Teef;aMumh avonf/
&Siv f v
Ykd nf; orkid ;f rSm ac:qdrk w S w
f rf;wifcMhJ uw,fr[kwv f m;/ ]]ighom;av;wdkYu 'DacsmufNrdKUom;awGaemf? avhvm
tJ't D csed u f Edik if aH &;tajctaerwnfNird b f ;l / rd;k ni;f ? jynf? rSwo f m;rIaumif;Muygayw,f/ om"k...om"k...om"k..}}
awmifilNrdKUpm;e,fpm;awGuvnf; e&ywdpnfolrif;BuD;udk [k tbGm;tdw k pfO;D u aumif;cs;D rsm;yif ay;aeavonf/
axmifxm;jcm;em;aewJh tcsdefaygh/ ou&mZf 867 ckESpfrSm ]]uJ..uJ..ig uAsmav;wpfyk'f &Gwfjyr,f/ NyD;awmh
awmh ,if;awmf oQpf&Sm;vdkYac:wJh rdwDvmNrdKUpm;rif; wHk;wm rif;wdkYudk ar;cGef;ar;r,f..}}
eJU rif;jynfh0wdkY[m awmifilrif; jynfrif;wdkYeJY yl;aygif;NyD; [k ausmf0if;u qdkjyef&m oufatmifESifh 0if;armif
pavNrKd Uudk tvH;k t&if;eJY csw D ufwukd cf u
kd Mf uowJ/h tJ't D cgrSm wdkYu..
a&Teef;ausmh&Sif bk&ife&ywdpnfol[m ukef;abmifoDayg ]]qdkavuGm? wdkYem;axmifMunfhao;wmaygh..}}
apmfbmG ;cGerf iId ;f eJY yl;aygif;Ny;D jyefvnfwu kd cf ukd of wJ/h pavNrKd U [k NydKifwlajymav&m ausmf0if;u uAsmwpfyk'fudk &Gwf
yHkawmift&yfrSm ppfBuD;udk atmifjrifpGm wdkufcdkufEdkifcJhw,f av\/
vdYk od&w,f/ tJ'w D u kd yf rJG mS &efoal wG[m txdtcdu k f tus ]]ukef;vnf;udk;wef? awmif&HckepfaxG? a&arSmfpwk?
tqH;k rsm;pGmeJY upOfu h vsm;ajy;cJMh u&w,fvYkd od&w,f/ tJ'v D kd Oa'gif; ru#? ok0Pav*lvm? e*g;rIdif;ausmufrSmvnf;?
&efoal wG tawmfrsm;rsm; toufq;kH I;H Muwmudk awGUjrif&wJh tHt h J rNy;D ? ausmufurG ;f oD;? ausmufusuw f uf? tNzKd uef uf
tcg a&Teef;aMumh&Sifrif;BuD;[m rsm;pGm oem;ukPm ausmuf e *g;? ausmuf z m;? ausmuf v d y f k y f ? ausmuf
oufawmfrlcJhNyD; ppfqdkwmaMumufp&maumif;vSygwum;? ausmufcsO?f ausmufyifausmufcwf? ausmuf&u G af usmufyef;?
20 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf a&TyakH wmifapwD&if;0,f 21
A[ef;jzL? A[ef;0g? ausmufBudK;Mum? ausmufjy'g;? ausmuf awmif? awmifoMuif? EGm;xm;awmifqNkd y;D trnf&w dS ahJ wmif
a,mufoGm;? ausmufck? tpkpkaxG? a&o,H? ukef;o,H? zdk; ckepfvHk;udk ajymwmyg/ a&arSmfav;ckuawmh- ausmuftif;
OD;oHESifh csoHtrsKd;rsKd;? zdkxdk;wJhaZmf*sD? wyoDwdkY? aysmfaeonfh arSmf? rxkwfarSmf? bDvl;rarSmf? &Sm;yifarSmfwdkYudk ajymwmyg}}
Xme? a&TyHkawmif yAw [l...}} qdkwJhtwdkif; a&TyHkawmif [l 0if;armifu &Sif;vif;vdkufaomtcg bk&m;zl;vm
ajrwaMumrSm ausmuftrsKd;rsKd;? oHtaxGaxGaygrsm;<u,f0 y&dowftrsm;u-
w,fwJh [kwfvm;? ig ar;csifwmu odyfawmh rcufygbl;? ]]om"k...om"k...om"k}}
uAsmxJrmS ygwJh uke;f vnf;ud;k wef? awmif&H ckepfaxG? a&arSmf [l aumif;csD;ay;vdkufMuaomtcg ausmf0if;onf
pwkqw kd hJ oH;k cGe;f aom ar;cGe;f udyk J ar;rSmyg/ rif;wdYk zsm;roGm; oufatmifEiS hf 0if;armifwt Ykd m; rauseyfaom trlt&mESihf
MuygeJYOD;/ uJ.. b,folajzrvJ..}} Munfhaeavonf/ xdkYaemuf ausmf0if;u ar;cGef;wpfckudk
[k ausm0f if;u qdv k ukd af omtcg 0if;armifuNyKH ;Ny;D .. aumufumiifum xkwfvdkufjyefonf/
]]'Da&TyHkawmifrSm &aohBuD;wpfyg; aecJhzl;w,f? tJ'D
]]'gav;rsm;..}}
&aohBuD;udkaum odMuvm;...}}
[kqdkvdkuf&m bk&m;zl;vmy&dowfrsm;onf 0if;armif
oufatmifu ajzzdkYtoifhjzpfaeonf/
tm; pl;&Sawmufajymifaom rsuv f ;kH rsm;jzifh Munfu
h m pdw0f if ]]ig ajzr,f ausmf0if;}}
pm;aeMuavonf/ 0if;armifu bk&m;zl;vmrdbrsm;xH NyKH ;Ny;D [k oufatmifu qdkav&m ausmf0if;u-
Munfhvkdufum.. ]]ajzavuGm...}}
]]'gu.. a&TyakH wmifb&k m;0ef;usiu f xl;qef;thMHh ozG,f [k qdkvdkufonf/ tcg oufatmifu-
ukef;udk;ukef;? awmifckepfvHk;? a&arSmfav;ckwdkYudk tajz ]]a&S;u 'Da&TyHkawmifapwDrSm odE&aohBuD; aecJh
cdkif;wmyg t&D;wdkY&JU? rcufygbl;/ 'g pmxJrSm &Sdygw,f/ a&TyHk zl;w,f/ &aohBu;D [m t*d& twwfukd aumif;pGm wwfuRr;f
awmifb&k m;ordik ;f pmtkyx f rJ mS vnf; ygygw,f/ uke;f ud;k uke;f Ny;D a&Tjzpfatmif? aiGjzpfatmifvyk Ef ikd o
f wJ?h tJ'&D aohBu;D [m
qdw k m- wH;k wmuke;f ? vSn;f yGBJ u;D uke;f ? cJrBu;D uke;f ? oHqu kd ek ;f / aemifvmaemufom;awG tusKd;&SdpGm tvSL'gejyKvkyfEdkifzdkY
wrmukef;? avayGukef;? [if;cGufukef;? ajryvifukef;? ayyifBu;D atmufrmS a&TaiG&wemawG jrK yEf x HS m;cJw h ,f/ ayyif
qifwufukef;awGudkajymwmyg/ awmifckepfvHk;u- EGm;vnf awGUol[m a&TaiG&wemawGudk wl;azmf,lNyD; tvSLBuD;ay;
awmif? ovlawmif? ewfawmif? jrifAm[kawmif? aMu;jzL vSLEdkifrSm jzpfw,fuG...}}
22 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf a&TyakH wmifapwD&if;0,f
ausm0f if;\ ar;cGe;f udk oufatmifu jynfph pkH mG ajzvdu k f
aomtcg ausm0f if;rSm rcso d mG ;NzJ &,fusu J saJ v; jzpfaeonf
udk bk&m;zl;vm rdbrsm;u NyHK;NyD;MunfhMuum-
]]'gqdk wdv
Yk nf; ayyift&SmxGuOf ;D rS? a&TyakH wmifwpfciG f
rsm tvSLBuD;vSLEdkifzdkY odE&aohBuD;jrKyfESHxm;wJh a&TaiG tarG
&wemawG &SmMu&atmifvm;..}}
[k NyHK;&,fum ajymqdkMu&if; a&TyHkawmifapwDjrwfudk uReaf wmfarmifx;l yg/ yif;w,om; jzpfygonf/ yif;w,
uefawmhMuum a&TyHkawmifbk&m;&ifjyifawmfrS qif;oGm;Mu [laom trnfrmS yifu h &l aom trnfrS qif;oufvmonf[k
avawmhonf/ ukrmb,Zmwfu qdkygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY oli,fcsif;oHk;a,mufrSmvnf; {&m0wD uRefawmfajymvdkonfrSm yif;w,NrdKUordkif;r[kwfyg/
jrpfBu;D \wpfzufurf;rS qdyjf zLNrKd U? 0gZDpuf?kH vrf;&Gmrsm;qDoYkd uReaf wmfwYkd yif;w,NrKd Uae "EktrsK;d om;rsm;\ puLvkyif ef;
ai;armMunfhIum tawG;e,fcsJUaerdMuygawmhownf;/ ESifh yif;w,xD;vkyfief;taMumif; jzpfygonf/
,if;w,NrKd UwGif puLvkyif ef;ESihf xD;vkyif ef;udk OD;aqmif
c c c c c c
cJholrsm;teuf uRefawmhtbdk; OD;tkef;cdkifvnf; wpfOD;tyg
t0ifjzpfygonf/ yif;w, iSufaysmawmxD;qdkvQif vlwdkif;
odMuygonf/ yif;w,wGif puLvkyfief;? xD;vkyfief;tjyif
0g;carmufvkyfief;udkvnf; tdrfwGif;vufrIynmtjzpf
vkyu f ikd v
f su&f MdS uygonf/
0g;carmufvkyfief;udkawmh uRefawmfwdkU iSufaysmawm
&yfuGufwGif rvkyfMuyg/ 0g;carmuftjyif 0g;"m;tdrf? tcg;
ajcmufppfud&d,mrsm;udk o&ufukef;aus;&GmwGif vkyfudkif
Muygonf/
23
24 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf tarG 25
0g;carmufukd yif;w,carmuf[ l vnf; ac:ygonf/ jym ig;ydmESifha&mpyfum oH',ftdk;BuD;rsm;wGifxnfhum
&Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f rdik ;f aemif&mG rS xGuo f nfh rdik ;f aemifcarmuf a&jzifha&m? atmufrS rD;tylay;um &Spfem&DMumatmif jyKwf
av;rsm;avmuf aps;rBu;D yg/ xdaYk Mumifh awmifov l ,form; Mu&ygonf/
trsm; aps;csKdcsKdjzifh toHk;jyKEdkifMuygonf/ carmufwGif rD;tyl &Spef m&DMumatmifay;NyaD omf tacgufzwfrsm;udk
yef;vSvaS v;rsm;udk ES;D jzifh &ufum yHak zmfxm;ojzifh wifw h ,f a&at;ESihf aq;aMumNy;D opfom;wH;k Bu;D wpfcak y:wGif tenf;
vSyaeygonf/ i,fpDyHkum opfom;wlESpfvufjzifh ausnufatmif xk&
uReaf wmfpum;ajymavmojzifh puLvkyif ef;taMumif; ygonf/ xkNyD;ausnufaeaom tacgufzwfrsm;udk ajrtdk;
ajymrnf[k pum;pNy;D carmuftaMumif;a&mufomG ;ygonf/ wpfckwGif jynfvnfxnfhum 0g;'vufjzifh arT&ygonf/
cGifhvTwfMuyg/ uRefawmh&ifxJrSm yif;w,vufrIynm? "Ek xdkodkYarTNyD; puLacgufzwfrsm;udk ]]xif}}[k ac:aom
trsKd;om;rsm;\vufrIynmESifh ywfoufNyD; ajymcsifwmawG ydwyf sOpf udk oH;k ayywfvnf0g;jzifh uGyx f m;onfh 0g;abmifuyG f
u rsm;vG e f ; aeojzif h pum;vrf ; aMumif ; vG J o G m ;&jcif ; ud&, d may:odYk avmif;xnfv h ukd &f ygonf/ odYk avmif;xnfh
jzpfygonf/ qufajymygrnf/ puLvky f &aom puLyif[l &mwGif tqdkyg ]]xif}}[laom ud&d,mtm; a&tenf;i,f&Sd
uReaf wmfwYkd yif;w,NrKd Ue,fwpf0u kd wf iG f oD;oef&Y ydS gonf/ aom tkwu f efwiG ;f pdrEf ikd &f ef tkwu f efi,fwpfcjk yKvyk f xm;&
puLyifonf tyifBuD;rsKd;jzpfygonf/ NyD;awmh awmxJwGif ygonf/ tkwu f efteufrmS a&jzifh &Spv f ufrcefo
Y m &S&d ygrnf/
tavhusaygufaomtyifvnf; jzpfygonf/ puLyifrS t&Guf tqdkyg tkwfuefonf t&Snfay 9 aycefY&Sd&NyD;
rsm;onf aEGtcg a<uusMuygonf/ puLyifrS t&Gufrsm; teHtus,f oHk;aycGJcefY &Sd&ygonf/ tkwfuefxJwGif xif[l
a<ucsdefwGif tqdkygpuLyif\tacgufrsm;udk cGmMuygonf/ aom ud&d,mjrKyfEdkifonftxdom a&tenf;i,fxnfhxm;
puLyifrS tudik ;f rsm;udk ckwNf y;D tacgufukd cGm,lavh&ydS gonf/ &ygonf/ a&xJwiG jf rKyaf eaom xiftcsyaf y:odYk 'vufjzifh
xdkodkY puLyifrS&aom tacgufwpfydmudk rD;zdkjym arTNyD; puLtacgufzwfrsm;udk xnfhvkduf&ygonf/ wpfjym;
wpfydmjzifh oH',ftdk;BuD;rsm;wGif a&ESifha&mum jyKwfMu pmxnfNh y;D a&ppfum tqdyk g xifcsyBf u;D rsm;udk puLacgufzwf
&ygonf/ jyKwfcsdefrSm 8 em&DcefY jzpfygonf/ puLacguf rsm; nDnmpGm ndNyD;a&xJrS q,f,lum aea&mifjcnfwGif
wpfydmESifh rD;zdkjymwpfydm qdkonfrSm tcsKd;udkajymjcif; ajcmuf&ef aevSe;f &ygonf/ wpfem&DcefaY evSe;f Ny;D xiftcsyf
jzpfygonf/ puLyifacguf 5 ydm jyKwfrnfqdkygvQif rD;zdk xJrS puLcsyfBuD;udk cGmvdkufjcif;jzifh yif;w,puLudk &rnf
jzpfygonf/ yif;w,puLonf rdkif;udkifa'orSxGufaom rde;f raqmif;xD;ESihf uav;aqmif;xD;wdrYk mS jrefrmjynfr
&Sr;f puL? rdik ;f udik pf uLxuf t&G,Bf u;D ygonf/ yif;w, puL\ &Sd ykord Nf rKd UrSxu G af om ykord x f ;D ESihf wlygonf/ odaYk omf ykord f
t&G,t f pm;rSm tvsm; 3 ay? teH 3 ay ywfvnf&ydS gonf/ xD;u xD;trdk;&Gufzsifay:wGif aq;a&mifpHkrsm; toHk;jyKum
,cifu puLtacgufwpfydmvQif wpf&musyfjzifh yef;yGi?hf yef;cuf? iSu?f obm0Icif;yHrk sm; a&;qGx J m;aomfvnf;
0,f , l v k y f u d k i f c J h & aomf v nf ; ,ck t cg pu L tacguf yif;w,xD;rsm;wGif yef;csDvuf&mrsm; ryg&Sdyg/ dk;dk;av;yif
wpfydmvQif ig;&musyfjzifh 0,f,lvkyfudkifae&ygonf/ jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,cifuxuf aps;tenf;i,f jrifhvm&jcif; yif;w,xD;udk jyKvkyf&mwGif xD;udkif;vufwHrsm;tm;
jzpfygonf/ wdkuf0g;udk toHk;jyKum xD;csifwdkif 28 acsmif; (cdkif 28
puLyif\tacguf wpfydmjyKwfvdkufvQif puL&Guf acsmif;) jzifh xD;vHk;udk vkyfMuygonf/
wpf&m jyef&ygonf/ puLwpf&u G v
f Qif ESpqf ,fih g;usyEf eI ;f jzifh xD;acgif;udk aMumifvQmom;jzifh jyKvyk Nf y;D xD;d;k udk a'o
jyefvnfa&mif;csMuygonf/ tac: BuD;rQif0g;dk;jzifh jyKvkyfygonf/ xD;vufudkifrSm ykodrf
uRefawmfhtbdk; OD;tkef;cdkif\puLvkyfief;tarGudk xD;uJo h Ykd opfom;jzifh jyKvyk x f m;jcif; r[kwyf g/ 0g;qpfjzifo h m
uReaf wmhtazOD;vSazESihf tara':at;ykwu Ykd tarGqufcH yHkazmfNyD; jyKvkyfxm;ygon/
um qufvufvyk u f ikd af eMuygonf/ xdt Yk wl uReaf wmfonf ykord x f ;D ESiwhf ol nfrmS xD;cdik rf sm;ay:wGif csnaf &mifpkH
vnf; rdcifzcifwdkY\ tdrfrIvkyfief;dk;&mtarGudk qufvuf rsm;jzifh yef;xdk;xm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ awmifolv,form;
vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/ xD;um; ykord x f ;D ESihf uGmygonf/ ykord rf jS yKvyk af om bke;f Bu;D
yif;w,puLcsyfBuD;rsm;udk trsKd;rsKd;toHk;jyKMuygonf/ xD;xufBu;D ygonf/ awmifov l ,form;xD;udk trsm;tm;jzifh
txl;ojzifh yif;w,puLxD;vky&f mwGif xD;trd;k tjzpf toH;k puLjzifo h m jyKvyk x f m;ygonf/ xD;trd;k puLudk a&eHacs;qGwf
0ifvSygonf/ yif;w,xD;rSm puLxD;? ydwfxD;[l ESpfrsKd; okwv f rd ;f Ny;D rd;k wGi;f wGif awmifov l ,form;rsm; c&D;oGm;&m
&Syd gonf/ puLxD;? ydwx f ;D wdrYk mS vnf; uav;aqmif;xD;? rde;f r wG i f v nf ; aumif ; ? awmif , mrsm;? NcH r sm;twG i f ; wG i f
aqmif;xD;? r,foDv&ifaqmif;xD;? awmifolv,form; vnf;aumif; aqmif;EdkifMuygonf/ xD;rSm BuD;vGef;ojzifh
aqmif; xD; [l trsKd;rsKd; &Sdygonf/ rd;k b,favmufBu;D Bu;D ? yufyuf vHv k yS gonf/ awmifov l ,f
orm;rsm;onf rdk;r&GmvQif xD;BuD;udk pvG,fodkif;vG,fvsuf aqmif&uG &f rnfw
h m0efrmS uReaf wmfw\
Ykd wm0efyifjzpfaMumif;
c&D;xGufavh&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfaumif;pGm em;vnfoabmaygufaeygNyD/
uReaf wmfwYkd yif;w,puLvkyif ef;ESihf xD;vkyif ef;udk Edik if H xdkYtwl uRefawmhfom;orD;rsm;? wynfhrsm;tm;vnf;
jcm;om;trsm;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;Muygonf/ yif;w, dk;&mvufrIvkyfief;tarGudk qufvufay;NyD; uRefawmfwdkY
a&TOrif*o l Ykd bk&m;zl;vm jynfot l rsm;? Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;onf xufomatmif wDxGifqef;opfvkyfudkifEdkifMu&ef vrf;Tef
puLvkyfief;ESifhxD;vkyfief;udk pdwf0ifwpm; uRefawmfwdkYtdrf ay;&OD;rnf r[kwfygavm .../ /
odkY vma&mufavhvmavh&Sdygonf/ c c c c c c
tdrfodkYvmolrsm;tm; uRefawmfhtazOD;vSazESifhtar
a':at;ykwu Ykd vufzufrsm;? vdarmo
f ;D rsm;ESihf {nfch &H if; puL
vkyfief;tqifhqifh? xD;vkyfyHktqifhqifhudk vufawGUjyo
&Sif;vif;ygonf/ EdkifiHjcm;om;trsm;uvnf; yif;w,jyef
vufaqmif odkYr[kwf jrefrmjynfjyefvufaqmiftjzpf
yif;w, puL/ yif;w,xD;? yif;w,carmuf? "m;tdrf?
a&aEG;ppfwdkYudk 0,f,lavh&SdMuygonf/
onfrmS uReaf wmfw"Ykd EktrsK;d om;twGuf *kP, f pl &m
yif r[kwfygvm;/ uRefawmfhtbdk;\tarGudk uRefawmhfzcif
ESifhrdcifwdkYu qufvufcH,laeouJhodkY uRefawmfuvnf;
uReaf wmfrh cd if? zcifw\ Ykd tarGukd qufvufc, H &l rnf r[kwf
ygvm;/
xdkYjyif rdcif? zcifwdkY\tarGudk acwfESifhtnD wDxGifNyD;
uRefawmfwdkY\yif;w,puL? yif;w,xD;rsm;tqifhtwef;
jrif h r m;vma&;twG u f quf v uf t aumif t xnf a zmf
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf orkid ;f a<u;udq
k yfaeonf 31
yk*HMum;armfudk;armf&SdNyD;? apwDudk;qlwnfxm;udk;uG,fxm;
onf[k od&onf/ ordik ;f wGif pavrif;acG;trnf&dS bk&ifonf
armfudk;armfudkausmfjzwfNyD;rS yk*Hudka&mufcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;
&Sdavonf/ uRefawmfonf qdyfjzLurf;udk arQmfai;MunfhNyD;
ordkif;a<u;udkqyfaeonf wifarmifjrifhtm;NyHK;um .../
]]oli,fcsi;f u qdyjf zLNrKd Uom;r[kwv f m;? bmhaMumifq h yd f
crf;em;xnf0gvSygaom taemf&xmwHwm;Bu;D ygwum;/ jzLvdkYac:wmvJ odvm;.../
yifrwHwm;ayt&Snf 4190? csOf;uyfwHwm;ay 1000/ pkpk [k ar;cGef;xkwfvdkufrdonf/
aygif; 5190 ay&Snaf om oHrPdoaH bmifwyfqifxm;onfh ]]qdyfjzLNrdKU[m yk*Hacwfuwnf;u ay:aeNyDuG? qdyfjzL
{&m0wDjrpful;wHwm;BuD; .../ NrKd UrSm&Sw
d hJ ausmif;uefZ&yf? apwDyx k ;kd rsm;&JU eH&aH q;a&;yef;csD
wHwm;BuD;ay:odkYum;rsm; wef 60 xdcGifhjyKarmif;ESif awGudk avhvmMunfhHkeJY yk*Hacwf taemf&xmvufxufu
oGm;vmEdik Nf yjD zpfygonf/ 1996 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f 25 &ufaeYu wnf;u ay:aygufaeNyq D w
kd m xif&mS ;w,f/ Ny;D awmhq&mBu;D
pwifwnfaqmufcJhNyD; 2001 ckESpf? {NyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif OD;zdk;usm;a&;wJh jrefrmh*kPf&nfpmtkyfxJrSm i&refuef;
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; oef;a&Tudk,fwdkifwufa&mufzGifhvSpfay;onf taMumif; azmfjy&mrSm qdyfjzLcsifawmifwGifwnf;cdktdyfNyD;
r[kwfygavm . . ./ aomf xdk&GmolBuD;tdrf qGrf;cHvQifvdkY yg&SdwmaMumifh tJ'D
uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf wHwm;Bu;D \tv,frS {&m0wDjrpfBu;D yk*Hacwfuwnf;u qdyfjzLNrdKU&SdaeNyDuG/ 'gayrJh qdyfjzLudk
udak i;Munfah ecJrh Md uonf/ wpfqufwnf;wGif qdyBf u;D ta&SU wowfeJY qdwfjzLvdkY wcsKdUa&;cJhMuw,f . . ./
bufurf;wGif acsmufNrKd U? ta0;qDwiG f a&TyakH wmifb&k m; ... ]]uJ...qufNyD;&Sif;ygOD; oli,fcsif;&m}}
taemufbufqyd jf zLurf;wpfavQmufwiG f 0gZDpuf?kH vrf;&Gm ]]&Gmwnfpu qdwfjzLBuD;wpfaumif rif;rlBuD;pdk;aecJhvdkY
a&eHajrESifha,macsmif; . . ./ qdkNyD; qdwfjzLvdkYac:cJhMuw,fvdkY ,lqcJhMuw,f/ wcsKdUuvJ
jrpf\awmifbufydkif;wGif &Sifrawmifac: &SifarmifESr pdwfoabmxm;jzLpifolawGaexdkif&ma'ordkY pdwfjzLvdkYac:
awmif? pav "mwfajrMoZmpufHkESifh pavNrdKUBuD;? pavESifh wGif&mu qdwfjzLjzpfw,fvdkYqdkMuygw,f. . ./ wcsKdUuvJ
30
32 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf orkid ;f a<u;udq
k yfaeonf 33
a,macsmif;eJY {&m0wDjrpfwq Ykd &kH m oJaomifjyifBu;D [m abmf ZD;csKdyifwnfh/ rGrf;jyifAdkvfajc?
aiGa&mifoef;aevdYk qdyjf zLvdaYk c:wGicf w hJ ,fvYkd qdMk uygw,f/ pavwpfoG,f? ycef;i,fqdyf?
tJ...qdyjf zLNrKd UrSm&Sw d &hJ efatmifjrifr*FvmausmufpmrSmawmh nOfhtdyfcJhawG. . .}}
]]qdwjf zL}} vdYk wowfeaYJ &;xd;k xm;wmudk awG&Y Ny;D a&TveG ;f wif
vdaYk &;om;pyfqckd w hJ maMumifh qdyjf zLudyk owfeyYJ J a&;om;
apwDacgif;avmif;pmrSmawmh ]]qdyfjzL]} vdkY yowfeJYa&;xdk;
pyfqdkcJhwm awGY&jyefw,f .../
xm;wmawGY&jyefw,f}}
]]rif;wdq Yk yd jf zLuvJ igaecJw h hJ ykord Nf rKd Utrnfvykd gyJvm;/ ]]igu rif;udktysif;ajyar;vdkufwJhar;cGef;yguGm? rif;u
ykord u
f w kd csKUd u rowfeo YJ rd Mf uNy;D wcsKUd u eowfeo YJ ed cf MhJ u wu,fhudk okawoevkyfNyD; ajzae&awmh rif;udkodyfudk
w,fuG,f}} av;pm;rdygw,f oli,fcsif; ...}}
uRefawmfhpum;udk wifarmifjrifhuNyHK;NyD; . . ./ uRefawmfhpum;udk wifarmifjrihfuNyHK;NyD; ...
]]r[matmifajrbHpk t H wk af usmif;q&mawmf OD;Ak"&f UJ a&T ]]ud, k u f qdyjf zLom;qdak wmh qdyjf zLeJyY wfoufNy;D olrsm;
pufawmfoGm;awmvm;rSmawmh.../ ar;vnf;ajzEdkifatmif avhvmxm;wmyguGm? wdkYqdyfjzLNrdKU
]]a&TpufESpfwnf? zl;tHh&nf? taMumif; enf;enf;xyfjznfhajym&&if a&S;jrefrmrif;awG
&nfou&mZf? axmif&m&Spf0,f? tkyfcsKyfpOfu qdyfjzLudk cspfacsmif; taemufbufa'oudk
pGef;u,fESpfESpf? o&zDrmo?
avmif;&Snfaus;? cspfacsmif;ajrmufbufa'oudk yk*Haus;?
ykwr0,f? Ak'aeYwGif?
cspaf csmif;awmifbufa'oudk pavaus;qdNk y;D oH;k ydik ;f ydik ;f Ny;D
bkwvifrS? xGufcJhMuaomf?
pHkvSaps;em? rHk&Gmjrpfpkwf? tkycf sKycf whJ ,f/ 1885 ckEpS rf mS jrefrmwpfjynfv;kH udk t*Fvyd f
rckuLrnf? yk*HjynfESifh? awG odrf;ydkufNyD;wJhaemuf qdyfjzLudk yckuLpD&ifpkxJxnfhNyD;
onfh&yfrsm;? nOfhwefYem;rS? ZD;uyf&mG rSm NrKd Uydik f ;kH zGichf w
hJ ,fwu
hJ ?G 1896 ckEpS rf mS ZD;uyf&mG
qdyfjzL&GmESifh? a&SUrSmpOfhul? urf;yg;NydKvdkU NrdKUydkifHk;udk atmufqdyf&Gmajymif;NyD;zGifhcJhowJh?
&GmrlysOf;r? ,if;atmufuwGif? tJ.. 1901 ckEpS ?f NrKd Uydik f OD;tHaxmfev D ufxufusrS NrKd Uydik f ;kH udk
34 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf orkid ;f a<u;udq
k yfaeonf 35
qdyjf zLajymif;Ny;D zGichf w hJ ,fvYkd od&w,f/ tJ't D cgrS a,m0&Gm ]]'D taemf & xmwH w m;BuD ; aMumif h qd y f j zL? aqm?
eJY qdyjf zL&Gm ESp&f mG aygif;Ny;D qdyjf zLNrKd UvdYk ac:qdo
k wfrw S cf w
hJ ,f ausmufxk? rif;wyfa'oawG ydkrdkzGHUNzdK;vmrSm jzpfovdk?
vdkY qdkMuw,f oli,fcsif;..}} ausmufx?k ayguf? yckuL a'oawGvnf; ckxufzUHG NzKd ;wd;k wuf
uReaf wmfwEYkd pS af ,mufonf taemf&xmwHwm;Bu;D ay: vmrSm jzpfw,fuG...}}
rSm qdyfjzLNrdKUudk vSrf;MunfhaerdMuygonf/ ]][kww f ,foil ,fcsi;f ? 'Dww
H m;Bu;D aMumifh csi;f jynfe,f
]]tvsiu f {&m0wDjrpf taemufbufurf;a'oawG[m awmifydkif;u ZGefruae ykodrf? rHk&Gmvrf;twkdif; yJcl;wdkif;?
zGUH NzdK;rItm;enf;wJh a'oawG jzpfcJhMuw,faemf..}} &cdkifjynfe,feJY {&m0wDwdkif;wdkYeJY c&D;oGm;vma&; vG,ful
]][kwfwmaygh oli,fcsif;? 'gaMumifh 1996 ckESpfu 'D vmEdik Nf y;D acsmufNrKd Uuwpfqifh rauG;wdik ;f ta&SUjcrf;? rEav;
taemf&xmwHwm;Bu;D pwifwnfaqmufpu Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D wdik ;f eJY &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f wdeYk v
YJ nf; qufo, G af &; vG,f
oef;a&Tu ckvdkajymcJhwmaygh/ {&m0wDjrpfjcm;rIaMumifh ulvmEdkifr,f/ 'Dtaemf&xmwHwm;[m tnma'otwGuf
taemufbufa'oawG[m ta&SUbufurf;a'oawGxuf oGm;vmrIvrf;aMumif;wpfckvdkY ajymEdkifrSmayghuGm..}}
wdk;wufrIaemufusaecJhMu&m oGm;vmqufoG,frI vG,ful [k uReaf wmfuqdNk y;D uReaf wmfwaYkd wG {&m0wDjrpfBu;D udk
vmNyD; a'owpfckESifhwpfcktMum; wdk;wufaerIEIef; uGm[ iHkYMunfhaerdMuonf/
aerI usO;f ajrmif;oGm;apzd?Yk aemifjzpfay:vmrnfh &cdik jf ynfe,f? ]][kww f ,f oli,fcsi;f ? e0a'vrf;aMumif;? Adv k jf rwfxeG ;f
ausmufjzLyifv,feufqyd u f rf;eJY qufpyfNy;D jynfwiG ;f jynfy vrf;aMumif;wdeYk YJ qufo, G Nf y;D ukepf nfp;D qif;a&mif;0,frI ydrk kd
pD;yGm;ukefoG,frI wdk;wufvmapzdkYqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufawGeJY rsm;jym;oGufvuf jrefqefvmrSmygyJ...}}
acsmuf? jynf? anmifwek ;f pwJNh rKd UawGrmS {&m0wDjrpfu;l wHwm; [k wifarmifjrifhu qdkvdkufonf/
BuD;awGudk wnfaqmufaejcif; jzpfw,fvdkY rdefYMum;cJhw,f ]]wu,fawmh uaeYvBl u;D awG[m ordik ;f rSm wifuseaf e
r[kwfvm;}} wJh ordkif;a<u;awGudkausatmif vrf;awGudk uGef&ufozG,f
]]Adv
k cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D &JU tjrifus,w f ahJ qmif&uG rf eI YJ apwem azmuf N yD ; wH w m;BuD ; awG u d k wnf a qmuf a y;aewm
vdkY qdkEdkifwmaygh...}} r[k w f v m;/ 'D v d k w nf a qmuf azmuf v k y f a y;cJ h v d k Y wd k Y
[k uRefawmfu NyHK;NyD; ajymvdkufrdonf/ wdik ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f txdtawGUtquftqH ydrk rkd sm;jym;
36 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf
vmMuNyD; a'otm;vHk; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmaewmudk awGUjrif
aeMu&NyD r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,foli,fcsif;? b,folawGu bmajymajym?
b,fvzkd suzf su?f 'DuaeYwaYkd wG tm;vH;k [m jrefrmwpfjynfv;kH
wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;atmifvkyfaqmifay;aewJh vlBuD;awGeJYtwl AdkvfrSL;ol&tkef;cdkif
yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&GufMuzdkY vdkw,f? wdkYawG[m wpfcsdefrSm
vlBuD;awG&JU ycHk;ajymif;wm0efudk ,lMu&r,fh vli,fawG uReaf wmfwYkd rwv D mtrSwf (2) tajccHynmtxufwef;
r[kwfvm;...}} ausmif;rS ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf &Srf;wJ&Sd avaMumif;
uReaf wmfwEYkd pS af ,mufonf taemf&xmwHwm;Bu;D ay: twwfoif avwyfodkY avhvma&;c&D; xGufcJhMuygonf/
rSm jzwfoef;NyD; qdyfjzLNrdKUqDodkY wjznf;jznf; avQmufcJhMu &Srf;wJavwyfpcef;&Sd wm0efcH AdkvfrSL;u uRefawmfwdkY
ygonf/ tm; wD 33 *suf wdkufav,mOfrsm;? yDpD 6 av,mOfrsm;?
z z z z z z atmfwm av,mOfrsm;? bJvf 205 &[wf,mOfrsm;udk vdu k vf H
jyocJyh gonf/
&Srf;wJavwyfpcef;onf wyfrawmfavrS avaMumif;
twwfoifAdkvfrsm;tm; av,mOfarmif;oifwef;ay;&m
wyfpcef;BuD; jzpfygonf/ wyf0if;rSm us,f0ef;NyD; taqmuf
ttHk toD;oD;jzifh wifhw,faeygonf/
rdwDvmNrdKUESifh &Srf;wJavwyfpcef;onf ckepfrdkifrQom
a0;NyD; rdwDvm-rEav; um;vrf;ab;wGif &Sdygonf/
atmufwdkbmv ynma&;jyu'deftpDtpOfwGif teD;
ywf0ef;usif avhvmoifhavhvmxdkufaomae&mrsm;odkY
a'owGi;f avhvma&; tpDtpOft& ausmif;ydw&f uf we*FaEG
37
38 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf AdkvfrSL;ol&tkef;cdkif 39
aeYwGif uRefawmfwdkYtm; ausmif;tkyfBuD;rS OD;aqmifum taqmufttHka&SUwGif vSyaom yef;yifrsm;ESifh yef;
udk;wef;ESifh q,fwef; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; &Srf;wJ O,smOfav;udkvnf; MunfEl;zG,f awGUjrifvdkuf&ygonf/
avwyfpcef; wm0efcH t&m&SdBuD;rsm;ESifh ndEIdif;NyD; ,ckuJhodkY uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf taqmufttkMH u;D udk armfMunfv h u kd af om
avhvma&;c&D; xGufcJhMujcif;jzpfygonf/ tcg ]]Adv k rf LS ;ol&tke;f cdik cf ef;r}} [laom pmwef;Bu;D udk tHMh o
uRefawmfwdkYvli,frsm;onf avwyf0if;BuD;twGif;&Sd zG,f awGUjrifvdkuf&ygonf/
wrmyifBu;D rsm;? ukuKd yifBu;D rsm;atmufwiG f tem;,lMu&if; uRefawmfwdkY AdkvfrSL;ol&tkef;cdkifqdkoludk rodyg/ rjrif
q&mrsm;\ OD;aqmifrjI zifh wyf0if;Bu;D twGi;f vSnv hf nfMunfh zl;? rMum;zl;yg/ olonf wdkif;jynftwGuf &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH &efol
IcMhJ uygonf/ rsm;tm; wdu k cf u kd Nf zKd ciG ;f cJo
h l jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ xdaYk Mumifo h m ol
wyfBuD;twGif;wGif NrdKUav;wpfNrdKUuJhodkY olYae&mESifhol? ol&bGJUudk &&SdcJhjcif; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
oltY aqmufttHEk iS o hf l aooyfoef&Y iS ;f pGm wnf&adS eonfukd AdkvfrSL; ol&tkef;cdkif cef;rBuD;a&SUwGif uRefawmfwdkY
awGUjrifMu&ygonf/ om;zGm;aq;Hk? aq;cef;? &dum*dka'gif? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; &yfvu kd Mf uonf/ uReaf wmfwYkd Adv k rf LS ;
taMumif;udk odcsiMf uygonf/ uReaf wmfwpYkd w d 0f ifpm;MurSe;f
armfawmf,mOfXme? "rmH?k wyfaps;? H;k rsm;? Xmersm;? abmvH;k
odaomtcg oufqdkif&m &Srf;wJavqdyfrS t&m&SdBuD;onf
uGif;? yGJMunfhpif ponf ponfwdkYomru AdkvfrSL;? AdkvfBuD;?
uReaf wmfwt Ykd m; cef;rBu;D a&SU&Sd wrmyifBu;D rsm;\ t&dyaf tmuf
tMuyfBuD;? tMuyf? wyfom;? &Jabmfrsm; aexdkifMuonfh
wGif wef;pD aooyfpGm xdkifapvdkufygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY
taqmufttHkrsm;onfvnf; olYae&mESifhol tuGufusus
tm; ausmif;tkyq f &mBu;D ESihf q&m? q&mrrsm;u Nc&H v H u kd Mf u
wnf&SdaeMuygonf/
Ny;D q&m? q&mrrsm;onfvnf; wrmyifBu;D rsm;\at;&dyw f iG f
&Srf;wJav,mOfuGif;BuD;ESifhtwl avaMumif;xdef;odrf;
em;cdvk u dk Mf uNy;D oufqikd &f m Adv k rf LS ;\ &Si;f vif;csuuf kd em;pGihf
arQmfpif? av,mOfrsm; xm;&Sdonfh taqmufttHkrsm;? aevdkufMuygonf/
av,mOfjyifpufrkH sm;ESit hf wl vSyaom wrmyif? ukuKd yifBu;D AdkvfrSL;onf uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;
rsm; 0dik ;f &Hxm;onfh uw&mvrf;rsm;ay:rS jzwfoef; avQmuf a&SUwGif rwfwwf&yfvdkufNyD; AdkvfrSL;ol&tkef;cdkif taqmuf
vmMu&m wpfae&mwGif vSyaom taqmufttkHBuD;wpfck ttkBH u;D udk ai;armMunfh &I if; odYk &Si;f vif;aqG;aEG;ajymjy
udk bGm;ceJ awGUjrifvdkuf&ygonf/ ygawmhonf/
]]uRefawmfwdkY avwyforkdif;rSm ol&bGJU&&SdNyD;ol 22 OD; xrf;aqmifc&hJ Ny;D av,mOfarmif;oifwef;twGuf tar&duef
&SdcJhzl;ygNyD? tck cef;rBuD;rSm armfuGef;urnf;wif *kPfjyKcHcJh Edik if u
H okd mG ;Ny;D wufa&mufc&hJ olvnf; jzpfygw,f... 1970
&wJh AdkvfrSL;ol&tkef;cdkiftygt0ifygyJ...}} jynfhESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;jrifhjcif;cHcJh&ygw,f...}}
uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk;onf pdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh AdkvfrSL; ]]AdkvfrSL;tkef;cdkif[m trSwf (3) tkyfavol&Jwm0ef?
ol&tkef;cdkif cef;rBuD;udk ai;arm MunfhIaerdMuygonf/ yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;eJY avxD;oifwef;ausmif;rSm enf;jyt&m
]]AdkvfrSL;ol&tkef;ckdifudk 1938 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 8 &ufaeY &Sdwm0ef? trSwf (3)tkyf tkyfrSL;wm0efrsm;eJY avaMumif;
rSm oxHkcdkif Zif;usKduf&GmrSm arG;zGm;cJhygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;[m twwfoifavwyfpcef;rSm oifwef;tkyfenf;jycsKyfwm0ef
Ak'bmom0if rGeftrsKd;om;wpfa,mufvnf; jzpfygw,f}} awGukd ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmifco hJ l wpfO;D vnf; jzpfygw,f...}}
rGefwdkif;&if;om;wpfa,muf[k odvdkuf&aomtcg rGef ]]AdkvfrSL;[m ydkAdkY tarmif;oif av,mOf? wD 53 *suf
trsKd;om;rsm;udk,fpm; *kPf,lvdkufrdygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wdkufav,mOf? tufpftufpf 260 tarmif;oifav,mOf?
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS xl;cRefolawG renf;awmhygvm;[k Aifyg,m *sufwdkufav,mOf? wD 33 *sufwdkufav,mOfawG
awG;vdkufrdygao;onf/ udk uRrf;usifpGm armif;Edkif? oifjyEdkifol wpfa,muffvnf;
]]Adv
k rf LS ;avmif;av; armiftek ;f cdik [
f m &efuek w f uov
kd u
f jzpfygw,f}}
0dZmbGJUudk &NyD;wJhaemuf 1955 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 30 &ufaeY uRefawmfwdkY AdkvfrSL;tkef;cdkif\ t&nftcsif;rsm;udk
Axl ; rS m wyf r awmf M unf ; Ad k v f o if w ef ; wuf c J h y gw,f / em;axmif&if; tm;usHkru olYvdkuRrf;usifaom av,mOf
oifwef;qif;NyD;wJhaemuf 'k-Adkvftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&NyD; armif;ol wpfOD;jzpfcsifvmMuygonf/ tcsdefwGifyif
wJhaemuf 1959- 60 trSwfpOf (22) av,mOfarmif; uReaf wmfwt Ykd m; &Si;f vif;ajymMum;aeonfh Adv k rf LS ;u Adv
k rf LS ;
oifwef;rSm oifwef;om; 37 OD;teuf xl;cRefqk&&SdcJh& ol&tkef;cdkifjzpfvmrnfh AdkvfrSL;tkef;cdkif\ wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf?
ygw,f}} pGefYvTwfpGeYfpm;pdwfrsm;jzifh jrefrmh&efolrsm;tm; acsrIef;wdkuf
uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf Adv
k rf LS ;avmif; udt
k ek ;f cdik \
f b0jzpfpOf cdkufyHkrsm;udk odkY tus,fw0ifh &Sif;vif;jyoygawmhonf/
av;udk ai;armem;axmif&if; tm;usvsuf&SdaeMuygonf/ ]]1978 ckESpf? rwfv 6 &ufaeYrSm AuyawG[m ta&SU
]]AdkvfBuD;tkef;cdkifb0eJY arSmfbD? rdwDvmav,mOfarmif; ajrmufwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfe,fajr aemifvdkifpcef;udk 0ifa&muf
oifwef;awGrSm AdkvfawGudk avaMumif;enf;jytjzpf wm0ef wdkufckdufcJhygw,f/ rwfv 7 &ufaeYrSm ygzefeJY yGdKifh 6041
pcef;wdu Yk kd Bu;D rm;wJh wyftiftm;eJY wdu k cf ukd v
f mygw,f/ ygzef uReaf wmfwaYkd wG yifo h ufyif rcsEikd ?f Adv k rf LS ;\ajympum;
pcef;udak wmh uReaf wmfwYkd wyfrawmfu jyefvnford ;f ,l &&Sd rsm;wGif epfarsmvsuf&SdaeMuygonf/
cJah yr,fh 6041 pcef;udk jyefvnfwu kd cf u
kd Mf uwJt
h cg pcef;udk ]]AuyawG[m rdkif;,ef;udk Ncdrf;ajcmufvmMujyefNyD;
rodrf;ydkufEdkifbJ uRefawmfwdkY wyfrawmfom;awG[m &efol [dkyefe,fajrrSm&SdwJh &ifuGJawmifpcef; yD 815164 udkvnf;
AuywdkY&JU 0dkif;xm;jcif;udk cHvdkuf&ygw,f...}} odrf;ydkufxm;Muygao;w,f...}}
uRefawmfwdkYawG pdwf0ifpm;zG,f ppfkyf&Sifum;wpfum; uReaf wmfwrYkd supf x d wJ iG f &efol Auyrsm; Bu;D pd;k aeaom
udk Munfah eMu&onft h vm; Advk rf LS ;\&Si;f jyrIatmufwiG f Nird f awmifuek Bf u;D tm; jrefrmhwyfrawmfrS av,mOfrsm;jzifh AH;k BuJ
oufpGmem;axmifvsuf &SdaeMuygonf/ wdkufcdkufaeMuyHkawG wpfuGufNyD;wpfuGuf jrifa,mifvsuf
]]uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmhwyfrawmf&JU &Jrif;atmif ppfa&; &Sad eMuygonf/ xdpk Of Adv k rf LS ;u Aifyg,m*suf wdu k af v,mOf
uvnf; t&Sed &f aeygNy?D tJ't D csed rf mS uReaf wmfwYkd wyfrawmf ESifh ywfoufNyD; odkY &Sif;vif;jyygonf/
avwyfuvnf; wD 33 *sufwdkufav,mOfawG? yDpD 6 wdkuf ]]Aifyg,m *sufwdkufav,mOfawG toHk;jyKcJhwm[m
av,mOf? atmfwmav,mOfawG? bJvf 205 &[wfav,mOf ppfouf 24 ESpf &SdygNyD? jrefrmjynfrSm yxrqHk; oHk;cJhwJh *suf
awGeYJ avwyfzUJG u vm;I;d uwpfqifh jrefrmhMunf;wyfrawmf wdkufav,mOfawG jzpfygw,f...}}
udk ulnDyhHydk; wdkufcdkufay;cJhygw,f/ yGdKifh 6041 pcef; t0dkif; ]]Adv
k rf LS ;tke;f cdik [
f m rdrad v,mOf&UJ ppfupm;Edik rf I uefo Y wf
cHae&pOfrmS &dum enf;aewJh jrefrmhwyfrawmfom;awGtwGuf csufaMumifh ypfulay;ysHoef;&if; xdcdkufysufpD;EdkifaMumif;
yDpD 6 av,mOfeYJ &dum awG? a&cJawG csay;cJyh gw,f? 'ghtjyif awG;rdygvdrrhf ,f? &efo&l UJ wefjyefwu kd cf u kd rf I rvGrJ aoGc&H rnf
Auyrsm;tay: AHk;awG BuJcscJhygw,f...}} qdkwmudkvnf; olawG;rdrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh rdrdwdkif;jynf
]]rwf 13 &ufaeYrmS yGKd ihf 6041 u jrefrmhwyfrawmfom; twGuf rdrdtoufudk pGefYvTwfzdkY tNrJtoifh&SdwJh wyfrawmf
awG vufeufecYJ , J rf;rsm; enf;yg;vmvdYk pcef;udk pGecYf mG vmMu om;yDyD txufuay;tyfcJhwJhwm0efawGudk OD;xdyf&Guf
aMumif; od&wJhtcg wyfrawmfavwyfu Auyrsm;tay: yefqifNy;D &efoYl pcef;awGukd wdu k cf u kd af csreI ;f zkYd &efot l 0dik ;f cH
AH;k rd;k BucJ sjcif;eJY avaMumif;u wefjyefx;kd ppfqifEw JT t
hJ cg Auy ae&wJ h jref r mh w yf r awmf o m;awG & J U touf u d k u ,f z d k Y ?
wdkY[m rwf 23 &ufaeYrSm oHvGifta&SUbufjcrf;udk qkwfcGm jref r mEd k i f i H & J U aus;Zl ; od p m ud k apmif h o d w J h wyf r awmf
xGufajy;Muygawmhw,f...}} om;aumif;wpfO;D yDyD Adv k rf LS ;[m Aifyg,mwdu k af v,mOf ,lwD
506 eJY vm;Id;uae aeYv,f 2 em&D 45 rdepf tcsdefrSm 0efBuD;Xme aumifpDtxl;trdefY 1^txl;^78 eJY ]]ol&}}
xGucf NhJ y;D &efoal wG wyfpaJG ewJh &ifuaJG wmifukd nae 3 em&D pGrf;&nfbGJU csD;jrifhjcif;cHcJh&ygw,f..}}
tcsdefcefYrSm a&mufcJhygw,f/ a&mufa&mufcsif;yJ &efol ]]uRefawmfwdkY &Srf;wJavaMumif; twwfoif avwyf
awGwyfpaJG ewJh &ifuaJG wmifay:udk avaMumif;rS yxr tBurd f pcef;uvnf; AdkvfrSL;udk tNrJxm0& owd&aeap&ef 1998
AHk;BuJ wdkufcdkufcJhygw,f/ 'kwd,tBudrf AHk;BuJwdkufcdkufzdkY ckEpS rf mS 'Dcef;rBu;D aqmufNy;D Adv k rf LS ;ol&tke;f cdik tf rnf uifyeG ;f
av,mOfukd jyefvn S Nhf y;D &ifuaJG wmifukd AH;k Buw J ukd cf ukd v f ukd pf Of wyfum AdkvfrSL;udk *kPfjyKcJhygw,f...}}
atmufu &efo&l UJ ypfcwfraI Mumifh av,mOfukd usnx f rd eS Nf y;D uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf Adv
k rf LS ;\&Si;f vif;ajymMum;csurf sm;udk
cefYrSef; yD 843143 awmifukef;ay:udk av,mOfysufusNyD; em;axmif&if; AdkvfrSL;ol&tkef;cdkiftm; MunfndKav;pm;ae
AdkvfrSL;tkef;cdkifvnf; wdkif;jynftwGuf olYtoufudk vSLcJh& rdMuygonf/
ygw,f}} ]]wu,fawmh AdkvfrSL;ol&tkef;cdkifudk av;pm;w,f?
uReaf wmfwt Ykd m;vH;k &ifu&JG Ny?D Adv k rf LS ;tke;f cdik cf ifAsm;.. cspw f ,f? MunfnKd w,fq&kd if ol&Y UJ pdw"f mwf? ol&Y UJ ESv;kH om;vdk
[kom qdv k u
kd cf siyf gawmhonf/ Adv k rf LS ;tke;f cdik uf kd uReaf wmfwYkd rsK;d csppf wd &f MdS uNy;D olv Y x
kd ;l cRex f ufjrufatmif BuKd ;pm;Muzdu Yk
ESajrmvSygonf/ Adv k rf LS ;uJo
h Ykd xl;cRex
f ufjrufo?l &J&ifo h ?l owd ydkNyD;y"meusygw,f? armif&ifwdkYawGvnf; olYvdkxl;cRefNyD;
&Sdol? rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf vGefuJolwpfOD; usqHk;&jcif;twGuf rsKd;cspfpdwf&SdolawG jzpfMuygap..}}
uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk; pdwfraumif;yg/ Advk rf LS ;onf olpY um;udk tqH;k owfvu kd af vNy/D uReaf wmf
]]'ghaMumifh AdkvfrSL;udk *kPfjyKNyD; 'Dcef;rBuD;udk AdkvfrSL; wdkYvnf;ae&mrS xMuNyD; q&m? q&mrrsm;acgif;aqmifum
ol&tke;f cdik f cef;r&,fvYkd trnfuifyeG ;f wyfcw hJ mayghaemf? cef;r &Srf;wJ avwyf0if;BuD;twGif;rS jyefvnfxGufcGmMu&ef
BuD;a&SUrSm AdkvfrSL;&JUyHkwlausmufkyfwdkY? aMu;kyfwdkYudkyg oGef; um;rsm;ay:odkY wufvdkufrdMuygNyD/
xkxm;Edkif&if ydkaumif;rSmyJaemf...}} uReaf wmfwaYkd wG tNrw J rf; Adv k rf LS ;ol&tke;f cdik u
f kd owd&
rpH y ,f \ pum;aMumif h uRef a wmf w d k Y a wG t m;vH k ; aeNyD; olYvdk xl;cRefol? rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdoljzpf&ef BudK;pm;Murnf
oabmwlaMumif; acgif;ndwfvdkufrdMuonf/ [k BudwfqHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkufrdMuygownf;/ /
]]1978 ckEpS ?f vGwv f yfa&;aeY bGUJ xl;*kPx f ;l awG cs;D jri hf
c c c c c c
&mrSm wyfrawmfav 1311 AdkvfrSL;tkef;cdkifudk umuG,fa&;
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf yavmifow
D if;uRwyf JG 47
uajymjyygonf/ Ny;D awmh uReaf wmfwyYkd avmiftrsK;d om;onf
Ak'bmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf[kvnf; od&Sd&ygonf/
uReaf wmfwu Ykd Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;yDyt D vSLtwef;udv k nf;
0goemygonf/ uReaf wmfwt Ykd aysm&f iT q f ;kH vrSm oDwif;uRwf
yavmifoDwif;uRwfyGJ vjzpfNyD; taysmf&TifqHk;yGJawmfrSm oDwif;uRwfrD;xGef;yGJawmf
yifjzpfygonf/
oDwif;uRwfva&mufvQif uRefawmfwdkYyavmifawmif
uReaf wmfqrfwpfyg? yavmiftrsK;d om;av;wpfa,muf wpfaMumwGif tdk;pnfoHrsm;nHNyD; aMu;pnfoHtrQa0oHrsm;
jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYyavmiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf rGefcrm vnf; vQHcJhonfom .../
tkyfpkrSaygufzGm;vmonf[k wm (tbdk;)uajymzl;ygonf/ uRefawmfonf oli,fcsif; nDqrf? tdkifpdkif;ESifh tDum?
uRefawmfwdkYonf wkwfjynfajrmufydkif;rS jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY tD'D? tD'uf wdkYawGudk ai;Munfhvdkufrdonf/
0ifa&mufvmcJMh uonfh rGe*f rkd sK;d EG,pf rk sm;jzpfaMumif;vnf; ,m ]]wdb
Yk ek ;f Bu;D ausmif;udo k mG ;rvd?Yk 'DaeYow D if;uRwv f qef;
(tbGm;)uajymjyygonf/ (14) &ufaeYr[kwv f m;? wdw
Yk cH eG wf ikd u
f kd tvSqif&r,f? a[h
ukef (taz) ESifhrm (tar)wdkYuvnf; odkYajymjyzl;yg qrfwpf xrif;pm;NyD;NyDvm; oGm;Mur,fav...}}
onf/ [k nDqrfuqdo k nf/ tDum? tD'?D tD'ufwv Ykd ufxw J iG f
]]wdyYk avmifawG[m &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f q'k;H a'o? uwfaMu;wpfvufpED iS hf puLa&mifp?kH csnaf &mifprkH sm;udak wGaY e
Aef;armfe,fxJu a*g&Da'o? rdk;ukwfausmufwGif;a'o? &onf/
rdk;rdwfe,fxJu a&TvDjrpfvuf0Jbufurf; udk;axmifa'o? ]]atmf...nDqrf? tdkifpdkif;wdkY tDumwdkYawGygvm;?
awmifyikd ;f e,f? oDayg? vm;I;d ? ajrmufyikd ;f erfq
h rfe,f? odEeD ,f? ausmif;'g,um OD;AG'D eD YJ ausmif;'g,dumr a':tDul;wdaYk wmif
uGrf;vHke,f? udk;uefYe,f? rdkif;&SL;a'oeJY uavm yif;w, bkef;BuD;ausmif;udkoGm;wm jrifvdkufw,f/ wdkYvJ bkef;BuD;
0ef;usifa'oawGrSm aexdkifMuw,f}} [kqdkygonf/ ausmif;udv k u kd cf rhJ ,fa[h? eifwu Ykd wHceG w f ikd tf vSqifMuovdk
&Sr;f jynfe,fwpfcvk ;kH wGif yavmiftrsK;d om;rsm;ESpo f ed ;f wduYk vJ omoemhtvHav;awG wyfqifay;Mur,f? a[haumif
cefY aexdik Mf uaMumif; uReaf wmfw&Ykd mG rS bke;f awmfBu;D t&Sio f &D d qrfwpf t0wfvJNyD;vdkufoGm;av ...}}
46
48 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf yavmifow
D if;uRwyf JG 49
[k ukef (taz) uajymavonf/ uReaf wmfvnf;t0wf vSL'gef;Muygonf/ pyg;oD;ESrH sm;? pm;oH;k oD;ESrH sm;atmifjrifjzpf
vJNyD; nDqrfwdkYESifhtwl wHcGefwdkifBuD;pdkufxlvkyftm;ay;&ef xGef;ap&effqkyefNyD; vSL'gef;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/
xGucf MhJ uygonf/ tzdwaf eYnaewGiyf if &Gmol&mG om;rsm;onf bke;f awmf
bke;f Bu;D ausmif;a&mufawmh wHceG w f ikd v f yk zf Ykd 0g;bd;k 0g;Bu;D BuD;ausmif;0if;twGif; oJyHkapwDrsm;jyKvkyfMu&ygao;onf/
udt k oifah wG&Y onf/ rded ;f uav;rsm;u wefaqmif;Bu;D xJwiG f &Gm&Sv
d Bl u;D rsm;u oJyakH pwDtm; &mZrwfumay;Mu&ygonf/
csnaf &mifprkH sm;ESihf yef;yGi?hf yef;yGm;? vdyjf ymkyaf v;rsm;udk wHceG f xdjYk yif a&mifprkH ;D yk;H rsm;xGe;f nzd v Ykd nf; BuKd ;wef;? wkww f ef;
wdkifwGifwyfqif&efjyKvkyfaeMuygonf/ rsm;udk &yf&mG vlBu;D rsm;u pDrNH y;D vli,frsm;u0dik ;f 0ef;jyKvyk af y;
a,musfm;av;rsm;u wHcGefwdkifpdkufxl&efae&mudk oefY &ygonf/
&Si;f a&;vkyMf u&ygonf/ aygufjym;rsm;jzifh &Si;f vif;ckwx f iG af jr xdjYk yif oDwif;uRwrf ;D xGe;f yGaJ wmfwiG f NyKd iyf 0JG ifrnfh pnf
nMd u&ygonf/ teD;tem;&Sd csKEH , G yf w
d af ygif;rsm;udv k nf; ckwf BuD;rsm;ESifhwuG wl&d,mypnf;rsm; tqifoifholYae&mESifhol?
xGi&f iS ;f vif;&ygonf/ Ny;D awmh wHceG w f ikd pf u kd xf &l ef wGi;f Bu;D udk olY&GmESifhol ae&mowfrSwfpDpOfxm;&ygao;onf/
vnf;wl;Mu&ygonf/ oDwif;uRwv f jynfah eYwiG u f m; eHeufapmapmwGif bke;f
xdkYjyif ausmif;0if;BuD;wpfckvHk;tm; omoemhtvHav; awmfBu;D ausmif;odq Yk rG ;f awmfBu;D uyfvLS &ef tdrw f ikd ;f tdrwf ikd ;f
rsm; wyfqifviT x hf Ml uygonf/ csnBf uKd ;wef;Ny;D ausmif;0ifwpf u qGr;f ? qGr;f [if;? rket Yf rsK;d rsK;d ? za,mif;wdik ?f tarT;wdik rf sm;
avQmufESifh ausmif;a&SUrsufESmpmwpfavQmufwGif omoemh ,laqmifum oGm;a&mufvLS 'gef;Muygonf/ xdjYk yif tzdwaf eYu
tvHav;rsm;wyfqifNyD; Ak'omoemhxGef;ajymifaeonfh jyKvyk x f m;aom oJyakH pwDtm; pkaygif;a&pufcstrQa0jcif;udk
jyKvyk &f ygonf/
yavmifawmiftvSudkjyoaeonfESifhwlygonf/
xdak eY eHeufyikd ;f wGiyf if &yf&mG wGi;f &Sd oufBu;D &G,t f rkd sm;?
wHceG w f ikd Bf u;D tm; yef;yGi?hf yef;yGm;? vdyjf ymkyaf v;rsm;jzifh
aqGrsK;d rdbrsm;? q&morm;rsm;tm;OD;OD;zsm;zsm;cl;cyfxm;aom
tvSqifNy;D aomf naeydik ;f wGif pdu k xf v l u kd yf gonf/ wHceG w f ikd f
xrif;aumif;? [if;aumif;rsm;jzifh oGm;a&mufvLS 'gef;uefawmh
pdu
k x f Nl y;D aemuf &Gmol&mG om;tm;vH;k onf tESyH gaompyg;yif?
Muygonf/
iSuaf ysmyif? BuyH ifrsm;ud, k al qmifvmMuum pdu k x f xl m;aom
oDwif;uRwv f jynhaf eYrpS wifum ud, k &hf mG tkypf t k vdu k ?f
wHceG w f ikd Ef iS hf bke;f Bu;D ausmif;&Sd ausmif;wdik rf sm;wGif uyfcsnf
rdrw
d yYkd wf0ef;usi&f dS &GmtoD;oD;rS bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;odYk
50 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf yavmifow
D if;uRwyf JG 51
wpf&GmESifhwpf&Gm tjyeftvSefoGm;a&mufuefawmhMujcif;? za,mif;wdik rf ;D rsm;jzifh wm0womewfjynfrS oufqif;<ujref;
tvSL'gejyKvyk f w&m;emMujcif;? pnfBu;D twD;NyKd ijf cif;? tysKd vmonfh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ylaZmfuefawmhMuygonf/
vlysKrd sm;pkaygif;ujyjcif;wdjYk zifh yavmifawmifwaMum rarm oD;wif;uRwrf ;D xGe;f yGaJ wmf&ufrsm;twGi;f uReaf wmfwYkd
Edkifatmif &SdMuygonf/ oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESit hf wl tjcm;yavmif&mG rsm;&Sd bke;f awmfBu;D
yavmifvyl sKrd sm;u tysKrd sm;tm; tjyifrS 0dik ;f ywfvsuf ausmif;rsm;odYk vSnv hf nfuefawmhMu? oufBu;D &G,t f rkd sm;tm;
ywfvnf0dkif;taetxm;jzifh waysmfwyg; jrL;<upGm pDwef; vnf; pm;zG,faomufzG,ftpHktvifjzifh uefawmhMuNyD;
vmMuonfrSm tvGefaysmfp&maumif;ygonf/ aqGrsKd;rsm; a<u;onfh xrif;[if;vsmrsm;udk waysmfwyg;
pnfBuD;twD;NydKifyGJuvnf; tHhrcef;yif? tysKdvlysKdwdkY\ pm;Mu? ntcsdefwGif bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;0if;&Sd Zmwfpifjrifh
pk&yftv,fwiG f pnfBu;D rsm; csw d q
f x
JG m;Edik &f ef pifrsm;jyKvyk f xufwGif dk;&mtursm;ujyMu? dk;&maw;oDcsif;rsm;qdkMu?
xm;ygonf/ xdpk nfBu;D rsm; wD;aomtcg vif;uGi;f ESiahf rmif; d k ; &maus;vuf Z mwf v rf ; wG i f yg0if o k y f a qmif M uES i f h
Bu;D wpfv;kH pDvnf; yg&onf/ pnfBu;D udk okyyf gyg,SONf yKd iw f ;D aysmfwNyHK;NyHK; &SdcJhMuygonf/
Mu&onf/ tIH;tEdkifudk pnfBuD;MumjrifhpGm toHus,fus,f uRefawmfwdkY yavmifaus;&Gm&Sd oDwif;uRwf rD;xGef;
jrnf[nf;EdkifrItay: rlwnfqHk;jzwfMuygonf/ yGaJ wmfav;onf olt Y qif;ESio
hf l vSaeygonf/ ol*Y Pk Ef iS o
hf l
pnfBu;D toHrjrnfygu uefawmhyef;wif uefawmh& wifhaeygonf/ olY&eHYESifhol oif;aeygvdrfhrnf/
aom "avhvnf;&Sdygonf/ oDwif;uRwfv&moDyGJawmfaeY oli,fcsif;wdkY &Srf;? Arm? rGef? &cdkifponfh wdkif;&if;om;
rsm;wGif uefawmhc&H mG rsm;onf uefawmhvmonfh aqGrsK;d rdwf trsm;\ oDwif;uRwrf ;D xGe;f yGaJ wmfrsm;onfvnf; uReaf wmf
o*F[rsm;twGuf xrif;[if;rsm;udk tvHt k avmuf csujf yKwf wdkYES,f ukodkvfvnf;& 0rf;vnf;0? aysmfvnf;aysmf&TifMuvdrfh
xm;avh&Sdygonf/ {nfhonfrsm; rNidKrjiifap&yg/ tdrfwdkif; rnf[k uRefawmfrSef;qawG;xifaerdygonfcifAsm;/ /
tdrfwdkif;u {nfhonfrsm;twGuf tqifoifhjyifqifxm;avh
c c c c c c
&Syd gonf/
ntcgwGif um;qDrD;a&mifpHkxGef;ndum bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;wGifomru &GmxJ&Sd tdrfwdkif;wGif rD;yHk;a&mifpHkrsm;?
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf bk&m;av;i,fi,fu;kd awmifjynfw
h nf 53
uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf {&m0wDjrpfurf;em;wpfavQmuf&dS a&eH
wGif;rsm;udk vdkufvHMunfhIavhvmaeMujcif; jzpfygonf/
&Sif;&Sif;ajym&vsif uRefawmfonf a&eHwGif;rsm;udk wpfcgrQ
rjrifbl;yg/ acsmufNrdKU&Sd oli,fcsif;&Jvif;atmifxH tvnf
bk&m;av;i,fi,f udk;awmifjynfhwnf vm&if; olESifhtwl a&TyHkawmifbk&m;tm; zl;ajrmfuefawmh
um a&eHajrtwGif; vSnfhvnfMunfhIaeMujcif; jzpfygonf/
acsmufNrKd U\ylavmifaom aea&mifjcnfatmufwiG f a&eH
uReaf wmfEiS &hf vJ if;atmifwoYkd nf a&eHwiG ;f trSwf 1121
wGif;vkyfom;rsm;onf acR;wNydKufNydKufusvsuf a&eHwGif;&Sd
udk avhvmMunfh rI w S of m;aerdMuonf/ a&eHwiG ;f udk 1964
pufrsm;udk jyifqifaeMuyH?k wl;azmfxw k v f yk Nf y;D a&eHavSmifuef
ckEpS ?f atmufwb kd m 6 &ufaeYupwif wl;azmfcahJ Mumif; od& rsm;odkY ydkYvTwfaeMuyHkrsm;udk pdwf0ifwpm; MunfhI&if; t&dyf
ygonf/ wGif;teufrSm 2900 ay &SdNyD; a&eHxkwf,laeaom aumif;&m xaemif;yifBuD;atmufwGif tarmajzem;vdkuf
oJaMumteufayrSm 2492 rS 2500 twGif;? 2690 rS Muygonf/
2700 twGif;? 2715 rS 2730 twGif;? 2800 rS 2810 ]]acsmufNrdKUudka&mufawmh orkdif;rSmoifcJh&wJh a&eHajr
twGif; xkwf,lvsuf&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/ oydwq f w
kd mudk owd&rdw,f? Ny;D awmh ocifz;kd vSBu;D wdYk tvkyf
1965 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYupNyD; aeYpOfxGuf&Sd orm;awG bDbpkd u D rk P uD rsuEf mS jzL t&if;&Siaf wGukd oydwf
EIef;rSm a&eH 29 pnf xGufcJhaMumif; od&NyD;? ,cktcg aeYpOf arSmufqEjycJhMuwmawGudk awG;rdjyefw,f...}}
ysrf;rQ 27 pnf xGuf&SdaeaMumif; od&ygonf/ ,aeYxd uRefawmfhpum;udkMum;awmh &Jvif;atmifu NyHK;onf/
xkwf,lNyD; a&eHpnfaygif;rSm 7004 pnfxkwf,lNyD;aMumif; ]]bDtpkd u
D rk P
[ D m ol&Y UJ vufyg;ap rsuEf mS jzLt&m&Sad wG
od&ygonf/ udk avaumif;avoef&Y &SNd y;D Icif;Iuu G f om,mwJh {&m0wD
onfrSm a&eHwGif;trSwf 1121 \ a&eHxGuf&SdEIef; jrpfurf;ezl;u xl;jcm;oefYjyefYwJh ae&mrSm O,smOfawG? yef;NcH
jzpfygonf/ acsmufa&eHajrwGif a&eHwGif;aygif; ESpfaxmif awG? wdkufwm taqmufttHkawGrSm a&rD;tpHkeJY crf;em;
ausmf &Sdygvdrfhrnf/ x,f0gpGm xm;&SdcJhw,f? pma&;pmcsDawGudk oHk;yifESpfcef;
opfom;tdrif ,frsm;eJx Y m;Ny;D tvkyo f rm;awGuakd wmh &Spaf y
52
54 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf bk&m;av;i,fi,fu;kd awmifjynfw
h nf 55
ywfvnftcef;i,f tcef;usOf;av;xJrSm pkaygif;wef;vsm; qdw k hJ &J&aJ wmuf rdecYf eG ;f [mvnf; armfueG ;f 0ifordik ;f wGicf w hJ hJ
awGeYJ xm;ygw,f/ tdrt f rsK;d tpm;udo k m cGjJ cm;xm;wm r[kwf rdefYcGef;yJaemf}}
ygbl;? ae&ma'oudyk g Adv k tf rd u
f ek ;f ? pma&;wef;? tvkyo f rm; ]]'g jref r mh o w d ? jref r mh t m;rmef u d k j ywJ h rd e f Y c G e f ;
wef;vsm;qdNk y;D cGjJ cm;xm;ao;w,fav? &Si;f &Si;f ajym&&if a&eH r[kwfvm;}}
ajru tvkyform;awG[m a&eHxGuf&Sda&;twGuf yifyif ]][k w f w ,f A sm? 'gh a Mumif h jref r mh v G w f v yf a &;tp
yef;yef;aqmif&Gufay;cJhMu&ayr,fh olwdkYrSm a&rD;rjynfhpHkwJh acsmufNrdKUuvdkYawmif qdkvdkufcsifyg&JU}}
tcef;usO;f av;rSmom aecJMh u&? ay;wJv h pmuvnf; t&m&Sd [k uRefawmfu ajymvdkufaomtcg &Jvif;atmifu
BuD;awG&wJh vpmeJY tqrwef uGm[aewmaMumifhvnf; NyHK;NyD;-
ocifz;kd vSBu;D OD;aqmifwahJ &eHajru tvkyo f rm;xk&UJ tH<k u ]]uRefawmfwdkY acsmufNrdKUolNrdKUom;awG[m rsufESmjzL
awmfvSefwJh a&eHajroydwfBuD; ay:aygufvmcJhwmayghAsm}} e,fcsJUtpdk;&udk at;apwDbk&m;wnfNyD;awmif qefYusifMu
]][kwfyg&JU? acsmufNrdKUupwJha&eHajroydwf[m a&eH ao;w,f}}
acsmif;? vrf;&Gm? pOfhul;NrdKUawGu a&eHajrtvkyform;awGxd ]]b,fv.kd . bk&m;wnfNy;D qefu Y siMf uw,f [kwv f m;..}}
ul;pufNy;D tiftm;awmifw h if;cdik rf mwJh a&eHtvkyo f rm;xkBu;D uRefawmfhtar;udk &Jvif;atmifu NyHK;NyD;-
[m &efuek Nf rKd Uxd cswD ufqEjycJw h hJ ta&;awmfyBkH u;D rdYk jrefrmh ]]1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkBuD; ray:aygufcif pyful;
EdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuwmyJaemf}} rwfu;l umvrSm v,form;awG[m pyg;aps;awG tqrwef
]]a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;xkBu;D udk axmufct H m;ay;Ny;D ulnD usqif;vdYk pD;yGm;a&;tMuyftwnf;eJY &ifqidk af eMu&wJt h csed ?f
yHhydk;cJhwJh wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;0ifawG ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfbufuvnf; tpd;k &[m ajrcGe?f ,mcGe?f vlceG af wGukd wd;k jri hf
awGaMumifhvnf; a&eHajrtvkyform;awG tm;wufcJh&wm aumufccH w hJ t
hJ wGuf jynfov l xl t k m;vH;k 'kua wGyifv,fa0
ayghaemf}} jzpfaeMuwJhtcsdef? NyD;awmh cspfwD;ukvm;awGuvnf; a<u;
]]ody[
f w k w
f maygh? rsuEf mS jzLvufyg;apjzpfwhJ ykvyd af wG rqyfEdkifwJhvlawGudk uRJodrf;? EGm;odrf;? vSnf;odrf;? v,f,m
u tvkyform;xkBuD;udk jrif;wyftm;eJYNzdKcGif;zdkY BudK;pm;cJhMu awGodrf;eJY t"rtEdkifusifhaeMuwJhtcsdef &efukefrSmvnf;
ao;w,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'DrSm wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;u ocif ukvm;ArmtxdukP;f jzpfNy;D du k Mf u? ESuMf u? owfMu jzpfae
A[de;f &JU jrif;cGmwpfcsuaf yguf&if rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufap&r,f MuwJhtcsdef? tJ.. uRefawmfwdkYa&eHajrrSmvnf; apmapmu
h nf 57
ajymovdk bDtdkpD a&eHukrPDu rrQrweJY t&m&SdeJY tvkyf ]]wnfjzpfwmayghAsm? 1292 ckEpS ?f wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfh
orm;awGukd cGjJ cm;Ny;D vpm? aetdr?f tcGit hf a&;awG oD;oefpY D aeY? 1930? Edk0ifbm 4 &uf t*FgaeYrSm at;apwDbk&m;udk
cHpm;cGifhay;aewJhtwGuf tvkyform;oydwfBuD; ay:ayguf atmifatmifjrifjrif wnfxm;udk;uG,fEdkifcJhygw,f}}
awmhr,ft h csed ?f jrefrmjynfwpfew H pfvsm;rSm ckvkd wabmifav; ]]at;apwDb&k m;udk q&mawmfO;D eEO;D pD;Ny;D zdeyfawmfrS
ay:vmw,fAsm..}} yp,iH g;qifx h d ud;k awmif? oydwaf rSmufrS xD;awmfped zf ;l awmf
uReaf wmfu &Jvif;atmifpum;udk pdw0f ifpm;um em;pGihf xd udk;awmif? pkpkaygif; 18 awmif? 27 ay &Sdygw,f? Mwif;
aevdkufonf/ aMue0if;aMu owydoaMu wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhwm jzpfyg
]]tJ'w D abmifu.. bk&m;av;i,fi,f? ud;k awmifjynfh w,f? rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdudk ajymcJhovdk &SpfrsufESm *lbk&m;yHk
w,f? i,fomi,fu,fq,fr,fb h &k m;? "mwfaumvD oH;k q,f wefaqmif;jymom'fawGeJY apwDudk wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhwm
qkdufatmif? zl;vdkuftrsm;..qdkwJh wabmifygyJ}} jzpfygw,f}}
&Jvif;atmifu olpY um;udk acwem;Ny;D a&eHwiG ;f rsm;qD tckvuf&dS r[mat;apwDBu;D udak wmh q&mawmf ODeE
ai;Munfhaevdkufao;onf/ &JU cGifhjyKcsufeJY &efukefNrdKUrS aq;0*Fbmq&mawmf OD;ol&d,eJY
]]tJ'v D ekd YJ uReaf wmfwYkd acsmufNrKd UrSm at;apwDb&k m;wnf at;apwDausmif;udk wdkuftkyfq&mawmf t*r[my@dw
r,f q d k a wmh acsmuf a &eH a jra'oud k pD r H t k y f c sKyf a ewJ h b'EaZmwdu q&mawmfwdkY OD;pD;NyD; NrdKUvlxkxnfh0ifaiGrsm;
vufaxmufa&eH0ef Assisant warden J.M.G Faan u wm;jrpf eJY topfwpfzef wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhygw,f? 'gaMumifh tck
ygw,f/ tJ't D cgrSm NrKd UrdNrKd Uzrsm;eJY a*gyuvlBu;D awGu ,ck
vuf&Sdr[mat;apwDBuD;udk 1323 ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqkwf 11
wnfr,fhbk&m;[m udk;awmifjynfhapwDbk&m;r[kwfygbl;?
&uf 1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &uf aomMumaeYrSm xD;awmfudk
&SpfrsufESmbk&m;jzpfygw,f? Ak'bmomjrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;
atmifjrifpGm wifvSLEdkifcJhygw,f}}
taeeJY bk&m;apwDwpfq&l zdS Ykd vdt k yfygw,fvYkd &Si;f vif;ajymjy
&Jvif;atmifu cPem;Ny;D {&m0wDjrpfBu;D zufoYkd ai;idik f
awmhrS a&eH0efu udk;awmifjynfhr[kwf&if ruefYuGufygbl;?
Munfhaevdkufygonf/
'gayrJh cGifhvnf; rjyKbl;vdkY ajymcJhygw,f}}
]]'gqkd at;apwDudk wnfjzpfatmif wnfcJhMuwm ]]ckvdk jyefjyifvdkufawmh PfawmftjrifhawG ajymif;vJ
ayghaemf}} roGm;bl;vm;}}
h nf 59
uRefawmfhpum;aMumifh &Jvif;atmifu quf&Sif;onf/ wm r[kwv f m;? 'ghjyif 1299 ckEpS ?f jymodv k jynfah usmf 7 &uf?
]]t&if w nf x m;ud k ; uG , f c J h w mu rsuf E S m jzLawG u d k 1938 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 22 &ufaeYrSm a&tdk;pifacsmif? acsmuf
qefu Y siNf y;D Mwif;aMue0if;aMu wnfxm;cJw h hJ at;apwD? tck &Gmr? armhwef;vsm;? *JBu;D uke;f ? vTpufwef;vsm;rSm&Sw d hJ trsK;d
xyfrw H nfaqmufvu kd wf hJ apwDu r[mat;apwDw?hJ r[m orD;oHk;&mausmf[m oydwfarSmuf tvkyform;awGudk
at;apwDbk&m;[m rlvat;apwDbk&m;udkvnf; rl&if; OD;aqmifNyD; oajyyef;awGudkifaqmifum at;apwDbk&m;qD
twdik ;f zl;ajrmfEikd af pNy;D ydrk x
kd nf0goym,fpmG eJY MunfnKd o'g csDwufcJhMuw,f? aps;ta&SUzufta&mufrSm rsufESmjzL
yGm;Edkifatmif rlvat;apwD&JU tay:txufrSm r[m 0efaxmufeJYyefcsmyD ykvdyft&m&Sd qef[efqifqdkolwdkYu
at;apwDqdkNyD; apwDESpfqludk txufeJYatmuf xyfqifhNyD; wm;jrpfcMhJ uw,f? tJ't D csed u
f acsmufNrKd UrSm a&eHajr tvkyf
wnfxm;ud;k uG,w f m jzpfygw,f? bk&m;zl;vmolawGtzdYk rlv orm;awG oydwfarSmufvdkY yk'fr 144 xkwfjyD;xm;csdefvnf;
at;apwDudkvnf; a&S;rlrysuf zl;ajrmfuefawmh MunfndKEdkif
jzpfw,f? tJ'Dvdk tcsdefrSm acsmufNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;&JU rsufESm
ygw,f? r[mat;apwDBuD;udkawmh acsmufNrdKUwpfcGifu
jzLtpdk;&tay: y&d,m,fPfqifNyD; EdkifiHa&;wdkufuGuf
awGUjrifzl;Edkifatmif pDpOfxm;wm jzpfygw,f}}
zefwD;rI[m vGefpGmcsD;usL;zG,faumif;cJhw,fvdkY vlBuD;awGu
]]'gjzifh rlvat;apwDaum vuf&Sdr[mat;apwDBuD;
udkaum bk&m;zl;vmolawG MunfndKo'gyGm; zl;ajrmfEdkifwm rSwfcsufcscJhMuygw,f? ocifzdk;vSBuD;? ocifzdk;wkwfuav;?
ayghaemf}} ocifra':at;? ocifr a':q,fwdkY OD;aqmifrIeJYNrdKUvlxk&JU
]][kwyf gw,f? apmapmuajymcJo h vdk rlvat;apwDBu;D rsK;d csppf w
d ?f Edik if v
H w
G v
f yfa&;&csipf wd wf [
Ykd m wpf&edS x
f ;kd jrifrh m;
[m e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;? rsKd;cspf cJyh gw,fAsm}}
pdwf"mwf&Sifoefxufjrufa&;? trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;? 0HomEk ]]'gjzifh at;apwD[m e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;txdrf;trSwf
&uwd w&m;rsm;&Sio f efa&;udk taMumif;jyKNy;D ay:aygufvmcJh apwDvdkY trnfay;&if&rSmayghaemf}}
wJh apwDawmfjrwfBuD;yg? udk;awmifjynfhapwDrwnf&bl;vdkY ]]&wmaygh udkrsKd;}}
ydwfyifxm;wJhMum;u &SpfrsufESm*lbk&m;wnfrSmygqdkNyD; rlv ]]'gqdk a&eHwGif;awG avhvmNyD;wmeJY uRefawmfwdkYawG
at;apwDudk Mwif;aMue0if;aMu? owyDoaMu wnfxm;cJh at;apwDbk&m;BuD;udk oGm;a&mufzl;Mu&atmifAsm}}
&Jvif;atmifu xaemif;yif&dyfrS xvdkufonf/
]]vm..udrk sK;d ? aeodyyf al ew,f? a&eHwiG ;f awG aemufaeY
reufapmapmrS avhvmMuwmaygh? uRefawmfwdkY at;apwD
bk&m;qDoGm;NyD; cdkem;uefawmhMu&atmif}}
]]aumif;om;yJ &Jvif;atmif? e,fcsJUrsufESmjzLawGudk ig;csOfpm;yGJ
qefu
Y siaf wmfveS Nf y;D rsK;d csppf w
d "f mwfawGukd azmfaqmifay;cJw
h hJ
at;apwDBuD;udk uRefawmf zl;csifaeNyDAsm}} pum;tif;&GmwmwufyrJG mS eef;csKu d kd pwifjrifawGUrdjcif;
uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,mufonf qdkifu,fpufudkEId;NyD; a&eH jzpfonf/ jrifjrifcsi;f yif uReaf wmh&f ifawGcek cf rhJ o d nf/ eef;csKud
wGif;rsm;&Sd&m {&m0wDur;fajcrS at;apwDbk&m;BuD;qDodkY pum;tif;&Gmolawmh r[kw?f tif;eD[o J rd b f uf&dS ajrmufuek ;f
xGufcGmvmcJhMuygonf/ / ytdk0f;&Gmolwnf;../
uRefawmfwdkYawmifdk;? "Ek? tif;om;? ytdk0f;wdkY\
c c c c c c wmwufyGJqdkonfrSm zl;pm&Sif&SmyGJ r[kwfvm;? te,fe,f
t&yf&yfrS wmwufyo JG Ykd vmMuaom vSysKjd zLacsmav;rsm;xJrS
rdrdESpfoufqHk;wpfa,mufudk a&G; cifatmifBudK;pm;rnf/
olY&GmodkY vdkufvnfrnf/ olYrdbawG aqGrsKd;todkif;t0dkif;
udk avhvmrnf/ tuJcwfrnf/
uRef a wmf w d k Y & G m ES i f h a jrmuf u k e f ; &G m onf twef i ,f
a0;onf/ uReaf wmfu ajrmufajrjcm;&GmwGif aeonf/ ajrjcm;?
awmifywf? pum;tif;? tif;eDwdkYonf wpf&GmESifhwpf&Gm
tvSr;f ra0;aomfvnf; rdrv d ,f,mpdu k cf if;rsm;wGif tcsed jf ynfh
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaeMu&aom uRefawmfwdkY ytdk0f;trsKd;om;
rsm;rSm &Gmwdik ;f &Gmwdik ;f odYk oGm;vmvnfywfaeEdik t f m;Muonf
r[kw/f
61
62 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf ig;csOfpm;yGJ 63
tmvl;csdef tmvl;? yef;ESrf;csdef yef;ESrf;? v,fcsdef v,f? acgif;u eef;csKdtdrfodkY vdkufydkYonf/ twefMum eef;csKdESifh
csif;csdef csif;? ajryJcsdef ajryJESifh tvkyfIyfaeMuolrsm;r[kwf uRefawmhfudk rdwfqufay;NyD;-
ygvm;/ ,ckvkd wpfEpS w f pfcg usi;f yavh&adS om wmwufyw JG iG f ]]rif;wdcYk sn;f pum;ajym&pfMu}} [k qdu
k m jyefomG ;onf/
om &Gmwdkif;&Gmwdkif;rS yGJawmfvm vSysKdjzLacsmav;rsm;udk &Gmumvom;acgif; ]]cdkAefwef}} jyefoGm;aomtcg eef;csKdu
ai;Edkifonf/ awGUEdkifonf/ avhvmEdkifonf r[kwfygavm/ uRefawmhfudk tcg;&nfiSJUay;&if; ajryJjyKyfudk auR;onf/
]]olYtrnfu eef;csKdwJh? ajrmufukef;&Gmolaygh}} ]]pm;ygtpfudk? uRefrwdkYjcHxJu xGufwmyg..}}
eef;csKd\trnfudk od&ef olESifh&if;ESD;aom rdef;rysKdav; [k NyHK;umqdkonf/ uRefawmfu aus;Zl;wifygw,f[l
rsm;udk ar;&onf/ olwdkYu pHk;prf;NyD; uRefawmhfudk tajzay; aom rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh olYudk Munfhaerdonf/
onf/ uRefawmfu wmwufyGJwGif yJavSmfaphav;rsm;jzifh ]]nDrudk pum;tif; wmwufyu JG wnf;u cifcsiw f m..}}
aygufum eef;csKdudk ponf/ eef;csKduvnf; uRefawmhfudk olY [k qdkaomtcg eef;csKdu NyHK;aeonf/
vG,ftdwfxJrS yJavSmfaphav;rsm;jzifh jyefaygufonf/ ]]uRefrwdkYuawmh awmolygtpfudk? awmxJawmifay:
wmwufyGJwGif "Ektdk;pnfoH? &Srf;tdk;pnfoH? awmifdk; rSm awmif,mvkyfNyD; aeMu&wJholawGyg..}}
td;k pnfo?H ytd0k ;f td;k pnforH sm;Mum;wGif olt Y NyKH ;rsuEf mS av; [k wdk;wdk;av;ajymonf/
udk awGU&onf/ olonf b,fajcnmvufjzifh y0gpav;ajrm uf ]]tpfuu kd vnf; awmom;ygyJ nDr&,f/ awmif,mvky?f
umajrmufum ytkd0f;tu uaeonf/ NcHvkyf? oeyfzufpdkuf? oeyfzufavSmfae&wJh olyg..}}
olt Y uudk ai;&if; olrY suEf mS av;udk Munfrh 0? wmwufyJG uRefawmhfpum;Mum;awmh eef;csKdNyHK;aeonf/
wGif qHck ahJ om eef;csKEd iS hf &if;ES;D &ef ajrmufuek ;f &Gmodo
Yk mG ;&rnf/ ]]tpfudku ajrjcm;&Gmuaemf..}}
ajrmufuek ;f &GmrS ]]cdAk efwef}}ac: umvom;acgif;ESihf nEd iId ;f Ny;D [kNyHK;um qdkonf/
eef;csKdtdrfudk vdkufydkYcdkif;&rnf/ tdk.. awG;vdkuf&if &ifawG ]]nDru tpfudkY&Gmudk odaeNyDaemf..]]
ckefvSacs&JU../ ]]pum;tif;yGJwkef;u nDrudk yJavSmfeYJaygufwJholawGxJ
_ _ _ _ _ rSm tpfudkYudk rSwfrdaew,fav? 'ghaMumifh pum;tif;&Gmol
ajrmufuek ;f &GmodYk ]]vnfrel rf}}ac: vlysKv d nS v hf ma&muf wpfa,mufudk tpfudkYtaMumif;ar;Munfhxm;wm..}}
cJah om uReaf wmht f m; ajrmufuek ;f &GmrS ]]ckAd efwef}}umvom; [k NyHK;umqdkonf/
]]bmvJ nDru tpfudkYrsKd;dk; oefYroefY? tusifhpm&dw ]]ae0if&ifvnf; nDreJt Y pfukd vudpk ;D Ny;D jyefr,f? rd;k csKyf
aumif;raumif;? ysi;f &dvm;? use;f rma&;csKUd wJv h m;? "avhx;kH pH &ifvnf; tpfudkeJYnDr Mu,fudkpD;NyD;jyefr,f..}}
&JU wm;jrpfxm;oljzpfovm; qdkwmawGyg avhvmxm;NyDaygh eef;csKd\cspfpzG,fpum;av;awGudk Mum;ae&NyD? ol
[kwfvm;..}} uReaf wmfu h kd vufwcJG siaf Mumif; pum;xmav;jzifh ajymaeNy/D
[k ar;vdkufaomtcg eef;csKdu NyHK;aeonf/ uRefawmfuNyHK;NyD;..
eef;csKdESifh 'kwd,tBudrfqHkMuaomtcg- ]]vudpk ;D Ny;D jyef&if vrf;rSm;rSmaMumufw,f? Mu,fupkd ;D Ny;D
]]ta&SUawmifay:u iSufuav;[m *sKdeJYrIwfvmw,f? jyef&ifvnf; vrf;vGJwwfw,f..}}
[dyk ;kH u Muufzu ptdek rYJ w I v
f mw,f? tpfuw kd wf&ifajymprf; uRefawmhfudkNyHK;NyD;eef;csKdu-
ygOD;}} ]]oabmwl&if uRefreJYtpfudkeJYaq;? vufzufawGudk
[k pum;xmjzifh qdkvmonf/ uRefawmfuNyHK;NyD;- 0,fjyef&atmif? oabmwdu k q f ikd &f if nDreJt
Y udk ig;csOxf w k f
]]ta&SUawmifay:u iSufuav;[m *sKdeJYrIwfvmw,f
udk 0,fjyef&atmif}} rdbawG? a,murawGudk uefawmhzdkY
qdkwm wjcm;r[kwfbl;? aeMuwfwmudkajymwm? [dkyHk;u
rygrjzpfaom aq;? vufzuf? ig;csOfxkwfawG0,fjyef
Muufz ptdek rYJ w I vf mwm wjcm;r[kwb f ;l ? AH&k nS u
f akd jymwm}}
uefawmhzdkYyif eef;csKdav;u vrf;cif;ay;aeygNyDaum../
[k ajzvdu k af omtcg eef;csKad v;NyKH ;aeavonf/ Ny;D awmh
_ _ _ _ _
eef;csKdu qufNyD;..
eef;csKdav;udk uRefawmfwpfusyfom;cefY tav;csdef&Sd
]]xawmhav tpfu?kd nDropfyifatmufrmS apmif&h wm
rdk;awmifcsKyfNyD}} aom a&TvufpyG af v;udk vufaqmifay;vdu k \ f / olb
Y ,fbuf
[k qdkvdkufjyefonf/ vufo<l u,fav;wGif pGyaf y;vku d o f nf/ eef;csKu d uReaf wmfu h kd
]]vmcJhawmhav nDr? pdwfoabmxm;jzLpifwJhtpfudk NyKH ;Ny;D Munfo h nf/ uReaf wmhfvufaqmifukd ESpo f ufpmG vufcH
opfyifatmufrSm apmifh&wm aeawmif0ifNyD}} vQif eef;csKEd iS u hf Reaf wmf cspo f al wG jzpfomG ;avNyD r[kwv f m;/
[k wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf cifrifcspfcifMuojzifh a&S;u wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D arwm&SMd uvQif xH;k bl;ay;avh&Sd
wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D apmifBh uKd aeMuyH?k arQmaf eMuyHak wGjzifh arwm onf/ yifavmif;bufwGif a&TqHxdk;? a&Tzufvdyfem;a#mif;?
pum;vrf;aMumif;ay: avQmufcJhMuygNyD../ em;oefo;D ? qGBJuKd; ponfwu Y k d k d vufaqmifay;Muonf[k od&onf/
trsKd;orD;u trsKd;om;tay: aemiftcspfjy,fygu rdbESpyf g;uvnf; uReaf wmht f vdv
k u
kd u
f m ajrmufuek ;f
trsKd;om;u trsKd;orD;xH olay;xm;aom vufaqmifudk &GmrS eef;csKdwdkYxH &Gmrd&Gmzrsm;ac:,lum n 7 em&DcefYwGif
jyefawmif;Edkifonf/ tu,f trsKd;orD;u vufaqmif oGm;a&mufaphpyfay;cJhonf/
cH,x l m;onfh cspo f &l ydS gvsuf tjcm;a,mufsm;wpfa,muf ESihf ,cktcg eef;csKdESifhuRefawmfwdkY\ aphpyfyGJav;vnf;
vufxyfomG ;vQif vufaqmifypn;f \oH;k qwefz;kd jyefavsmf atmifjrifpGm NyD;pD;oGm;NyDwnf;/ vlBuD;rdbrsm;u vjynfh
&onf/ vuG,f? jy'g;aeYrsm;udk a&Smifum tmvl;ESifhcsif;rsm;azmf
,ck eef;csKdav;u uRefawmfhvufaqmifudk vufcH,l NyD;vQif vufxyfr*FvmyGJ usif;yjyKvkyfay;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhMu
vdkufNyDjzpf uRefawmhfw&m;0ifcspfol jzpfcJhavNyD/ avonf/
eef;csKdESifhuRefawmfcspfolb0a&mufcJhNyDrdkY tvkyfawG _ _ _ _ _ _
ydv
k yk zf v
Ykd v
kd mygNy?D tmvl;? ajryJ? csi;f ? pyg;awGaumif;atmif tmvl ; ES i f h c sif ; rsm;azmf u m a&mif ; csNyD ; aomtcg
BudK;pm;vkyfaqmifygawmhonf/ ,cifuxuf ESpfqoHk;q uReaf wmfww Ykd iG f aiGa&;aMu;a&;tqifajyvmonf/ eef;csKEd iS hf
cGeftm;pdkufum uRefawmftvkyf vkyfygonf/ r*Fvmudpaqmif&GufEdkif&ef uRefawmfESifhvlBuD;rsm;onf
ajrdkif;awGazmfxkwfNyD; v,fxGefpufjzifh x,fxdk;? xGef ajrmufukef;&GmrS cdkAefwefac: umvom;acgif;xH vufxyf
arTapvsuf eef;csKad v;udk wifw h ifw
h ,fw,f awmif;&rf;Edik &f ef cGifhawmif;&onf/
tm;xkwaf e&ygonf/ ,cktcg pyg;ESiahf jryJcif;awG aumif; cdkAefwefu &GmtwGuf tdk;cGufyef;uefrsm; 0,f,l&ef
tvSLrnfrQxnfh0ifEdkifoenf;[k ar;onf/ uRefawmfwdkYu
ovdk tmvl;ESifhcsif;cif;awGvnf; a0qmaeygonf/
aus;&GmtwGufbHkypnf;rsm;0,f,l&ef tvSLaiG ESpfaomif;
uReaf wmfrh b d rsm;tm; ajrmufuek ;f &GmrS eef;csK\ d rdbrsm;
xnf0h ifvu dk Mf uonf/
xH oGm;a&muf aphpyfay;&ef wdkufwGef;rdonf/ &GmrS&Gmrd
umvom;acgif; cdkAefwef\cGifhjyKcsuf&&SdNyD;aomtcg
&Gmz vlBu;D rsm;ESihf uReaf wmhrf b d ESpyf g;? ajrmufuek ;f &GmrS &Gmrd
uRefawmfwdkYonf eef;csKd\tdrfodkYoGm;a&muftaMumif;Mum;
&Gmzrsm;ESifh eef;csKd\rdbESpfyg;tjyif umvom;acgif; ]]cdkAef
Muonf/ eef;csKdrdbrsm;u a&aEGMurf;? vufzufokyf? uGrf;
wef}}udyk g todoufaot&mxm;Ny;D aphpyfrI jyKvyk af y;yg&ef
aq;vdyfrsm;jzifh {nfhcHonf/ NyD;aomf r*Fvm&ufudk a&G;cs,f
ylqmrdonf/ owfrw S vf u kd Mf uygonf/
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf ig;csOfpm;yGJ 69
r*Fvmtcrf;tem;udk eef;csKdwdkYtdrfwGifyif usif;yjyK onf/ aq;vdyfxnfh&mwGif ZeD;armifESH&moufyef at;csrf;
vkyf&ef a&G;cs,fvdkufonf/ r*FvmyGJtwGuf uefawmhyGJoHk;yGJ om,map&ef&nfp;l Ny;D aq;vdyx f yd u
f zkd iG uhf m avovyfxm;
jyifqif&onf/ oufqdkif&mrdbrsm;udk uefawmh&efwpfyGJ/ wwfMuygonf/
cd k Aef w ef a c: umvom;acgif ; ud k u ef a wmh & ef w pf y G J ? r*FvmyGaJ eYwiG f owdo Yk m;uReaf wmfEiS hf owdo Yk rD;eef;csKd
r*FvmyGo J <Ykd ua&mufvmMurnfh {nfyh &dowfrsm;udu k efawmh&ef tjyif &GmvlBu;D ESpaf ,mufwo Ykd nf tkPw f ufonfEiS hf cdAk ef
wpfyjJG zpfygonf/ wefac: umvom;acgif;aqmifxHokdY oGm;Mu&\/ cdkAefwef
uefawmhyrJG sm;udjk yifqif&ef ajrmufuek ;f &Gm&Sd touft onf umvom;t&efo,faqmifvmaom uefawmhyrJG S vuf
BuD;qHk; i,fvifi,fr,m;rsm;jzpfMuonfh tbdk; (zb&m;) zufxkyf? ig;csOfxkyfwdkYudk ajzay;vdkuf\/ tcg r*FvmyGJ
OD;*kwEf iS t hf bGm; (rd;k z&m;) a':eef;eefat;wdt Yk m; wm0efay; tcrf;tem;pcGifhjyKaMumif;? &Gm&Sdumvom;rsm;udkvnf; zdwf
vdu k Mf uonf/ Mum;ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; todtrSwjf yKvu kd &f ma&mufayonf/
xdkYjyif r*Fvmcef;jyifqifjcif;? aiGzvm;twGif;a&T&nf r*FvmyGJudk cdkAefwefac: umvom;acgif;a&mufvmrS
aiG&nfprd jf cif;wdu Yk v kd nf; jyKvyk Mf u&ygao;onf/ xdjYk yif &GmcH p&avonf/ r*FvmyGJpvQif ueffawmhyGJxJrS iSufaysmzD;udk
&Gmom;rsm;ESiyhf wf0ef;usi&f &dS mG om;rsm;tm; xrif;[if;rsm;ESihf tcGHETm&\/ aq;? ig;csOfxkyf? vufzufxkyfrsm;udkvnf;ajz&
{nfhcHauR;arG;&efvnf; pDpOf&ygao;onf/ \/ aq;? vufzufxkyf? ig;csOfxkyfrsm;ajz&mwGif r*FvmyGJodkY
r*FvmyGw J iG yf g0ifrnfyh pn;f rsm;udpk t kH a&twGujf zifo h m vma&mufMuaom rdbpHv k ifonfo h m;orD;rsm;u ajzay;&\/
xnfhoGif;Mu&onf/ "avhrSm owdk;om;ESifh owdkYorD;wdkY ig;csOfxkyf? vufzufxkyfajzonfh rdbpHkvifonfhuav;rsm;
&moufyef tdrfaxmifwnfNrJ&ef pDpOfjcif;jzpfonf/ r*Fvm tm; wwfEdkifoavmuf rkefYzdk;ay;&avonf/
uefawmhyw JG pfywJG iG f ig;csOx f yk Ef pS x
f yk ?f vH;k a&pHvk ifaomiSuf xdkYaemuf r*FvmyGJrS ig;csOfxkyf? vufzufxkyfwdkYudkajz
aysmoD;ESpfzD;? vufzufajcmuftpdk (odkY) tajcmufESpfxkyf? NyD;aomtcgwGif tcGHETmNyD;om; iSufaysmoD;wpfvHk;? ig;csOf
aq; (uGr;f pm;aq;ESpx f yk )f t"duyg0if&onf/ uGr;f oD;? uGr;f vufzuftcsKw d jYkd zifh vlBu;D wpfO;D tm; tdraf pmifeh wftm; ylaZmf
&GufwdkYudkvnf; xnfhMu&ygonf/ yocdik ;f &ygonf/ tdraf pmifeh wfuykd oolonf owd;k om;ESihf
y&dowfudk&nfpl;xm;aom uefawmhyGJwGif aq;vdyf? owdk;orD;wdkYtMuifvifr,m;tjzpfodkYa&mufNyDjzpfaMumif;
rD;jcpf? oMum;? Edq Yk ?D BuoH umESihf rkerYf sm;udv k nf;xnfMh u&yg odaptyfygonf[k tdraf pmifeh wftm; yo wifavQmuf&ygonf/
xdaYk emuf owd;k om;ESihf owd;k orD;udk rdbpHv k iforl sm;u Muum aiGzvm;xJoYkd vufzaYJG iGrsm;xnfMh ujcif;? vufzyYJG pn;f
vufxyfay;Mu&\/ pma[mq&marmf odkYr[kwf &yf&Gmu rsm;ay;tyfMujcif;wdkYjzifh dk;&mrysuf qifETJavawmhonf/
av;pm;aom vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfOD;u r*FvmMobmpmzwf r*FvmyGv J m {nfyh &dowfrsm;tm; ig;csO[ f if;? vufzuf
um tMuifvifr,m;tjzpfoaYkd &mufNyjD zpfaMumif; bdou d o
f eG ;f rsm;a<u;Hkru ,cktcg 0ufom;? Muufom;? ig;paom[if;
ay;avonf/ aygif;pHkjzifh{nfhcHvsuf&Sdygonf/
xdaYk emuf tMuifvifr,m;tjzpf cdik cf ikd Nf rNJ raJ ygif;&ygap [if;rsm;teuf ig;csO[ f if;rSm rygrjzpfaom[if;jzpfav
[kqkawmif;um owdkYom;ESifhowdkYorD;wdkYonf wpfOD;udk onf/ xdaYk Mumifh uReaf wmfwYkd ytd0k ;f r*Fvmaqmifut kd csKUd u
wpfOD; xrif;cGHUa<u;Mu&onf/ ig;csOfpm;yGJ[lvnf;ac:qdktodtrSwfjyKMuygownf;/
xdkYaemuf <ua&mufvmMuaom {nfhy&dowfu vufzGJY
csnfuGif;rpGyfrD owdk;om;ESifhowdk;orD;wdkYu ESpfzufvlBuD;
rdbrsm;tm; uefawmhMu&\/ yxrqHk;ESpfzufrdbrsm;u
vufzGJYcsnfuGif;udk owdkYom;ESifhowdkYorD;tm; pGyfay;umqk
awmif;ay;Muonf/
vufzGJYcsnfuGif;pGyf&mwGif owdkYom;\b,fvufudk
t&ifpyG af y;Ny;D rS owdoYk rD;\vufEpS b f ufv;kH udk pGyaf y;&\/
um; ytdk0f;bmomt& ]vcGif} [kac:ygonf/
r*FvmyGJwGif aiGzvm;ESpfvHk;xm;&Sd\/ wpfvHk;wGifa&
xnfhxm;\/ a&xnfhxm;onfhaiGzvm;xJwGif owdkYom;?
owdkYorD; rdbwpfOD;OD;u a&TaiGxnfh\/ xdkYaemuf a&udk
owdkYom; owdkYorD;wdkYtm; aomufap\/ onfrSma&Ta&
aiG&nfaomufjcif;"avh jzpfayonf/
xdaYk emuf r*Fvm{nfch yH JG y&dowfrsm;u wpfO;D csi;f r*Fvm
vufzcYJG snuf iG ;f rsm;tm; owdo Yk m;ESio
hf wdo
Yk rD;wdt Yk m; pGyaf y;
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf vlMurf;uav;uReaf wmf 73
ppfwuodkvf paomwuodkvfBuD;rsm;wGif qufNyD;ynmoif
csifygonf/ q&m0efBuD;? tif*sifeD,mBuD;? ppfAdkvfBuD;wpfck
r[kww f pfck jzpfcsiyf gonf/ vdb k 0rsK;d jzifh trdjrefrmjynfBu;D
\ aus;Zl;opmudk jyefqyfcsifygonf/
vlMurf;uav;uReaf wmf ,ckawmh &Spfwef;yif ratmifaom uRefawmfonf
vlb Y 0? vlaY jrwGif bmvky&f ygrnfenf;/ q&monf uReaf wmfh
uReaf wmfth azu tdNk y?D uReaf wmft h aru vlrrm emwm udMk unf\ h / uReaf wmfrh b d rsm;\tajctaeudMk unf\ h / tdr\ f
&Sn?f uReaf wmfn
h ?D nDrav;awGu ausmif;om;ôlawG? onf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudkavhvm\/ tdrfwGif;tajctaeudk
awmhuReaf wmfi,fi,f&, G &f , G Ef iS ahf usmif;uxGuv f u
kd &f onf/ tuJcwf\/ NyD;awmh acgif;cg\/ q&mhuRefawmfhb0udk em;
onfwek ;f u uReaf wmfu&Spw f ef;? toufuq,fih g;ESp?f vnfNyDwnf; .../
uReaf wmfausmif;uxGuv f u kd af wmh twef;ydik q f &m tdrv f u kd f ]]pdwfraumif;ygbl; at;csrf;&m? q&m rif;ausmif;u
vmonf/ ausmif;wGiv f rd m aomuReaf wmf? pmawmfaomuRef bmhaMumifx h u G v f u kd &f w,fqw kd m em;vnfygNy?D wu,fvrYkd if;
awmf? twef;acgif;aqmifuRefawmf . . ./ ausmif;qufwufcsifw,fqdk&if q&mulnDyghr,f ...}}
odkYaomuRefawmf ausmif;xGufonfqdk q&mrsuf q&mhrsuv f ;kH tdrrf S rsu&f nfwpfpuf vGiu hf svmonfukd
ESmraumif;...? q&mhpdwfvnf;csrf;om;rnfr[kwf? rSefyg uRefawmfjrifvdkuf&ygonf/
onf/ uRefawmfvnf;ausmif;BuD;u rcGmcsifyg/ q,fwef; ]]rif;ausmif;uxGuv f ukd &f wm tjyifavmuBu;D u b0
pmar;yGJBuD;udk *kPfxl;rsm;pGmjzifh atmifjrifcsifygonf/ ausmif;Bu;D udw k ufzq Ykd wkd m q&moabmaygufygw,f .../
r*Fvmarmifr,fkyfpHkwGif xl;cRefaom ausmif;om; q&monf tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfae&Smaom uRefawmfhzcifBuD;ESifh
ausmif;olrsm;udk "mwfyrkH sm;ESiahf zmfjyNy;D olw\ Ykd txkyw rd sm; tdy, f mxJwiG v f aJ eaom emwm&Snrf cd ifBu;D udw k pfvnS ?hf bkpk
udwk ifjyMuaom pma&;q&mrsm;\ pmrsm;udzk wfNy;D tm;us& ckuav;i,frsm;udw k pfvn S Mhf unfu h m tdraf y:rSjznf;nif;pGm
ygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; olwdkYuJhodkYwpfcsdefwGif *kPfxl;awG qif;oGm;onfudkai;NyD; uRefawmfMunfhaevdkufrdonf/
wpfoDBuD;jzihfatmifjrifNyD; aq;wuodkvf? pufrIwuodkvf? _ _ _
72
74 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf vlMurf;uav;uReaf wmf 75
uRefawmfha&SUwGif oJMurf;yHkBuD;? oJMurf;rsm;tm; odkYaomf aemufqHk;wGif wpfudk,fvHk; arsmufjzLBuD;yrm
a'gifvdkufaxmifxm;aom oHqefcgBuD;ay:odkYa*:jym;jzifh OD;acgif;up ajczsm;xd xHk;rIefYawGESifh azG;awmhonf/ wpfaeY
aumfumyufjcif;jzifh oJEkrsm;&ayonf/ uRefawmfonf oJEk vH;k om xH;k qefcgcs&vQif toufwEkd ikd o f nf/ a&m*g& vG,rf nf/
ESifhoJMurf;udk oHqefcgtultnDjzifh xHk;qefumcsaeonf/ odkYaomf rvkyfcsifr&/ yef;&efacgif;aqmifu ]]a[haumif
ol0Y ef;usiw f iG f xH;k rIerYf sm;vGiyhf szH ;kH tkyvf su&f o
dS uJo h Ykd uReaf wmfh at;csrf; xHk;qefcgcs}}[k qdkvQif wpfaeYav;&m[laom aiG
0ef;usifwGif oJrIefYrsm;vGifhysHvsuf&Sdaeygonf/ rsufESmaMumifh ]][kwfuJhcifAsm..}} [kqdkum xHk;yHkBuD;wGif
uRefawmfwdkYum; yef;&efq&mBuD;OD;MunftzGJYrS vlMurf; xdkifum ESD;qefcgjzifh xHk;qefcgcs&ygawmhonf/
uav;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ vlMurf;qd k ky&f iS x
f rJ S vlMurf;Bu;D ]]oJEk vdak ew,f at;csr;f a&? oJMurf;qefcgcsxm;a[h}}
rsm;udk owd&vdkufrdonf/ [kwfonf uRefawmfwdkYu Zmwf [kqv kd Qif oJMurf;yH;k Bu;D qD ajy;Ny;D oJMurf;rsm;udk a*:jym;jzifh
vdkufrSr[kwfwm/ Zmwfvdkufrsm;u jirf;pifay:wGifoHvuf aumfum oJMurf;xJrS oJEkudk qefcgcsum cGJxkwfay;&yg
ud, k pf jD zifh tkwpf u D mwdu k ef &H BH u;D udk wnfaqmufvsu&f MdS uyg awmhonf/
onf/ vlMurf;qdk ajym&OD;rnf/ uRefawmfwdkYvdk xHk;qefcg rQESifhrNyD;? xHk;? oJEk? bdvyfajrwdkYudk tcsKd;usa&mNyD;
cs? oJqefcgcs? tif;e,f&olrsm;udk &efukefwGif vDAm[kac: tif;e,f&ygao;onf/ tif;e,fonf[laom a0g[m&rSm
onfwJh? rEav;wGif aemufvdkuf[kac:aMumif;od&ygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY &Srf;jynfoHk;a0g[m&[k od&ygonf/ tif;e,f
uRefawmfwdkY&Srf;jynfe,fwGifum; tb,frnfaomynm&Sdu onfukd rEav;wGif rqvme,fonf[k ac:ygonf/ &efuek f
trnfay;vdkufonfrod/ vlMurf;wJh/ wGifodk;udkifonf[kqdkygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY&Srf;jynfe,frSm
[kwfuJhvdkufzufaomtrnfyg uRefawmfwdkY vkyf&wJh awmh tif;e,fonf[kqdkvQif tm;vHk;odygonf/
tvkyu f EkEek ,fe,fwpfcrk Qr&S/d Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; vky&f aom tif;e,fonfrSmvnf; olYtcsKd;ESifhol&Sdygonf/ Oyrm
tvkyfrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ xHk;qefcgcs&vQif xHk;rIefawGu tkwfpDawmhrnf[kqdkvQif oJEk 15 ',f? bdvyfajr wpf',f?
wpfudk,fvHk; azG;awmhonf/ ESmacgif;xJ? rsufpdxJ? em;xJ? xHk;ig;',ftcsKd;usa&mpyfNyD;a&udk oifhawmfovdkavmif;NyD;
yg;pyfxJ0ifawmhonf/ uRefawmfxHk;qefcgcs&vQif yg;pyf aygufjym;a*:jym;wdjYk zifh ESaYH tmifarTaESmuf&ygonf/ pD;Ny;D nuf
oGm;onftxd arT&ygonf/ onfawmhrStkwfpD&eftwGuf
ESmacgif;wdkYudk t0wfpnf;NyD;csygonf/
tqifoifhe,fNyD;om;tif;udk &ygrnf/
tMurf;uyftif;udkvdkaomf oJEk 10 ',f? bdvyfajr wdu k w

f mtaqmufttHrk sm; jrifv h Qijf rifo
h vdk wuf ta&muf
1',f? xHk; 4 ',fudk a&jzifha&marTe,f&ygonf/ tacsmudkif ydaYk y;&ygonf/
rnf[kqdkygvQif xHk; 3 ',f? oJEk 1 ',f? bdvyfajr 1 ',f? uReaf wmfw\ Ykd tvkycf sed rf mS aeYpOfeeH uf 8 em&DrS nae
tcsKd;usa&mpyfNyD;a&jzifh arTumausnuforatmife,f&yg 5 em&Dtxd jzpfygonf/ eHeuf 10 em&DcGJwGif a&aEG;aomuf
onf/ &ef em&D0ufcefY tem;ay;Ny;D aeYv,f 12 em&DwiG f xrif;pm;
csed f 1 em&D tem;ay;ygonf/ aeYv,f 1 em&DwiG f tvkyjf yef
Murf;cif;rnf[q k v kd Qif oJMurf; 10 ',fEiS hf xH;k 3 ',fukd
pNyD; nae 3 em&DwGif a&aEG;aomuf&ef 10 rdepfcefY em;ap
a&mpyf a rT a ES m uf N yD ; a&jzif h oratmif e ,f & ygonf /
NyD; nae 5 em&Dxd qufvkyfMu&ygonf/
onfawmhrS Murf;cif;Edkifaomtif;udk &ygrnf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh nae 4 em&DcGJcefYwGif aemufwpfaeY
oHrHwvif; tcif;acsmrnf[kqdkvQif oJEk 8 ',f?
eHeufwiG f tvky0f ifcsed v f yk if ef;tqifoifh pEdik &f ef em&D0ufcefY
bdvyfajr 1 ',fudk a&mpyfNyD; oratmifa&jzifh arTum
xH;k ? oJ? bdvyfajrwdu Yk kd tcsK;d usa&mpyfNy;D BuKd wif tif;e,f
e,f&ygonf/
xm;cJ&h ygonf/ eHeufyikd ;f vky&f rnft h vkyu f kd Munfu
h m tif;udk
ausmufcHkvkyfrnf[kqdkvQif oJEk 15 ',f? xHk; 5 ',f? vHkavmufpGm e,fxm;cJh&ygonf/ um; uRefawmfwdkY
bdvyfajr 1 ',fcGJa&mpyfum a&jzifhoratmif aygufjym;? vlMurf;av;rsm;\ tvkyfyif../
a*:jym;wdkYjzifh txyfxyfarTaESmuf&ygonf/ vl B urf ; qd k txif r ao;Muapvd k y g/ k y f & S i f u m;
pnf;rsOf;csKyfwpfenf;'DbDpDcsKyfrnf[kqdkvQif oJEk 12 wpfum;wGif vlMurf;onfvnf; olYae&mESifhol ta&;BuD;
',f? bdvyfajr 1 ',fjzifh a&mNyD;a&jzifhoratmifarT& ygonf/ vlMurf;rygvQif vlMurf;raumif;vQif Zmwfvu kd o
f nf
ygonf/ tif;e,f&onfrSmvnf; roufomvSyg/ xifay:rnfr[kwfyg/
uRefawmfwdkYvlBurf;av;rsm;onf e,fNyD;tif;rsm;udk xdkYtwl yef;&efvkyfief;BuD;wpfck? taqmufttHkBuD;
a*:jym;rsm;jzifhaumfxnfhum yef;&efq&mrsm;jzpfaom wpfck wnfaqmuf&mwGif uRefawmfwdkYvdk vlMurf;av;rsm;
oHvufudkifolrsm;xHodkY ydkYay;&ygonf/ xdkYtwl tkwfrsm; rygvQif rjzpfyg/ ratmifjrifyg/
vdkvQif tkwfrsm;udk o,f,lay;&NyD; tif;',ftvdk&Sdygu wpfcgu rif;atmifzsm;ae vlBurf;wpfa,mufvdk
tif;e,fNy;D om;rsm;udk ',ft;kd rsm;wGif xnfNh y;D ydaYk y;&ygonf/ ae&m b,frmS rS&mS r&yg/ xdak eYu tvkyrf sm; Ny;D oifo h avmuf
rNyD;yg/ xdkYaMumifh vlMurf;onfvnf; olYae&mESifhol tvGef t&ufwdkY bdef;wdkYavmif;upm;wdkY rzufMu&if rvdkufpm;Mu
ta&;BuD;onf[k uRefawmfwifjy&jcif; jzpfygonf/ &if wdaYk wG[m t&m&SBd u;D wpfa,muf&UJ vpmudk raMumufb;l ..}}
,ckawmh uReaf wmfb h 0av;udk uReaf wmfaysmaf rGU aeyg uRefawmfwdkYonf q&mOD;Munf\pum;aMumifh rsufESm
NyD/ vlMurf;vkyfcav;jzifh uRefawmfwdkY rdom;pk\ pm;0wf rsm; &Tiv f ef;aerdMuygNy/D aemifEpS q
f &kd if at;csr;f wdYk rif;atmif
aea&;udk uRefawmfjznfhqnf;ay;EdkifygNyD/ uRefawmfhnDav;? wdv Yk nf; oHvufuikd &f awmhr,f? tJ't D cg oHvufuikd Mf uwm
nDrav;wdkY\ pmtkyfzdk;? cJwHzdk;av;rsm;udk uRefawmf ulnD eJY wpfaeYvkyftm;c ajcmuf&mtxd wufay;r,f..}}
ay;edkifygNyD/ uRefawmfhtartwGuf aq;zdk;0g;cav;rsm;udk uReaf wmfu rif;atmifrsuEf mS udk NyKH ;Ny;D Munfv h ukd o
f nf/
uRefawmfay;tyfEdkifygNyD/ rif;atmifuvnf; uRefawmfhrsufESmudkNyHK;NyD;Munfhaeonf/
uRefawmfwdkY yef;&efq&mBuD; OD;Munfuvnf; rcdkruyf wd k Y t wl yef ; &ef q &moH v uf u d k i f o l r sm;uvnf ;
vkyw f wfaom uReaf wmhu f kd cspyf gonf/ tpm;&Sv d Qif auR;wwf uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,mufudk NyHK;NyD;MunfhvdkufMuonf/
Ny;D tm;vQif oHvufuikd f yef;&efynmudv k nf; oifay;ygonf/ ,ckawmh wpfckwnf;aom b0Zmwfvrf;rSm vlMurf;
]]tm;&iftm;ovdk oHvsufudk0ifudkif? wpfoufvHk; uav;uRefawmftjzpf okyfaqmifae&qJygyJcifAsm/ /
vlMurf;vkyaf evdYk b,fjzpfrvJ? wdv Yk nf;vlMurf;uae yef;&ef
q&m jzpfvmMuwmyJ? yef;&efqw kd m yef;q,frsK;d rSmygwJh jrefrmh
tEkynmyJ? wdkYtvkyfudkwdkY *kPf,lprf;yg}}
yef;&efq&mBu;D OD;Munfu olyY nmudk olav;pm;Ny;D tcg
cyfodrf;wynfhrsm;tm; olYynmudk rQa0vsuf &Sdygonf/
]]yef;&efq&mwpfa,mufjzpfvm&if wpfaeY vkyftm;c
ckepf&mtxufrmS &Sw d ,f/ wpfvESpaf omif; tenf;qH;k 0ifaiG
&Sw
d ,f/ ud, k t
hf vkyuf kd ud,k wf efz;kd xm;Mu/ aooyfaumif;rGef
atmif vkyfMu? rif;wdkYwpfouf 'Dyef;&efynmeJY toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;vkyfEdkifw,f? at;..BudK;pm;tvkyfvkyfMu?
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf vrif;xdefom avnif;jzmNyD 81
awG;rdaomtcg rdrdtvGefaMumuf&GHU0rf;enf;um IdufBuD;
wiifidka<u;vdkufrdawmhonf/
tjyifwiG f ,ckrS rd;k Bu;D avBu;D onf;onf;rJr&J mG csvukd f
ovdk eef;at;vlvnf; ,ckrS dIufBuD;wiifidka<u;vdkufrd
vrif;xdefom avnif;jzmNyD onf/ eef;at;vl\ud, k v f ;kH av;rSm wke&f ifaeonf/ olv
Y uf
jzLEkEkav;rsm;jzifh olYrsufESmudk tkyfum IdufIduf idka<u;
aumif;uifBuD;onf tHkYrIdif;ndKqdkif;vsuf&Sdonf/ rdk;wdrf aejcif;jzpfonf/ ridkaum jzpfrnfwJhvm;/ rdrdrQ owd
vdyrf sm; wvdyvf yd w f ufvmaeonf/ rkwo f ek af vonfvnf; r&Sdyg/ rdrd\vSyom,maom b0av;vnf; tzsufqD;cH&
awmift&yfqDrS w[l;[l; wdkufcwfvsuf&Sdonf/ &SpfcGif&yf ayawmhrnf/ rdrd a&m*g&So d nf[k ausmif;tkyqf &mrBu;D
wGif wjznf;jznf;rnf;arSmifvsuf../ rMumrD rdk;BuD;avBuD; ESifh q&m? q&mrrsm; NyD;awmh ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;
wdkufcwf&Gmcsawmhrnf/ odvQif rdrdudk ausmif;rS armif;xkwfypfawmhrnf/ rdrd\
eef;at;vlonf tdyf&mxJwGif wIdufdIufridka<u; &nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifvnf; ysufpD;awmhrnf/
aomfvnf; rsufvHk;tdrfESpfckqDrS rsuf&nfpD;aMumif;BuD;rsm; ]]orD;u vSvnf;vSw,f? pmvnf;awmfw,f? 'DESpf
tqufrjywf pD;usvsuf &Sdaeonf/ acgif;tHk;wpfckvHk; wpfESpfwnf;eJY q,fwef;udk atmifatmifajzaemf..}}
rsuf&nfrsm;jzifh &TJepf aeacsNyD/ [k qdkcJhaom q&mra':oDwmarT;uaum rdrdudk cspf
ridkrjzpfyg/ a&m*g\t&dyfvuPmrsm; awGUjrif MuifemOD;rnfvm;/
od&Sdvdkuf&onfudk rdrdodaeonf/ tdkufxGef;wpfa,muf ]]tdk.. tm;vHk;udk orD;aMumufw,f? tm;vHk;udk orD;
rdrt
d jzpfukd od&odS mG ;onf&adS omf rdrt d rd &f yd uf kd eif;rnfr[kwf awmif;yefygw,f? orD;udk u,fMuyg? orD;udk u,fMuygOD;
awmhaMumif; tvdkvkd od&Sdem;vnfcHpm;aerdonf/ &Sif...}}
apmapmuyif rdrEd iS thf u kd x
f eG ;f wdu
Yk kd rvdv k m;Muol tcsKUd eef;at;vlEIwfcrf;w&G&GvIyfum pum;rsm;ajymcsifae
u twdwu f rdrt d bGm;a':eef;Mumudk vufnKd ;xd;k Ny;D zsuv f kd aomfvnf; toHu xGufrvm/ EIwfcrf;ESpfckum; wkef,if
zsufqD;jyKcJhMuzl;onf/ tbGm;a':eef;Mum\ tjzpfoepfudk vIy&f mS ;aeygonf/
80
82 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf vrif;xdefom avnif;jzmNyD 83
]]td.k .orD;b,fot Yl ay:rS rw&m;rvkycf zhJ ;l ygbl;? orD; csifbl;? b,folY&JUtm;ay;rIrS rvdkcsifbl;? wpfa,mufwnf;
b,folYtay:rS &efrvdkcJhzl;ygbl;? orD;&wemoHk;yg;vnf; yJ aecsifw,f? reufjzefupNyD; ausmif;vnf; roGm;awmh
dak oygw,f? rdbeJq Y &morm;awGuv kd nf; dak oygw,f? orD; bl;? tdk.. b,frSroGm;awmhbl;? bmrSrvkyfawmhbl;? uRefr
ywf0ef;usifwpfckvHk;aumif;zdkY tNrJarwmxm;NyD; vkyfcJh .. uRefraor,f..aocsifw,f..}}
ygw,f&Sif? 'Dvdk vkyfcJhwJh orD;tay: bmudkrauseyfvdkY ckvdk ]]td;k ...aemifaemif ...? nDrav;? wHcg;zGiphf rf;? wHcg;
'Pfcwf&wmvJ&iS ?f orD;b0wpfcv k ;kH vlaY vmuBu;D tv,f zGifhprf; ...}}
rSm rsuEf mS rjy&Jatmif ckvakd &m*gay;Ny;D 'Pfcwfvu kd w
f mvm;? olwdkYESpfa,muf\tjzpfudk rJh (tar)Mum;onf/
rw&m;bl;? rw&m;bl;? avmuBuD;[m wu,fhudk rw&m; ]]bmjzpfvdkYvJ eef;[ef? orD;av;bmjzpfvdkYvJ ...}}
bl;...}} [kar;uma&mufvmonf/ taruyg olu Y w
kd cH g;zGichf ikd ;f onf/
eef;at;vlonf idk u dI af e&if; rsuEf mS av; cPcsi;f wnf wHcg;udw k 'ke;f 'ke;f xkMuonf/ aemufq;kH olwcH g;udx k Ny;D zGiahf y;
oGm;onf/ olonf vlYavmuBuD;udk rauseyfjzpfvmonf/ vdkuf&awmhonf/
onfcP olYpm;yGJay:rS pmtkyfrsm;? abmyifrsm; uGefygAl; olYwpfcef;vHk;pmtkyfawG? acgif;tHk;awG? apmifawGjzifh
rsm;udk ,l Murf;jyifay:odkY ypfaygufvTifhypfvdkufonf/ jyefYusJvsuf&Sdonf/ tarhudkjrifawmh eef;at;vlajy;zuf
rdrdtcef;xJrSm 0kef;'dkif;BuJaeonfudk rrtD[ef Mum; onf/ NyD;awmhidkonf/
onf/ rdrdtjzpfudk teD;uyfod&SdolrSmvnf; rrtD[efom ]]tar ...? tar&,f ...bGm;bGm;eef;Mumvdk&Gmjyif
jzpfonf/ rrtD[efu wHcg;udk w'kef;'kef;xk zGifhcdkif; rSmwJxdk;NyD; rxm;ygeJYaemf? orD;aMumufw,f? orD;aMumuf
aeonf/ w,ftar&,f...}}
]]aemifhaemifh..nDrav;? wHcg;zGifhprf;? rrudk wHcg;zGifh rdcifa':eef;azmif;u olYorD;av;udk wif;usyfpGmzuf
ay;prf;..}} xm;onf/
]]rvmeJY yD[ef? rvmeJ?Y uRerf pdw&f v dS uf&dS idak ecsiwf ,f? ]]orD;udk bmjzpfvYkd &GmjyifrmS wJx;kd xm;&rSmvJu, G .f ..
pdw&f adS vmuBu;D udk wdu
k cf u kd cf siw
f ,f? b,fvakd vmuBu;D vJ? t"dym ,fr&Sw d phJ um;awGrajymeJo Y rD;? orD;bmjzpfvv Ykd ?J bm
rw&m;wJah vmuBu;D ? w&m;rrQwwJh avmuBu;D ? td.k . yD[ef aMumifhpdwftm;i,f&wmvJ...}}
rvmeJY rvmeJY? aemifh..wHcg;zGifhray;bl;? b,foleJYrS rawGU
orD;Bu;D eef;[efu rdcifEiS hf nDrav;eef;at;vluMkd unfh wpf&GmvHk;uvnf; olwdkY wpftdrfom;vHk;udk 0dkif;y,fp
Ny;D awmh olrY suv f ;kH tdrw
f iG v
f nf; rsu&f nfawGp;D usvmonf/ jyKaeNyD/ olYtazOD;vHk;ausmufu tm;ay;onf/
twefMumyif om;trdoHk;a,mufonf wpfa,mufESifh ]]bmrS rpdk;&drfygeJY? &GmjyifawmpyfrSm rdk;vHkavvHkwJav;
wpfa,mufpum;rajymrdMu/ Iu d f om ido
k il ?kd rIid af wGai;arm xdk;xm;ygw,f? tbGm;udk tJ'DrSmxm;NyD; tcsdefwef xrif;
um Munfhaerdolu MunfhaeESifhrSifwufrdaeMuonf/ rSefrSef ydkYay;Muwmaygh? aq;vnf;ukay;Muwmaygh...}} [k
xdpk Of orD;av;eef;at;vlu ol&Y ifbwfrS ta&jym;ESihf qdo k nf/
wpfajy;wnf;jym;aeaom tuGufav;wpfuGufudk jyonf/ ]]olYwpfa,mufwnf; b,fvdkvkyfxm;rvJ/ olYtaygh
]]tar&,f...? tJ't D uGuaf v;ay:vmwm orD;'DaeYrS tav;oGm;csifw,fqdk teD;uyfb,foljyKpkay;rvJ? rw&m;
odwm? a&csKd&if; rouFmvdkY ukwfMunfhw,f? tyfeJYxdk;Munfh bl;? rw&m;bl;? olwdkYtdrfawGrSm wufaewmr[kwfbl;?
w,f? tJ'Dae&mav;u xHkaew,f? rembl;tar..? 'gqdk ud, k t
hf rd rf mS ud,
k af ewm? bmhaMumifh &Gmjyifxw k cf si&f wmvJ?
bGm;bGm;vdo k rD;vnf; tEla&m*gjzpfawmhrmS ayghaemf? Munfyh gOD; b,folrS udk,fcsif;pmw&m;r&SdMubl;...}}
tar&,f.. u,fygOD;tar&,f...}} eef;azmif;onf wpf&GmvHk;udk rausreyf a&&Gwfum
a':eef ; azmif ; u ol Y o rD ; av;\a&m*gvu P mud k idak vonf/ olt Y ar\0rf;enf;zG,t f jzpfukd olrMunf&h uf..
]]ridkygeJY orD;&,f? jzpforQtaMumif;taumif;csnf;
avhvmonf/ NyD;awmhwkefvIyfoGm;onf/
rSwfyg? tar&GmjyifxGufaeqdkvnf; aeyghr,f? tarw&m;
]]tdk..orD;av;? jzpfrSjzpf&avorD;av;&,f..}}
rSwfaeyghr,forD;? ckvnf; tdrfrSm w&m;rSwfaewmygyJ?
a':eef;azmif;vnf; idkawmhonf/ onfawmh eef;[ef
tif;av.. taru b0? b0u 0#fa<u;awG ygvmw,f
vnf; idkonf/ rdom;pk oHk;OD;vHk; idkMuawmhonf/
xifyg&JU orD;&,f? ridyk geJY orD; wdw?f wdw?f b,fot Yl ay:rS
______
vnf ; tjypf r wif y geJ Y ? tarh u k o d k v f u H a ygh ? tarh r S m
ridkyJ b,folaeEdkifygtHhenf;/ olwdkYwpftdrfom;vHk;
tukodkvfuHawGu zdpD;vmvdkY ckvdkjzpf&wmvdkY rSwfygw,f?
idMk uonf/ tbGm;a':eef;Mumudk &GmvlBu;D \trdejYf zifh &Gmjyif taroGm;r,f? tarhtdyf&mvdyfvSnf;ay:wifvdkuf? tarh
xkwfxm;&rnf[k qdkonf/ tbGm;a&m*gu jyif;xefvmNyD; tusav;wpfxnf ESpx f nfeYJ vHck snaf v;awGvnf; xnfah y;
vuftqpfrsm;yif w&d&daqG;NyD;jywfusukefNyD/ vkduf...}}
86 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf vrif;xdefom avn4if;jzmNyD 87
]]tdk..tar&,f? tar roGm;&bl;? roGm;&bl;...}} orD;av; eef;at;vl\ajympum;aMumifh a':eef;azmif;

]]awmfawmh eef;azmif;? wdkYu &yf&GmrSmaewm? &yf&Gm&JU &ifem&jyefNyD../
"avhxHk;pHudk vdkufem&rSmaygh? olwdkYu tJ'Dvdka&m*gjzpf&if orD;av; eef;at;vl\ajympum;aMumifh a':eef;azmif;
&GmxJrSm rxm;wm rif;vnf;todyJ? OD;vHk;&Sefwkef;uvnf; &ifem&jyefNyD../
ckvdkyJ &GmjyifxkwfcJhwm rif;vnf;odygw,f? bmrS tm;ri,f ]]orD;tazeJYtarwdkY wdkifyifNyD;ygNyDuG,f? orD;azaz
ygeJY rif;tarudk igaeYwdkif; teD;uyfjyKpkay;r,f? rif;orD; vnf; wdkufe,faq;Hku q&m0efBuD;eJY oGm;awGUNyD; orD;&JU
awGvnf; &SdwmyJuGm? jzpfygw,f? rif;tarb,fvdk'kurS a&m*gvuPmudk ajymjycJhNyD;ygNyD/ tJ'g q&m0efBuD;u olY
ra&mufap&ygbl;...}} vufaxmufq&mrav;udk orD;qDvTwfay;vdkufr,fwJh?
bGm;bGm;a':eef;Mumtm; olt Y oH;k taqmifypn;f tcsKUd ESihf orD;av;udk bmrStm;ri,fygeJYwJh? orD;av;a&m*gaysmuf
twlvSnf;ay:wifum &GmjyifodkY xGufcJhMu&onf/ olwdkY atmif ukoay;yghr,fwJh? NyD;awmh ajymvdkufao;w,f?
tjzpfudk &Gmol&Gmom;tcsKdUu rodusKd;uRHMunfhaecJhMuonf/ temBu;D a&m*g[m ckv;kH 0aysmufuif;wJah q;awG &Sad eygNyw D ?hJ
odaYk omf olwrYkd o
d m;pkrsm;um; Iu
d Bf u;D wiifiakd <u;cJMh u&onf/ trf'DwD qdkvm;? trfyDwDqdkvm; tJ'Daq;udk wpfESpfvHk;
aMomf.. vlcsif;rwlawmhbl;vm;? vlawG&JU tcGifhta&;awG qufpm;vdu k f ekH YJ a&m*gvH;k 0aysmufomG ;Edik w
f ,fvYkd ajymw,f?
qHk;IH;cH&awmhrSmvm;../ ckacwfu orD;tbGm;wdaYk cwfrsK;d r[kwaf wmhb;l ? orD;tbGm;
a':eef;azmif;rSm tcsdefuwnf;u rsuf&nfESifh wdaYk cwfu tJ'aD &m*gjzpf&if vlawGu a&SmifMuw,f? 0dik ;f y,f
rsufcGuf? tbGm;a':eef;Mum qHk;oGm;awmhvnf; vlrsm;rsm;
Muw,f? ckacwfu 'Da&m*g[m ul;pufa&m*g trsKd;tpm;
rvm? tcsdefwkef;awmh &GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifhaus;&Gmom;tcsKdU
wpfckvdkYyJ oabmxm;NyD; aysmufatmifukEdkifNyDwJh? q&mr
tokbvdkufydkY&if; rD;oN*K[fzdkY pDpOfay;cJhMuonf/
vmrS ar;MunfawmhuG,f...}}
tpGefYypfcH vlom;wpfOD;\ aemufqHk;oGm;&mvrf;onf
aMuuGJvGrf;qGwfzG,f&mtwdESifh Zmwfodrf;cJhzl;ygonf/ eef;at;vl rsufpdav;uv,fuv,fESifh em;axmif
______ aerdonf/ xdkpOf q&mrav;ESifh oltazOD;ausmufvHk;wdkY
]]tdk..tar&,f? tarwdkYtazwdkY r&SdMu&if orD;av; tdrfcef;xJodkYa&mufvmonf/
a&m*gonfBu;D b0eJY cGuw f pfv;kH udik Nf y;D awmif;pm;&awmhrmS ]]orD ; pd w f " mwf u sNyD ; ausmif ; rwuf a wmh b l ; qd k ?
vm; [if...}} bmpdw"f mwfusp&m&Sv d nf; orD;&,f? jyprf; orD;tem? td.k .
b,folrS rjrifEdkifwJhae&mrSm&Sdwm? ckrS tuGufuav; jzpfp ]]wu,fvm;[if..q&mr&,f...}}
om&Sdao;wm? bmrS rpdk;&drfeJYorD;? orD;a&m*gajcmufv ]]wu,faygh orD;...}}
twGif; aysmufEdkifw,f? wpfESpfwdwdaq;qufpm;vkduf&if ]]q&mr pdwfr&SdeJYaemf? orD;Mum;zl;wmjrifzl;wm wpfck
a&m*gtjrpfjywfa&m? tao;tzGJUav;yg orD;&,f...}} &SdvdkYav? [dk..OD;r[mpdefBuD; q&mrodvm;? uRefrwdkY&Gm
q&mrav;u oGufvufvSonf/ q&mav;pum;udk ajrmufydkif;rSmaewmav...}}
Mum;&awmh eef;at;vl tm;wufvmonf/ ]]aMomf..odNyD? odNyD? tJ'D OD;r[mpdefBuD;vnf; q&myJ
]]trf'DwD qdkwJh aq;Mum;zl;vm;? urmBuD;u odyfNyD; ukay;cJhwm? q&mryJ trf'DwD aq;awGay;NyD; ajcmufv
wdk;wufaew,forD;? aq;ynmawGuvnf; urmBuD;ESifh wpfBudrf ppfaq;ay;cJhwmyJ? olYrSm temBuD;a&m*gydk; r&Sd
tNydKiftpGrf;xufaew,forD;? orD;uHaumif;ygw,f? tJ'D awmhbl;orD;? bmjzpfvdkYvJ? orD; bmar;csifvdkYvJ}}
trf'w D D M.D.T aq;udk urmay:rSm 1982 ckEpS u f rS ptoH;k jyK ]]'Dvykd g q&mr&,f...? olrY mS temBu;D a&m*gyd;k r&Sad wmh
cJhwm orD;? ckrS tESpfESpfq,favmufyJ &Sdao;w,f...}} bl ; vd k Y o m ajymwm? ol Y v uf u temawG r aysmuf a o;
eef;at;vlu rsufvHk;av;jyL;NyD; em;axmifaeonf/ bl;aemf...}}
]]temBu;D a&m*gudk a&S;wke;f uawmh ckacwfay:wJh td'pf f
]]'gvm; orD;? trf'DwDaq;u temBuD;a&m*g&JUydk;udk
a&m*gvdk uk&mewdaq;r&SdvdkY ,lqcJhMuwm? uavmoD;qD?
owfwmorD;? temBu;D a&m*gjyefyY mG ;apwwfwhJ ud, k w f iG ;f u
'ufyqH;k aq;? tck trf'w D pD wJh aq;oH;k rsK;d eJY ukvmcJMh uwm?
a&m*gydk;udk owfwm? aq;ywfvnfatmif wpfESpfwdwd
trf'w D [
D m aq;oH;k rsK;d udk aygif;xm;wJah q;ayghorD;? 'ufyqH;k ?
pm;vd k u f & if a&m*gtjrpf j ywf N yD ? tJ . .. vuf u
uvdkzD;ZDyif;eJY &DzefyDpifaq;oHk;rsKd;aygif;udk trf'DwDvdkY
temawGaysmufatmifuawmh aq;xyfu&k w,f? wpfcak wmh
ac:w,fuUJG ? tJ'aD q;awG[m wpfcck si;f vnf; temBu;D a&m*g
&Sdw,forD;? temawGusufNyD; aysmufoGm;ayr,fh rlvu
udk txdu k t
f avsmuf aysmufygw,f? oH;k rsK;d aygif;vdu k wf hJ tcg
ydNk y;D tpGr;f xufwhJ ydt
k aysmufjrefwahJ q;jzpfvmwmaygh? uk&m a&m*gaMumifh jzpfcJhwJh ajcvufawGa<uwm? yJhcJhwmawG
ewdtaetxm;uae cktcga&m*gudk vHk;vHk;aysmufwJhaq;? uawmh topfjyefaumif;rvmawmhb;l av? 'ghaMumifh orD;wdYk
aocsmaygufaysmufwJhaq;? jrefjrefaysmufwJhaq; jzpfvmNyD udk a&m*gEkpOfrSm uko&if taysmufvnf;jrefw,f? a&m*g
ayghuG,f...}} a0'em&JU'PfawGvnf; rcH&awmhbl;aygh...}}
]][kwv f m; q&mr&,f...? aus;Zl;wifvu kd w
f m? q&mr xdpk Of q&mrav; oDwmarT;u tdraf &SUu toHjyKonf/
udk rodvdkYar;Munfhyg&apaemf..? tJ'DtemBuD;a&m*g[m ]]orD; eef;at;vl &Sdvm;..}}
rsK;d d;k vduk wf wfovm;&Si?f bmaMumifv h q
J akd wmh uRerf tbGm; ]]aMomf..q&mrav;ygvm;? <uyg q&mr? <uyg...}}
uvnf; temBuD;a&m*geJY aoqHk;cJh&vdkYyg...}} a':eef;azmif;u q&mrav;udk ae&may;onf/ q&mr
eef;at;vl\tar;udk olYzcifOD;vHk;ausmufESifh rdcif av;ESpfOD;onf wpfa,mufrsufESmwpfa,mufMunfhvkdufMu
a':eef;azmif;wdkYuyg pdwf0ifwpm; em;axmifaeMuonf/ &if; tuJcwfvdkufMuonf/
]]orD;ar;r,fq&kd ifvnf; ar;oifyh gw,f? 'DaeY vltawmf ]]eef;at;vl zsm;vdkYvm; q&mr...}}
q&mrav; a':csKdcsKdjrifhu eef;at;vlrsufESmav;udk
rsm;rsm;[m rsKd;dk;vdkufwJha&m*gvdkY xifrSwfrSm;aeMuw,f?
Munfh&if;...
wu,fawmh ul;pufa&m*g wpfrsKd;om jzpfygw,f? vlemeJY
]]q&mr&Sif;jyvdkufr,faemf...}} [k NyHK;NyD;ajymonf/
eD;eD;uyfuyfaexdik jf yKp&k if ul;wwfwmrsK;d yg? q&m0efwifa&T
eef;at;vlu tomNyHK;&if; acgif;ndwfjyonf/
u ckvdkajymcJh a&;cJhzl;ygw,f? temBuD;qdkwm teD;Mum&if
]]'Dvdkyg q&mr&,f? q&mrwynfhu olY&ifbwfrSm
ul;wwfw,fw?hJ 'gygyJ orD;&,f? a&m*gonfeYJ eD;eD;uyfuyf
tuGufav;wpfuGufudk awGUNyD; olYrSm temBuD;a&m*g&SdNyD;?
ae&ifom ul;wmyg? rsKd;dk;vdkufa&m*g r[kwfygbl;? aemuf
olrMumcifudk,fawGvufawGjywfNyD; 'kua&mufawmhr,f?
wpfck q&mr xyf&Sif;jycsifwmu temBuD;a&m*gqdkwm olYudk vlawGu tzufrvkyfawmhbl;? &GmjyifrSm xkwfxm;
ud, k yf suw f ahJ &m*g? ighrmS ud,
k rf ysu&f if temBu;D a&m*g r[kwf Muawmh r ,f q d k N yD ; id k , d k p d w f " mwf u s? tpmvnf ; rpm;?
bl;vdYk pGNJ r, J MkH unfaeMuolawG &SMd uw,f? orD;vdk ckvjkd zpfcgp ausmif ; vnf ; rwuf ? b,f o l e J Y r S v nf ; pum;rajymbJ ?
a&m*gvuPmjyumprSm rjybJ a&m*guRrf;NyD;ajcawG? tm;i,faewm? tJ'g uRefru olYudk trf'DwDaq;&JU tpGrf;
vufawG? rsufESmawGrSm tzktydefYawG xGufvmrS ukwmwdkY? owdawGudk &Sif;jyaewmyg q&mr}}
temawGjzpfvmrS vufqpfajcqpfawGjywfrS ukwmwdaYk Mumifh [k qdv k u
kd af omtcg q&mra':oDwmarT;u eef;at;vl
vnf; a&m*gawmhaysmufyg&JU udk,fysufwmudkawmh trf'DwD \ &ifbwfrS tuGufav;udkMunfh&if;...
u aysmufatmif rvkyaf y;Edik b f ;l av? orD;apmapmu ajymwJh ]]tdk..'gav;rsm;? aq;pm;HkeJY aysmufw,fr[kwfvm;
OD;r[mpdefvdk vlemawGaygh...}} q&mr? uRefrvnf; a'gufwmwifjrifh&JU trf'DwDaq;
taMumif; a&;xm;wJhaqmif;yg;awG zwfcJhzl;ygw,f? orD; Picin aq; ESpfvHk;? 'ufyqHk; Dap Sone aq; wpfvHk;u 'DaeY
bmrS pdwf"mwfruseJY? a&m*gaysmufzdkYu q&mra':csKdcsKdjrifh yxraeYupNyD; aomuf&r,f? ckaomufvdkuf? 'kwd,aeYu
wdkY usef;rma&;Xmeu ukay;vdrfhr,f? orD;&JU b0a&SUa&; pNyD; reufjzefaygh? 28 &ufvHk;vHk; 'ufyqHk; Dap Sone aq;
wdk;wufzdkYu q&mwdkYynma&;Xmeu wm0ef,lNyD; ynmawG wpfvHk;udk aeYwdkif; aomuf&r,f[kwfvm;? ck aq;uwfjym;
oifay;r,f? orD;aeraumif;bl;qdw k modvYkd pmawGaemufus 6 uwfay;cJhr,faemf? tJ'Daq;awGudk ajcmufvuae udk;v
aerSmpd;k Ny;D q&mrvdu k v
f mwm? reufjzefausmif;jyefwufaemf? twGi;f aq;ukew f t hJ xdaomuf [kwNf yv D m;? q&mrajymovdk
'gav;rsm;... orD;&,f? OD;wdkYta':wdkYvnf; pdwfcsrf;csrf; pdwfcsaomuf? 'd|aysmufr,fuGJU...}}
omomaeMu? ckacwfu wdk;wufaewJhurmBuD;eJYtNydKif q&mrav;u aq;jym;rsm; xkwfay;NyD; ,aeYaomuf
aq;pGrf;aumif;awGay:aeNyD? M.D.T aq;qdk&if q&mr &rnfh aq;oHk;vHk;udk eef;at;vltm; wdkufNyD;wGif tdkufxGef;
a':csKdcsKdjrifhwdkY usef;rma&;Xmeu tvum;a0ay;wJh tzdk; ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm; a&muf&SdvmMuonf/ olwdkYawGuvnf;
rjzwf E d k i f w J h a q;? ,H k , H k M unf M unf e J Y o maomuf 'd | q&mrav;rsm;ESifh eef;at;vludk Munfh&if;ai;aMumifaeMu
aysmufr,f...}} cdkuf eef;at;vluNyHK;NyD;...
q&mra':oDwmarT;\tajymav;udk oabmusojzifh ]]at;..eifwdkYvmwm 0rf;omw,f[m? igaeaumif;
eef;at;vlu tNyKH ;rsuEf mS av;ESiMhf unfv h u kd &f m? q&mrav; oGm;ygNyD? reufjzefupNyD; ausmif;jyefwufawmhrSmyg[..}}
u.. [k 0rf;ompGm qdkvdkuf&m olYrdcifa':eef;azmif;? zcif
]]bmvJ..xufxufrdk;OD;eJYwlvdkYvm;? q&mrvnf; OD;vH;k ausmufEiS whf uG tpfreef;[efEiS q
hf &mrav;ESpOf ;D wdrYk mS
ausmif;q&mruxGufNyD; aq;aMumfjimawG dkuf&aumif; eef;at;vludk NyHK;MunfhvdkufMuum...
rvm;vdkY...}} ]]tif;..ausmif;vnf;wuf? aq;vnf;aomuf? pdwfcs
[k &,farmum ajymvdkuf&m q&mrav; a':csKdcsKdjrifh aomuf 'd|aysmufr,faemf [kwfvm;}}
u.. [k &,farmumajymqdkvdkufMuavonf/
]]tif;..q&mra&mufvmrS olYudk wdkuf&r,fhaq;awG ,cktcgawmhaumif;uifBu;D onf wdrjf ymrsm;,Suo f ef;
ay;zdkYowd&awmhw,f? oabmw&m;awG &Sif;ae&wmeJYyJ NyD; Munfvifvef;qef;vsuf? avEkat;av;rsm;uvnf;
vufawGUukxHk;awG arhaeawmhwm? uJ..&DzefyDpif Rifam aemhvsuf/
eef;at;vlonf aumif;uifBuD;udk ai;arm&if;0if;ypGm
jyLxGuv f monfh vrif;Bu;D udMk unfu
h m oef&Y iS ;f vwfqwfaom
avjynfavnif;av;rsm;udk SLIdufvdkufonf/
NyD;awmhvSyvGef;onfh urmajrjyifBuD;tm; wtHhwMo
ai;armMunfhIaerdygawmhonf/ / ndK;EGrf;awmhrnfh yef;av;wpfyGifhtwGuf
]]&efoal wGvmaeNy?D &efoal wGwufvmaeNyq D Nkd y;D 0if;Edik f

olYvnfyif;udk ol"m;eJYvSD;wm olYtazjrifvdkY 0if;Edkifvufu
"m;udkvk,l? t&yftultnDeJY jrif;vSnf;ay:zrf;csKyfwifNyD;
aq;HkydkYvkduf&w,fq&m...}}
q&mhrsufpdxJwGif 0if;Edkif\kyfyHkum;csyfBuD; xif;ceJ
jrifaeayrnf/ ausmif;wGifpnf;urf;csKd;zsuf&m eHygwfwpf?
ausmif;ajy;NyD;&xm;vrf;ab;aq;vdyfcdk;aomuf&mwGif
xdyqf ;kH u? pmar;yGaJ wGtBurd Bf urd u
f sNy;D qH;k rrEdik ?f qdEk ikd cf uf
cJaom q&mhwynfha[mif; r[kwfvm;/
q,fwef;ESpfBudrfusNyD; pmoifcef;rStjyifodkYa&mufoGm;
aomtcg aq;vdyfomru t&ufygaomufaeNyD[k q&m
owif;awG Mum;ayrnf/ rdbq&mwdkY b,fvdkyifqHk;raomf
vnf; jyefrajymem;raxmifonfh 0if;Edkif.../
qHyif&n S &f nS ?f tusvckH snu
f ydu
k dEk iS hf Z,fawmufcrkH mS
0if;EdkifudkjrifEdkifonf/ a<uypfupm;0dkif;rsm;wGif 0if;Edkifudk
awGUEdkifonf/ xdkYjyif av;aumif*sif0dkif;b,frSm&Sdonfudk
95
96 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf ndK;EGrf;awmhrnfh yef;av;wpfyGifhtwGuf 97
0if;Edik u
f akd r;vQif uGuwf ad jymjyEdik of nf/ wpfcgwpfcg 0if;Edik f rdk;jrifhonf tdrfaxmifonf/ uav;ESpfa,mufESifh
av;aumif*si'f ikd rf sm;ESiahf ygif;Ny;D tavsmt f pm;vkyaf eonf[k usbrf; vkyfudkifpm;aeol/ olYrdef;r aiG&DrSm ykef;tif;uGif;xJ
Mum;&onf/ av;aumif*si'f ikd rf sm;ay;onfh ydu k q f u H kd 0if;Edik f wGif tcvdkuf (aeYpm;)vkyfudkifaeol/
t&uf0,faomufonf/ trSeaf wmh rd;k jrif\
h vkyt f m;crSm olt Y &ufz;kd yif ravmuf/
Mumawmh 0if;Edik t f &uform;Bu;D vH;k vH;k jzpfvmonf/ ol olrY ed ;f r aiG&\ D vkyt f m;cav;jzifh rSw D ,
G af e&onfb h 0/ t&uf
q&mhukd a&Smifonf/ q&m? q&mrawGEiS rhf qHak tmifyek ;f onf/ orm;rdef;rjzpfol aiG&DrSm reufrdk;vif;onfrS rdk;csKyfonfxd
odaYk omf 0if;Edik \
f tykyef rYH sm;um; [J[;kd NrKd UusO;f usO;f av;wGif
pdu
k cf if;xJwiG f vkyu f ikd af e&ol/ pdu
k cf if;xJwiG f tvkyrf &Syd gu
a[mifapmfeHaeonf/ vlwpfa,muf\aumif;owif;udkom
rajymrnf/ raumif;owif;ajymrnfholawGu wpfavSBuD;/ yGJpm;\yGJHktwGif; tmvl;a&G;? MuufoGefa&G;ESifh rtm;vyf
0if;Edkifudk,fwdkifuvnf; raumif;aomtcg q&monf Edik &f mS /
twefMumNidrfaeNyD; ... aiG&Db,favmuftvkyfrsm;aeygap? rdk;jrifhuawmh tdrf
]]aeygOD;...0if;Edkifu b,fvdkjzpfvdkY olYvnfyif;ol udkapmapmjyefa&mufaeaomfrS xrif;wpftdk;csufjyKwfay;
vSD;&wmvJ...}} azmfr&/
owif ; vmay;ol atmif a tmif \ rsuf E S m av;um; olYtaygif;tazmfrsm;ESifhvrf;xdyft&ufqdkifwGif tcsdef
xdwfvefYaMumuf&GHUaeonfhtvm;? rsufpdrsufESmysufae jzKe;f aewwfNy;D wpfcgwpf&H pD't D akd uqdik rf sm;wGif t&ufr;l rl;
&Smonf/ ESihf oDcsi;f [pfcsi[ f pfaewwfonf/ tdr&f u dS av;ESpaf ,muf
]]t&ufaMumifwmvdkY ajymMuwmyJ q&m...}} xrif;pm;&onfrpm;&onfukd *krxm;? olt&ufaomuf&zdYk
atmifatmifu q&mhrsuEf mS udk wpfcsupf u kd Mf unfv h ukd f u t"du jzpfaeonf/
&if;..
t&ufrl;vmvQif*sDuswwfonf/ &efjzpfwwfonf/
]]vnfyif;utaMumudak wmh rvS;D rdb;l wJh q&m? tom;
vrf;wGifacGvJNyD;tdyfcsiftdyfaewwfonf/ tdrfjyefa&muf
awmhvSD;rdoGm;vdkY ajcmufcsufcsKyfvdkuf&owJhq&m...}}
q&monf 0if;Edkif\jzpftifudk em;axmif&if; rdk;jrifh\ aomf rdef;rxHt&ufzdk;awmif;wwfonf/ r&vQif rdef;rudk
Zmwfvrf;av;udk wa&;a&;jyef jrifa,mifvmrdonf/ qJqdkdkufESufNyD; xrif;tdk;? [if;tdk;? yef;uefrsm;dkufcGJypf
______ wwfonf/
Mumaomtcg rdk;jrifhonf t&ufaMumifvmonf[k ]]vGecf w hJ whJ pfEpS af usmaf vmufu olrY ed ;f reJu
Y av;awGukd
qdkMuonf/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufu olYudk r[kwfwmawGvkyfzdkY t&ufrl;l;NyD; owfvdkufwJh rdk;jrifhtaMumif;pOf;pm;vdkufrd
twif;tusyt f rdeaYf y;aewJt h oHawGMum;a,mifaeonf[k vdkYyguGm...}}
od&onf/ [k q&muqdkonf/ rdk;jrifhtaMumif;pOf;pm;vdkufaom
wpfcgwpf&H olYudk,fol owfao&ef trdefYay;aeonfh tcg MuufoD;rsm;yif xvmonf/ tcsdefwGifyif q&mhxH
toHrsKd;udkMum;ae&onf[k od&onf/ xdkYaMumifholonf ocFsmar;&ef a&mufvmMuaom rsK;d Edik ?f ausmaf usm?f 0if;xGe;f
"m;ajrm ifjzifh ol&Y ifbwfukd olx;kd um aoaMumif;BucH zhJ ;l onf/ wdkYawGudk jrifvdkuf&onf/
odkYaomf uHaumif;axmufrNyD; raocJh/ olwdkYonf q&mhudkEIwfqufvdkufNyD; pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;wGif
aq;Hkuqif;aomtcg t&ufawG jyefaomufonf/ oG m ;a&muf x d k i f v d k u f M uonf / pm;yG J & S n f B uD ; xd y f w G i f
onfaemufawmhydkqdk;vmonf/ vlawGtay: oloHo, ausmufoifyek ;f Bu;D &So d nf/ ausmufoifyek ;f Bu;D ay:wGif bmrQ
&Sdvmonf/ remvkdpdwf? tvdkruspdwfawG zdpD;vmonf/ olY a&;rxm;yg/ q&mu ajrjzLwpfacsmif;,lNy;D ausmufoifyek ;f
ZeD;aiG&uD kd [dv k El iS phf yG pf ?JG 'DvEl iS phf yG pf JG vkyv
f mawmhonf/ olY ay:wGif Delirium Tremor t&uf;l a&m*g[l a&;vdu k o
f nf/
om;orD;ESpaf ,muftay:vnf; oHo,awG 0ifvmjyefonf/ rsKd;Edkif? ausmfausmf? 0if;xGef;wdkYu q&mhudk acgif;armf
olYuav;awGudk olrsm;ESifhazmufjyef&aom uav;rsm;[k Munfv h u kd Mf uonf/
txifrmS ;pjyKvmonf/ ]]rif;wdkY 0if;EdkiftaMumif;odNyD;MuNyDvm;}}
aemufqHk;wGifum; olYZeD;aiG&DESifhuav;ESpfa,muf ]][kwfuJh odNyD;ygNyDq&m..}}
tdyaf ysmaf ecduk f t&ufr;l rl;ESiu hf av;ESpaf ,mufaum olrY ed ;f r ]][d;k ...vGecf w hJ hJ wpfEpS af usmaf vmufu t&ufawGr;l Ny;D
udkyg "m;jzifhtydkif;ydkif;ckwfxpfowfjzwfvdkufonf/ rde;f reJu
Y av;awGukd owfomG ;wJrh ;kd jrift h aMumif;udk aumrif;
______ wdkY owd&Muao;vm;...}}
]]q&m bmawGpOf;pm;aevJ...}} ]][kwfuJh &ygw,f q&m...}}
atmifatmifu Nird o f ufaeaom q&mhukd ar;cGe;f xkwf ]]q&m 'DaeY 0if;Edik t f aMumif;Mum;&wm pdwrf aumif;bl;?
vduk of nf/ Ny;D awmh rd;k jrift h aMumif;udyk g qufpyfNy;D awG;vdu k rf w
d ,f...}}
]]'Daumif t&ufawGwtm;aomufaew,f q&m? Muw,f r[kwfvm;q&m? yg;pyfuvnf;ajymcsif&majym?
raomuf&&if uwkefu,ifeJY vufawGwkefvdkY? NyD;awmh qJcsif&mqJeJY? vlrav;acG;rcefYwJhb0a&mufaeolawGyg
xrif;vnf; odyfrpm;bl;...}} q&m&,f...}}
ausmaf usm\ f pum;aMumifh rsK;d Edik Ef iS 0hf if;xGe;f wdaYk wG q&mh ]]wdkY0if;Edkifudku,fzdkYvdkw,f...}}
rsufESmudk MunfhvdkufMujyef\/ ]]b,fvdku,frvJ q&m...}}
]]ol&mqdkwJht&uf? ao&nfqdkwJht&uf[m odyfNyD; ]]olYtaz? tarwdkYeJY wdkifyifNyD; 'Daumifhudk awmifBuD;
aMumuf p &maumif ; wJ h t qd y f u G ? t&uf a Mumif h ol r sm; p0fpxH eG ;f aq;Hrk mS wifNy;D t&ufjzwfcikd ;f zdYk vdrk ,fu?G 'Dvo kd m
om;r,m;vnf; apmfum;&JMuw,f? &efjzpf&MJ uw,f? Ny;D awmh olYudk Munfhae&if 'Daumifqdk;oxufqdk;vmawmhrSmaygh? vlY
vlowfraI wGjzpfMuw,f? rif;wdrYk cI if;*sme,fawGu vlowfrI avmuudk tusKd;jyKolwpfa,mufjzpfzdkYtomxm;? olYb0udk
owif;awG jyefzwfMunfMh u? t&ufr;l vdYk vlowfraI wGjzpfMu olt
Y &ufyv k if;xJrmS jrK yEf &HS r,fo h w0gjzpfomG ;rSmyJ? tcsed rf D
wmudk trsm;qkH;awGU&r,f}} ygao;w,fuGm? 'Daumifaq;Hku qif;wmeJY awmifBuD;
]][kww f ,fq&m? t&ufaMumifZh eD;udo k wfwm? nDtpfukd p0fpHxGef;aq;HkydkYNyD; t&ufjzwfcdkif;r,f...}}
csif;jyefowfMuwm? tazhudkowfwm? oli,fcsif;rdwfaqG ]]jzpfyghrvm; q&m...}}
tcsif;csif; jyefowfMuwmawG[m t&ufrl;NyD;vlpdwfaysmuf ]]jzpfygw,f? jzpfudkjzpf&r,f? vmuGm? wdkYaq;Hkudk cP
ukeMf uvdYk jzpfMuwmawGukd trsm;qH;k zwfc&hJ w,fq&m...}} vdkufoGm;r,f? NyD;awmh olYrdbawGeJYaqG;aEG;r,f...}}
]]jrwfpmG bk&m;uvnf; ao&nfao&ufukd raomufpm;zdYk atmifatmifEiS w hf uG rsK;d Edik ?f ausmaf usm?f 0if;xGe;f wdo Yk nf
ig;yg;oDvrSm wpfyg;xnfha[mcJhwJhtjyif t&ufaomufol q&mhuNkd c&H v H suf [J[;kd jynfoaYl q;Hq k oD Ykd avQmufvmcJMh u\/
awG[m aowJt h cg tyg,fi&Jukd usa&mufMu&rSmjzpfNy;D i&Ju ]]atmifatmifu 0if;Edik t f aMumif;vmowif;ydv Yk Ykd q&m
vGwfvm&ifvnf; tl;b0eJYwpfoufvHk; ae&r,fvdkYa[mcJh od&wmuG}}
w,fr[kwfvm;...}} ]][kwfuJhq&m? uRefawmfwdkYvnf; owif;Mum;Mum;csif;
]][kwfuJhq&m? t&uform;awG[m i&JuvGwfrS l;wm aq;Hka&mufoGm;Muao;w,f? touftE&m,fpdk;&drfp&m
r[kkwfygbl;q&m&,f? tckavmavmq,fawmif ykqdk;rEdkif? r&Sdbl;? aoG;oGif;zdkYvnf; rvdktyfbl;qdkwm od&vdkYq&mhqD
vHck snrf Edik ef t
YJ l;Bu;D awGvkd vrf;rrSm vljrifraumif;jzpfae vmcJMh uwmyg}}
]]at;uGm...aq;Hak &muf&if 0if;Edik u f kd tm;ay;&r,f? ovdkjzpfNyD; tdyf&mxJvJr,f...? tdk..t&uf[m odyfNyD;
olYrdbawGeJYndEIdif;NyD; olYudk awmifBuD;ydkYt&ufjzwfcdkif;zdkY aMumufp&maumif;wJh ao&nfawGyJ...}}
ajymjy&rSmyJ...}} q&monf wkef&ifaom EIwfcrf;jzifh pum;rsm;ajymNyD;
wynf h r sm;tay:oH a ,mZOf B uD ; vG e f ; aomq&mh u d k aq;H0k if;xJoYkd 0ifcahJ vonf/ wynfwh pfa,muftay:xm;
uReaf wmfwaYkd wGav;pm;pGm Munfv h u
kd rf Md uonf/ wu,fawmh &Sdaom rGefjrwfonfhq&mhapwemjzifh 0if;Edkifqdkonfhvli,f
0if;Edkifonf ausmif;cef;jyifyodkYa&mufaeNyDjzpfaom q&mh av;wpfa,mufukd q&mwu,fyif atmifjrifpmG u,fwifEikd f
wynfah [mif;r[kwv f m;? wynfah [mif;wpfa,muftay:yif ygap[k qkawmif;&if; uReaf wmfwv Ykd nf; q&mESit
hf wl aq;Hk
rQ ukPmxm;vQif uRefawmfwdkY avmavmq,fq&mh 0if;xJodkY 0ifcJhMuygownf;/ /
vufatmufrS wynfrh sm;tay:wGiu f m; qdzk ,
G &f mr&Sad wmhay/
]]rif;wdv
Yk nf; rl;,pfaq;0g;qdk aq;vdyaf wmifraomuf
MuygeJYuGm? rl;,pftp aq;vdyfuvdkY qdkw,fr[kwfvm;?
aq;vdyfNyD;wmeJY t&ufwdkY bdef;jzLwdkYbufa&mufoGm;zdkY odyf
vG,foGm;NyDav...}}
]][kwfuJYcifAsm? uRefawmfwdkY wwfEdkifoavmufa&Smif
yghr,f}}
]]t&ufaMumifh 'kua&mufaeMuolawG rif;wdkYrsufjrif
yJumG ? tJ'tD &ufaMumifh Alcoholic Hallucinatory Insanity qdw k hJ
pdwaf csmufcsm;a&m*gawG jzpfvmr,f? Ny;D awmh Alcoholic Pesdo
Paranolia ac:wJh ,HkrSm;vGefpdwfa0'emawG jzpfr,f? tJ'D
a0'emaMumifh rd;k jrifw
h vYkd kd rde;f reJo
Y m;orD;awGukd owfwt hJ xd
pdwfa&m*gqdk;BuD;&JU zdpD;rIudk cH&r,f? aemufqHk; Alcoholic
Pseudo Paresis tmHkaMumcRwf,Gif;rIawGjzpfNyD; ajcawG
vufawGaumif;aumif;rGefrGef rvIyf&Sm;EdkifawmhbJ avjzwf
ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf jrefrmpmonfwpYkd m jrefrmuAsmonfwu
Ykd Asm 105
]]uRef a wmf w d k Y jref r mpmayay:vmwmMumNyD a ygh
q&m...}}
uRefawmfwdkY\Nidrfoufjcif;udk pwifvIyfcgvdkufolrSm
0if;xGef;? q&monfvrif;BuD;\atmufrS nIcif;tvSudk
jrefrmpmonfwdkpY m jrefrmuAsmonfwdku
Y Asm cHpm;ae&mrS 0if;xGef;\rsufESmqDodkY wpfcsufa0hMunfh
vdu k o f nf/
]]q&mwdYk jrefrmpmay[m vGecf w hJ hJ q,fwh pf&mpk yk*aH cwf
vrif;Bu;D onf aumif;uifxufwiG f 0if;yvsu&f o dS nf/
u tpjyKNyD; ay:aygufcJhwmyJ? jrefrmpmudk NcHKMunfh&if
vrif;\tvif;a&mifjcnfatmufrS awmrsm;awmifrsm;
pdrfhprf;tif;tdkifrsm;\tvSonf &Tef;yvsuf&Sdaejyefonf/ ausmufpm? ay? yk&ydkufpm? yHkESdyfpmqdkNyD; oHk;rsKd;awGUEdkifw,f?
vrif;BuD;\tvif;tm;udk r,SOfEdkifaomfvnf; vQyfppf awGU&orQausmufpmawGxJrSm jrapwDausmufpmvdkYac:wJh
rD;vH;k rsm;? zefacsmif;rsm;onf olwEYkd ikd o
f rQtm;ESi[hf [J ;kd NrKd Uav; *laysmufBuD;ausmufpm[m tapmqHk;jzpfw,fvdkY od&w,f?
udk tvif;a&mifay;vsuf&Sdonf/ tJ'aD usmufpmudk rif;wdo Yk Nd y;D jzpfwt
hJ wdik ;f usepf pfom;rif;Bu;D
e*g;ywfawmifay:rS jrode;f wefapwD\ rD;yGiahf &mifprkH sm;? &JU om;awmf&mZukrm&rif;om;u c&pfESpf 1112 ckESpf rSm
avomawmifukef;xufrS apwD? ykxdk; toD;oD;\ rD;yef; a&;xd;k xm;cJw h myJ? tJ'aD usmufpmeJY wGupf pfMunf&h if awmif
a&mifprkH sm;? &aohawmifapwDx;l rS uGejYf rL;vmaom rD;a&mif wdkYjrefrmpmay ay:aygufvmwm[m ESpfaygif; 889 ESpf
rsm;? udk;e0if;awmifukef;xufapwDxl;rS rD;a&mifrsm;/ &SdcJhNyDyJ...}}
uRefawmfwdkYonf [J[dk;NrdKU\nIcif;tvSudk ai;arm ]]tJ'yD *k aH cwfrmS teEo&l , d trwfBu;D &JU rsuaf jzvuFm
MunfhIaerdMuonf/ EGm;pcef;[k t"dyg,f&aom ]][J0dk;}}rS jzpfwhJ olwnf;wpfa,muf? aumif;zdaYk &mufr?I wpfa,mufol
]][J[;kd }}tjzpfajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmaom awmifov l ,form; rSm? ysufvifhumom? "rwmwnf;... tp&SdwJhuAsm[m
rsm;? yGJpm;rsm; pnfum;&m [J[dk;NrdKUav;onf Nidrfoufvsuf odyfNyD; tawG;tac:&ifhusufcJhwJhuAsmyJaemfq&m...}}
tdyf&efjyifaeavNyD../ ]][kwfw,fuGJU? jrefrmuAsmawG xGef;um;cJhwJh tif;0
uReaf wmfwu Ykd m; tdy&f ef pdwrf ul;rdMu/ vSyaom nIcif; acwfudk Munfhvdkuf&if &Sifr[m&|om&? &Sifr[moDv0Ho?
tvSudk ai;&if; vrif;BuD;\atmufwGif xdkifaerdMuonf/ &Sift*orm"dqdkwJh uAsmpmqdkausmf bkef;awmfBuD;awGudk
104
106 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf jrefrmpmonfwpYkd m jrefrmuAsmonfwu
Ykd Asm 107
awGU&vdrfhr,f? &Sifr[m&|om&&JU pwk"rom&udk;cef;ysKdU? ]][kwyf gNy?D armf'efuAsmeJyY wfoufNy;D q&mwdaYk emufyikd ;f
&Sirf [moDv0Ho&JU yg&rDawmfcef;ysKUd ? &Sit f *orm"d&UJ aerdbkH rSm aqG;aEG;Muwmaygh? ck q&mwdkYjrefrmuAsmawG&JU a&pD;
cef;ysKUd wd[
Yk m Ak'u sr;f vm Ak'p mayawGukd avhvmNy;D vlow0g aMumif;udk jyefMunfhMu&atmif...}}
awGaumif;aomtusifh? rGefjrwfaom pdwfESvHk;xm;MuzdkY ]][kwu f qhJ &m? uReaf wmfwaYkd wG qEapmoGm;Muwmyg...}}
&nf&G,fNyD;Zmwuedygwfrsm;eJY Ak'0ifusrf;awGudk trSDjyKNyD; 0if;xGef;\pum;aMumifh vli,ftm;vHk;&,farmvdkuf
uAsmawG zGUJ EGUJ cJw
h mjzpfw,f? Ak'b &k m;&Siu f kd tmHjk yKNy;D a&ajr Muonf/
awmawmifawG&UJ wifw h ,f[efukd zGUJ EGUJ cJwh hJ &SiOf wrausm&f UJ ]]tif;0acwfNyD;wJhaemuf awmifilacwfrSm e0a';? ewf
awmvm;awG[mvnf; txl;xif&Sm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dacwfu oQiaf emif? 0efBu;D ya'o&mZmtp&Sw d hJ tqdak wmfBu;D awGay:
jrefrmuAsm&JU av;vHk;pyfum&ef toHk;tEIef;udk tHhrcef; aygufvmcJw h ,f/ e0a';ESiehf wfoQiaf emifwu Ykd awmh tm;vH;k
awGUMu&rSm jzpfw,fuGJU...}}
odNyD;jzpfwJhtwdkif; ppfcsDbGJY? bkef;awmfbGJY? r,fbGJY? armifbGJY?
]]q&m..av;vHk;pyfum&ef[m 'DaeYxdvnf; acwfrD
bk&m;wdik &f wkawGukd wDxiG Nf y;D a&;om;vmcJMh uw,f/ awmifil
aeao;wmyJaemf...}}
acwf[m &wkacwfvaYkd c:Edik w f ,f/ 'gYtjyif &Sio f &l ?J avSmu f m;
rsKd;ausmf\pum;udk q&mu tomNyHK;&if;acgif;ndwf
oH;k axmifrLS ;wd&Yk UJ {csi;f uAsmawGvnf; ay:aygufvmjyefw,f/
vdkuf\/ odkYaomf 0if;xGef;u Nidrfrae? rsKd;ausmf\pum;udk
'g[m &wk? {csi;f uAsm yHo k PmefawGerYJ wlatmif 0efBu;D ya'
axmufvdkuf\/
o&mZmu xyfqifhwDxGifvdkufwmvdkY rqdkEdkifbl;vm;/ tJ'D
]]rif;uom 'DaeYxd av;vH;k pyfum&efoabmawG acwfrD
aew,fvdkY qdkaewm? 'DaeYacwfay: r*Zif;tawmfrsm;rsm; acwfuarmf'efuAsm}}
rSm um&efudk roHk;Muawmhbl;? 'DaeYacwfay:armf'efuAsm ]]0efBu;D ya'o&mZm&JU wsmcsi;f uAsmxl;jcm;csuu f akd um
awGrSm um&efr&Sdawmhbl;uG...}} armif&ifwdkYowdjyKrdMu&JUvm;...}}
]][kww f ,fq&m? wcsKUd uAsmawGq&kd if uReaf wmfwYkd bm ]]odwmayghq&m? eef;wGi;f pmqdak wmfawG[mbke;f awmfb?YJG
awGa&;xm;rSef;udk rodbl;? *rD&pum;vHk;awG edrdwfyHkawGeJY r,fb?YJG armifbaYJG wGa&;aecsed rf mS 0efBu;D ya'o&mZmu xef;
a&;xm;awmh uAsmzwf&ol tawmfrsm;rsm;[m armf'efuAsm wuform;bGJY? v,form;bGJY? avSorm;bGJY? aus;awmaeol
udk em;rvnfMubl;q&m...}} rsm;bGJYudk a&;om;pyfqdkcJhjcif; jzpfw,fq&m ...}}
Ykd Asm 109
]]armif0if;xGe;f awmfygw,f? [kww f ,fu?YJG 0efBu;D ya'o pwJhuAsmopfawGudkwDxGif&mrSm vrf;dk;a[mif;wGifqifhum
&mZm[m pmayyHo k Pmefuo kd m ajymif;vJwx D iG w f mr[kwbf ;l ? xGifqdkovdkd jrefrmuAsm&JUpnf;? abmiftwGif;uom xDxGif
taMumif;t&mydkif;? OD;wnfcsufydkif;udkyg ajymif;vJvdkufwJh cJhMuwmjzpfw,f}}
wu,fhacwfay: armf'efuAsmq&mBuD;vdkYac:&vdrfhr,f}} ]][kwfygw,fq&m? acwfprf;jrefrmpmayacwfacgif;
]]ckvkd uAsmopfuakd jymif;vJwx D iG v
f u kd w f ahJ e&mrSm armif aqmifawGjzpfwhJ q&maZmf*s?D q&mrif;ok0PfwaYkd wG[mvnf;
&ifwb Ykd mawG*kjyKrMd uovJ? Oyrm uAsmyHo k Pmefajymif;vJ acwfprf;uAsmopfawGuw kd xD iG w f ahJ e&mrSm vrf;d;k a[mif;wGif
wDxGifvdkufw,faemf? 'gayrJh}} qifu h mxGiq f okd vdk wDxiG cf MhJ uwmr[kwv f m;q&m/ 'gaMumifh
]]em;vnfygw,fq&m/ vrf;dk;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif acwfprf;uAsmawGut kd wkc;kd Ny;D pyfqMkd uwJh uAsmq&mawGt
qdkwJhpum;twdkif; uAsmyHkoPmefajymif;vJwDxGifcJhayr,fh rsm;tjym;ay:aygufcJhNyD; acwfprf;pmayacwfrSwfwdkifudk
uAsm rSmtxl;vdt k yfwu hJ m&efpepfukd rypfy,fcyhJ gbl;q&m}} atmifatmifjrifjrifpdkufxlEdkifcJhMuw,fr[kwfvm;q&m}}
]][kww f ,f atmifatmifo;kH oyfvu kd o f vdyk gyJ uAsmopf ]][kww f maygh jynfoal wGvufccH MhJ uvdv Yk J acwfprf;uAsm
udwk x D iG vf u kd af yr,fh yHo k Pmefomajymif;oGm;wm? um&efukd acwf? acwfprf;pmayacwfqdkwm &SdcJhwmaygh}}
rpGefYy,fbl;? &Sif;w,fr[kwfvm;}} ]]'gqd'k aD eYarmf'efuAsmawGtay: q&mb,fvjkd rifovJ}}
]][kwfuJhq&m &Sif;ygw,f}} q&monfoufjyif;udrk w I x
f wk v f u
kd &f if; vrif;Bu;D udak rmh
]]ukef;abmifacwfrSmawmh jrefrmuAsmyHkoPmefawG Munfhaeonf/ twefMumawmhrS.../
trsm;BuD;qef;opfwDxGifvmMuw,f/ av;csKd;? aw;xyf? ]]armf'efuAsm[m pGepYf m;jcif;Bu;D av;rsK;d udak usmjf zwfcNhJ yD
abmv,f? oHcsK?d vGr;f csi;f pwmawGaygh/ pavOD;ykn? OD;MuifO? vdq Yk ckd w
hJ ,f/ av;vH;k pyfupkd eG jYf cif;? um&efupkd eG jYf cif;? o'gESihf
tcsKyw f ef;q&mazwdt Yk jyif bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;jzpfMuwJh rHak &G; ,kwdaA'tpDtpOfusrIudkpGefYjcif;? uAsmeJYpum;ajyjcm;em;rI
q&mawmf? oQiOf uo H rmvm? 'kw, d ausmaf tmifpx H m;q&m udkpGefYjcif;qdkwJh pGefYjcif;BuD;av;rsKd;aygh}}
awmf? pdEausmfolOD;Mo? wGif;oif;rif;BuD;? jr0wDrif;BuD;OD;p? ]]'gqdk 'DaeYarmf'efuAsm[m vrf;dk;a[mif;wGifqifhum
OD;bd;k vIid ?f vIid x f yd af cgifwif? uif;0efrif;Bu;D pwJph maytausmf xGifwmr[kwfbl;aygh}}
tarmfBu;D awGay:aygufcw hJ ,f/ rif;wdaYk qG;aEG;Muovdk olwYkd ]]&Si;f aewmyJ armifrsK;d ausm?f 'ghtjyif armf'efuAsmq&m
awG[m av;csK;d ? a'G;csK;d ? aw;xyf? abmv,f? oHcsK?d vGr;f csi;f wpfa,mufu pmayopf\toufaoG;aMumjzpfwhJ tEkynm
Ykd Asm 111
onfjynfot l wGuq f akd omtawG;tac:udyk gpGeyYf pfvu kd yf gNyD uzefw;D vdu k Nf y;D pmzwfoal wGem;vnfcsief m;vnf? em;rvnf
vdkY qdkcJhzl;w,f}} csiaf e? usKyw f u Ykd awmh tEkynmypn;f wpfcu k kd vGwv f w
G vf yf
'gqdk armf'efuAsm[m yHo k Pmefaum tESpo f m&yg *E vyf zefw;D vdu k w f myJqNkd y;D wm0efrhJ a&;om;ajymqkad eMuwm
0ifuAsm? jrefrmuAsm&JUtpOftvmawGuq kd efuY siw f eG ;f vSeNf y;D udkvJ q&mvufrcHygbl;}}
taemufwikd ;f pmay? taemufwikd ;f uAsm&JUMoZmudq k ufcv H u kd f ]]'gqdk armf'efuAsmawG[m acwfuu kd ,
kd pf m;rjyKEikd of vdk
wmayghq&m}} jynfolYtusKd;pD;yGm;udkvnf; razmfaqmifEdkifbl;ayghq&m}} [k
]]rSefw,farmif0if;xGef;? rif;wdkYvJ armf'efpmayawG 0if;xGef;u tqdkwifoGif;vdkufonf/
taMumif; tMurf;zsi;f avmufawmh avhvmzl;olawGy/J wDxiG f q&muNyKH ;Ny;D wu,fawmh armf'efuAsmawGukd a0zefo;kH
qef;opfw,fqw kd mudk q&mvufcw H ,f? tJ'v D w kd x D iG w f ahJ e oyfaeHek rYJ Ny;D ao;bl;armif&ifw?Ykd aiGarsmaiGev YJ u
kd ?f avSarsm
&mrSm jrefrmuAsm&JU tpOftvmrzsuMf uapcsib f ;l ? um&efqw kd m avSeJYvdkufqdkovdk? uAsmawGarsm&if uAsmeJYvdkufMu&rSmyJ?
jrefrmuAsm&JUtpOftvmawGukd awmfveS zf suq f ;D du k cf sK;d vdu k f t&ifu jrefrmuAsmppfppfawGazmfjyay;aewJh r*Zif;Bu;D awG
wmr[kwfygvm;? 'gaMumifh uaeYarmf'efuAsmt,ltqudk taeeJY aiGwm&D? jr0wD? Ir0? aoG;aomufpwJrh *Zif;Bu;D awG
q&m raxmufcHbl;/ q&mvdkyJ pma&;q&m? uAsmq&mawG avmufyJ&Sdw,f/ ckqdk&if EdkifiHh*kPf&nf? jrefrmh*kPf&nf? ,Of
tawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; raxmufcb H ;l / tm;ray;bl;/ jrefrm aus;rIpwJrh *Zif;Bu;D awGay:aygufvmNy/D tJ'rD *Zif;Bu;D awG
pmayudkcspfwJh jrefrmuAsmudkjrwfEdk;wJh rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf&Sdol aMumifh jrefrmuAsmppfppftiftm;[m trsm;Bu;D jyefNy;D pkpnf;
wdkif;u uaeYarmf'efuAsmt,ltqudk qefYusifMurSmyJvdkY rdaeNyD/ tJ'D r*Zif;BuD;awGxJrSm trsKd;om;&eHYoif;wJhacwf
q&m,Hkw,f}} ay:uAsmawGuv kd nf; vGwv f w
G v
f yfvyfzefw;D cGi&hf aeMuNy?D
]]rSewf ,fq&m? uReaf wmfwv Ykd v
kd il ,fwikd ;f uvJ trsK;d om; 'ghtjyif e0a';? rIcif;Iaxmifh? vHkrav;? aq;ynm? ynm
&eHYoif;wJh armf'efuAsmudkyJtvdk&SdMuygw,f/ EdkifiHjcm;u wefaqmifpwJw h m0eford *Zif;Bu;D awGxrJ mS vnf; jrefrmuAsm
aemufNrD;qGJ armf'efuAsmt,ltqudk vufrcHygbl;q&m}} ppfppfawG tifeJYtm;eJYazmfjyay;aeNyD/ 'g[m wdkYjrefrmpm?
]][kwfygNyD? pma&;q&mawG pmawG uAsmawGa&;Muwm jrefrmuAsmawGw;kd wufzNYHG zKd ;Ny;D urmeJ&Y ifaygifwef;Edik af tmif
[mvJ pmzwfoal wGzwfz?Ykd zwfNy;D cHpm;Edik Mf uzdq Yk w kd ahJ pwemeJY aqmif&u G vf ukd w f myJ/ aemifqkd xl;jcm;aumif;rGeaf jymifajrmuf
a&;Muwmyg/ uAsmwpfy'k t f Ekynmypn;f wpfcu k pkd ma&;q&m wJh acwfay:jrefrmuAsmaumif;awGukd t*Fvyd ?f *syef? wkwf
bmomawGeYJ urmudjk zefcY sx d w
k af 0Edik rf ,fq&kd if ckxufq&m
wdkYjrefrmuAsmawG[m wifhw,fa0qmvmrSmjzpfw,fuGJY}}
]][kwfw,fq&m? jrefrmuAsmppfppfawG? trsKd;om;&eHY
oif;wJh (acwfay:)uAsmawG[m jrefrmr*Zif;tawmfrsm;rsm;
rSm ckxufyg0ifrEI eI ;f ydrk sm;av? jrefrmh&eHyY o kd if;av? trsK;d bm ajrudkvQKd; rdk;udkysHrnf
ompmayudk cspjf rwfE;kd &m? apmifah &Smuf&mydak &mufavjzpfrmS
ayghq&m}}
a,musmf ;azmifp;D ? rde;f rrD;ae[laompum;Mum;zl;onf/
[kqdkvdkuf&m q&muNyHK;NyD;vli,frsm;udkMunfhaecdkuf azmifpD;onfha,musfm;? rD;zGm;onfh rdef;rwdkYonf ocsKif;udk
atmifatmifu ... rsuaf pmif;xd;k aeMuolrsm;[k qdv k o
kd nf/ olwo Ykd nf tcsed rf a&G;
]]jrefrmpmonf wdkYpm? jrefrmuAsmonf wdkYuAsm}} aoEdkifonf[lonfh oabmoufa&mufonf/
[ka<u;aMumfvu kd &f m vli,ftm;vH;k uvnf;NyKd iw f .l .. ,ck uReaf wmfwYkd av;ayusi;f xJ qif;&awmhrnf/ tvGef
]]jrefrmpmonfwdkYpm? jrefrmuAsmonf wdkYuAsm}} eufIdif;rnf;arSmifvSonfh av;ayusif;? av;ayywfvnf
[k0dkif; a<u;aMumfvdkufMu&m Nidrfoufvsuf&Sdaeaom pwk&ef; ususwl;xm;onfh usif;av;rdkY av;ayusif;[k
ywf0ef;usiw f pfcv
k ;kH vIy&f mS ;oGm;Ny;D uReaf wmfwv Ykd il ,frsm;ESiUf ac:Mujcif; jzpfonf/ usi;f qif;vkyo f m;wd\ Yk b0onfvnf;
q&m\NyHK;rsufESmrsm;onf vrif;BuD;ESifh tNydKif0if;vuf azmifpD; a,mufsm;wdkY\b0ES,f? tcsdefra&G; aoapEdkifonf
awmufyvsuf&Sdaeygawmhownf; .../ / r[kwfygvm;.../
0efcspD ufjzifq h if;&if;? u&de;f pufjzifh qif;&if;? pufo;D BuKd ;
jzifq
h if;&if;? av;ayusi;f ab;wGif uyfu kd x
f m;aom opfwef;
rsm;jzifh csed rf
d ? du
k rf d usi;f atmufoYkd jyKwu f saoqH;k olrsm;?
usif;ajrydaoqHk;olrsm;? BudK;jywfus aoqHk;olrsm;?
usif;atmufwGif rusef;rm toufSLr0 aoqHk;olrsm;?
td.k ..usi;f qif;vkyo f m;wd\
Yk b0onfvnf; azmiform;ES,f
ocsKif;udk rsufapmif;xdk;aeMuolrsm; r[kwfygvm;/
113
114 ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf ajrudkvQKd; rdk;udkysHrnf 115
ausmuform;pum;&Sdw,fav? vlrdkufwGif;wl;? vll; jzKe;f qdwk muvnf; ajrtaetxm;udk vdu k Nf y;D ta&mif
wGif;axmif? vlvdrm0,fa&mif;wJh.../ rsK;d pH&k wdS ,fav? tJ'v D kd jzKe;f aMumudk vdu
k w
f ;l &if; ausmufxyf
vlvrd m 0,fa&mif;b0a&mufzq Ykd w kd mu aiGoed ;f eJo Y ef;eJY vTmawGudk xyfawGU&jyefw,f/ tJ'DausmufxyfvTmawGudk
cs&D rdS S r[kwv f m;? uReaf wmfwv Ykd kd irGaJ wGrmS awmh wGi;f qif;Mu? ,rf;awGeJY azmufcGJ? wlBuD;awGeJYdkufcGJMu&if; ausmufaph
wGif;wl;Mu? ,rf;cGJMu? ausmufo,fMu? ausmufxkMuyJ aumif;awG awGUMu&w,fAs.../
r[kwv f m;? wu,fq&kd if uReaf wmfwu Ykd vlru kd af wG? wGi;f axmif tJ'DvdkajratmufrSm uRefawmfwdkYvdk usif;wl;orm;
wJhvll;awG&SdvdkY uRefawmfwdkYvdk vlrdkufawG ay:vm&wmyJ vli,fawGu raMumufr&GHU toufudkpGefYNyD; wl;Mu&if;u
r[kwv f m;/ ajrBuD;atmufrSm vkaygufqdkwJh vIdif*lBuD;awGudk awGUMu&
tif;...wGi;f axmifwhJ avmyefBu;D awGukd vl;l Bu;D awG w,fav? tJ'DvIdif*lvkaygufBuD;awGxJrSm jzwfoef;pD;qif;
vdYk owfrw S xf m;wmudv k nf; tm;emygw,fAsm? wu,fawmh aewJh ajratmufprf;acsmif;awGvnf; tHMh ozG,f awGUMu&w,f?
olwcYkd rsmonf av;ayusi;f Bu;D xajrmufatmifjrifzYkd ausmuf tJ'Dprf;acsmif;xJu oJausmufajrawGudk oHqefcgawGeJY
tqufaygif;wpf&mhig;q,fcefYudk NzdKcGJwl;cJhMu&wm? olwdkY txyfxyfusiMf u&if; tzd;k wefwhJ ode;f ausmuf? oef;ausmuf
udk,fwdkifrwl;ayr,fh puftm;? vltm;? aiGtm;eJY&if;ESD;Mu& BuD;awGudk &cJhMuwmaygh/
wm? ausmufqufwpfqufqdk oHk;ayavmuf&Sdwm ausmuf qdik ;f vQaH usmufaMumtwGuf 81? 82 awG[m emrnfBu;D
tqufaygif; wpf&mhig;q,fqdk&if ayaygif;b,favmufvJ ausmufaumif;awGxGufcJhwJh tuGufawGaygh/
wGufcsufwmMunfhMuawmhAsm.../ aBomf...ajym&OD;r,f..? jzKe;f aMumBu;D udak wGUvdYk jzKe;f
wcsKUd usi;f awGrsm; ayav;ig;&mru wl;Mu&wm r[kwf aMumBu;D u atmufzufrmS qd&k if atmufzufqufw;l Mu&Ny;D
vm;? tJovdkwl;&if;eJjzKef;aMumudk awGU&ifjzKef;aMumaemuf jzKe;f aMumuab;rSmjyae&if ab;zufukd qufw;l Mu&wmaygh
vdu k Nf y;D wl;Mu&wm r[kwv f m;? jzKe;f qdw k mudak um cifAsm;wdYk Asm...? ajym&OD;r,f? tJovdk jzKef;aMumudk vkduf&if;
odMu&JUvm;? tvG,q f ;kH em;vnfatmif ajym&&ifawmh oJ&,f? ausmufvmT awGukd ,rf;cG?J ausmufx?k tdwx f nfh wm0ef,Ml u
ausmuf j zKef ; &,f ? ausmuf r mcJ o H k ; rsKd ; a&mpyf a ewJ h &wmu uRefawmfwdkYvdk usif;qif;vkyfom;av;awGyg/
ausmufaMumudk jzKef;vdkYac:orQ.../ tJ'u D si;f qif;vkyo f m;rSmawmif ESprf sK;d cGjJ cm;Edik af o;w,f?
uReaf wmfwv Ykd kd omrefusi;f qif; vkyo f m;eJY ukrP u D si;f qif;
vkyo f m;qdw k maygh? ukrP u
D si;f qif;vkyo f m;awGu uHaumif; ajratmufrSm ausmufvTmcsyfu a&awGu pdrfhpdrfhpD;us
Muygw,f? olwdkYu ESpfq,f&mckdifEIef;&MuolawGaygh? ukrPD aewJhae&mrSm rdk;umNcHKNyD; wpfaeYvHk; ausmuftdwfo,frMu
u ausmufq,fodef;zdk; a&mif;&&if olwdkYu ESpfodef;&Mu &olawGu wpfaeYudk;&musyfEIef;? a&vGwfae&m a&pdrfhjcif;
w,f...? tvkyo f rm;awG ESpo f ed ;f cGaJ 0,laygh? ode;f wpf&m? r&Swd ahJ e&mrSmaeNy;D vufqifu h rf;Mu&wJh tvkyo f rm;awGu
ESpf&mzdk;a&mif;&&ifawmh yGaMumrdwmayghAsm.../ wpfaeYcek pf&mhig;q,fEeI ;f ...? ajrjyifay:rSm vkyu f ikd Mf u&wJh
'gayrJh ukrPDusif;om;jzpfzdkY rvG,fygbl;? trsm;tm; tvkyo f rm;awGu wpfaeYajcmuf&musyEf eI ;f &Muygw,f.../
jzifhawmhAsm zufpyfusif;vkyfom;awGtjzpfeJY wpfvwpf tJ...cifAsm;wdu Yk ausmuftw d af wGwpfaeY oH;k av;axmif
aomif;? wpfaomif;cGJay;NyD; pm;&dwfNidrf; auR;arG;apcdkif;wm &Muwmudyk jJ rifrmS ...? tJ'v D akd v;ayusi;f wpfusi;f atmif
u rsm;ygw,f/ atmifjrifjrifjzpfzYkd pdu
k x f w k &f wJt h &if;tES;D udv k nf; ar;Munfh
ckeajymovdk ,rf;cGJ? ausmufcGJ? tdwfxnfhNyD; ausmuf OD;av/
tdwfawGudk ajray:a&mufatmif aeYpm;tvkyform;awG ckewGif;axmifwJh vll;BuD;awGu usif;wpfusif;atmif
iSm;Ny;D a&muf&majrBu;D atmufuae tqifq h ifv
h ufqifu h rf; atmifjrifjrifw;l azmfxw k v f yk Ef ikd zf tYkd wGuf &if;ES;D &wJah iGuu kd
NyD; av;ayusif;atmufajc? u&def;0efcsDpuf&JU oHuGif;BuD; wpfusi;f udk ode;f wpf&muae ode;f ESp&f m? oH;k &mxd pdu k x f wk f
twGif;udk ausmuftdwfawGxnfhMu&ygw,f.../ NAHK;aMum ukefuscHcJhMu&wm r[kwfvm;/
auGUaumufNy;D t&Snaf y&Sn&f if&n S o f vdk tvkyo f rm;wpf&m? tif ; ... &,f p &mav;wpf c k a jym&OD ; r,f A s/
vufqifu h rf;Ny;D u&de;f oHuiG ;f &S&d mwGi;f ajzmifh ta&muf vuf usif;tvkyform;awG usif;xJu ajrjyifudk jyefa&mufwmeJY
qifhurf;Mu&wmcifAs...? vufqifhurf;Mu&wmvnf;
t0wftukefcRwfNyD; ppfaq;cHMu&Hkru zifukef;acsmif;qdk;
ar;MunfhOD;? tav;csdefESpfydmcGJavmuf&SdwJh tdwfawGudk
vkyjf y&ao;w,faemf.../ tvkyo f rm;awG ajratmufusi;f xJ
wpfaeYtdwfoHk;axmifuae av;axmifavmuf ajrjyifay:
rSm uvDurmeJY ausmufaumif;awGUvdYk yg;pyfxx J nfh 0Suv f m
a&mufatmif vufqifhurf;Mu&wm? vG,fr,frxifeJY.../
rSm? ptdkxJxnfh 0Suf,lvmrSm pdk;vdkYwJhAsm.../
awmfHkwefHk owdeJY ZGJeJYtm;eJY vkyfEdkifMurSm r[kwfbl;.../
tif;...cifAsm;wdkYudk &Sif;jyae&wmeJU oHqefcgBuD;
ajym&OD;r,f...? tJ'v D kd ajratmufqif;Ny;D ausmuftw d f
o,fvufqifu h rf;&wJh tvkyo f rm;csi;f wlayr,fh aps;EIe;f u tay: jyefw f ufvmNy?D uReaf wmfav;ayusi;f atmufqif;Ny;D
wlr,fxifovm;? rwlbl;av.../ ausmufc?JG ausmufxnfv h yk &f OD;r,fAsm...? uReaf wmfah &SUu
aumifawGtawmfrsm;rsm; usif;xJa&mufaeMuNyD/ uJ..uJ wcsKd U ae&mawG r sm; av;buf a xmuf N yD ; oG m ;Mu&wm?
uRefawmfajratmufvQKd;vdkufOD;r,fAsKdU.../ 'gaMumifh ajymwmaygh? awmfHkwefHkusef;rma&;aumif;HkeJY
_____ onfc&D;udk oGm;EdkifMurSmr[kwfbl;? txl;ojzifh vlBuD;awG
u&de;f pufBu;D rSm wyfqifxm;wJh oHuiG ;f Zvm;Bu;D xJrmS toufav;q,fausmf ig;q,ft&G,f vlBuD;awG oGm;vm
tvkyo f rm;ckepfa,muf0if&yfvu kd Nf y;D oHrPdBuKd ;Bu;D udk NrNJ rJ vIyf&Sm;EdkifrSmr[kwfbl;...? usef;rmzswfvwfwJhvli,fawG
qkyfudkifvdkufMuum ajratmufodkY jznf;jznf;csif; qif;cJhMu om pGrf;aqmifEdkifwJhtvkyf...? uRefawmfwdkYtzGJUrSmu
ygw,f . ..? ayaygif ; oH k ; &mausmf e uf w J h w G i f ; BuD ; xJ u d k toufq,f&h pS Ef pS u f ESpq f ,fatmuf t&G,o f m&Sw
d hJ vli,f
qif;&wmrdkY toJwat;at; &ifwzdkzdkygyJ? b,favmufyJ awGcsnf;.../
tavhtusifh&xm;Muonfjzpfygap bk&m;w? taztarw ajratmufrSmu aeYnrcGJEdkifbl;? arSmifaew,f.../
rdwmawmh trSefygyJ.../ wcsKdUausmufusif;BuD;awGrSmawmh ajratmufudk rD;BudK;eJY
tqif;twuf c&D;uvnf; tE&m,frsm;w,fav...? qufNy;D rD;pufawGaeYqidk ;f ? nqdik ;f cGNJ y;D ckwaf rmif;ay;aeav
wGif;ywfvnfrSm trmcHdkufxm;wJhopfom;abmifwef;BuD; awmh tvif;a&mif&w,f? tck uRefawmfwdkYqif;&wJh usif;
awGeJY xdrSmcdkufrSmcsdwfrdrSmvnf; pdk;&drf&w,f...? 'g.. uawmh tawmfeufw,f? Ny;D awmhNAKH ;usiw f ahJ &acsmif;&S&d mudk
tE&,frsm;wJh c&D;r[kwfvm;? wpfckckjzpfvdkYrS tay:uvl oGm;&wmuvnf; tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;eJY &ifqkdif&ovdk c&D;
awGu rjrif&? atmufuvlawGu tay:udk todray;Edkif uvnf; tawmf&n S wf ,fav...? Ny;D awmh wGi;f ajzmifu h ae
wJh c&D;...? uRefawmfwdkYawGajratmufrSm q,f&ufae& a&acsmif;txd tenf;qH;k ESpef m&Davmuf oGm;Mu&w,f...?
rSm...? uReaf wmfwv Ykd kd ajratmufausmufusi&f r,fb h 0wl onfawmh rD;BuKd ;oG,rf ay;jzpfb;l ? arSmifxrJ mS rD;BuKd ;aygufNyJ
tvkyform;vli,fawGu ta,mufoHk;q,f.../ ae&ifvnf; wGif;qif;vkyfom;awGtwGuf tE&m,f &SdEdkif
ajratmufa&mufwmeJY "mwfrD;eJYxdk;NyD; tdyf&mvdyf? w,fav...? ajratmufrmS "mwfvu kd af o&if rcufygvm;?
&dum pwJh wdvk rD v
kd aD wG rQa0,lMuNy;D jzKe;f aMumajrudk vdu k Nf y;D ck uRefawmfwdkY qif;&wJhusif;u vQyfppfray;bl;? usif;qif;
wl;xm;wJt h aygufaMumBu;D twdik ;f vufEydS "f mwfr;D toH;k jyKNy;D vkyo f m;awGrmS wpfa,mufukd oH;k awmifx h ;kd "mwfr;D wpfvufpD
wa&GUa&GUavQmufcJhMuygonf/ jzKef;aMumtvkdufwl;xm;wJh eJ Y "mwf c J a wG 'gZif o H k ; q,f a v;q,f t yd k y gw,f . ..?
taygufBuD;awGuvnf; wcsKdUu us,fNyD;? wcsKdUu usOf;eJY? zefo;D awGvnf; 'gZifvu kd u f si;f xJ o,f,v l mNy;D jzpfMuw,f/
"mwfcJtm;jyK? zefoD;tm;jyKNyD; jzKef;ausmufawGxJu MuwmrsKd;&SdMuyg&JU...? olcdk;vmwJhausmufu axmif*Pef;
ausmufaumif;av;awG &SmMu&wm r[kwfvm;? 'ghaMumifh awmif rwefwahJ usmufjzpfNy;D oltdu k cf v
H udk &f wmu aomif;
usi;f qif;vkyo f m;wdik ;f rSm &dum tjyif "mwfc?J zefo;D tydak wG *Pef;avmuf jzpfoGm;rsKd;vnf; &Sdwmaygh/
ygMu&w,f? &dumwdkY zefoD;"mwfcJawGtwGufuawmh tif;...ajratmufusif;BuD;xJrSm q,f&ufaeNyD;
uRefawmfwdkY r0,f&ygbl;...? usif;ydkif avmyef;u tukef jzKe;f usiMf u&wmqdak wmh rnf;arSmifaewJh tJ'aD jratmufusi;f Bu;D
wm0ef,&l w,f...? olu vdw k mrSeo f rQtm;vH;k 0,fay;w,f? xJrmS b,fvakd eMu&ovJ? b,fvrkd sm; csujf yKwpf m;aomuf
vloHk;q,ftwGuf qef? [if;oD;[if;&Guf tom;? ig; MuovJqdkwm odcsifrSmaygh/
q,f&ufpmudk wpfcgwnf; uReaf wmfwu Ykd si;f atmuf ,lomG ; rnf;arSmifaewJh ajratmufusi;f Bu;D xJrmS aeYvm;? nvm;
&w,f.../ qdw k m em&DuMkd unfNh y;D om owfrw S &f wm r[kwv f m;? aea&mif
tJ...uReaf wmfwu Ykd kd tkycf sKyw
f hJ uGyu f wJ hJ ausmufacgif; rjrif&awmh ck b,ftcsed af &mufNyq D w kd m rodEikd bf ;l av.../
wpfa,mufvnf; avmyef;u xnfhay;vdkufw,f? tJ'D uReaf wmfwt Ykd yk pf x
k rJ mS u xrif;csuw f m0efukd tvSnu hf s
ausmufacgif;udk uReaf wmfwYkd jzKe;f ajru usiv f &Ykd wJah usmuf wm0ef,Ml u&wm? xrif;csuw f o
hJ [ l m reufajcmufem&D tcsed f
tm;vHk;udk olYqDtukeftyf&w,f? 0Sufxm;? ckd;xm;vdkY ppfvdkY xNyD; rD;arT;&w,f? kd;dk;rD;jcpfawGeJY arT;vdkYrD;rawmufbl;?
aq;vdrYk &d ifawmh roufombl;? tku d tf ESut f xktaxmif; ajratmufrSmu avenf;w,f? toufSL&vnf;usyfw,f?
udk raoHkwr,fcHMu&wm.../ rD;jcpftoHk;jyKNyD; rD;jcpfvdkYu r&bl;/
wu,fawmhAsm wGif;axmifoleJY usif;vkyfom;awG[m uReaf wmfwaYkd wmh 0g,mudk yl;Ny;D bwfx&Dt;kd eJaY &Smw h u kd f
wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; em;vnfrI&SdzdkY? udk,fcsif;pmzdkYvdkwmaygh?
NyD;arT;&wm? rD;awmufvmawmhvnf; av&atmif avzdkudk
wGif;axmifxm;olvnf; aiGawGodef;eJYcsDNyD; &if;ESD;cJhMu&wm
awmufavQmufvSnfhay;&ygw,f.../ xrif;csuf&wm
r[kwfvm;? udk,f&oifh&xdkufwJh vkyftm;cuvGJNyD; bmrS
awmfawmhudk 'kua&mufw,fAsm/
avmbrBuD;oifhbl;ayghAsm.../
xrif;awG[if;awG usuNf yq D ykd gawmh? &Spef m&Davmufqkd
cufwmu tm;vH;k [m bk&m;avmif;awGr[kwMf uawmh
xrif;twlpm;MuNyD;? "mwfrD;wpfa,mufwpfvuf,l? qefcg
tcdk;t0Sufuawmh &Sdwmaygh? wcsKdUvnf; tzdk;wefausmuf
awG,lNyD; jzKef;ajrawGudk oHqefcgxJ xnfhusifMu&wm?
rSwNf y;D ajratmufwiG ;f xJrmS "mwfr;D zifyw d xf J 0SuNf y;D ,lvmcJh
oHqefcgudk 0dkufNyD;arSmuf? uRefawmfwdkY ausmufacgif;u tif ; .. xrif ; pm;NyD ; awmh yvyf p wpf a wG c if ; NyD ;
oHqefcgudk vSeNf y;D ausmufawGukd aumufp&mrvdb k ;l av.../ uRef a wmf w d k Y a wG ausmcsxrif ; vH k ; pD M u? wpf a ,muf e J Y
uReaf wmfwYkd jzKe;f ajrawGukd usiw f v hJ yk if ef;udk naeav; wpfa,muf pum;awGajymMu/ cspfarmifu tvGrf;orm;
em&DrSm em;Muygw,f...? em&D0ufavmufem;NyD;awmhrS qdkawmh olYaumifrav;taMumif;udk aeYpOfvGrf;oHav;eJY
xrif;pm;zdkY jyifMuw,f? xrif;csufuawmh reufu wm0ef ajymavh&Sdw,f.../
us xrif;csufyJaygh? olcsufjyKwfxm;wJh xrif;awG[if;awG ]]uReaf wmf rdik ;f SL;xGuvf mawmh uReaf wmhaf umifrav;u
u b,favmufyJaumif;aumif; uRefawmfwdkYawG rpm;Edkif oabmrwlbl;? tE&m,fodyfrsm;w,f? roGm;ygeJYtpfudk&,f
Muygbl;.../ wJ?h uRerf wd&Yk mG rSmyJ vkypf m;&if xrif;wpfvyk af wmh riwfygbl;
bmaMumifv h q
J akd wmh ajratmufrmS u touf&LS odyu f syf wJh? NyD;awmh uRefawmfzdk;orm;wpfa,mufjzpfoGm;rSmudk odyf
wm? onfawmh uReaf wmfwaYkd wG b,frmS xrif;aumif;aumif; Ny;D pd;k &drw
f ,fAsm...? aiGxyk yf u kd Nf y;D jyefrvmEdik &f if aeygap?
pm;Edik yf ghrvJ? 'gayrJh touf&n S Nf y;D tvkyv f yk Ef ikd af tmifawmh zdk;pGJNyD;jyefvmwmawmh rjrifcsifbl; tpfudk&,fwJh...?
0ifoavmufpm;Mu&wmaygh? xrif;rpm;Edik v f Ykd tvkyf rvkyf uRef a wmf o l Y u d k od y f o wd & w,f A sm...? oD w if ; uRwf
Edkif&if rcufygvm;.../ wefaqmifrkef;awGqdk&if &GmrSmbk&m;yGJawG odyfpnfwm? oleJY
cufwmu ruse;f rrmjzpfrmS udk tpd;k &dr&f qH;k ...? tJ.. wGJNyD;vnfMu&wm aysmfp&mygyJAsm...? ckawmh..aeYvm;
ajratmufusif;xJrSm vl;xJrSm zsm;emvdkYuawmh wGif;ajzmifh nvm; rcGjJ cm;Edik w f hJ wGi;f Bu;D xJrmS toufLS usycf NH y;D ae&wJh
a&mufatmif tjrefydkY? wGif;ajzmifhuae pufBudK;eJY ajray: b0...? 'DwpfESpfaiGpkrd&ifawmh jyefr,fAsm? aiGodef;eJYcsDNyD;
a&mufatmif tjrefydkY...? ajratmufusif;xJrSm vl;xJrSm r&&ifaeygap? &orQeJY jyefawmhr,fAsm? &GmrSmyJ v,fvkyfNyD;
xm;vdkYuawmh tJ'DvlemtoufjrefjrefxGufzdkYyJ &Sdw,f pm;awmhr,f...}}
av...? avuvnf; toufSLr0? ajrBuD;rSm yvyfpwpf cspfarmifpum;Mum;&awmh aiGarmif;u &,fonf/
cif;Ny;D tdyMf u&? aq;0g;vnf; rjynfph q kH akd wmh... 'gaMumifh ]]a[haumif cspfarmif? wdkYuawmh a&mufwJht&yfrSm
aeraumif;bl;qd&k ifawmh ud, k vhf al wGuv kd nf; BuKd wifrmS xm; aysmfaysmfae? awGUwJhvleJY wnfhatmifaygif;qdkwJh pum;udk
&w,f...? zsm;w,f? emw,fq&kd if jrefjrefajym? a&m*grjyif; vufuikd x f m;w,f? pdwn f pfp&mqdv k Ykd bmrSawG;raebl;? 'Dv;l
xefcif ajray:udk jrefjrefydkY...? 'g t"du tvkyfyJAsKdU.../ u ajray:jyefwufwJhaeY avmyef;qDu aiGxkwfNyD; vefrkef;
oGm;ur,f? pD't D akd uoGm;qdrk ,f? yJ&pfomG ;Ny;D pm;r,f aomuf olvnf; wpfaeYig;&m0ifaiG&ydS gw,f? olt Y arBu;D u rPd
r,f? aysmfr,fuGm...}} &wemaps;rSm ig;ajcmufa&mif;w,f? olt Y pfuu kd awmh oGm;oGm;
[k qdkvdkufaomtcg wifjrifhu axmufonf/ vmvmygyJ? olu &efukefeJY 0rfurfudk ig;ajcmufukeful;ae
]]a[haumif... ud;k av;vH;k wef;aum roGm;bl;vm;...}} olyg? olwdkYvnf; 0ifaiGaumif;Muygw,f.../
[k qdkvdkufaomtcg ausmufwGif;qif;orm; vli,f 0rfurfrSmu tvkyfomBudK;pm;vkyf&if aiGu wtdtdeJY
tm;vHk; &,farmvdkufMuonf/ 0ifaewmAs? avmif;upm;wdkY? t&ufwdkY? rdef;rwdkYom rayGeJY?
]]a[haumif wifjrif?h cPwmaysm&f rJt h vkyuf kd b0wpfck wpfESpfqdkwpfESpfaiGxkyfydkufEdkifygw,f.../
vHk; tepfrGef;cHNyD; b,fawmhrS rvkyfbl;uG...}} uRefawmfqdk&if wpfvwpfaomif;eJY usif;qif;vpm
[k aiGarmif;u wkejYf yefvu kd af omtcg oli,fcsi;f tm;vH;k vkyfom;? zufpyfu xrif;[if;auR;NyD; aeraumif;&if
r&,farmrdMuawmh.../ aq;ukay;w,fav? uRefawmfawmh &orQaiGudk 0rfurfu
uReaf wmfwaYkd &SUrSmwif taysmt f yg;rde;f rvdu
k pf m;olawG tif;0bPfrmS aiGppk mtkyv f yk Nf y;D pkxm;w,f...? awmifBu;D
tdwcf st f ikd Af yD ;kd 0ifNy;D attdik 'f t D ufpaf &m*g jzpfomG ;MuolawG u uReaf wmhtarqDvnf; wpfvig;axmifreS rf eS yf aYkd y;w,f?
vufawGUjrifae&onf r[kwfygvm;.../ usew f ihJ g;axmifuawmh uReaf wmfah emifa&;twGuaf ygh.../
udkoef;aqGBuD;dk;ygbd? tygbd? olYtartwGuf? olY uRefawmhfaumifrav; oufxm;uvnf; olYenf;olY
tdraf v;jyifaqmufEikd zf t Ykd wGuf wGi;f qif;aiGawGp?k d;k d;k ukwf [efeYJ pkygw,f? olurde;f rqdak wmh uReaf wmhv f kd aiGrpkb;l Asm?
ukwfeJY vaygif;rsm;pGm aevmNyD;rS tqG,faumif;awmh vpOfyJ oD&'d akH &Tqikd rf mS vufpyG 0f ,fvu kd ?f em;uyf0,fvu kd ef YJ
udk;av;vHk;udk wpfcgyJ a&mufygw,f...? b0wpfckvHk; aiGudkrpk a&TudkpkoAs.../
ysufoGm;zl;NyDaum/ pkygapav.../ bmyJpkpkaumif;ygw,f.../ yifyif
bmyJajymajymcPwm aysm&f iT zf t Ykd wGuf b0Bu;D wpfcv k ;kH yef;yef;eJY cg;anmif;atmifvkyfrS &wJhaiGawG tv[
tepfrGef;rcHEdkifyg? uRefawmhfrSmu cspfoloufxm;av; &Sdae rjzpf&if Ny;D wmyJ/ ta[moduH rjzpfzyYkd J r[kwv f m;/ aiGxyk f
cJhNyD? oluusif;ay:rSm ausmufxkw,fav? olYtrnfu BuD;vufrSmudkifNyD; avmif;upm;0dkif;awGrSm jzKef;aewJholawG
oufxm;wJh.../ eJY pm&if awmfao;wmaygh/ wcsKdUaumifrav;awG *Hk&if;xdk;
NyD;aiGawGjzKef;aeMuwmjrifbl;yg&JU/ olwdkYeJYpm&if uRefawmfh onfwpfywfawmh ajratmufu usi;f ay: jyefa&mufwhJ
aumifrav;u vdrmwmayghaemf.../ tcg uRefawmfwdkY &Smay;vdkufwJh ausmufawGu ykvif;BuD;
pdwx f uJ oufxm;taMumif;awG;aerdjyefawmh vjynfh ig;vHk;tjynfh.../ avmyef;BuD;uawmh wNyHK;NyHK;.../
aeYus oleJYtwl rD;vGwfausmif;wufzdkY csdef;xm;wm owd& ]]uJ..rif;wdt Yk m;vH;k armaeMuNy?D a&csK;d tem;,l? Ny;D awmh
vdu k rf jd yefw,f/ tJ'rD eufrmS rD;vGwq f &mawmfukd uefawmh ighqDrSm aiGvmxkwfMu? rif;wdkYudk igpum;enf;enf;awmh
Ny;D oDv,lr,f? Ny;D awmh q&mawmfah usmif;rSm owfowfvw G f ajymcsiw f ,f? rif;wdt Yk m;vH;k [m igwdeYk YJ pD;yGm;twlvyk af eMu
xrif;[if;awGpm;Mur,f.../ aeYv,fyikd ;f usawmh ourek d olawGyJ? wpfa,muftusKd;wpfa,mufo,fydk;aeMuolawG
bk&m;Bu;D qDukd oGm;r,f.../ bk&m;&ifjyifay:uae ourek d r[kwv f m;? rif;wd[ Yk m ajrBu;D atmufrmS toufpeG NYf y;D vkyu f ikd f
bk&m;BuD;xHarSmufrSm b0qufwdkif; oufxm;eJYuRefawmf cJhMu&wm r[kwfvm;/ 'gaMumifh igenf;enf; rSmcsifw,f/
twl aygif;&ygapom;&,fvdkY qkawmif;r,f.../ rif;wdYk vkyt f m;eJ&Y cJw h yhJ u kd q
f jH zpfayr,fh tJ'yD ukd q
f uH kd tusK;d
onfwpfywfawmh bdk;bGm;awmifudk roGm;awmhygbl;/ &S&d o
dS ;kH Muapcsiw f ,f/ avmif;upm;0dik ;f awG? taysmt f yg;awG
ourkedbk&m;&ifjyifuaeyJ usm;yg;pyfausmufusif;? ysm; rSm rjzKe;f MuzdYk igrSmcsiw f ,f/ rif;wdt Yk 0wf0,fwm? a&T0,fwm?
awmif? &Srf;dk;r? OD;ydkif? cJawmifawGudk ai;MunfhMur,f...? rif;wdkYrdbawGqDydkYwmudk igbmrSajymp&mr&Sdbl;/ t&uf
odef;wefoef;wefausmufaumif;awG xGufwJhawmifBuD;awG aomuf? taysmftyg;vdkuf? avmif;upm;0dkif;oGm;jzKef;qdk&if
udk MunfhMur,f? NyD;awmhacwfa[mif; tqdkawmfBuD; OMo awmh rifwdkYtoufpGefYNyD;&SmazGxm;&wJhydkufqH[m ESajrmzdkY
baomifoDqdkxm;wJh (vlrsKd;jcm;awGeJY vmrEIdif;ygeJY rSefwdkif; aumif;w,f/ rif;wdkYyifyef;w,fqdkNyD; bdef;jzLwdkY ,rumwdkY
qdkcsifw,f? odef;oef;uka# ra&Edkif? wdkYydkifOpm<u,f...) roHk;apcsifbl;/ ayghrqGJapcsifbl;/ at; ...ayghqGJw,f?
qdkwJh oDcsif;udk pdwfxJu qdkr,f.../ bdef;jzL oHk;w,fvdkYigMum;&ifawmh b,folYrS igrnmbl;?
Ny;D awmh oufxm;eJt Y wl tMuifempuf0ikd ;f xdyu f qDcsuf igusi;f vkyf om;uae Ekwyf ,fypfr,f .../ tm;vH;k Mum;vm;}}
qdkifrSm qDcsufacgufqGJ oGm;pm;Mur,f.../ ]][kwfuJhavmyef;}}
td.k ..tawG;av;eJw Y if uReaf wmfrh mS aysmv
f u
kd wf m.../ ]]igajymwm rif;wdkYtusKd;twGufajymwm? ighapwemudk
______ rif;wdeYk m;vnfyg? igwd[ Yk m Bu;D yGm;csr;f om;zdt
Yk vkyv f yk af eMu
wm? igwdkYBuD;yGm;&if rif;wdkYvJ BuD;yGm;rSmyJ? igwdkYESifhrif;wdkY[m xdkYaMumifhvnf; uRefawmfwdkY cdk;jcif;? 0Sufjcif;rjyKMu? olY
pD;yGm;zufawGy?J 'gaMumifh rif;wdu Yk kd ighnaD v;awGukd oabm apwemolYudktusKd;ay;ovdk uRefawmfwdkYapwemuvnf;
xm;vdcYk spv f aYkd jymwmrSwyf g/ uJ-rif;wdo Yk mG ;a&csK;d ? t0wfvNJ y;D uRefawmfwdkYudkjyefNyD;tusKd;ay;onfom .../
ighHk;cef;udkvmcJhMu .../ ]]ayghq}JG } oluY ukd si;f rSmxm;vdu Yk awmhrjzpf? trsm;odawmf
uReaf wmfwaYkd vmyef;uawmh pHygyJ? wcsKUd avmyef;awGqkd rlMuonfhtwdkif; ayghqGJonfqdkonfrSm bdef;jzLrIefYESifh,mr
wGi;f qif;vkyo f m;awGtay: wlww l efwefqufqw H mr[kw?f a&mNy;D trIejYf yKum oHcu G if ,fav;xJxnf?h Ny;D awmhatmufrS
vkyo f m;awGukd ausmufacgif;tifcsyaf wG? refae*smqdo k al wG za,mif;wdkifrD;jzifhtylay;? xGufvmaomtaiGYudk puL&SLwH
eJYomqufqHapwm? awmfHkwefkH udp&SdHkeJY avmyef;ESifhawGY (ayghw)H av;vkyu f m &SLIu d jf cif;jzpfonf/ onfrmS zd;k orm;
cGifhr&Mu/ avmyef;trsm;pkrSmolwdkYtwGufomMunfhwm? wdkYpum;t& ]]ayghqGJ}} onf[kac:onf/
ausmufc;kd wmrdvu Ykd vnf; raoHw k r,ftdu k cf ikd ;f wm? uRef zdk;orm;wpfa,mufjzpfzdkYuawmh tvkyfaumif;aumif;
awmfwaYkd vmyef;u ausmufc;kd rd&if olu Y si;f vkyo f m;tjzpfu rvkyfawmh? ]]ayghqGJ}} zdkYyJ tmoDo&Sdawmhonf/ &orQydkufqH
xkwfy,fvdkufwmuvGJNyD; dkufESufjcif;rjyK? ]]wpfa,mufudk ayghqGJawmhonf/ ayghqGJp&mr&SdvQif cdk;awmhonf/ olrsKd;
wpfa,muf,Hk&rSaumif;wmaygh? tvkyfvkyf&wmvnf;pdwf udkawmhausmufusif;rsm;wGifxm;avhr&Sd? r,HkMunfawmh?
csr;f omwmayghumG ? ckvrkd ,HMk unf&awmh igvJb,fpw d cf sr;f om
aemufq;kH olrsm;ypn;f awGtiSm;xrf;? olrsm;ay;pmurf;pmpm;?
rvJ.../
ayghrqGJEdkifvQif rusef;rmawmh ...? aemufqHk;ajcqpfvuf
]]rif;BudKufwJhwGif;oGm; vkyfMunfhyg? igvdkwGif;axmifwJh
qpfawGa,mifuikd ;f umro,fEikd ?f rvIy&f mS ;Edik jf zpfNy;D bH;k bH;k vJ
avmyef;rsKd;xrif;xkyfeJYvdkuf&SmMunfhayghuGm...}}
umaoqHk;Muonfom jzpfonf/ rdk;wGif;? rdk;&moDudkzdk;orm;
[kqu kd m ausmufc;kd ol\vkyt f m;ctjynfah y;Ny;D wGi;f u
awGaMumufonf/ onfr;kd udak usmEf ikd yf ghrvm;[k olwt Ykd csi;f
y,fxkwfvdkufwmuvGJNyD;rdkufESuf? ausmufaumif;wpfaph?
csi;f ajymavh&o dS nf/ rd;k &moDum; zd;k orm;wdw Yk jzKwjf zKwaf o
odef;av;ig;q,fwef/ odef;&mausmfwefausmufrsKd;yGifhvdkYu
awmh tvkyform;awGudk a0pkcGJa0ay;Hkru xrif;[if; qHk;Muaom umvwnf;/
aumif;aumif;csufjyKwfauR;zdkYudkvnf; olrarh? olYtusKd;? 0rfurf? vG,faqmifausmuf? qdkif;vQHwpfavQmufwGif
udk,fhtusKd;? olYbufudk,fhbufMunfhwwfol[k uRefawmfwdkY zdk;orm;awGudkjrifawGYae&onf/ olwdkYum; b0qHk;aeMuol
em;vnfMuygonf/ rsm;omjzpfMu\/ rdb&yfxv H nf; rjyefEikd ?f r,m;ESiohf m;orD;
rsm;xHvnf;rjyefEikd o f nfb h 0? olwu
Ykd m; vrf;ab;wGiaf cG;ao ]]aumifrav;qDoGm;wm aumif;wmayghuG? t&ufr
aoMu&rnfholrsm;.../ aomuf? avmif;upm;rvkyfzdkYyJ ta&;BuD;wm? 'geJYrif;
vdkvlrsKd;ukdawmh uRefawmfwdkYta&mufrcHEdkif? &Gmu aumifrav;u bmvkyfvJ}}
xGuv f muwnf;u Bu;D rm;aom&nf&, G cf suu f ,
kd pf jD zifx
h uG f ]]tdk ...avmyef;uvJ ausmufxkaewJh [kd; ...ouf
vmcJMh uolrsm;jzpfonf/ olaX;rjzpfcsiaf eygap? acG;tjzpfawmh xm;qdkwJhaumifrav;[maygh}}
ta&mufrcHEdkif? onfawmhudk,fhb0udk,fxdef;&rnf/ [kwifjrifhu0ifajymvdkufonf/ wifjrifhpum;aMumifh
vlBu;D awGu apwemjzifah jymqdq k ;kH raomfvnf; rdru d ,kd f avmyef;u uRefawmfhudk NyHK;NyD;Munfhonf/
rdrx
d ed ;f Edik rf S t&ma&mufrnf/ jyefrajymem;raxmifvyk yf gu ]]oufxm;eJv Y m;? vduk w f ,fa[h? Zmwfvu kd ef ZYJ mwfvu
kd f
acG;Zmwfcif;wJt h xJygoGm;vdrrhf nf/ ajratmufwiG ;f xJrmS u rif;orD;av;awGaygh/ rif;wdrYk *Fvmaqmif&if igwpfoed ;f vuf
wGi;f NyKd yNd y;D aoqH;k rnft h E&m,fwpfco k m&So d nf/ ajray:rSmu zGJYr,f? 'gayrJh rif;wdkYESpfa,mufvufxJrSm tenf;qHk;wpf
tE&m,fawGtrsm;BuD;? a&SmifEdkifygrS a&SmifwwfygrS .../ a,mufESpfodef;pkrdNyDqdk ighudkajym[kwfvm;}}
uReaf wmfwaYkd wG a&tjrefcsK;d Muonf/ t0wfopfopfviG f avmyef;u&,fp&mvdkvdkESifh twnfajymvdkufjcif;jzpf
vGiaf v;awG 0wfvu kd Mf uonf/ ajrBu;D atmufwiG f q,f&uf aMumif; tm;vHk;em;vnfMuonf/ olwdkYavmyef;u vdkvl
cefYaeNyD; ,ckwpfzefajray:odkY acwjyefa&mufvmMujyefNyD/ pm;rsKd;.../
ajrvQKd;&mrS ,ckrdk;ysH&awmhrnf/ _ _ _ _ _
uRefawmfhudkjrifawmh avmyef;OD;qrfwpfuNyHK;onf/ cspfarmifpum;aMumifh uRefawmfh&ifawGckefoGm;onf/
]]'Dvq kd akd wmhvnf; ighvu l Zmwfvu kd rf if;om;eJw Y al ejyef Ny;D awmhcspaf rmifrsuEf mS udk aphaphMunfrh o
d nf/ cspaf rmifaemuf
a&m}} ajymifonfr[kwf? twnfajymjcif;jzpfaMumif;odomonf/
[kqdkum w[J[JESifh &,farmae&avonf/ ]]rif;&JUoufxm;udk ausmufacgif;(tifcsyf) aZmf0if;u
]]'D a umif u ol Y a umif r av;qD o G m ;rS m avmyef ; ? &nf;pm;pmay;owJh}}
'gaMumifhId;ESifhrdk;ESifhjzpfaewm}} yxrawmh a'gojzpfrdonf/ oufxm;ESifholcspfolb0
[kaiGarmif;u axmifvdkufonf/ a&mufaeonfudktm;vHk;tod? avmyef;yifodcJhNyD? onf
udkrSraxmuf? &ifxJylavmifaeonf/ tom;awGw qwf ESifhaygufavrnfvm;? rdoufxm;uaum aiGudka&vdkoHk;Edkif
qwf wkefvmonf/ aomaZmf0if;udk oabmusESpfoufaeNyDvm; .../
]]oufxm;uaum MunfjzLowJhvm;}} Ny;D cJah omvjynfah eYu oufxm;ESit hf wl bd;k bGm;awmif
olYtar;udk cspfarmifrajz/ odkYoGm;cJhMuao;onf/ wpfvwpfBudrfom oufxm;ESifhtwl
]]igMum;rdwmudjk yefajymwm? aiGarmif;awmhaumif;aumif; ,ckuJhodkY vnfywfMuNyD; rdrdwdkYa&SUa&;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJhMu
odr,f/ 'Daumifu 'grsKd;qdkpyfpkwwfw,fqdkawmh}} onf/ rdrdrSm ta0;&SdrdcifBuD;xH aiGawG vpOfydkYae&ojzifh
uRefawmfaiGarmif;udk&Smonf/ ajratmufusif;xJrSmqdk aiGppk mtkyw f iG f odyw
f ;kd rvm? avmavmq,fEpS o f ed ;f cGaJ vmuf
awmh arSmifaeonf/ vufEydS "f mwfr;D udt k m;jyKNy;D aiGarmif;&Sd awmh pkrdaeNyD[kajymawmh oufxm;u&,fonf/
&m a&acsmif;pyfudkoGm;onf/ aiGarmif;um; oHqefcgBuD;xJ oufxm;rSm 0rfurfa&mufNy;D ausmufxu k wnf;u vuf
wGif jzKe;f ajrrsm;udx k nfNh y;D 0du
k af eonf/ olaY b;wGif ausmuf pGyf? em;uyf? qGJBudK;awGjyKvkyfEdkifcJhonf/ olYrdcifBuD;u aps;
acgif;aZmf0if;.../ a&mif;aeojzifh aps;zdk;rxnfh&? ol&orQaiGudk a&TawG0,fNyD;
cspfarmifu uRefawmfhudk vufukyfac:um reD;ra0;a& pkEdkifcJhonf/ ,ckavmavmq,fvufaumuf0,f&ef aiGig;
acsmif;pyfwGif jzKef;ajrrsm;udk oHqefcgxJxnfhNyD; usif&efjyif aomif; pkxm;rdNyD/ aemufwpfvESpfvtwGif; vufaumuf
qifvu dk o
f nf/ ESpfuGif;0,fEdkifawmhrnf[k qdkonf/
]]nusrS at;at;oufomar;uGm? rif;aumifrav;u onfwkef;uawmh oufxm;rsufESmav;&Tifaeonf/
vnf;rif;tay:opm&Srd mS yg? aZmf0if;Iyw f ,fqw kd mvnf; tm;vH;k aZmf0if;&nf;pm;pmay;cJo h nf[v k nf; zGirhf ajymcJ/h jzKe;f ajrrsm;udk
odaeMuwmyJ? Ny;D awmh vlysKed t YJ ysKyd J olrY mS vnf;cspaf &;qdyk ikd f usifNyD; qefcgjzifh0dkufum arSmufcsvdkufNyD; ra&S;raESmif;yif
cGifhawmh &Sdwmayghr[kwfvm;}} aZmf0if;teD;odkY a&mufvmonf/
vlysKed t
YJ ysKq d akd om cspaf rmif\pum;aMumifh &ifawGy kd uRefawmf0dkufNyD; atmufcHyvyfpwpfay:wGif arSmufcs
ckeo
f mG ;onf[x k ifygonfausmufacgif;aZmf0if;uvnfonf/ xm;aom ausmufuav;rsm;tm; vufEydS "f mwfr;D jzifx h ;kd um
avmyef;aZmf0if;ESiv hf nf;ajyvnfonf/ txufvBl u;D awGu a&G;cs,fNyD; ykvif;vGwfxJodkYxnfhaeonf/ olYrsufESmudk uRef
olYudktcGifhta&;awG ay;vGef;onf[kxifonf/ olYrSmaiG&Tif awmf aoaocsmcsmMunfv h u
kd rf o
d nf/ oluvnf;ausmufa&G;
onf/ aiGuo kd ;kH Edik jf zKe;f Edik o
f nf/ onfawmhro d ufxm;udo k al iG ae&if; "mwfr;D jzifrh ;D a&mifjzifh uReaf wmfrh suEf mS udw k pfcsuf 0ifh
Munfo h nf/ Ny;D awmhNyKH ;vdu
k of nf/ bmt"dym ,fEiS Nhf yKH ;vdu k af v ausmufacgif;aZmf0if;u vufEydS "f mwfr;D jzifh arSmufxm;
oenf;? ar;csiv f o
S nf/ oufxm;tcspu f &kd ,lyikd q f ikd v
f ukd &f aom qefcgrsm;udk vSefum ausmufrsm;udk ykvif;xJxnfh
NyHK;vdkufonfavm? rif;vdktvkyform;ESifh ighvdkausmuf aeonf/ uReaf wmfonf tcsed Mf umjrifph mG jzKe;f ajrrsm;udk a&jzifh
acgif; (tifcsy)f rde;f uav;wpfa,mufukd tNyKd iyf ;kd yef;Muwm usiu f m qefumudk 0du k Nf y;D ausmufaumif;ausmufaphrsm;udk
aygh[k olYtNyHK;u zGifhqdkvdkufavoavm .../ &SmazGay;aecJo h nf/ tzd;k wefaom ausmufaumif;rsm;&vQif
uReaf wmf oHqefcgud, k ul m "mwfr;D xd;k Ny;D a&acsmif;pyf avmyef;vnf; csrf;omrnf/ wdkif;jynfvnf;csrf;omrnf/
qD jyefqif;vmcJhonf/ uRefawmfESifh rvSrf;rurf;wGif NyD;awmhuRefawmfwdkYawGvnf; tenf;ESifhtrsm;a0pk&rnf/
udkwifjrifh? udkwifjrifhESifhreD;ra0;wGif cspfarmif.../ jynfwefausmufrsm;usi f &&Scd ahJ omf tb,frQaumif;vdrrhf nf
]]rif;atmif pdwaf t;at;xm;Ny;D tvkyo f mvky?f tvkyf enf;/ uRefawmfjzKef;ajrrsm;udk aq;aMumoefYpifaecdkuf
xJrSmyJ pdwfudkxm;? reufjzefwdkYajrjyifudk jyefwufMu&rSmyJ? udkwifjrifh uRefawmfhtyg;odkY a&mufvmonf/
ajray:a&muf&if rif;oufxm;udak r;? 'gtaumif;qH;k yJ...}} ]]a[haumif rif;atmif ...av;em&Dx;kd Nyu D ?G 'DwpfAef;
cspfarmifu pum;udk wdk;wdk;av;ajymonf/ uRefawmf NyD;awmh ajcvufrsufESmaq;? em;Mu&atmif ...}}
em;vnfpGmjzifh Nidrfaevdkufonf/ udw k ifjrifah jymrS vufreS m&Dukd vufEydS "f mwfr;D jzifx
h ;kd um
]]'g- pdwfylp&m? pdwfqdk;p&mr[kwfygbl;? udk,fhxufom Munfv h u kd rf o
d nf/ rSeo f nf em&Du naeav;em&DEiS hf q,frd
w,fxifNyD; pdwfajymif;oGm;&ifvJ oGm;aygh? rdef;r r&Sm;
epfudk nTefjyaeonf/ uRefawmfjzKef;ajrrsm;udk aq;aMum
ygbl;...}}
oefYpifum qefcgudk tBudrfBudrf0dkufNyD; yvpfpwpfay:
tm;ud k wif ;vd k u f u m oH q ef c gxJ jzKef;ajrrsm;udk
arSmufcsxm;vdkufonf/
usK;H xnfv h ukd o
f nf/ Ny;D awmh tvkyx f rJ mS pdwEf pS Nf y;D jzKe;f ajrrsm;
NyD;awmh a&acsmif;xJqif;um ajcvufrsufESmrsm;aq;
udk a&ESifhtBudrfBudrf usifum qefcgudk0dkufNyD; yvyfpwpf
aMumaevdkufonf/ NyD;awmh xrif;csufjyKwfwm0efusol
ay: arSmufcsxm;vkdufonf/
rsKd;0iff;&Sd&mbufodkY "mwfrD;xdk;um avQmufvmcJhonf/
arS m uf c sxm;aom oH q ef c gatmuf r S ausmuf u d k
]]a[haumif rsKd;0if;? xrif;[if;awGusufNyDvm;uG? Adkuf
a&G;aumuf&olrSm ausmufacgif;wdkY\tvkyf? xdkYaMumifh
oHqefcgwpfckudk ,lNyD; a&acsmif;pyfodkY qif;cJhonf/ qmvSNyD}}
[kuRefawmfuajymaomtcg rsKd;0if;xHrS toHBuD;u udkwifhjrifhbufrS rD;a&mifwpfcsuf0ifhceJxGufvmonf/
vdkPfacgif;BuD;xJtlxGufvmonf/ pum;oHuawmhrMum;&? twefMumwdwfqdwfoGm;jyefonf/
]]rif;wduYk pm;zdyYk o
J w d ,f? ighrmS rD;arT;&wmvG,w f ,frwS f ausmuf*Bl u;D twGi;f tdyaf rmusaeMuaom tvkyo f rm;
vm;? ckrSrD;pGJw,f? rif;wdkYqm&if AdkufarSmufNyD;tdyfaeMuOD;}} wd\ Yk a[muforH sm;? oGm;Buw d o
f rH sm;? a,mif,rf;oHrsm;rSty
]][...tcsdefeJYtvkyfvkyfaeMu&wm? rif;rS[kwfaeNyD? tm;vH;k Nird o f ufvsu.f ..? rNird o f ufEikd o f rl mS um;uReaf wmf/
av;em&Dtvkyfodrf;? ig;em&Dxrif;pm;r[kwfvm;? rif;vnf; reufjzefajray:jyefwuf&rnf/ ajray:a&mufvQif ouf
tcsdefeJYudkufatmifvkyfayghuG}} xm;ESiahf wG&Y rnf/ oufxm;ESiahf wGv Y Qif aZmf0if;ESiyhf wfouf
aiGarmif;pum;aMumifh tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm;vH;k yGuaf vm Ny;D ar;&awmhrnf/ tcg oabmxm;ao;odro f [ l l olu Y kd
du
k o
f mG ;onf/ txifao;avrnfvm;? odrYk [kwf &Six hf ufomwJo h u l kd uRerf
]][kwwf maygh? wdt Yk vkyw
f m0efausNy?D rif;wm0efuxrif; a&G;vdu k wf mav[lyif oufxm;u &,f&iT Nf yKH ;wHpYk um;cGe;f qdk
[if;csufzdkYyJ&Sdwm? rif;uGm...tdrfurdef;romqdk&ifawmh avrnfvm;/
zaemifhpmrdavmufw,f}} olY&ifawG yGufyGufqlum ckefvmjyefNyD? b,fajymif;nm
udwk ifjrifph um;aMumifh ausmufwiG ;f vkyo f m;awGtm;vH;k vSnNhf y;D tdyMf unfah omfvnf; tdy f raysm?f vufEydS "f mwfr;D jzifh
&,farmvdkufMuonf/ xdk;um em&DudkMunfhvdkufawmh nwpfem&D&SdNyD/ tm;vHk;tdyf
_ _ _ aysmfaeavNyD/ olrSwpfyg;tdyfraysmfol[l wpfa,mufrQ
vufESdyf"mwfrD;jzifh em&Dudkxdk;Munfhvdkufawmh nq,fh &S[
d efrwlawmh? apmapmupum;ajymoHrsm;yif Nird o f ufomG ;
wpfem&Dcef&Y NdS y?D ajratmufausmuf*Bl u;D twGi;f tm;vH;k wef;pD onfrmS MumNy/D
td y f a eMuNyD ? wcsKd U a[muf o H r sm;yif Mum;ae&onf / ajratmufprf;acsmif;qDrS a&pD;oHav;udMk um;ae&onf/
wcsKdUvnf;wD;wdk;wD;wdk; pum;ajymaeMuwkef;yif .../ tawG;awGujkd zwfNy;D tdy&f efjyifonf/ tdy f r&? ausmyd;k tdwf
tcdu k f ausmufacgif;aZmf0if;\ wD;wd;k pum;wpfceG ;f xJrpS w d yf w
k ;D udx
k wk u f m t&[H*P k af wmfu&kd wG Nf y;D ykw;D pdyaf e
trSwfrxifMum;vdkuf&onf/ vdkufonf/ rsufvHk;awGu ydkaMumifae[ef&Sdonf/ t&[H
]]udkwifjrifh yvyfpwpftdyfao;&Sdvm;wJh}} *kPaf wmfu&kd w G qf akd e&mrS oufxm;rsuEf mS av;udjk rifa,mif
aerdjyefonf/ oufxm;\csppf &mpum;oHav;rsm;udMk um;ae odYk vufEydS "f mwfr;D w0if;0if;jzifh xGucf MhJ uonf/ wGi;f ajzmifh
rdjyefonf/ odaYk &muf&ef uReaf wmfwEYkd pS ef m&DcefY vdP k *f Bl u;D twGi;f auGu Y m
tcdu k af usmufacgif;aZmf0if;\ tNyKH ;rsuEf mS Ny;D awmh aumufum ywfumavQmufcJhMuonf/
aZmf0if;\ [m;wdu k &f ,forH sm;udMk um;aerdjyefonf/ pdyyf w k ;D oGm;aeusvrf;jzpfaeom wpfcgzl;rQroGm;zl;? rvmzl;
udkab;csNyD; wpf? ESpf? oHk;? av; wpfaxmifxda&&Gwfaerdjyef olrsm;twGuf tcuftcJrsm;pGmESifh BuHKawGY&rnfrSmrvGJyg/
onf/ tdy f r&? em&Duakd jrm ufMunfrh v d u kd jf yefawmheeH ufo;kH uRefawmfwdkYESpfem&Dc&D;udk oHk;em&DrS avQmufvmaomfvnf;
em&D/ vd&k ma&mufrnfr[kwyf g/
rsufpdudkpHkrSdwfNyD; bmrQrpOf;pmawmhbJ ZGwftdyfvdkuf rMumrDwGif;ajzmifh&Sd&modkY uRefawmfwdkYawGa&mufcJhMu
onf/ taMumrsm;udak vQm?h pdwu f akd vQm?h tm;vH;k udOk ayum onf/ wGi;f ajzmifah &mufonfEiS hf pufBuKd ;wyfou H iG ;f Zvm;Bu;D
jyK? bmrSrawG;eJ?Y bmrSrpOf;pm;eJ?Y vlaY vmuBu;D [m'kub BkH u;D ? ay:odEYk pS af ,mufpw D ufumajray:odq Yk wJG ifjcif;cHMu&ygonf/
jzpfNy;D ysuw f ,fw?hJ tm;vH;k [mtedpy ?J tm;vH;k [mrNrb J ;l ? cspf vlpHkawmh tppftaq;cH&mHk;cef;twGif;odkY 0ifcJhMuyg
w,fqw kd mvJrNrb J ;l ? vlb
Y 0Bu;D udu k cPav;yJ? awGBY uKH qu kH JG onf/ xH;k pHtwdik ;f zifuek ;f acsmif;qd;k vkyMf u&ygonf/ Ny;D awmh
yJ? wdkY[m vlYb0udk{nfhonftjzpfa&mufvmwmyJ? aoMu rdrdwdkYypnf;rsm;udk wpfOD;csif;pDt&SmcHMu&ygonf/
awmhrSmyJ? aoMu&awmhrSmygyJ? aoMu&awmhrSmygyJ.../ wpfOD;csif;pD\ ausmydk;tdwf? tdyf&mvdyf? "mwfrD;rsm;
awG;&if;awG;&if; pOf;pm;&if; pOf;pm;&if; uRefawmftdyf twGif;&SmazGaeMu&if;rS uRefawmhfausmydk;tdyfudkcgcsvdkuf
aysmo f mG ;onf[x k ifygonf/ uReaf wmfvefEY ;kd awmh uReaf wmf aomtcg yvyfpwpftw d af v;wpfv;kH a'gufceJxu G u f svmyg
wdw Yk iG ;f vkyo f m;awGtm;vH;k rsuEf mS opfNy;D aeMuNy?D txkyt f yd;k awmhonf/
jyifNy;D aeMuNy?D ausmufacgif;aZmf0if;yif ajrjyifay:rSpufo;D qGJ tm;vH;k \rsuv f ;kH rsm;onf uReaf wmfx h pH Nk yKH a&muf&v dS myg
wm0efusolESifh zkef;tquftoG,fvkyfaeMuNyD.../ Ny?D avmyef;onf rsuEf mS Bu;D eDvsuf yvyfpwpftxkyaf v;udk
uRefawmfvl;vJxum a&acsmif;pyfokdYxGufvmcJhonf/ aumufuikd v f u
kd Nf y;D aea&mifwiG f axmifvsuMf unfah eygonf/
rsuEf mS uAsmu,mopfNy;D tdy&f mvdyEf iS t hf 0wfrsm;xkyyf ;kd jyif yvyfpwpftdwfxJwGif 0if;vufaeaom ausmufuav;
qifNy;D wGi;f qif;vkyo f m;rsm;ESithf wl wGi;f ajzmifBh u;D &S&d mbuf oHk;vHk;.../
avmyef;rsufESmwif;rmcufxefaeaMumif; tm;vHk; ]]avmyef;uRefawmfhudkBudKufovdkxdk;Edkifygw,f/ 'g
owdjyKrv d ukd yf gonf/ uRefawmfcdk;0Suf,lwm r[kwfbl;qdkwm usdefajym&Jygw,f/
]]'g.. rif;atmiftdwfr[kwfvm;...}} uRefawmfcdk;wmrSef&if uRefawmf usif;NydKydNyD;aoygap?
]][kwfygw,favmyef;...}} uRefawmfwu,frcdk;cJh&ygbl;Asm}}
avmyef;u wpfcsufrJhNyHK; NyHK;vdkufonf/ uRefawmfhudkausmufvkyfom;trsm;u pdwfraumif;pGm
]]vdrmygw,fvdkY csD;rGrf;vdkYrS rMumao;bl;? a,mufr 0dkif;MunfhaeMuygonf/ olwdkYawGvnf; uRefawmfhtay:
jrif;pD;xGufvmNyDaygh...}} a0cGJr&jzpfaeMu[efvnf;wlygonf/ tcsdefwGif ausmuf
]]'g..'g..uRefawmfh yvyfpwpftdwfr[kwfygbl; acgif;aqmifaZmf0if;u uReaf wmfrh suEf mS udpk ;l pdu k Mf unfNh y;D ...
avmyef; 'g...'g...uReaf wmf ck;d 0Sux f nfv h mwmr[kwf ]]rif;tdwx f rJ mS vufqyk v f ufuikd rf ad eNyyD rJ if;atmif? rif;
ygbl;}} bmvdrfnmcsifao;wmvJ}}
avmyef;onf ausmufrsm;udkawGNyD;Munfhvdkufonf/ [kqu kd m a&SUodw Yk ;kd vmNy;D uReaf wmfu h akd jcjzifyh pfuefvu kd f
ausmufuav;rsm;onf 0if;vufaeMuonf/ odef;wef ygonf/ uReaf wmfvrdS Nhf y;D a&Smifvu kd af omfvnf; aZmf0if;\ajc
ausmufuav;rsm;ayavm/ axmufonf uRefawmfhausmukef;udk bHk;ceJuefvdkufrdojzifh
cPtwGi;f avmyef;tom;rsm; qwfqwfwek v f monf/ uRefawmfhae&mwGif vSdrfhaeygawmhonf/
ausmufcdk;olrsm;tm; wpfcgrQonfavmufpdwfqdk;zl;jcif;r&Sd xdpk Of wifjrifoh nf avmyef;&S&d modjYk znf;jznf;csi;f avQmuf
aom avmyef;onf uReaf wmfah &SUodYk usm;opfwpfaumifE, S f oGm;um ...
om;aumifuckd ek t f yk af wmhrnftvm; t&Sed t f [kejf zifah &muf ]]avmyef; ...? avmyef;vufxu J yvyfpwpfxyk af v;
vmum uReaf wmfrh suEf mS qDoYkd vufo;D jzifh wpf&edS x f ;kd ypfx;kd udkcPMunfhyg&ap}}
vdu
k &f m uReaf wmf,ikd v f uJ m Murf;jyifay:odYk bH;k ceJvu J somG ;yg [kqdkum cGifhawmif;vdkufonf/ avmyef;u wifjrifhudk
onf/ aMumifNyD;Munfhae&mrS...
uReaf wmfyh g;pyfrv S nf; aoG;awG,pkd ;D vmygNy/D uReaf wmfh ]]MunfhavuGm ausmufutzdk;wefausmuf? tenf;qHk;
wpfu, kd vf ;kH wke&f ifum &Suv f nf;&Suf a'govnf;xGuv f suf ode;f ESpqf ,fo;kH q,favmufwefwahJ usmufawGu?G 'gaMumifh
avmyef;udk jyefarmhMunfhvdkuf&if; .../ 'Daumif'Dvdkvkyfwmaygh}}
[kqu kd m wifjrifu h jkd yonf/ wifjrifu h ausmufu*kd krxm;? ]]a[haumifaZmf0if;? 'Dyvyfpwpftw d [ f m wifjrifq h u
D
yvyfpwpftw d af v;udak ocsmpGmMunf&h if; ...olrY suv f ;kH awG &wJhtdwfvm;}}
pl;&Sxufjrufvmonf/ aZmf0if;u &,fvdkufonf/
]]'g...nu aZmf0if;uReaf wmfq h uD awmif;vdaYk y;vdu k f ]]q&m&,f ...'gwifjrifhvkyfBuHwJhZmwfyg? uRefawmf
wJyh vyfpwpftw d yf gyJ? aZmf0if;[m tJ'yD vyfpwpftw d x f u J kd olYqDu wpfcgrS yvyfpwpftdwfrawmif;cJhbl;}}
ykvif;xJutaumif;qHk;ausmufoHk;vHk;udka&G;NyD;awmhydwf? ]]a[haumif aZmf0if;? rif;rnmeJY? raeYnu rif;wifjrifh
rif;atmiftw d xf x J nfv h u
kd wf mjzpfr,f? 'Daumif rde;f rudpe YJ qDrmS yvyfpwpftw d af o;av;&Sv
d m;vdaYk wmif;wJt h oH igMum;
rif;atmifurkd ausreyfjzpfaewm? 'gaMumifh taumufBuw H m? w,f? igtdyrf aysmaf o;bl;? "mwfr;D xGe;f Ny;D wifjrifyh vyfpwpf
[kwfw,fr[kwfvm;aZmf0if;...}} tdwf&Smay;aewmudkvJawGYw,f}}
wifjrihfpum;aMumifh ausmufwGif;qif;vli,ftm;vHk; aiGarmif;qDuxGufay:vmaomtoH/
aZmf0if;udo k uFmruif;Munfv h ukd Mf uonf/ Ny;D awmhcufxefrm ]][kwfw,f? igvJMum;w,f}}
ausmaomrsuEf mS rsm;jzifh aZmf0if;&S&d modYk ajcvSr;f awGa&TUvdu k f xrif;csufrsKd;0if;xHrS xGufvmaomtoH/
Muonf/ ]]uJ...aZmf0if; bmajymcsifvJ...}}
tajctaeudk oabmaygufvdkuf[efwlaom avmyef; avmyef;u aZmf0if;udk cufxefpmG Munfo h nf/ aZmf0if;
u ausmufwGif;qif;vkyfom;vli,frsm;udk tcsdefrDwm;vdkuf u usif;vkyfom;rsm;udk ai;aMumifNyD; Munfhaeonf/
onf/ ]]rif;uvDurmvkyfr,f rBuHeJYaZmf0if;? rif;taMumif;
]]a[haumifawGaeOD;? igaoaocsmcsmppfOD;r,f? rif;wdkY tm;vH;k odw,f? rif;oufxm;tcspu f kd r&wmeJY rif;atmifukd
bmrS0ifygp&mrvdb k ;l }} 'kua &mufatmif vkyw f mr[kwv f m;? rif;tjzpfreS u f kd ajymyg?
ausmufwGif;qif;vkyfom;i,fav;rsm;\ ajcvSrf;rsm;
rif;0efcHyg? rif;0efrcH&if wdkYuvnf; nmrSmr[kwfbl;...}}
wkecYf eJ&yfwo hH mG ;aomfvnf; wkejYf yefoaH wGu qlqn l nH x H u G f
aZmf0if;onf ausmufwGif;qif;vli,frsm;\ rsufESmudk
vmMuonf/
ai;aMumifNyD; Munfhaeonf/ oltm;vHk;udk xdwfvefYae[ef
]]'gqdk avmyef;? tjzpfrSefay:atmifppfay;yg? rcdk;bJeJY
&Sdonf/ rrSefruefvkyf&yfaMumifh olYpdwfudkyif olrxdef;Edkif
rw&m;tpGyfpGJcH&NyD; txdk;tBudwfcH&wmuawmh uRefawmf
awmh? olYEIwfcrf;awG wqwfqwfwkefaeonf/ olYrsufESm
wdkYvJ rvdkvm;ygbl;}}
vnf; ysufaeonf/ avmyef;u olYvltaMumif; ol&dyfrd ]]rif;u cGifhvTwfygqdkwJhpum;ajymawmh vG,fwmaygh?
vdkufNyD.../ trIreS o f m ray:&if rif;atmifbmjzpfomG ;rvJ? b,favmuf
]]aZmf0if;... rif;awmfawmf,kwfrmygvm;? rif;tBuH xd odumusrvJ? tm;vHk;&JUwHawG;cGufrSm rif;atmifarsm
yufpufvScsnfhvm;...}} NyaD ygh? rif;atmifb0ysuNf yaD ygh? wdaYk wG[m aotwl &Sirf uGJ
]]uReaf wmfrmS ;oGm;ygw,f avmyef;? uReaf wmf tcsppf w d f tvkyfvkyf aeMuolawGuG? wdkYtm;vHk;[m rdom;pkuG?
rTefNyD; rpOf;rpm;vkyfcJhrdygw,f...}} wpfa,mufudkwpfa,mufaz;ulvufwGJ&r,fhtpm; rif;u
ausmufwGif;qif; vkyfom;av;rsm;onf aZmf0if;tm;
pdwf,kwfrmeJY raumif;BuHw,f? rif;'DtzGJUrSm ausmufacgif;
&ef j yK&ef csOf ; uyf v mMupOf uRef a wmf o nf vJ a e&mrS
vkyfzdkY pdwfrul;eJYawmh? rif;udkvnf; b,folrS ,HkrSm r[kwf
rwfwyf&yfvu kd &f if; oli,fcsi;f awGukd awmif;yefvu kd rf o d nf/
]]olvnf; olYtjypfudk ol0efcHNyDyJuGm? &efrjyKygeJYawmh}} awmhb;l ? rif;aMumifh wpfcsed rf mS vlowfraI wG jzpfomG ;Edik w f ,f?
uRefawmfhpum;aMumifh avmyef;u uRefawmfhycHk;udk 'ghaMumifh rif;udk wdaYk usmufwiG ;f u xkwyf ,fvu kd Nf y?D rif;qif;
zufayGUvdu k &f if; awmif;yefaom rsuv f ;kH rsm;jzifh Munfo h nf/ csiw f hJ ausmufwiG ;f oGm;qif;awmh? nae rif;&p&m&Sw d hJ aiGawG
]]ig rpOf;pm;rqifjcifbJ rif;udk udk,fxdvufa&muf tukefvHk; igxkwfay;r,f...}}
xdk;Budwfrdwm cGifhvTwfyguGm? kwfw&ufqdkawmh igvnf; ]]rif ; igh u d k awmif ; yef z d k Y rvd k b l ; ? igrif ; wd k Y t ay:
pdwfrxdef;vdkufEdkifbl;...}} b,favmufaumif;cJhovJ? rif;&JUvkyf&nfudkif&nfaMumifh
]]avmyef;bufuMunf&h if 'Dtwdik ;f uReaf wmhu f kd qH;k r&rSm ausmufacgif;&mxl;ay;xm;w,f? ausmufacgif;wpfa,muf
ygyJ/ uRefawmf cGifhvTwfygw,fAsm...}} [m oleJYtwl vufwGJNyD; aotwl&SifruGm tvkyfvkyfwJh
]]nDav;..tpfuu Ykd kd cGiv
hf w
T yf guGm? tpfukd nDav;tay: tvkyform;awGtay: ckvdkr[kwfrrSefwm rvkyftyfbl;?
raumif;BuHcJhrdygw,f? nDav;tpfudkYudk jyefxdk;yg? tpfudkYudk tm;vH;k uvnf; rif;udk r,Hak wmhb;l ? 'ghaMumifh 'Dnae rif;eJY
dkufvdkufprf;yg...}} igwdkY pm&if;&Sif;Mur,f? rif;wdkYajratmufu&SmazGay;wJh
aZmf0if;u awmif;yefw;kd vQK;d &if; uReaf wmhu f kd xdik f yif
ausmufawG jyefa&mif;NyD;wmeJY rif;twGufa0pk igxyf
uefawmhaeawmhonf/ tjzpfudk jrif&awmh avmyef;u
ay;r,f...? uJ..rif;oGm;awmh...}}
aZmf0if;udk ajcaxmufjzifh aqmifhuefvkdufonf/
aZmf0if;onf aemifw&aom rsufESmESifh ausmuform; avmyef;u uRefawmhfvufudk qGJudkif&if; 0rf;omtm;&
vli,ftm;vHk;tm; awmif;yefMunfh Munfhum taqmifodkY qdok nf/
jznf;av;pGm xGufcGmoGm;avonf/ ]]rif;wd[
Yk m ajrBu;D atmufrmS toufupkd eG NYf y;D tqif;&J
]]rif;wdkYtm;vHk;udk igxyfNyD;rSmcsifw,f? rif;atmifeJY tyifyef;cH tvkyv f yk af eMu&wJh igh&aJ bmfawGygyJ? igaumif;pm;
aZmf 0 if ; ud p 'D r S m wif & yf v d k u f M uawmh ? aZmf 0 if ; ud k w d k Y
&if rif;wdkYtm;vHk;vnf; aumif;pm;&rSmygyJ? rif;wdkY&JUaus;Zl;
ausmufusi;f uxkwv f ukd Nf y?D aZmf0if;ae&mrSm rif;wd,
Yk MkH unf
udkvnf; igrarhygbl;? rif;wdkYtcuftcJ&Sd&ifvnf; ajymyg?
pdwcf s&wJo h ul kd ausmufacgif;tjzpf a&G;cs,Mf u? Ny;D awmh tjyif
ud, k af &;ud,
k w f mjyemawGeYJ &ifqidk af e&&ifvnf; ajymyg?
rSmvnf; &efwkefYrjyefMueJY? Oya'abmiftwGif;uyJ vkyfMu
aiGa&;aMu;a&; vdktyf&ifvnf; ajymyg? igrif;wdkYudk ulnD
r,f...? uJ. rif;wdkY bmajymcsifMuao;vJ...}}
]]avmyef;&JU tqHk;tjzwfudk uRefawmfwdkY av;pm; yghr,f? rif;wdu Yk vnf; ightay:rSeu f efwhJ vky&f yfawGeYJ ulnD
ygw,f...}} Muyg? uJ.. rif;atmif... rif;aumifrav; oufxm;eJY
]][kwfNyD...armifrif;atmif bmajymcsifvJ...}] rif;b,fawmhavmuf vufxyfrvJ...}}
]]uReaf wmftxl;tav;xm;ajymcsiw f mu uReaf wmfwYkd tm;vH;k aom ausmufwiG ;f qif;vli,fav;rsm; &,farm
[m wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf opmapmifhNyD; rdrdtusKd;? vku d Mf uonf/
avmyef;&JUtusKd;eJY? wdkif;jynf&JUtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf touf ]]uJ..ckvmr,fh oDwif;uRwfNyD;wmeJY igr*FvmyGJvkyf
pG e f Y N yD ; ausmuf a umif ; awG u d k &S m azG a y;aeMuygOD ; r,f ay;r,f [kwNf yv D m;? rif;wdbYk ufuvnf; igajymovdk aiGawG
avmyef;...? uRefawmfwdkYausmufwGif;qif; vli,fawG[m wwfEikd o f avmufpx k m;Mu? rif;atmifvykd ?J rif;wdaYk wGtm;vH;k
tjrifEw k af yr,fh r[kwrf rSew f m b,fawmhrS rvkyyf gbl;Asm? vnf; aiGawGpkMu? tdrfaxmifwpfckudk wnfaxmifw,f
tJ'gawmh ,Hyk g? uReaf wmfwYkd rawmfrw&m; rrSerf uefvyk rf d qdkwm tcspfwpfckxJeJY rNyD;bl;uG? rif;wdkYtm;vHk;[m ajrudk
Mu&ifvnf; ajratmufrSm tvkyfvkyfaeMu&wJholawGrdkY om vQKd;EdkifHkeJY rvHkavmufbl;? rdk;udkysHEdkifolawGjzpfzdkYvdk
opmazmufpl;rSm uRefawmfwdkYaMumufygw,f...? 'g.. w,fa[h...? at;rif;wdkY[m ajrudkvQKd;NyD; rdk;udkysHEdkifolawG
tm;vH;k ud, k pf m; uReaf wmfaemufq;kH ajymcsiw f phJ um;yg...}} jzpfatmifBudK;pm;Mu&r,f...}}
avmyef;\pum;aMumifh uRefawmfwdkY ausmufvkyfom;
av;rsm;tm;vHk; wpfa,mufrsufESmwpfa,mufMunfhum
EIwfu wD;wdk;a&&GwfvdkufMuonf/
]]ajrudvk QK;d rd;k udyk sEH ikd o
f al wGjzpfatmif BuKd ;pm;Mur,f?
ajrudkvQKd;NyD; rdk;udkysHMur,fa[h...}}
aiGarmif;u wifjrifhrsufESmudk Munfhonf/ wifjrifhu
rsK;d 0if;rsuEf mS udMk unfo h nf/ Ny;D awmh tm;vH;k NyKH ;vdu
k rf Md uonf/
onfvdkqdkawmhvnf; avmuBuD;u aysmfp&maumif;vS
ygwum;.../ /

Ato

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ato

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ajrudkvQKd;rdk;udkysHrnf

2003 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmrlqk 2006 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& 2000

pD p Of w nf ; jzwf o l - OD;GefY[H (GefY[H- MuLawm) wefzdk; usyf

yef ; csD - nDnD

pmayAdrmefpmwnf;rSL;csKyf OD;armifvIdif (armifaqGi,f) u

pOf taMumif ; t&m pmrsuf E S m

1/ uReaf wmfjrefrmjynfom; ... 1

uReaf wmfarmifyyk g/ ajrvwfa'o pavNrKd Uom; jzpfygonf/

tMurf;uyftif;udkvdkaomf oJEk 10 ',f? bdvyfajr wdu k w

]]tdk..tar&,f? tar roGm;&bl;? roGm;&bl;...}} orD;av; eef;at;vl\ajympum;aMumifh a':eef;azmif;

]]&efoal wGvmaeNy?D &efoal wGwufvmaeNyq D Nkd y;D 0if;Edik f

You might also like