REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Cabral, Marvin C. BIT ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS 3-I

Mocorro, King Adrian
Daza, Jose Antonio DV.

Introduction
Presented in this chapter are the supporting statements that is based upon related literature
in internet that is verified, from different books, and reliable documents. It is first initiated in the
historical breakdown of the never ending source of electricity, then its innovations, and how it is
connected in our proposed topic.

The history of power

Throughout recorded history, humans have searched for ways of putting energy to work
for them. Humans have found ways of growing food instead of foraging for it out in the wild.
Instead of walking, they ride in cars they have built for getting from one place to another.
Humans even learned how to send messages electronically instead of using a messenger or a
postal service. This quest for faster, easier, and more efficient ways of meeting the needs of a
growing human population has led to increasingly high energy demands. But the resources
currently used for generating energy are running out. The pollution created by the use of these
resources is also causing significant damage to the planet's natural systems. For these reasons,
people are beginning to turn to alternative energy sources to reduce pollution while meeting their
energy needs. The following are the sources that is commercially established through the present
times.
The sun is by far the oldest source of energy. It has provided heat and light for millions
of years and is directly responsible for sustaining all life on earth. Energy, in almost all its forms,
starts with the sun. For example, wind is created by temperature changes caused by the sun. Plants
and trees, which provide energy in numerous ways, gain their nourishment from the sun. Streams
and rivers, providing energy by the force of their downhill flow, are formed from rain and snow.
Rain and snow fall at high elevations after being evaporated from lakes and oceans by the sun. The
variety of life-forms depending on the sun's energy in one manner or another is impressive.
The Industrial Revolution marked a big change for people of the world. Many of the
agricultural societies that used human muscle power and animals to do work quickly became
industrialized and began using machines to do work. When the coal-burning steam engine was
invented, a race was begun to see who could create and build bigger, better, and faster machines.
The machines were used to provide transportation and to do the work formerly done by people and
animals. Coal continued to be used in great quantities until the twentieth century. Then came the
invention of the internal combustion engine and the automobile, which used oil and gas instead of
coal. Over the years automobiles were modified to use oil and gas more efficiently and with less
pollution, but the sheer numbers of automobiles that have come into use over the years have offset
the potentially positive impact of these changes. Oil and gas also came into use in other areas, such
as for manufacturing and power production, and remain in high use today.
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Fossil Fuels
The process that created fossil fuels is a natural process of the earth's systems. The
remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago were slowly buried under sediment
from the earth and compressed by the weight of the sediment. Over the course of millions of years,
the pressure of being compressed by the sediment turned the dead plants and animals into oil, coal,
and natural gas. The earth took 500 million years to produce these fuels. Humans have severely
depleted them in just over one hundred years, a rate that is 50 million times greater than the rate at
which they are formed.
Oil can almost be considered a liquid version of coal. It is usually black, but it can also
be dark green or even almost clear. Oil is often found underground in dome-shaped spaces directly
above coal deposits. Different types of fuels, also called petroleum products, are made from oil,
which come in varying thicknesses. Dissolved gases make up the thinnest oils while asphalt oil is
regarded as the thickest. Petroleum ether, gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, lubricating oils, and fuel oils
are the various grades that fall in between. Much of the oil extracted each year is used in the
engines of the various modes of transportation such as cars, trains, boats, and planes. According
to a report released by the U.S. Department of Energy, Americans used approximately 19,593,000
barrels of petroleum products a day in 2001.
Natural gas is made up mostly of methane and is highly flammable. Natural gas is
thought to have been created from large amounts of plant material that did not become coal.
Natural gas will usually flow from a drilled well under its own pressure. In the United States, about
20 trillion cubic feet of gas are produced each year. Natural gas is used primarily for heating
purposes and for powering industrial production, especially in manufacturing.
Nuclear Energy
While fossil fuels are the main source of energy, another of today's energy sources is
nuclear power. The first full-scale nuclear power plant in the United States became operational in
Shippington, Pennsylvania, in 1957. Nuclear power plants use the energy found in the nuclei of
atoms to make electricity. Atoms, which are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, require a
lot of energy to hold these particles together. This energy is released in the form of heat when an
atom is split apart. The process of splitting atoms apart is called nuclear fission.
Nuclear power plants harness the heat energy released when nuclear fission occurs. The
heat is used to boil water and create steam. The steam is used to turn turbines connected to a
generator. As the turbines spin, the generator produces electricity.
When nuclear power became a usable source of energy for producing electricity in the
1950s it was thought that it would be the new power for the future. Some sources report that by
1993 about 20 percent of the nation's electricity was generated from nuclear power. Although over
one hundred nuclear power plants are still in operation in the United States today, nuclear power
has not lived up to its promise. Due to the threat of nuclear accidents and the difficulty and costs
associated with the disposal of the toxic waste by-products, nuclear power has not become the
primary source of power production it was once thought it would become. Only about 7 to 8
percent of the energy produced in the United States comes from nuclear power.
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Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy that is replaced at the same rate that it is used. Renewable
energy is replaced through natural processes or through sound management practices, and so it is
a source of power that does not run out. A perfect example of renewable energy is energy from the
sun, which comes in an abundant supply every day.
Other examples of renewable sources of energy include the wind, the waves and tides, the
gravitational pull of the earth, the heat at the earth's core (geothermal energy), landfill gases, and,
to a limited degree, trees and plant material. Many of these renewable sources of energy can be
used in their raw form. They are natural forces that create energy without the help of humans. All
that is needed is for someone to decide how that energy can be used. Building a sail for a boat
makes use of the wind. Building a waterwheel on a river makes use of the flowing water that is
pulled downhill by the earth's gravity. Building a house out of glassa greenhousetraps the heat
from sunlight inside, providing warmth and allowing plants to grow where they might not
otherwise grow.
The brief explanation
The above sources are on a verge of complicated situations. Fossil and nuclear sources is
being both crucial in different ways, Fossil is a non-renewable source, resulting in its total
depletion situation, while nuclear, although it is a great source, it is also the greatest threat too.
Once became unstable, nuclear meltdown may occur resulting in some serious catastrophic
tragedies.
On the other hand, renewable source is considered complicated because of its unstable
properties, that is now being studied and experimented to overcome the shortage of energy sources.
Innovations of energy source
Clean Energy Innovations That Could Transform Our World
Innovations in energy storage, smart grid, and electricity generation technologies will
affect every part of the source-to-consumer supply chain for powering the planet. Energy storage
tech improves the viabilities of wind and solar power two energy sources that remain cost
prohibitive due to expenses related to batteries that would store generated energy. Smart grids will
regulate the movement of energy throughout a city or state, insuring the areas from crippling
blackouts. Developments in electricity generation make sure we make the most out of fossil fuels
and other energy sources to improve efficiency.
Fuel Cell: Truck manufacturers Kenworth, Toyota, and UPS have begun investing in
fuel cell technologies, which would allow transport vehicles to run on hydrogen and oxygen,
releasing only heat and water as emissions. Modern hydrogen production still requires copious
fossil fuel use, but the process could soon be powered by renewable energies, making fuel cell
vehicles extremely clean alternatives to current trucking solutions.
Lithium-air batteries: These storage units, also known as Lithium-oxygen fuel cells,
have been gestating in scientific labs all over the world since the beginning of electric
vehicles. Science Daily says two instabilities in the technologys current form have prevented it
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from hitting mass markets: unpredictable short circuiting and speedy loss of battery power.
Cornell University recently tackled the second capacity face problem, meaning we could be just
one witty solution away from long-range electric cars.
First Generation Smart Grid: The first step in making a reliable and responsive smart
grid system requires the installation of smart meters in every household and building. The new
meters will send usage information in real time to your energy provider, allowing adjustments in
availability to fluctuate according to the areas latest needs.
Tidal turbines: Much like wind turbines, these underwater pinwheels harness energy
from wave movement. This green energy has had small-scale success so far, but objections from
fishermen, as well as accidents, have set the technology back in California tidal energy Ground
Zero in recent months. But the science behind tidal energy continues its march forward. Scot
renewables Tidal Power announced the launch of a new low-cost turbine off the coast of
Scotland. Its also the largest and most powerful turbine of its kind in the world with a power
generation capacity of two megawatts, according to its manufacturers. A retractable arm gives
the facility a separate transport mode and an operation mode, which allows easy portability and
an impermanence that would please local fishing industries.
Space-based Solar Power: Solar power captured from-the-beyond has been a sci-fi
concept since the 1970s. The high cost of transporting the panels and other equipment into space
has prevented the idea from becoming fruitful for commercial energy production. In addition, the
transfer of generated energy back to Earth has been a concern. Solar power panels installed on
the ground connect to the local power grid to deliver their harnessed goods, but it is comical to
imagine a satellite in space hooked to the planet via cable for efficient energy delivery,
prompting scientists to develop wireless energy transfer technologies akin to the iPhone 8s
anticipated wireless charging feature. None of the existing methods have proven to be feasible on
a massive scale.

Human power as energy source

The innovations are intertwined to serve the best energy supplies that will lasts, protects
the environment, and to prolong its life span. Because of this, we arise our own alternate source
which involves everyone in the university as the primary source, no need for external source, only
human power. The following best supports our purpose that is established, and experimented
nowadays.

Human power
Human power is work or energy that is produced from the human body. It can also refer to
the power (rate of work per time) of a human. Power comes primarily from muscles, but body
heat is also used to do work like warming shelters, food, or other humans.
Human power is occasionally used to generate and sometimes store electrical energy in
batteries for use in the wilderness.
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Energy harvesting is expected to play a very important role in the future of wearable
computing and the internet of things, where direct sources of power such as batteries or solar
power are cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. At its most basic, a kinetic/inertial energy
harvester is a small box with a weight attached to a spring. When the spring moves, the
mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy, usually by means of piezoelectrics or
MEMS (microelectricomechanicalsystems). If the spring moves with more force, or it bounces
back and fourth rapidly, more energy is produced.
As you can imagine, some human movements produce more harvestable energy than
others, with periodic motions i.e. repetitive left/right, up/down, back/forth motions in
particular being the key. This is illustrated by the researchers finding that writing with a pencil or
opening a drawer produces more harvestable energy (10-30 microwatts) than a plane flight at its
most turbulant intervals (5 microwatts). For comparison, walking produces somewhere in the
region of 100-200 microwatts. The researchers found that intentionally shaking an object, as
demonstrated by shake flashlights, creates more than 3,000 microwatts (3 milliwatts).

In the table, the microwatt (W) figures are from the point of view of the object; as in, the
object itself is equipped with an inertial energy harvester. As you can see, except for writing with
a pencil (periodic movements), opening a drawer (a strong pull), or shaking an object, most of our
interactions with the environment do not produce a lot of energy. According to the researchers this
is exacerbated by objects, such as doors and drawers, being dampened for human comfort. If the
inertial harvester could be placed in the damper, at the time of production, much more energy
could be produced.
The table below shows the amount of energy that humans produce as they go about their
everyday lives, relaxing, walking, running, and cycling. Again, you see that the vigorous periodic
motion of walking and running produces a lot of energy. The cycling figure, which is very low
(10 W), would be much higher if the harvester was placed lower on the leg.
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All in all, this paper provides invaluable research for the creation and efficient placement
of energy harvesting devices. In almost every case, every participant in the study produced enough
energy to transmit a steady stream of wireless data to a nearby device via Bluetooth, say, to a
smartphone that manages your body-area sensor network. They also show that some objects, such
as drawers, books, and doors might be able to harvest enough energy to wirelessly connect
themselves to an internet of things. The first step, which Im sure some companies are already
working on, is to bring kinetic energy harvesting to devices like the Nike Fuel Band or Fitbit,
where the simple act of being used probably produces enough power to keep these devices charged.
Inside a lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sangtae Kim has been
tinkering with a paper-thin device the size of a stamp. Kim is interested in harvesting energy from
humans (though not the kind that turns people into batteries in the movie, The Matrix). He wants
to harness motions, such as walking and running, to power sensors and wearable gadgets.
It provides a new way of harvesting human energy, Kim says of his prototype device, which he
described recently in an article co-authored with his adviser, Prof Ju Li and other researchers.
Any motion is possible to harvest, but you wouldnt want clothes full of harvesters. I would
target the soles of shoes thats where the most energy is located, says Kim.
The human energy concept is promising. Using energy that would otherwise be wasted is
appealing at a time when plans to fight climate change include using less energy or energy with
lower carbon emissions.
Kim is targeting a growing consumer electronics market. Shipments of wearable
electronics worldwide are estimated to increase from a predicted 111m devices in 2016 to 214.6m
in 2019, according to IDC, a market research firm. IDTechEx expects the annual wearables sales
to jump from $20bn in 2015 to nearly $70bn in 2025.

Quest for smaller more powerful batteries

Wearables collect and communicate data wirelessly, like mobile phones, and prolonging
battery life is one of the big technical challenges for designers. And just like mobile phones, they
are on their way to becoming thinner and more sophisticated. Designers of wearables such as
Apple Watch, Google Glass and fitness and health wristbands are hunting for technology that
could keep those gadgets running for longer in between charging. This means batteries that can
pack more energy into smaller space or devices that could otherwise provide an energy boost
without needing to plug into the wall.
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Lithium-ion batteries, which also power the majority of consumer electronics such as
laptops, are the go-to power source for wearables. But their performance declines when they have
to shrink to fit tighter spaces, according to Christine Ho, CEO of Imprint Energy, a battery
developer in California.
Its a conundrum for product designers, who are starting to realize they need to think more
creatively, Ho says. New batteries have the opportunity to meet the demand.

Energy harvesting
The idea of harnessing human movements came to Kim one night in December 2013, when
he got an email from Li, who had just attended a meeting of materials science researchers where
talks about lithium ion batteries included a discussion of stress on the battery. Applying stress on
a lithium battery alters the voltage and reduces the batterys capacity. But what if you could turn
this stress to an advantage?
Two metal electrodes make a sandwich around a layer of electrolyte. When its bent the
lithium ions move across the electrolyte producing an electron current that can be harnessed.
It was a two-sentence email that completely woke me up, Kim recalls. Then I started to
design this device. It took me a year to build it and another year to fully understand what it was
doing. We wanted to make sure it wasnt a side effect.
What Kim came up with is a device that has a similar structure as a battery: two conducting
electrodes separated by a liquid electrolyte. Unlike a battery, the energy harvester uses the same
compound, a mix of lithium and silicon, for both electrodes. This creates a volleying effect when
physical stress is applied.
The pressure forces one electrode to spit out lithium ions and in the process upsets an
equilibrium that causes the other electrode to open up and accept the rejected lithium. The
electrolyte forces them to separate into lithium ions and electrons. The electrons travel through a
circuit and get captured as electricity. The electrons then meet up with lithium ions on the other
end and move into the electrode.
Unbending the device takes away the stress and causes the electrons and lithium ions to
travel the other direction. That reversal creates another flow of electrical current before the two
return home to the original electrode.
Kims prototype doesnt yet generate enough electricity for wearables. He says he needs to
boost its efficiency the percentage of mechanical energy that gets converted into electricity
from 0.6% to 6%, to make it powerful enough for devices such as wristbands.
Increasing the energy output and lifespan of an energy harvester will be crucial to popularize
its use, says Kevin Lloyd, co-founder and head of technology at California-based Whistle Labs,
which has developed a GPS-based pet collar for tracking the location, health and other activities
of your furry friend.
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When we look at building wearable devices, we are balancing science, battery life and cost,
Lloyd says. You dont want to have to take off your pets collar to charge every day. When you
are on vacation for one or two weeks, you want it to last for that entire time.
Another obstacle to make the energy harvester work: our body movements arent predicable or
consistent, making it difficult to generate a reliable amount of energy at any given time, Ho says.
Tackling the challenge of designing his research into a wearable gadget will be important, Kim
acknowledges, adding that hes already heard from a few companies, including makers of smart
watches and medical devices, that are interested in incorporating the energy harvesting process.
But we need to make this technology more mature first, before thinking about commercializing
it, he says.

Creating energy through Walking

Power for the people takes on a whole new meaning, as the largest installation of Pavegen
energy-harvesting tiles to date produces 4.7 kilowatt-hours of energy during the Paris marathon,
enough to power a laptop for more than two days
PARISOn April 7, 2013, Kenyas Peter Some won the 37th Paris Marathon with a time
of 2:05:38. A surprise winner, some missed the event record by only 27 seconds, thus depriving
him of a place in running history. He need not have worried; unknown to him and thousands of
fellow marathoners, they were all nonetheless part of a historic event. As they ran across the
Avenue des Champs lyses and thumped their feet on 176 special tiles laid on a 25-meter stretch,
the athletes generated electricity.
These special energy harvesting tiles were developed by London-based Pavegen
Systems. The power thus generated can be used to run low-voltage equipment such as streetlights
and vending machines. The concept is the brainchild of Laurence Kemball-Cook, who founded
Pavegen in 2009 to commercialize it. The Paris Marathon is the first of many such projects that
will enable us to realize our goal of taking this technology to retail sites, transport hubs, office
blocks and infrastructure spaces, he says.
Pavegen uses what it calls a hybrid black box technology to convert the energy of a
footstep into electricity, which is either stored in a battery or fed directly to devices. A typical tile
is made of recycled polymer, with the top surface made from recycled truck tires. A foot stomp
that depresses a single tile by five millimeters produces between one and seven watts. These tiles
generate electricity with a hybrid solution of mechanisms that include the piezoelectric effect (an
electric charge produced when pressure is exerted on crystals such as quartz) and induction, which
uses copper coils and magnets. The marathon runners generated 4.7 kilowatt-hours of energy,
enough to power a five-watt LED bulb for 940 hours, or 40 days.
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One such clean energy technology is piezoelectric flooring.

What is Piezoelectric Flooring and How does it Work?

The demand for energy harvesting technologies is growing as we continue to seek

out greener and more efficient solutions. Like a wind generator or solar cells, piezoelectricity is
also a type of technology used for energy harvesting.
Piezoelectricity is electrical energy harvested from mechanical pressure such as walking
motion. When pressure is applied on an object, a negative charge is created on the expanded side
and a positive charge is created on the compressed side. As this pressure is relieved, electric
current flows across the substance.

Piezoelectric Floor Tiles

Piezoelectric floors are designed to capture the wasted energy and resources, and store or
redistribute them where they are needed. Energy is generated when a person steps on tiles that
feature piezoelectric attributes. The amount of energy generated depends upon the weight of the
person, maximum deflection, and type of movement. This kinetic energy is converted into
electricity.

Application of Piezoelectric Floors

Piezoelectric flooring is ideal for places that receive heavy foot traffic. It can be installed at
tourist attractions, town halls, schools, stadiums, or dance floors. In fact, the firm Energy Floors
has a product called the Sustainable Dance Floor especially designed for clubs.

Piezoelectric flooring can also be installed in other busy places such as subway stations,
airports, universities, and malls.
Given that the technology of using floor tiles to generate electricity using mechanical
pressure is relatively new, companies in this sector are still looking for venture capitalists and
investors. It would also be interesting to see if automotive companies develop an interest in this
technology to harvest electricity from the movement of cars and other vehicles.

Summarization

The above articles are the supporting factors that will supply our aim to create backup energy
source in the university. The sole purpose is that, the participation of us the university people as
the trigger and provider of the pressure needed in our project, in a simple term, through walking.
Harvesting the raw energy, it produces and use a system that will converts the energy into an AC
source.
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Sources:

http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Energy-Alternatives/The-Development-of-
Energy.html#ixzz4tsCvwrVk

http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/5-Clean-Energy-Innovations-That-
Could-Transform-Our-World.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_power

https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/161079-kinetic-energy-harvesting-everyday-human-
activity-could-power-the-internet-of-things

https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/feb/04/harvesting-energy-humans-
walking-charge-wearables-bending-mit

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pavement-pounders-at-paris-marathon-generate-
power/

http://cleantechies.com/2015/07/08/piezoelectric-flooring-harvesting-energy-using-footsteps/