Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Schizophrenia
A Case Study
Presented to the Faculty of
College of Nursing and Midwifery
Bataan Peninsula State University
In Partial Fulfillment
For the Requirement in the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Group11
ThFs
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1
UNIT 2
UNIT 3
a. Psychopathology..
b. Related Literature
UNIT 4
UNIT 5
Psychotherapy..
UNIT 6
Glossary
2
UNIT 7
Reference...
UNIT 8
Documentation.
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UNIT I
(Dedication, Acknowledgement, Introduction, Personal Data,
Chief Complaints and Health History)
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DEDICATION
possible.
same studies in
the future.
strength in making
this work.
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
case study.
And also to our family who gave all the emotional and financial
inspiration.
case study.
6
II. INTRODUCTION
weak ego. The common defense mechanisms used by individual are regression, projection,
withdrawal and denial. There are four As to acknowledge in having schizophrenia, first, the
associative looseness, the blunted affect, ambivalence and the autistic thinking.
Paranoid schizophrenia is the most common type of schizophrenia in most parts of the
world. The clinical picture is dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid, delusions usually
Disturbances of affect, volition and speech, and catatonic symptoms are not prominent.
the central focus is on distorted perceptions or paranoid behavior and thinking. Delusions are
With paranoid schizophrenia, the ability to think and function in daily life is better
compare with other types of schizophrenia. It may not have as many problems with memory,
Those individuals who diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia are not especially
prone to violence; often prefer to be alone. Studies show that if people have no record of
criminal violence prior to develop schizophrenia and are not substance abusers, then they are
unlikely to commit crimes after they become ill. Most violent crimes are not committed by
people with paranoid schizophrenia, and most people with schizophrenia do not commit
violent crimes. Substance abuse always increases violent behavior, whether or not the person
has schizophrenia.
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If someone with paranoid schizophrenia becomes violent, their violence is most often
directed at family members and takes place at home. These individuals may spend an
extraordinary amount of time thinking about ways to protect themselves from their
persecutors.
In the US paranoid schizophrenia reports issued by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) for 2000 revealed 121,000 diagnoses of paranoid schizophrenia in non-
Federal, short-stay hospitals (73,000 men and 47,000 women). Most individuals (62,000)
were between the ages of 15 and 44; none were under age 15; 37,000 were between 45 and
64; and 21,000 were 65 or older. According to geographic distribution, the highest prevalence
is in the South and Northeast regions of the US with the lowest prevalence in the West and
The onset of the disorder is usually later than catatonic or disorganized schizophrenia.
Men have earlier onset, and more frequent than women. Women have a bimodal onset with
peaks in their 20s and early 40s. One study demonstrated within subtype age of
2003).
The present etiology of the paranoid schizophrenia are the following, genetics it is
known because people believed that mental disorder can be inherit. Other causes are
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Prognosis of the disease is good when there is no familial history of the disease, the
patient has good social and professional adjustment prior to onset of symptoms, if the disease
come suddenly and the disorder is treated early, quickly, consistently. And onset symptoms
occur at later years of life and there is an absence of symptoms between psychotic episodes.
the individual's symptoms and needs. Anti-psychotic medications can reduce hallucinations
and disordered thinking, but do not affect the social withdrawal that is common among those
with paranoid schizophrenia. Failure to take medication even during remission periods can
result in a relapse. Psychotherapy is used to address the emotional and social issues that result
from paranoid schizophrenia. Group therapy can be especially helpful, because it creates
know different contributing factors in developing the said illness. Perhaps to correct the
misconception of not all people who have mental illness are violent and dangerous. While
this may be true in some cases, the generalization has been made far too widely.
These attitudes contribute to a significant amount of prejudice against the mentally ill,
which may prevent people from seeking help. Stigma may also affect peoples recovery,
contributing to low self-esteem and decreased social contact. In contrast to physical health
issues, most people in our community avoid even discussing the subject of mental illness,
Moreover, the preferred client had a superficial manifestations which seen directly to
the clients experiencing the said mental illness. And the client was cooperative and provided
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III. Personal Data
Name: J.M
Age: 44
Sex: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
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Admitting Diagnosis: Paranoid Schizophrenia
(2005-Aug2010)America;
(August 2010-present)MMH
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IV. CHIEF COMPLAINTS
Positive delusions
Refused to medications
Neglected hygiene
Talking aloud
Escape
Alcohol intake
Refused to medication
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Oriented to place
Had positive persecutory as he said Hinampas ako ng tubo kahit nagbibigay ako ng
pera sa kanila
Impaired sleep
Nagbabanta
kasalanan
Impaired sleep
Impaired sleep
Namumulot ng basura
13
November 2, 1989
seloso)
Impaired sleep
Talking to self
Agitated
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HEALTH HISTORY
15
V. Health History
Hospital on November 2, 1989, when his cousin who lived in Orion, Bataan took him
in the MMH for checked up because as he noticed, Mang J.M seemed agitated,
nervous and afraid of something for approximately 20 months after the incidence of
hitting an old man in the highway while he was a jeepney driver. Upon arriving at
ako.After his consultation, he was advised for the confinement. The manifestations
became persisted. He had chief complaints of having impaired sleep, talking to self,
became aggressive and violent (nagwawala, kung ano maisipan gagawin, nambabato,
hindi nakakakilala, at seloso). Mang J.M consumed 1 pack of cigarette per day and
drinks 2 bottles of red horse and san Mig light. Based on the reported cues of his
cousin, Mang J.M was then diagnosed of having bipolar manic and alcohol abuse by
Valporic acid 500mg, Levomeprazine 100 mg, Tusperidone1/2 tab, Bepeoden 1tab
20mg. These various type of drugs are psychotropic medications which being used in
After his first discharged on December 18, 1991, Mang J.M did not have a
follow up consultation in MMH because he refused to. His relatives brought him at
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NCMH to have his first check-up on April 1992 and noted that there was no follow up
Mang J.M was brought in MMH on December 15, 1992. He had complaints of
impaired sleep, namumulot ng basura at kung saan- saan nahihiga, denies auditory
hallucination and tangentiality, having escape, homicidal and suicidal. After 3 days
Manila. He smoke heavily and suspected use of marijuana with unspecified amount
and frequency.
again because he had impaired sleep and became jealous and made suspicion on his
wife-- he thought that his uncle was having affair with his wife at the point that he
saw the two having sex in their home, and started refusal in taking oral medications.
Mang J.M did not comply with his drug regimen. He appeared that he was having
violent tendency when he was influenced of marijuana as recorded on his chart, but he
continues to deny. He claimed that he never used marijuana because it causes skin
diseases. On, January 1, 1996 Mang J.M was placed on isolation by 15 days because
he became violent and aggressive, according to his chart. And he attempted escape on
May 28, 1996. Like on his previous admission, he recovered and was discharged on
Mang J.M had a morbid ideas about his death, where he claimed that gusto
ko na sana ng mamatay, kahit sinong pumatay walang kasalanan. This was the
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On June 21, 1998, Mang J.M had his home visit and went back in MMH
afterwards.
January 19, 1999 when he returned in MMH, Mang J.M denied presenting
ako ng tubo, kahit nag bibigay ako ng pera sa kanila. But there were no evidence of
physical injury upon assessment. Also, he had complaints of having impaired sleep,
After a year, on February 25, 2000 he was discharged. At home, Mang J.M
started to become talkative and having pressured speech. He used to deny when he
was asked. He had auditory hallucination, become manipulative and evasive. Mang
J.M regains his vices and did not take his medications. He smoked and drinks alcohol
heavily. Also, he walks endlessly and started fights. Due to reported behaviors of
Mang J.M, he was placed back in MMH on February 28, 2000; he claimed that his
mother did not provide his medications upon interview. Mang J.M was admitted
thereafter. He was forced to take his medications to treat the displayed manifestations.
Mang J.M escaped in the hospital on December 25, 2000, but after several
12, 2004.
After four months, Mang J.M was readmitted on May 29, 2004 because he
refused to take medications and claimed lason ang gamot, he done physical abuse to
his mother and threatened her. Mang J.M refused for check-ups, continues to drink
alcohol and escapes. These are the following complaints why he returned in MMH.
But on September 7, 2007 he was allowed for home conduction and discharged on
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He had conversation last October of the same year and according to his chart
Mang J.M used to smoke and suddenly punch a neighbor. Later, Mang J.M refused to
In contrary, Mang J.M said that he was just admitted last year and will be
discharged on the 3rd of February 2011.In fact he was 4 yrs at MMH since his recent
admission on November 20, 2007. According to him he was admitted in MMH not
because he was a mentally ill, but because his mother wants to keep him away from
the persons who wanted to steal his wealth and killed him after.
Mang J.M was been in MMH since his latest admission on November 20,
2007, around 2:00 pm with the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia by his attending
psychiatrist, Dr. Cortez. He was placed at male ward B. According to his chart, Mang
J.Ms chief complaints was having delusions and saying Maraming J.M, patay na
yung galing dito, refused to medications, neglected hygiene, irritable and talking
aloud. He was given Haloperidol 5mg 1amp, and Chlorpromazine 500mg tablet take
at bedtime. These are psychotherapeutic drugs used by Mang J.M for the treatment of
the disorder.
During the orientation, Mang J.M showed good cooperation with the SNs he
was very eager to talk then suddenly jumped into another topic and discuss unrelated
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matters. He said that he was single and a very rich man and owned not only houses,
but mansions. Mang J.M is always oriented to person, date, time and place.
Mang J.M refused on the grooming sessions in the first two weeks and done
grooming on the last week but only brushing of his teeth. Mang J.M wears a wrinkled
white shirt paired with abstract designed short until the last week, during Grand
lot and listen attentively. Mang J.Ms laughed when his fellows provided wrong
answers and made his judgments afterwards. During the nurse- client interaction he
said that the persons around would kill him, and he added that he was just kidding. In
addition, Mang J.M told that they are making a big swimming pool on the side of
ACIS (MMH), he was a very rich man and owned the international corporation of san
Miguel,he denied used of illegal drugs but admitted that he drinks alcohol and until
Moreover, according to Mang J.M, he had his own planet where exactly
looked like earth. He described that there are living things such as cow, carabao,
plants and people. He added that there is a big TV screen where he saw individuals
like his two student nurses together with their loved ones and also our clinical
instructor. Mang J.M named a thing which is aparachi. This thing was a peanut
shape like, covered with gold and brings out everything that people need, as he
explained. He also said that he had a conversation with the former president of USA,
George Washington.
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Lastly, Mang J.M appeared always hyperactive and talked about different
killings. In contrast he claimed that he was good and did not bring any harm to others.
He used to be keen listener and observer, Mang J.M knew when the questions are
being change but with the same thoughts. He also used various defense mechanisms
such as denial, projection and others. Moreover, Mang J.M manifested grandiosity,
c. Family history
According to Mang J.M., they were four and he was 2nd to the eldest in his family. His
father died when he was 6 years old due to heart attack while her mother was still alive. They
were raised and sent in good school by his mother, who was a dress maker. His three siblings
have their own family and lived separately while Mang J.M remained single, which is
contrary to the chart because his marital status is married and became separated to unnamed
Also, he said that he had no known history of having mental illness in the family.
Same in the chart, there were no reports that somebody in their family suffered from the same
condition.
d. Social History
i. Childhood
grew together with his family, but his father was died when he 6 years old. His mother raised
them and sent to school. Mang J.M during his childhood, he once been like the other children,
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he played all day and love vacations. He was sent in Lubao, Pampanga every school break
His mother decided to bring him in schooling at Lubao Elementary School when he
was 8 years old. Mang J.M was then separated from his mother and siblings as well, though
he told that it was sad at first. But he was used to it because this was not usual to him. By this
time, he lived in Lubao in longer time. He joined his grandmother at home, helped her in
chores and taking good care of the cows in their farm, as he added. During his free time
according to Mang J.M, he played with their neighbors. Those routines ended when he came
ii. Adolescence
He entered high school at St. Jude College. According to him he was an active
student. He joined competitions and different events whereas dancing and singing was his
forte. He was been an officer in CAT during his time. Mang J.M also had peers, and he joined
fraternity when he was 2nd year high school. He said that those persons were good. They had
bonding all the time and accompanied him through his ups and downs.
During his high school life, Mang J.M learned to smoke and drinks alcohol together
with his friends. He added that he consumed at least two bottles of each San Mig Light and
In addition, he also met his first girl friend which is CD during intramurals in their
school, as he claimed that they last for almost six years. They were enjoying each others
company, when there was a time that he experienced his first heartache because his girl friend
went with other man. Mang J.M felt loneliness and depression. But he added that he easily
coped up because he found a new love with EI. Like the first relationship it has to end.It last
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for one year and they totally separated because of the reason that he moved in Bataan to talk
Moreover, he experienced those heartaches during his college years and according to
Mang J.M he easily coped to those matters. In contrary, he said that he and CD were cool off
and still in touch with each other.He claimed again that he entered MAPUA for his course
police authority which is contrasting to his chart which showed that he finished vocational
course.He admitted that he continued smoking and drinking alcohol, and denied use of illegal
drugs.
iii. Adulthood
Mang J.M claimed that he went in US after his graduation in college from the
year 2000 up to 2005. He became a Navy in US as he claimed. His habits were smoking,
drinking alcohol, bar hopping but denied having sexual intercourse neither got married.
Mang J.M said that he could drink two bottles of each San Mig Light and Red Horse
because it was less expensive, consumed 1 packed of cigarettes per day, but consistently
After Mang J.M came back from US, he became a driver in Orion, Bataan and
He spent his life in Manila, and Orion where he went fishing; making his vices
and lived there for several years. According to Mang J.M, he also spends his life inside
MMH as his record showed he was started to admit since1989. But he claimed that this was
his first admission yet he claimed that he returned to work after his previous discharged.
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e. Sexual History
Based on his chart he was separated which he continues to deny. He always says that
he was single for the longest time and he claimed that giving roses to someone was a
burden.
Also, he admitted that he had previous relationships. He added that they were happy
having each others company, he admitted that he did kissing and touching private parts of
his previous girlfriends body as their mutual willingness. But not involved in sexual
intercourse as he added.
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UNIT II
(Mental Status Assessment)
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MENTAL STATUS ASSESSMENT
Name : Mang JM
ORIENTATION
Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Person
ORIENTATION
Place
AWARENESS
Date
SELF-
Time
Situation
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
No unusual finding was noted on Mang JMs orientation. He was oriented and we
C: JM.
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SN: Alam niyo po ba kung nasaan po tayo ngayon?
Day 4
No unusual finding was noted on Mang JMs orientation. He was oriented and we
C: JM.
C: Oo sa mental nagpapagaling.
thought and emotions are not currently in the persons awareness, but he can recall
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Day 5
No unusual finding was noted on Mang JMs orientation. He was oriented and we
C: JM.
C: Oo sa mental
Day 6
No unusual finding was noted on Mang JMs orientation. He was oriented and we
C: JM.
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SN: Ano pong petse ngayon Mang JM?
order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.
Day 7
No unusual finding was noted on Mang JMs orientation. He was oriented and we
C: JM.
C: Oo sa mental nagpapagaling.
Day 8
No unusual finding was noted on Mang JMs orientation. He was oriented and we
C: JM.
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SN: Nasaan po ba tayo ngayon Mang JM?
C: Dito sa mariveles.
order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.
Day 9
No unusual finding was noted on Mang JMs orientation. He was oriented and we
C: JM.
C: Grand Socialization.
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According to Nightingale, changing and manipulating the environment in
order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.
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DEFENSE MECHANISMS:
SELF-AWARENESS
g. Conversion ORIENTATION
h. Identification
i. Intellectual
j. Introjections
k. Projection
l. Rationalization
m. Sublimation
n. Substitution
o. Symbolism
p. Undoing
q. Reaction Formation
r. Fantasy
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
always justify his answer. He also manifest Denial as he said Hindi man ako malakas
uminom paminsan minsan lang. and Projection during our conversation when we asked him
Malakas po ba kayo iinum ng alak Mang JM? he said Hindi ah!mahina ako iinum eh,
integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum
of parts.
Day 4
Mang JM manifest one of the defense mechanism; Fantasy we noticed that he always
says he was close to George Washington because he once went to United States of America
and met together and became friends. Maybe he wants us to be amazed of him.
C: Wala may bahay kami doon, kakilala ako nun ni George Washington.
Day 5
Day 6
Mang JM manifest one of the defense mechanism; Denial and Reaction Formation,
we noticed that hes angry but he denies it obviously he is because of the tone of his voice
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C: (Smiled but looks uncomfortable)
integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum
of parts.
Day 7
Mang JM manifest one of the defense mechanism; Projection he often projects situations to
us.
SN: Mang JM, ngayon pong malapit na ang valentines may plano po ba kayong pagbigyan
ng flowers?
C: Wala pa nga eh, hirap kasi baka may boyfriend na o may asawa na ang babae eh.
learn to develop basic trust that she will be fed and taken care of, mistrust, the
Day 8
Mang JM manifest one of the defense mechanism; Denial and Reaction Formation, he
denies that hes not ever try a drugs/ marijuana, reaction formation because he said that hes a
good boy.
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SN: Mang JM nakapagtry nap o ba kayo ng Drugs?
C: Hindi, bawal yun samin mabait ako, hindi ako nangaaway, hindi ako nagdaDrugs, mabait
ako.
integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum
of parts.
Day 9
Mang JM manifest one of the defense mechanism; Denial and Reaction Formation,
Mang JM denies use of drugs/ marijuana, reaction formation because he said that its not good
C: Eh! Bawal kasi samin yun, tsaka nakita mu ba yung iba may mga galis galis dahil sa
drugs yun.
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According to Roger, the human being is a unified whole, possessing individual
integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum
of parts.
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EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS:
2. No swinging of arms
3. Hesitancy of speech
4. Decreased muscle
strength
5. Shuffling gait
6. Drooling
2. Laryngeal spasm
Akathisia
1. Restlessness
2. Tenseness
3. Inability to sit still
4. Rocking back and forth
of feet
6. Inability to relax
Tardive Dyskinesia
1. Involuntary
movements of
mouth, face, may
extend to fingers,
arms and trunk
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Analysis and Interpretation:
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
Our client displayed EPS under akathisia, during conversation we observed that Mang
JM crossing leg frequently and inability to relax by rocking back and forth on feet and
appears restlessness.
In Orems self care model, the nurse should help the client by doing
nurse provides assistance to those who are unable to meet self care needs. The
nurse is required therapeutic care to the client with self care deficits until the
Day 4
Our client displayed EPS under akathisia, during our therapy we noticed that Mang
its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or
knowledge.
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Day 5
Our client displayed EPS under akathisia, during our therapy we noticed that Mang
According to Ida Jean Orlandos nursing process theory, she assumes that
freedom from mental or physical discomfort and feeling of adequacy and well being
contribute to health.
Day 6
Our client displayed EPS under akathisia, during our therapy we noticed that Mang
its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the
Day 7
Our client displayed EPS under akathisia, during our therapy we noticed that Mang
According to Orems self care deficit theory, it describes why a person needs self care
Day 8
Our client displayed EPS under akathisia, during our conversation we noticed that
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According to Henderson, unique function of the nurse is to assist the
its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the
Day 9
Our client displayed EPS under akathisia, during our grand socialization we noticed
that Mang JM crossing leg frequently that manifest all through our conversation.
its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the
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THINKING AND COMMUNICATION:
SELF-AWARENESS
ORIENTATION
Clang Association
Illogical thinking
Alogia
Concrete thinking
Lack of insight
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Flight of ideas
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
Our client displayed looseness of association, these are neologism and echolalia. He
mentioned the word wisboro which do not have meaning and repeating the questions we
asked.
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According to King, Each individual brings a different set of values, ideas, attitudes,
perceptions to exchange.
Day 4
Our client displayed looseness of association, these are neologism and echolalia. He
mentioned the word aparachi which do not have meaning and echolalia such as the
shoemaker, the shoemaker which he unconsciously saying. Our client also manifested
Day 5
During the interview our client displayed lack of insight because sometimes hes
saying something which has no sense or even relation on the topic and flight of ideas.
C: Nagtatrabaho, Nagbabantay ng bagahe, tapos may nahuhuli din akong isda noon.
According to jean piagets stage of preoperational thought (2-7 yrs.). In this stage,
thinking and reasoning are intuitive, children learn without the use of reasoning.
Day 6
During the interview our client displayed looseness of association, these is neologism.
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SN: Anu po yung aparachi?
C: gold yun, kung saan may lualabas na kalabaw, truck at kung anu ano pa.
Day 7
Day 8
During the interview our client displayed flight of ideas because Mang JM introduces
has a logical structure. Every stage occurs at a certain age, and children show a
development.
Day 9
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PERCEIVING AND INTERPRETING:
SELF-AWARENESS
5. Grandiose
ORIENTATION
Hallucination
Illusion
Depersonalization
Attending to relevant
stimuli
Poor reality testing
Attending to irrelevant
stimuli
Poor reality testing
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
44
Day 4
you want to kill me just tell me and Grandiose Delusions by saying he is very rich. He also
manifests illusion by saying that the clouds near on the mountain are smoke cause by burn.
According to Neuman, maintains balance and harmony between internal and external
Day 5
saying madami diyan sa paligid mamamatay tao and Grandiose Delusion by saying
marami kaming pera, nung minsan nagpunta dito yung mga truck namin ng pera. He also
manifests illusion by saying doon sa ACIS may swimming pool kaming pinagawa diyan.
syndrome is developing from a person with psychic alterations. In addition, these alterations
are contingent on the poor caregiving that is provided within the environment.
Day 6
saying dito lang tayo ah, wag kayo lalabas may mga mamamatay tao doon. And Grandiose
also manifests illusion by saying nakita mo na aba yung swiiming pool sa may ACIS?
45
According to Neuman, maintains balance and harmony between internal and
stimuli.
Day 7
Day 8
Day 9
saying tinago ako ni mommyko kasi maraming pumapatay diyan eh! he also manifest
stimuli.
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FEELING AND AFFECT:
Flat
SELF-AWARENESS
ORIENTATION
Blunted
Inappropriate
Lability
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
No unusual finding because client displays appropriate feeling and affect now.
Day 4
Our client manifest labile mood during our therapy he suddenly laughing for no
47
According to Lazarrus (1982) he consider affect to be post-cognitive
that is, affect is thought to be elicited only after a certain amount of cognitive
Day 5
Our client manifest blunted affect during our conversation, there is delay on our
communication.
According to Parses human becoming theory, the client determines whether to show
Day 6
Our client manifest blunted affect during our conversation, there is delay on our
communication and labile mood during our conversation he got irritable C: ayaw mo
naming maniwala sakin eh! (Slapped on his legs). He also manifests inappropriate affect.
SN: nagagalit po ba kayo? C: hindi ako galit (Smiled unnaturally) but his voice seems
angry.
Day 7
No unusual findings because client displays appropriate feeling and affect now.
48
Day 8
Our client manifest blunted affect during our conversation, there is delay on our
communication. He also manifest labile mood because during the therapy Mang JM suddenly
Based on Watsons curative factors , we must promote and accept expression of the
Day 9
No unusual findings because client displays appropriate feeling and affect now.
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BEHAVING AND INTERACTING:
SELF-AWARENESS
Ambivalence
Anhedonia ORIENTATION
Avolition
Poor personal hygiene
Impulsive
Paranoia
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
The behavior pattern of our client is predictable but we noticed that he has poor
personal hygiene and he had dark teeth that lead to bad breath and his nails were dirty.
50
Day 4
express his feelings. We also noticed that he has poor personal hygiene and he had dark teeth
According to Freud, conscious mind is where we are paying attention at the moment.
Our way of thinking affects our attitude on how we are going to react in a certain situation.
Day 5
The behavior pattern of our client is predictable. But we noticed that he has poor
personal hygiene and he had dark teeth that lead to bad breath his clothes smelled and his
According to Orems self care deficit, the client cant able to perform self care
Day 6
The behavior pattern of our client is predictable, but we noticed that he has poor
personal hygiene and he had dark teeth that lead to bad breath and his clothes smelled.
personal hygiene.
Day 7
51
The behavior pattern of our client is predictable, but we noticed that he has poor
personal hygiene and he had dark teeth that lead to bad breath and his clothes smelled.
personal hygiene.
Day 8
The behavior pattern of our client is predictable, but we noticed that he has poor
personal hygiene and he had dark teeth that lead to bad breath and his clothes smelled.
According to Orems self care deficit, the client cant able to perform self care
Day 9
The behavior pattern of our client is predictable, but we noticed that he has poor
personal hygiene and he had dark teeth that lead to bad breath and his clothes smelled.
personal hygiene.
52
NEGATIVE COGNITION:
Overgeneralization
SELF-AWARENESS
All-or-nothing thinking
ORIENTATION
Should statement
Labeling
Middle reading
Fortune telling
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
patient over a period of time to identify any attitudes and clues affecting her behavior in order
53
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
Day 8
Day 9
54
OTHERS:
Amnesia
Fugue
Depersonalization
Phobias
SELF-AWARENESS
ORIENTATION
Memory
3. Recent part (current
events)
Day 1: Orientation
Day 3
During our conversation with our client he had a remote memory because he was able
to determine his last 15 years of his life. He also remembered the food he eaten in the
55
morning and knows who the president of the Philippines is. He had also recalled us during
our conversation.
Day 4
Our client had remote memory because he remembered he went to America last 2005,
he also remembered his breakfast and knows who the president of the Philippines by saying
According from psychoanalytic theory of Freud, the mind can be divided into main
parts; the conscious mind includes everything that we are aware. A part of this includes our
memory which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and
Day 5
Our client had remote memory because he remembered the things he did in the last 15
C: mangingisda.
He also knows the President of the Philippines by saying the name of Pres. Benigno Aquino.
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According to Parse, Mans reality is given meaning through lived experiences
Day 6
Our client had remote memory because he remembered the things he did in the last 15
years of his life y saying nangingisda ako noon. He also remembered we did yesterday by
saying nagbingo tayo at nanalo akong 2 beses. He also knows who the president of the
Philippines by saying the name of Pres. Benigno Aquino. He also recalls us during our
conversation.
According to Freud, preconscious thoughts and emotions are not currently in the
persons awareness, but she can recall them with some effort.
Day 7
Our client had remote memory because he remembered the things he did in the last 15
years of his life y saying yung nanay ko nagtatahi ng magagandang damit. He also
remembered we did last last week by saying nagbingo, nanalo ng 2 beses at nagpakita ng
mga pictures tulad ng doctor, urse etc. He also knows who the president of the Philippines by
saying the name of Pres. Benigno Aquino. He also recalled we did before they go back in
their ward.
C: food festival.
Day 8
57
Our client had remote memory because he remembered the things he did in the last 15
years of his life, he also remembered things weve done yesterday and ingredients of our food
by saying food festival, yung mga sangkap ay gulaman, buko at cream., he also know
president of the Philippines by saying the name of Pres. Benigno Aquino. He also recalls
activity we did before they go back in their ward by saying Oo sumayaw tayo kanina na
processes and contents capable of being brought into conscious awareness by the act of
focusing attention.
Day 9
Our client had remote memory because he remembered the reason why he is admitted here in
MMH in the year 1989 by saying Sinave ako ni mama dun sa mga taong mangunguha, tsaka
hindi ako magkatulog. He also remembered the steps we practice yesterday. He also recalls
us.
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UNIT III
(Psychopathophysiology and Related Literatures)
59
PSYCHOPATHOPHYSIOLOGY
60
Substance abuse
Neurologic disturbances
Persecutory
61
Analysis and Interpretation
Mang J.M took prohibited drugs as his record showed. But the amount and frequency
were not determined. Being a drug abuser, Mang J.M therefore became a drug addict. This is
the reason why he had looseness of ability in thinking and perceiving responses because of
the effect of the drug in the brain. He had been aggressive to do things whatever he wants; he
Related Theory
developmental perspectives. Freud believes that vulnerable to substance abuse have powerful
dependency needs that can be traced to their early years. They claim that when parents fail to
satisfy a young childs need for nurturance, the child is likely to grow up depending
excessively on others for help and comfort, trying to find nurturance that was lacking during
their early years. If this search for outside support includes experimentation with a drug, the
person may well develop a dependent relationship with the drug which leads to substance
abuse.
Maslow said that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs and that certain
lower need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. Maslow ties the pre-
occupation use of drugs and the negative effects which result from alcohol/drug addiction. He
says that since addiction is a progressive illness, it destroys a persons ability to achieve self-
actualization, eventually destroying the persons ability to meet their other needs including
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(death of father during childhood years and mother still at work)
Dependency
Violent behavior
63
Analysis and interpretation
Due to early death of Mang J.Ms father, his mother needed to work hard to raise
them well. This resulting Mang J.M to become dependent and able to seek company of others
to fill the lacks of his parents assistance during growing years. And he did things that he
Related Theory
Theory, The environment is a booming, buzzing world of strange sensations that must be
sorted out to determine which are the most important; this sorting is achieved through
communication with other people. The need to communicate is an innate imperative for
human beings. The purpose of nursing is to intervene to support, to maintain, and to augment
survival and growth. According to theory, when the individual's physiological and safety
needs are met, needs for love and belongingness emerge. These needs include longings for an
intimate relationship with another person as well as the need to belong to a group and to feel
accepted. Maslow emphasized that these needs involve both giving and receiving love.
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Peer pressure
(Fraternity)
Dependency
Intolerance
Irrational thinking
Violent behavior
65
Analysis and interpretation
Mang J.M was a member of TAU GAMMA fraternity. Within this fraternity, we can
conclude that he learned to use prohibited drugs, possible experienced hazing and involved in
different troubles though he claimed that he was good and not participated in fights. These
may cause him to become a drug abuser and later develop dependency resulting him to
become violent.
Related Theory
There are several layers of assumptions that Johnson makes in the development of
conceptualization of the behavioral system mode there are 4 assumptions of system: First
the parts and elements of behaviors that go to make up The system A system tends to
achieve a balance among the various forces operating within and upon it', and that man strive
continually to maintain a behavioral system balance and steady state by more or less
automatic adjustments and adaptations to the natural forces impinging upon him.A
behavioral system, which both requires and results in some degree of regularity and
serves a useful purpose, both in social life and for the individual. The final assumption states
system balance reflects adjustments and adaptations that are successful in some way and to
some degree. The integration of these assumptions provides the behavioral system with the
pattern of action to form an organized and integrated functional unit that determines and
limits the interaction between the person and his environment and establishes the relation of
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According to Sullivan, individual self identity is built up over the years through his
perceptions of how significant people in his environment regard him. According also to
67
Occupational stress
Frustration in life
Hopelessness occur
Stress
Disruption in behavior
Depression
Restlessness Agitation
68
Analysis and interpretation
Mang J.M had a history of hitting a man during he was a jeepney driver. Due to the
incidence he became agitated, always afraid of something and nervous for 20 months that
leads to his first confinement. This situation caused him to be always under stress and
Related Theory
survival and growth. According to theory, once the individual's basic physical needs are met,
his or her needs for safety emerge. These include needs for a sense of security and
predictability in the world. The person tries to maintain the conditions that allow him or her
to feel safe and avoid danger. Maslow thought that inadequate fulfillment of these needs
might explain neurotic behavior and other emotional problems in some people.
interaction with a changing environment. To cope with a changing world, person uses both
innate and acquired mechanisms which are biological, psychological and social in origin. To
respond positively to environmental changes, the person must adapt. The persons adaptation
69
Poor coping mechanism
Substance dependency
Anxiety develops
70
Analysis and interpretation
Mang J.M has been separated from his wife. This situation may be a leading cause
why he was under stress that leads in development of anxiety to depression resulting to self
pity, restlessness and sleeplessness. On the other hand, it may also, causes Mang J.M to use
illegal substances and became dependent that brought him in having violence and suicidal
ideation.
Related Literate
men as sufferings, hope, pain and illness. Illness is being unhealthy, but rather explored the
human experience of illness. Suffering is a feeling of displeasure which ranges from simple
transitory mental, physical or spiritual discomfort to extreme anguish and to those phases
beyond anguishes the malignant phase of dispairful not caring and apathetic indifference.
Pain is not observable. A unique experience. Pain is a lonely experience that is difficult to
communicate fully to another individual. Hope is the desire to gain an end or accomplish a
goal combined with some degree of expectation that what is desired or sought is attainable.
with experience or illness and suffering, and if necessary to find meaning in these
experiences.
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According to Henderson individual compose of biological, psychological,
sociological, and spiritual components. All external conditions and influences that affect life
and development. Nursing assists and supports the individual in life activities and the
"independent." The nurse is expected to carry out physicians therapeutic plan Individualized
72
RELATED
LITERATURES
73
Paranoia Agent, Symptom, Cause, Treatment and Medication of Paranoia
Cause of Paranoia
1) Homosexual fixation: According to Freud, the patient suffering from the disease has
repressed his tendency to homosexual love to such an extent that he develops a fixation
concerning it. Freud's view has been found correct in many cases, but it does not explain each
2) Feelings of inferiority: Here the psychologists have found that the main cause of paranoia
is a sense of inferiority that may be caused by a variety of condition such as failure, disgust,
sense of guilt.
3) Emotional complex: Certain psychologist points out emotional complexes, and also
believe that they are seen to be present in other mental diseases as also in normal individuals.
4) Personality type: Cameron believes a certain type to be more susceptible to this disease, a
personality that has sentimentally, jealousy, suspicion, ambition, selfishness and shyness etc.
Patients of paranoia do exhibit these peculiarities of personality but on this basis they cannot
5) Heredity: In the opinion of Fisher the main responsibility of paranoia lies fairly and
squarely upon heredity, although he does not deny the importance of repression and
emotional complexes. The causes of paranoia are not physical because no patient exhibits any
signs of physical deformity and among the causes there are many important" ones, such as
74
AREA OF THE ARTICLE THAT WE AGREE
We agree that people who have feeling of inferiority can significantly affect an individual.
SIGNIFICANCE TO US AS A NURSE
The literature stated that feelings of inferiority are a cause of paranoid schizophrenia. It
means that a individual with poor coping mechanism are prone to schizophrenia. The nurse
must can assist the client and help the client to verbalize feelings to overcome such problems.
75
Substance abuse and the onset of schizophrenia
Up to 60% of chronic schizophrenic patients are reported to abuse alcohol or drugs. This
comorbidity raises the question whether one disorder is a consequence of the other. With the
structured interview IRAOS, the onset and course of schizophrenia and substance abuse
patients. Information by relatives validated the patients' reports. Alcohol abuse prior to first
admission was found in 24%, drug abuse in 14%twice the rates in the general population.
Alcohol abuse more often followed than preceded the first symptom of schizophrenia. Drug
abuse preceded the first symptom in 27.5%, followed it in 37.9%, and emerged within the
same month in 34.6% of the cases. The study demonstrates a remarkable association between
The study is all about the substance abuse and the onset of schizophrenia. It is about the
The area that we agree upon is that the study is about the possible causes of schizophrenia
and its onset. It gave us the knowledge of the effects of substance abuse. It also gave us
76
AREA OF THE ARTICLE THAT WE DISAGREE
SIGNIFICANCE TO US AS A NURSE
The significance of the study to us student nurses is that it gave us more insight of possible
causes on the onset of schizophrenia. With this knowledge we could use it as a baseline on
77
THE INS AND OUTS OF PEER PRESSURE
Written by Liisa Hawes. Liisa is a Marriage and Family Therapist in Calgary, Alberta,
Canada. She is a parent educator with the Family Program at the Calgary Community
Learning Association.
Imagine getting together for coffee with a group of friends. There is the laughter of adults
enjoying the company of other parents. The conversation turns to a discussion of a recent
Oprah show. "I just love that show" you chime in (you really hate it). Later, someone
suggests a movie. "Yes, let's!" you reply, even though you'd rather walk along the river and
continue talking. By the end of the evening, in spite of excellent coffee, old friends and a
reasonably good movie, you still feel "something" was missing. It was. Each time you
concealed your true feelings, you disregarded a part of yourself. You were missing.
we really don't want to or fail to state our preferences, we hide "As parents...we are
ourselves from others. We become invisible, and smaller the first 'peers' our
somehow, diminished in even our own eyes. "I just like to go children will
along," we say, yet if we see our children doing likewise, we may know."
Peer influences are normal and necessary in our lives. From earliest childhood, each time our
needs are met, our wants are considered and our expressions recognized we develop a sense
experiences, we reach out to supportive others again and again, learning confidence. In time,
the occasional let down from others doesn't disturb us overly much. The balance of our
78
experience is positive. We often refer to this inner resiliency as "healthy self-esteem" or a
"solid sense of self." But even when others don't grant our requests, if respectful, they teach
us that open disagreement has no negative effects on one's self. We learn again that we can
As parents, we seldom think of ourselves as peers to our children. In a broad human sense,
however, we are the first 'peers' our children will know. If we respond to our children's
feelings with respect, even when we disagree, they will come to expect respect. If we
encourage them to develop and express their own viewpoints, they will become accustomed
to healthy interactions.
Within this kind of healthy relationship, parents often notice more overlap then difference in
their values and those of their children's peer group. In some instances, such as the anxiety
associated with those dreaded skin breakouts, peers provide more support than parents ever
can! Even on a "pretty good" day, one's peers do much to support one's sense of self and
The study is all about how peer influences our normal and necessary things in our lives. It
states that peers do much to support one's sense of self and offer a sense of belonging.
The area that we agree upon is that the study is about how peers greatly affect our lives. They
79
AREA OF THE ARTICLE WE DISAGREE
The area that we disagree upon this article is that peers provide more support than parents
ever can. Our parents know and only want what is best for us. They are the ones we should
talk to when we have problems and they have better understanding than our peers.
SIGNIFICANCE TO US AS A NURSE
The significance of the study to us student nurses is that as student nurses we should not only
focus on giving interventions on our clients we should also know their feelings and emotions
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Occupational Stress 12 - Burnout
There are three separated stages to burnout. Each stage is its own little disorder and you don't
necessarily have to progress through each stage, although most sufferers do exactly that. One
could remain at one stage for years, as each stage is separate and distinct from the other two
(the big word for that is orthogonal domains). The first stage of burnout is emotional
exhaustion (EE) or feeling drained by contact with other people. Emotional exhaustion is
yourself up instead of someone else. Do you dread seeing clients or meeting with customers?
Does just the thought of dealing with one more complaint about that faulty product or that
buggy application make you want to take the day off? These are the type of endorsements
against-the-wall feeling is stressful. The research is clear about one thing: having unpleasant
contact with your supervisor and coworkers makes things even worse. Increased and
improved training, as well as the use of a strong peer support system, is one of the
recommended solutions, especially if EE is systemic within the group or department. It's not
as bad when you know everyone is in the same boat. Also, you can begin to brainstorm
solutions and stress-avoiding protocols. Isolation always makes things worse. One possible
The second phase of Burnout is depersonalization. This is the outward or externalized phase.
Externalized referrers to beating up on others as opposed to yourself. In this phase, you are
rude, demeaning, and insulting toward the client or customer. You're no longer blaming
yourself. You're blaming others for having a problem. (Hey, I think I just figured out the
problem with Larry down in accounts receivable!) Of course, a client with a crashed program
is not to blame, but it appears there is only so much one can take of this endless stream of
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people with the same problem! Are you often negative toward clients or callous toward the
problems of your valued customer? If so, you can put a little check in the box next to
depersonalization. What helps? Again, training is a key ingredient. It's very healing to know
when you are addressing the customer's problem in the most professional and efficacious
manner possible. Also, through training and professional assessment, you can begin to
understand that solving the problem may not exactly be in your job description. Your goal
may just be to do the best you can do with what you have while maintaining a professional
disposition. Wouldn't this be a self-affirming attitude? But these are perspectives you
sometimes can't put together by yourself, especially while working in an isolated situation.
RPA endorsed statements such as, "I'm not getting anywhere," or "This job has lost all its
Burnout is serious and the consequences are serious as well. Psychologists have good
instruments to assess this disorder and its progression. If you are experiencing one of these
Burnout is serious and the consequences are serious as well. Psychologists have good
instruments to assess this disorder and its progression. If you are experiencing one of these
82
AREA OF THE ARTICLE WE AGREE
Being stressed greatly influences our daily activities, especially at work. We cannot perform
well if we have something in mind that we keep on thinking. Our brain cannot function well.
SIGNIFICANCE TO US AS A NURSE
The significance of the study to us student nurses is that we need to think more ways for us to
help our clients. As student nurses we need to make our client feel comfortable to lessen their
anxieties and stress. We also need to consider interventions will be used so that we can
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Understanding schizophrenia
Twin and adoption studies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to
schizophrenia and then environmental factors act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder.
As for the environmental factors involved, more and more research is pointing to stress,
either during pregnancy or at a later stage of development. High levels of stress are believed
schizophrenia, including:
Low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth)
In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role
deficit in the volume of brain tissue. There is also evidence of abnormally low activity in the
frontal lobe, the area of the brain responsible for planning, reasoning, and decision-making.
Some studies also suggest that abnormalities in the temporal lobes, hippocampus, and
amygdala are connected to schizophrenias positive symptoms. But despite the evidence of
brain abnormalities, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in
84
AREA OF THE ARTICLE 1 THAT WE AGREE
We agree that people who lost their parent can significantly affect an individual. These
SIGNIFICANCE TO US AS A NURSE
The literature helps us understand that there are different kinds of factors that cause paranoid
schizophrenia. And parental loss is one of them can lead to inadequate parental guidance, the
nurse should pay attention to the client who had loss a parent because it a risk factor in
85
UNIT IV
(Process Recording and Drug Study)
86
PROCESS
RECORDING
(Nursing Care Plan)
87
Process Recording and Theme Identification
TIME: 2:00 pm
I. Objectives
1. To established trust and rapport with the nurse through the use of
therapeutic activities.
mental illness.
communication.
88
a. Describe the set up/ environment
Ward and introduced ourselves to the client and proceed to pantry area to
groom the patient. We let him brushed his teeth and waited for him to finish.
After that, we went to the ruins and have our first interaction with the client.
The chairs were scattered around the ruins facing our client. After an hour of
interaction the facilitator were assigned to ask them the time, place and
Our client Mang JM was wearing his own set of dirty white wrinkled
clothes and green patterned shorts with cut on sides. He seemed happy and
always smiling. When we greet him, he recognized us as his new nurses for
that afternoon and easily remembered our names in particular. Mang JM did
the grooming excitedly and rapidly. As we fetched him for the activity his gait
was moderate while looking at the floor. When we interviewed Mang JM, he
showed a lot of facial expressions. He always said that he was happy, and it
shows. He seemed anxious when he was recalling things from the past and
being asked with his medium tone. He was excited to answer some questions
89
Conversation (include Communication Interpretation based on
non- verbal cues) Technique Used theories
SN: Magandang tanghali Giving Recognition Greeting or noting Mang
po Mang J.M. JMs effort show that his
student nurses recognizes
C: (smiled and nodding) his individuality.
According to Sullivan,
recognition can establish
rapport towards the
client.
SN: Tara na po sa pantry Offering Ones self The nurses offer their
para po makapag linis help to the client in doing
kayo ng ngipin niyo. self-care.
C: (nodding)
According to King,
human beings are open
SN: Gusto niyo po ba
systems in constant
tulungan po namin
interaction with the
kayo?
environment
90
with stressor.
SN: Mang JM, alam nyo Assessing orientation to Assessing such questions
po ba kung anong petsa at date and situation enables the student nurse
kung nasaan kayo to assess Mang JMs
ngayon? orientation on date and
situation.
C: Oo. January 14, 2011
na tayo e no? According to Newman,
time and space have
SN: Opo. complementary
relationship based on
C: Tapos nasa hospital Newmans concept of
naman ako. date and space.
According to Roger,
patterns identify human
being and reflect their
innovative wholeness.
91
activities of living like
sleeping, communicating.
Bathing may result to
actual or potential
problem.
92
ko. According to King in
goal attainment theory,
SN: Ahh.. Anu po plano nursing is a process of
niyo paglabas niyo po action, reaction, and
dito? interaction whereby
nurse and client share
C: Babalik ako sa information about their
pinagtatrabahuhan ko. perception in the nursing
situation
SN: Anu po ba ang Seeking Clarification Mang JM provides
trabaho niyo? clearer statements about
his background.
C: Dun sa
byubyurubyuuu custom. According to Roger,
nursing is using
SN: Anu po uli yon knowledge for human
Mang J.M? betterment.
C: Bureau of Custom.
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C: (looking around, According to Watson, it
thinking and tearing is important to help the
leaves) patient identify his own
thoughts and feelings to
C: Ahh..mabuti naman, gain better understanding
kaso natulog ako kagabi of his self.
mga bandang alas dose
pasado na.
94
SN:Paano po kayo
nagkaroon ng sigarilyo?
C: Pinapabili namen sa
labas.
SN: Ano po ang ginawa Exploring The client gives
nyo kaninang umaga? information and able to
verbalize certain feelings
C: Wala. Nasa ward and student nurses had a
lang. chance to get more
information. It suggests
SN: Wala po ba kayong that Mang JM has a good
nurse kaninang umaga? recent memory.
SN: Taga saan po kayo Identifying Participants The client identifies and
Mang JM? and Relationships states the relationship of
characters in his life and
C: Taga Orion. Sa Pag- capable of determining
asa. whos involve to his life.
95
and potential problems.
SN: Alam nyo po ba
kung nasaan na sila
ngayon?
96
nahuling isda?
C: Ibinebenta, paminsan
pulutan.
C: Uo.
97
barkada niyo?
C: Wala na.
SN: Ano po ang madalas Humor Mang JM was given a
niyong inuming alak? break of something funny
to decrease tension
C: Ahh..hindi ako between our
umiinum ng Emperador, conversations.
San mig lang kung
According to Kolcaba,
minsan Red Horse.
health care needs are
needs for comfort,
SN: Anu pong dahilan at
arising from stressful
ayaw niyo po ng
health care situations that
Emperador?
cannot be met by
recipients traditional
C: Mahal kasi eh!
support system.
(laughed)
98
has been heard.
C: Wala ako
nagustuhan. Saka According to Maslow,
mahirap. Di lang naman one must feel sense of
ganoon yon di ba? belongingness and love
Syempre pag mag-aasawa needs in order for him to
ka sisiguraduhin mo get for self actualization.
munang wala syang
boyfriend, wala pa syang
anak at asawa. Tapos
bibigyan mo pa ng
rosas.
C:Wala pa naman.
SN: Napansin ko pong Making Observation Mang JM explained
linga po kayo ng linga, reason why his staring
anu po bang tinitignan someone. The client
niyo? clarifies what has been
observed.
C: Ah!wala naman yung
dumadaan lang. According to Roy, the
degree of internal or
external environmental
change and the persons
ability to cope with that
change is likely to
determine the persons
health status.
99
SN: Ahh..ganun po ba? Seeking Clarification It helps the nurse to
verify unclear statements
C: Oo. made by their client.
According to Roger,
nursing is using
knowledge for human
betterment.
SN: Anu- ano pa po ang General Leads The client was given a
ginagawa niyo po nung chance to continue on
kabataan niyo? what he is talking about
and this indicates that the
C: Nagpapastol ng client is on right tract to
kalabaw sa bukid, alas proceed.
kwatro palang gumigising
na ako. According to Parse,
human becoming is co-
SN: Ahh..my bukid din creating rhythmic
po kayo sa Orion? patterns or relating in
mutual process in the
C: Hindi, sa mga Lolo universe.
ko sa Lubao.
100
po pang umaga na po Action information necessary for
kami kung saan may mga our next week set of
gagawin po tayong activities and the client
activities, anu po ba gusto wont be surprised about
niyong gawin natin? activities.
C: Oo naman, maraming
salamat.
SN: Mang JM anu po ba Summarizing Mang JM remembered
yung mga ginawa natin the things weve done for
ngayong araw? today that indicates he
has a good recent
C: Oo, ngayon mo lang memory. It helps to
ako kinuha dba? Tsaka bring out important
pinagusapan natin kung points of the
anu ang trabaho ko dati at conversation and
kung anu ang mga activities. With this, the
ginawa ko noon. client becomes more
aware of certain activities
SN: Opo, galing naman to be done. This will be
po pala ni Mang JM the closure of
natandaan pa po ang mga conversation.
ginawa natin ngayon.
According to Peplau,
101
C: (Smiled) interpersonal process that
functions cooperatively
with others to make
health possible.
Content Theme
The conversation was all about the clients personal data, family
Interaction Theme
the questions being asked. Showed interest in answering the questions but
when hes not being asked, he only remained silent with blunted facial
expression and looked around the environment to divert his attention and
Mood Theme
through smiling with good eye contact. Clients movement often feels
restless.
B. Nursing Diagnosis
V. Nursing Interventions
We started to greet our client a pleasant afternoon. After that we fetched him
from the ward, we assisted my patient in his grooming before the activity, I
informed him of what will happen on the therapy. I encourage him to express
The orientation was conducted at the Lazaretto building. It was started with asking
the clients personal data and backgrounds for us to go further. We also wanted
him to gain trust and established therapeutic nurse-client relationship with us. The
happy and face and excited mood. As we go on for his grooming session, we
The client was very cooperative on the conducted conversation that afternoon.
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We gained his trust and rapport that had been established during our interaction.
He also verbalized feelings of concern openly with us. We got along with him
VII. Reference
104
Name of Therapy: Role Identification Therapy
Time: 9:00 AM
I. Objectives
3. To gain knowledge
illness.
communication.
January 19, 2011 when we received our client. We fetched him to the pantry
105
area for grooming but he refused to, so we proceed to the area where the role
identification activity will be held. The place was clean and the seats were
arranged alternately with the client facing the facilitators of the said activity.
The place was conducive for the activity and they were comfortably
seated on each chair. After the warm greetings of each facilitator and
explaining the procedure of the activity, each patient were asked to identify
what were the roles of the picture presented to them and was given
recognitions for each. After the activity, we proceed under the mango tree to
Mang JM about the recent activity and asked him what was his reaction about
it and presented another set of pictures. This time, he can identify roles
seemed enjoying while eating those. At around 11:00 am, we returned our
We received our client wearing his own set of wrinkled dirty white
Boysen shirt and green patterned shorts which was the same as last week. We
noticed that he was opistotonic that time and non-initiating when we fetched
him from the ward. His gait was slow and he always looking at the floor with
his arching back. Before the program, we approached him and he was very
106
ideas and looking around his environment a lot of times. During the program,
expressions like smiling, laughing, raising eyebrows, and frowning before and
during the activity. Before the activity, he talked loudly and excitedly that he
stuttered while speaking. And during the activity, he was serious and listened
107
kayo.
According to Abdellah,
C: Hindi na, naligo na she identified 21
ako ng 2 beses kanina problems and one of it is
pa. to promote good personal
hygiene.
SN: Anung oras po kayo
naligo Mang JM?
108
SN: Kayo po ba Mang Exploration The patient was able to
JM, may girlfriend na po express his feelings about
kayo? a certain situation and
reasons behind those
C: Wala eh! statements.
SN: Wala pa po ba
kayong nagugustuhan?
109
change is likely to
determine the persons
health status.
According to Neuman,
flexible lines of
resistance - Surround
basic core
SN: Saan po kayo Focusing The client was able to
nakatira Mang JM? concentrate and pick a
single topic to prevent
C: Sa orion sa may pag- confusion and flight of
asa. ideas.
110
SN: Paano po kayo According to Peplau, it is
napunta ditto? one way of establishing
of interaction between
C: Ahh.. kasi my mansion the client and the nurse.
kami dito mariveles.
111
and the environment
(both are energy fields)
rather than health and
illness
112
SN: Ganoon po ba Mang
Jm?
C: (Silence)
SN: Sino po ang kasama Identifying Participants The client explains more
nyo sa bahay nyo ditto sa and Relationships about their relationship
Mariveles? and significant to others.
C: Di ko nga alam e.
Pero may sumira talaga
ng Pilipins.
113
C: (Silence)
C: Alam nyo ba, dyan sa
tabi-tabi maraming
mamamatay tao.
According to Neuman, a
person maintains balance
and harmony between
internal and external
environment by adjusting
to stress and defending
against tension-
producing stimuli
SN: Nabanggit nyo pong Encourage Elaboration The client was
kasama nyo si Presidente encouraged for further
George Washingto sa explanations to clearer
America, ano po ang and better understanding
relasyon nyo sa kanya? of the situation.
114
light yellow tapos
merong laman sa loob na
kalabaw, tao, kabayo,
kayamanan, mga pera,
The client emphasizes
SN: Tama po ba ang Seeking Clarification and explained more
narinig ko? Arang mani detailed scenario in
na nilalabasan ng tao? which a nurse has vague
understanding on Mang
C: Uo. Pag nakakuha JMs statement.
ako, bibigyan kita.
According to Roger,
nursing is using
knowledge for human
betterment.
115
C: (nodding)
C: Oo
i
SN: Okay po Mang JM Summarizing The client was able to
d
ang mga nagawa po natin recall what we talked and
ngayo
e ay mga activities did about for today that
kung saan may pinakita indicates better recent
n
kaming larawan at alamin memory.
t
kung anu ang kanilang
mga
i ginagawa. According to Peplau,
interpersonal process that
f
C: Opo, nasagot ko yung functions cooperatively
iShoemaker at Waitress. with others to make
c health possible.
SN: Napagusapan din po
a
naten yung mga sinasabi
tniyo pong mansion niyo.
ion
Content Theme
116
We established nurse patient interaction focused primarily on the role
identification therapy in which the client can identify the roles of people
that are represented by pictures. It will provide the client the stimulus to
Interaction Theme
the questions being asked. Showed interest in answering the questions but
when hes not being asked, he only remained silent looking around the
Mood Theme
The client had sudden changes in his behavior. He changed his mood
B. Nursing Diagnosis
117
C: Wala eh!
V. Nursing Interventions
safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs is social and involves
acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office
confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others.
We encourage Mang JM to talk with other client while waiting with the others
to arrive, this will help Mang JM to realize that talking with other people will
make him feel that he belong to a group. We encourage him to sing to the group,
this will help to develop his self confidence. We provide activity that will help
his feeling regarding the activity and give the moral lesson he gain in the story.
We give recognition to the answer of Mang JM by doing this the client will feel
that people around him appreciate the effort he give. We provide a quiet
environment for the activity and conversation with our client. During the
mind, by doing this we will able to identify the possible problem that maybe the
118
VI. Summary and Evaluation
Today, we held an activity that can assess the intellectual ability of the
conducive, quiet area with less stimuli to let the patient concentrate for the
said activity. The flow of the activity went good and we can say that Mang JM
enjoyed it as manifested by his laughs. After that, we had our one on one
conversation with the client and we observed that the client had sudden change
VII. Reference
119
Name of Therapy: Bingo Social Therapy
Time: 9:30 AM
I. Objectives
mental illness.
communication.
120
a. Describe the set up/ environment
area and assisted him for the therapy. The weather is sunny, and we chose the
perfect setting for the therapy where they can mingle with the other clients
while the trees provided them sheds against the sunlight. We arranged the
clients seats facing each other with long table between them. The place was
conducive for the activity and they were comfortably seated on each chair.
The procedures of the therapy were explained to them clearly and they
understood the mechanics of the therapy. We viewed the reactions and facial
was very eager to win. When the patterns were given and none of them
won 2 times and felt very happy. Upon receiving his prizes, he offered us
We received our client wearing the same set of clothes the same as
yesterday. When he saw us, it seems that he was happy seeing us. His gait was
moderate and he always looked at the floor with his arching back. He initiates
pantry area for his grooming session, but he refused to. When we accompanied
him to the activity area, he was silent and wore a flat affect. But at the time he
was seated on the chair, we approached him on how he was aware and
oriented to his environment, on time and place and he was talking hard with
his arm gestures. During the activity, he showed excitement and eagerness to
win and seriously focused on the activity. After the activity we proceed for
121
another conversation and reviewed him about the recent therapy. As we go
affect have been projected by the client, but sometimes he answered late and
showed no interest.
SN: Tara po Mang J.M Placing event in time or The client refuses for our
maglinis na po kayo. sequence grooming session.
C: Kaninang
122
pagkagising ko 4am at
kaninang 6am.
SN: Mang JM, kilala Seeking Clarification The client recognizes his
niyo po ba ako? student nurses. This
indicates a good recent
C: Oo, ikaw si mark. memory he still
remember our names.
SN: Eh, yung isa ko pa
pong kasama? According to Johnson,
each individual has
C: Si hazel. patterned, purposeful,
repetitive ways of acting
that comprises a
behavioral system
specific to that
individual.
SN: Kamusta po ba ang Focusing Mang JM concentrates
tulog niyo po Mang JM? on specific topic to
gather accurate
C: Mabuti naman, information on given
nakatulog ng maayos. questions.
C: Oo.
SN: Anu pong kinain Focusing Mang JM concentrates
123
niyo kanina? on specific topic during
conversation that enables
C: Lugaw. his student nurses to get
their goal of interaction.
SN: Nabusog naman po
ba kayo sa kinain niyo? According to Abdellah,
there are 21 problems
C: Oo, nabusog ako. being identified and one
Kayo kakain din kayo of them is to facilitate
baka nagugutuman maintaince of nutrition.
kayo.
C: Kaming mga siga
doon maraming
nakukuhang pagkain kaya
hindi kami nagugutuman
doon.
124
natin ngayon? because his student
nurses show willingness
C: Gagawin? to help him doing
Hmmmmag bibingo activities.
tayo ngayon di ba?
According to Peplau, in
SN: Opo Mang JM. interpersonal relationship
theory, it is important for
C: Oo,gusto ko yan. the nurse to recognize
May kornik ba? and respond to the
patients needs for help.
SN: Opo meron po
kelangan po nating
galingan para po manalo
tayo.
C: (Smiled)
SN: Tutulungan ko po
kayo sa paglalaro natin
mamaya.
SN: Mang JM, yung Giving Information The client shows better
bingo po natin ngayun understanding on what
hindi po numbers ang will happen for todays
gamit, ang mga nakalgay activity because he was
po doon is mga fruits and given appropriate
vegetables. information about the
activity.
C: Ahh ganun ba?
According to Travelbee,
SN: Opo, masaya po the nurse is responsible
yun. Magbibigay naman for helping the patient
125
po ng mga pattern po avoid and alleviate the
mamaya kung paano po distress of unmet needs
ang gagawin niyo.
C: Ahh sige.
SN: Napansin ko pong Making Observation This determines the
madalas po kayong congruence of affect and
lingon ng lingon may the mood of the client
hinahanap po ba kayo? during the conversation.
This may clarifies
C: Ahh.wala naman. student nurses perception
about the client
manifesting.
126
Student nurse identifies
Making Observation his mood and to clarify
SN: Napansin ko pong his feelings.
masayang Masaya po
kayo, nanalo po ba According to Roy, the
kayo? degree of internal or
external environmental
C: Oo, Masaya-masaya. change and the persons
2 beses ako nanalo. ability to cope with that
change is likely to
determine the persons
health status.
SN: Anu po plano Seeking Clarification Mang JM states his plans
niyong gawin diyan sa about his prices.
mga napanalunan niyong
mga pagkain? According to Roger,
nursing is using
C: knowledge for human
Dito?hmmm..kakainin betterment.
ko nalang mamaya.
(Smiled)
127
of interaction between
the client and the nurse.
C: May sinasakyan
kaming jet.
SN: Yung planeta niyo Encouraging Mang JM differentiated
po bang sinasabi ay Comparison the differences and
kagaya din po ng lugar similarities of earth and
natin? what he called as his
planet.
C: Oo, meron doon
farm, ako nagtatanim
According to Johnson,
doon, merun ding mga
Individuals maintain
building doon.
stability and balance
through adjustments and
adaptation to the forces
that impinges them.
128
planeta ay ang mundo po and other abnormal
natin. perception.
129
pool.
SN: Mang JM, wala Presenting Reality The client will be able to
pong pool sa sinasabi prevent him to suffer
niyo, wala pong delusions, hallucination
bakanting lote doon para and other abnormal
po pagtayuan ng perception.
swiiming pool na
sinasabe niyo po. According to Roy,
viewed humans as
C: Hindi ayun oh, Biopsychosocial beings
papasok ka pa ng konti sa constantly interacting
iskinita nay un. with a changing
environment and who
cope with their
environment through
Biopsychosocial
adaptation mechanisms.
C: Dito nalang tayo,
maraming mamamatay
tao diyan.
130
individual that will
facilitate the
development of the core.
Mang JM expresses
SN: Paano niyo po ba Seeking Clarification himself in away that he
nasabi yan Mang JM? provides clear statement
regarding of his thoughts.
C: Basta diyan,
magiingat kayo ah! According to Parse,
human becoming is co-
creating rhythmic
patterns or relating in
mutual process in the
universe.
131
With this Mang JM feels
SN: Uhhhhh Accepting appreciated by his
student nurses.
SN: Mang JM sa Formulating a Plan of The client provided
susunod po nating Action information necessary for
activities anu po ang our next set of activities
gusto niyo pong and the client wont be
gagawin? surprised about activities.
132
masasamang tao.
Content Theme
therapy will help the patient on how to interact with other patient and how
Moreover, it serves as guide for their thoughts and behavior and on how to
Interaction Theme
seemed he was agitated about his environment and gave warnings about it.
Mood Theme
133
B. Nursing Diagnosis
V. Nursing Interventions
change his clothes and cooperate on our grooming session but he always refused
to and always reason out his grooming. After that we accompanied him to the
activity area and assisted him throughout the game. After that, we conducted a
review and conversation about his recent therapy and asked his comments and
ability and patience of the client. We had BINGO SOCIAL using fruits and
vegetables on every card. When we informed our client about the therapy, he was
very excited. During the therapy he listened very carefully to every ball and
wanted us to assist him in every pattern of the game. The therapy went good and
VII. Reference
Maria Loreto- Sia- Psychiatric Nursing, A Textbook and Reviewer, 2nd Edition,
2008
134
Name of Therapy: Story Telling Therapy
Time: 9:30 AM
I. Objectives
story.
mental illness.
communication.
135
It was Friday morning when we fetched our client to the grooming area
and assisted him for the therapy. The weather is sunny, and we chose the
appropriate setting for the therapy the trees provided them sheds against the
sunlight. We were facing the client, handed them a book of Ang Kalabaw at
ang Pagong. The place was conducive for the activity and he was
comfortably seated on his chair. The procedures of the therapy were explained
to him clearly and he understood that after reading the story he should
formulate or get a moral lesson from it. We viewed the reactions and facial
was interested.
We received our client wearing the same set of clothes the same as
yesterday. His gait was moderate and he always looked at the floor with his
the activity area, he was initiating stories. We accompany him to the activity
area and was seated on a chair facing us. During the activity, he showed
interest in reading the story. After the activity we proceed for another
136
III. Process Recording
137
C: (Smiled and Nodding)
According to Roy, the
degree of internal or
external environmental
change and the persons
ability to cope with that
change is likely to
determine the persons
health status.
138
pangalan? being.
C: Si hasel.
According to Roger,
patterns identify human
being and reflect their
139
innovative wholeness.
SN: Natatandaan niyo Seeking Clarification The client still
pa po ba kung anu po ang remembers activity
ginawa natin kahapon weve done yesterday.
Mang JM?
According to Orem, self
C: Ahh nagbingo. care requisites are
insights of actions that a
SN: Opo Mang JM, person must be able to
nanalo po ba kayo? meet and perform in
order to achieve well
C: Oo, nanalo ako. being.
140
SN: Sige po Mang JM interpersonal relationship
kapag po nahirapan po theory, it is important for
kayo tutulungan po the nurse to recognize
naming kayo sa and respond to the
babasahin niyo. patients needs for help.
C: Salamat. (Smiled)
SN: Mang JM sino po Exploring The client demonstrates a
uli ang bida sa kwentong sense of understanding
binasa niyo? on the story.
C: Maganda, si pagong
ang nanalo sa karera nila
ni kalabaw.
SN: Kayo po ba Mang Focusing The client concentrates to
JM naranasan niyo na po the topic during the
bang makipagkarera? conversation.
SN: Talaga po Mang Voicing Doubt With this, the client will
141
JM? Kayo po ang be able to explain more
nagpapastol ng kalabaw of his thoughts to prove
noon? the truth which is not
provided in the chart.
C: Oo.
According to Roger,
nursing is using
knowledge for human
betterment.
142
SN: Sa pamilya niyo po Seeking Clarification Mang JM was able to
ba Mang JM may clarify things about his
nagaaway? family.
C: May masasama
kasing tao doon sa labas,
kumukuha ng mga babae
sa mga bahay. Hindi
kami yun.
143
determine the persons
health status.
SN: Kayo po ba Mang Exploring Mang JM tells more
JM, may nakaaway na? about himself.
According to Abdellah,
nursing care is person
directed towards self
love.
144
namin kayo tuwing uses coping skills to deal
tanghali naman po kami with stressor.
noon.
C: (Nodding)
SN: Mang JM sa Formulating a Plan of Mang JM was being
susunod po nating Action prepared for our activity
pagkikita may gagawin for the next meeting.
po uli tayong mga
activities na mageenjoy According to Roy,
po kayo. Anu po ba gusto informing patient of facts
niyong gawin natin? lets the patient know
what to expect. All other
C: Ahh..wala naman stimuli that strengthen
basta yung Masaya. the effect of focal
stimulus.
SN: Maaasahan pa po ba
namin yung pakikisama
niyo po sa activities
Mang JM?
C: Oo
145
SN: Wow, ang galing interpersonal process that
naman po pala ni Mang functions cooperatively
JM,napagusapan din po with others to make
natin yung sa sinasabi health possible.
niyo pong kamuka
niyong c Mang JM.
Content Theme
telling therapy in which the client reads the story then identify the moral
lesson on the story assigned to them. With this therapy, we can assess their
memory and their cognitive ability on how they explain what the story had
told them.
Interaction Theme
the recent events and details in the story. After that, we had our
story. Some of his answers were irrelevant to the situation and he will put
some stories of his own which were not related to the storytelling therapy.
He didnt concentrate on the story because he had his own stories that he
wanted to discuss with us. He can recall every detail of the story but a little
146
different from the original events. We can say that he didnt enjoy the
therapy that much. Hes only active when hes discussing his own story.
Mood Theme
environment.
B. Nursing Diagnosis
C: May masasama kasing tao doon sa labas kumukuha ng mga babae sa bahay,
V. Nursing Interventions
participate to the activity that we will going to conduct today. W encourages him
to verbalize his feeling regarding the therapy. We asked him to read the story and
formulate his own lesson that he gain in the story. We encourage Mang Jm to
verbalize the thing on his mnd to be able for as to assess any problem that he feels.
147
VI. Summary and Evaluation
smiling face and a happy mood. He refused us to groom him, again, so we proceed
to the activity area for the story telling therapy. The client was very cooperative
on the conducted activity that afternoon. He was able to identify the moral lesson
in the story though it was not clearly explained to us because of his flight of
VII. Reference
Maria Loreto- Sia- Psychiatric Nursing, A Textbook and Reviewer, 2nd Edition,
2008
148
Name of Therapy: Food Festival
Time: 2:00 PM
I. Objectives
mental illness.
communication.
February 2, 2011 when we received our client. He first greeted us with a smile
149
and initiated to go to the pantry area which was a good thing. We let him
groom himself in the area and after his grooming we proceed to the canteen
for their activity. The place was clean and the seats were arranged semi circle
facing the table where the facilitators will do their demonstration of the
activity.
They were oriented in time, place and date and the procedure of the
activity were explained very clearly for the benefit of orderliness of the
activity. A brief conversation and review were conducted after the activity to
assess what he had learned and to check his recent memory. At around 4:00
pm, we returned our client to his dorm after the therapy and the conversation.
We received our client wearing his own set of wrinkled dirty white
Boysen shirt and green patterned shorts which was the same two weeks ago.
He greeted us with a smile and initiated to go to the pantry room. His gait is
moderate and was looking to the floor at times. He brushed his teeth very hard
and requested a cologne and powder to finish his grooming session. After that,
we accompany him to the activity area and noticed that he was very excited
participating and behaved well. He was serious and focused himself to the
procedures. He was able to compute the total price of all the ingredients used
in the food festival. After the program, we conducted a brief session to review
150
affect have been projected by the client. We observed that he was very happy
C: oh sige.
151
SN: Para na din po mas
maging gwapo po kayo
Mang JM.
C: (Smiled)
SN: Kamusta po kayo Broad Opening The client encourages
Mang JM? being bad by a response of
what he wants to state on
C: mabuti naman, any cues of
masaya. communication.
According to Watson, it is
important to help the
patient identify his own
thoughts and feelings to
gain better understanding
of his self.
SN: Anu pong dahilan at Focusing The client was happy
masaya po kayo Mang because we fetch him in
JM? his dorm.
152
pong kasama? According to Watson,
there is an independency
C: Uhmmm...hahosy? and integration of the parts
Hasi? and elements of thoughts
and behaviours that make
SN: Hazel po Mang JM. up the system.
C: Ay, oo nakalimutan ko
kasi.
SN: Kamusta po ba ang Focusing The client still remembers
tulog niyo Mang JM? the time he fell asleep last
night.
C: Mabuti naman.
According to Watson,
SN: Anung oras po kayo there is an independency
nakatulog kagabi? and integration of the parts
and elements of thoughts
C: 8pm. and behaviours that make
up the system.
SN: Natatandaan niyo pa Seeking Clarification The client still remembers
po ba yung ginawa natin the things weve done for
last last week po? the last 2 weeks.
C: dalawa.
SN: Alm niyo po ba yung Giving Information The client provided
153
gagawin po natin ngayon information necessary for
Mang JM? the activities of the today.
C: 118.
154
symbols.
SN: Kasipag naman po
pala ni Mang JM.
C: (Smiled)
SN: Mang JM, ngayon Exploring The client verbalizes his
pong malapit na ang feelings about a girl she
valentines may plano po wants to give flower for
ba kayong pagbigyan ng the coming valentines
flowers? day.
155
JM eh.
C: (Smiled)
SN: Sa ngayon po ba Exploring The client verbalizes his
Mang JM may plano na po feelings about marrying
ba kayo magasawa someone.
paglabas niyo dito?
According to Maslow, one
C: Ahh...wala, babalik must feel the sense of love
ako sa trabaho ko. and belongingness
C: Sa nanay ko.
SN: Di ba po Mang JM Seeking Clarification The client had a chance to
nasabi niyo pong napunta re- evaluate what he just
na po kayo sa America? said.
156
SN: Talaga po Mang JM? health care needs are needs
Ayaw niyo lang po ata for comfort, arising from
mag- share eh? stressful health care
situations that cannot be
C: (Laughing) met by recipients
traditional support system.
SN: sige na po Mang JM
i-Share niyo na po yan.
157
awareness and
SN: Galing naman pop understanding of both
ala ni Mang JM. participants. This provides
as a sense of closure at the
C: (Smiled) discussion.
According to Orem,
Supportive- educative
helping patient to learn
self care and emphasizing
on the importance of
nurses role.
SN: Mang JM, ano po ang Evaluation Evaluation allows the
masasabi niyo sa ginawa client to evaluate the
natin kanina? outcome of the conducted
therapy.
Content Theme
salad. This therapy will provide the client the stimulus to assess their
158
ability to follow procedures and do it independently and creatively.
Interaction Theme
procedure, he was focused on every detail. But when his fellow clients
demonstrate their procedure he seemed bored and not interested. When his
turn to demonstrate, he did it very well. After the therapy, we had our short
conversation to review his memory about the recent activity and to assess
what the therapy has taught him and to assess for any improvements in his
Mood Theme
congruent to the questions being asked. He often smiled and laughed and
seldom looked away to divert his attention. He had a good eye contact
represented.
B. Nursing Diagnosis
by:
SN: Mang JM, ano po ang masasabi niyo sa ginawa natin kanina?
159
V. Nursing Interventions
from him. He initiated to go to the pantry area so we had the chance to groom
him. He did grooming himself and asked for cologne and powder without
changing his clothes though we always encouraged him to do so. During the
activity, we assisted him in preparing the food. And after that we had a short
independently following procedure. The facilitators of the said therapy oriented them before
doing every procedure. Mang JM looked excited for his turn to make his own version of buko
salad. He was able to identify the total amount of all the ingredients needed in the therapy.
While the facilitators were demonstrating every procedure he was listening very well and
focused on every detail of the procedure while others were doing their turns in re-
demonstrating the procedures he seemed bored and not interested while silently
demonstrating every procedure, he did it very well and was given recognition for it. Before
eating his meal, he offered his meal to everyone and he wanted to share his meal with us. He
After the therapy, we conducted brief conversation about the recent activity. He was
none initiating that time and was looking around his environment. He said that the food
festival was good and it would help him get stronger for the day. Eye contact was lacking that
time because his attention was drowned around his environment. His memory was good
160
because he identified the ingredients of the salad with its corresponding prices. He returned to
VII. Reference
161
Name of Therapy: Dance Therapy
Time: 1:30 PM
I. Objectives
reduce anxiety
illness.
communication.
162
It was a Thursday of February 3 when we received our client. We
straight line and oriented them before doing the therapy. After the facilitators
greeted and explained every procedures of the therapy, we showed them the
whole dancing activity before teaching them step by step. After teaching them
the steps, they performed the dance to the other clients while assisting them
how to. They were given great recognitions after the dance therapy and were
deeply appreciated. After the program, we gave the client something to eat and
drink to regain his energy and conducted the conversation for assessing
improvements. At around 4:00 pm, we returned our client to his ward after the
We received our client wearing his clothes with MMHs male uniform.
The uniform was colored blue and semi-wrinkled. He greeted us with a smile
him to do so. His gait is moderate and was looking to the floor at times. He
washed his face rigidly and brushed his teeth very hard and requested a
cologne and powder to finish his grooming session. After that, we accompany
him to the activity area and noticed that his affect was somehow flat and
steadily looking at the floor. During the program, he is silent and seldom
smiled while doing the steps. He was serious and focused himself to the
activity. His memory was sharp because he can recognize each step easily and
his movement and coordination was good.. After the program, we conducted a
brief session to observe some improvements in his behavior while eating his
163
merienda. As we go along on our conversation, different behaviors were
that he was very happy and excited about our conversation on his past
relationships.
164
kahit po maghilamos at in the performance of
toothbrush nalang po those activities
kayo. contributing to health or
its recovery that he
C: Sige. would perform unaided if
he had the necessary
strength, will, or
knowledge.
SN: Mang JM ano pong Seeking Clarification The client recognizes his
pangalan ko? student nurses.
C: (nod)
SN: Mang JM bukas po Giving Information The client has provided
last day na po namin necessary information for
kayong maalagaan. him to expect what will
happen for the following
C: Ah, maraming days.
salamat po sa pagaalaga
sakin. According to Leiningers,
nursing is a learned
SN: Walang anu man po humanistic and scientific
165
Mang JM,pagkatapos po profession and discipline
kasi ng bukas hindi niyo which is focused on
napo uli kami makikita. human care phenomena
and activities in order to
C: Sige. assist, support, facilitate,
or enable individuals or
groups to maintain or
regain their well being in
culturally meaningful
and beneficial ways.
SN: Natatandaan niyo Exploring Mang JM remembered
pa po ang ginawa natin things we did yesterday.
kahapon Mang JM? And able nurses to check
his recent memory.
C: Oo, gumawa tayo ng
salad kahapon. According to Hall, major
purpose of care is to
SN: Ano po ang achieve an interpersonal
masasabi niyo sa ginawa relationship with the
niyong salad? individual that will
facilitate the
C: Masarap. development of the core.
C: Buko, gulaman,
cream.
SN: Alam niyo po ba Giving Information The client has provided
ang gagawin natin necessary information for
ngayon Mang JM? him to expect what will
166
happen for todays
C: Oo, magsasayaw activity. Mang JM shows
tayo. understanding of activity.
167
C: Nung High School.
Mang JM continuously
SN: Sige po Mang JM, General Leads expressing and telling
magkuwento pa po kayo whats on his mind. And
tungkol sa kabataan able to recall his early
niyo? life.
This therapeutic
SN: Oh? Talaga po Voicing Doubt communication is used
Mang JM? because there is no
pertinent data was
C: Oo, ako yung gathered including chart
nagsasabi ng harap sa reading that will proved
kaaaanan, harap sa if the client statement is
kaliiiiiwa. true or not.
168
kayo niyan sa mga Mr. & break of something funny
Ms.? to decrease tension
between our
C: Ay, hindi. Hindi man conversations.
ako gwapo eh. (Smiled)
According to Kolcaba,
SN: Talaga po ba Mang health care needs are
JM?PaHumble lang kayo needs for comfort,
eh arising from stressful
health care situations that
C: Hindi, hindi talaga. cannot be met by
(Laughed) recipients traditional
support system.
SN: May naging Focusing The client concentrates
girlfriend po ba kayo on specific topic
noon? necessary to gather
information on his early
C: Oo meron si Cristina life.
Dee.
According to Hall, The
SN: Gaano po kayo major purpose of care is
katagal ng gf niyo? to achieve an
interpersonal relationship
C: Mga 6 years din. with the individual that
will facilitate the
SN: Anu pong dahilan at development of the core.
naghiwalay po kayo?
C: eh!nakuha siya ng
ibang lalaki eh.
169
maka- move on?
C: Si Ella Iribe
magkapit- bahay kami
dun sa sampaloc.
C: Ay, hindi na
nagkahiwalay kasi kami
umuwi ako ditto sa
bataan siya naman sa
pangasinan.
SN: Sa tagal po ng Focusing Mang JM was able to
naging relasyon niyo, concentrate and pick a
may nangyari po ba sa single topic to prevent
inyo? confusion and flight of
ideas.
C: Ahh..wala wala.
(Smiled) According to Peplau, it is
one way of establishing
of interaction between
the client and the nurse.
170
JM? Npansin ko pong iba and clarifies his gestures
ang ngiti niyo ayaw niyo in which there is better
lang po ata magkwento explanation of what he is
eh. expressing.
C: Hindi mahirap na
kasi eh, tsaka aral na
muna. Silence It permits the client to
become aware that others
SN: (Silence) do not necessarily
perceived events in the
same way. These will
make the client re-
organize and prevent
overloading.
SN: Mang JM, may Exploring Mang JM gives more
fraternity po ba kayong information about his
sinalihan? early life. Student nurses
had chance for gathering
C: Tau Gamma Phi, more data.
APO.
According to Hall, major
171
SN: anu po bang mga purpose of care is to
gingawa doon Mang achieve an interpersonal
JM? relationship with the
individual that will
C: Hinahampas ka ng facilitate the
mga paddle nila habang development of the core.
may sinasabi ka.
172
what to expect. All other
C: (Nodding) stimuli that strengthen
the effect of focal
SN: Anu po ba gusto stimulus.
niyong palaro bukas sa
grand socialization?
C: Kahit ano.
C: (Nodding)
SN: Maasahan pa po ba
namin ang inyong
kooperasyon Mang JM?
C: Oo. (Smiled)
SN: Ow Mang JM Summarizing The client was able to
natatandaan niyo pa ba recall what the things
ang ginawa natin weve done this day are.
ngayong araw? It also is a sign of good
recent memory of the
C: Opo, sumayaw tayo. client.
173
naging Girlfriends niyo at health possible.
kung anu pa po ang mga
ginawa niyo nung mga
kabataan niyo.
C: Oo.
C: (Smiled)
Content Theme
therapy in which the facilitators oriented the clients on how the activity
will flow. Each student nurses taught their clients the steps for the dance
Interaction Theme
procedure, he was focused on every detail. While teaching him the steps
and at the same time having a conversation with him, his affect was a little
flat and seldom smiled. He only smiled when he was given recognition. He
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responded well in every question thrown at him and showed interest in the
conversation.
Mood Theme
During the program where he presented to the other client what steps he
has learned in the dance, he was very proud and always smiled at the
laughed and looked on his environment while doing the steps. He had a
good eye contact while having our conversation after the therapy and his
B. Nursing Diagnosis
as evidence by:
V. Nursing Interventions
We received our client wearing the same clothes but with MMHs male
encouraged him to change his clothes. After that, we accompanied him to the
activity area and orient him for the preparedness and orderliness of the
activity. We taught him steps in the dance activity while assessing his
behaviors and movements. The client was given a chance to present his dance
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to his fellow clients ad was given recognitions and appreciations after that. A
brief conversation was conducted after the activity and he was reminded that
tomorrow will be our last conversation and meeting. We fetched him to the
dance while assessing their movement and coordination and developing their self
esteem. We oriented the client about the therapy and showed them the steps. Mang
During the therapy Mang JM showed flatness of affect and non initiating
After teaching the steps, Mang Jm performed the dance in front of his fellow
clients. We noticed that he had sudden change of moods. While performing, he was
happy and proud performing in front of his audience. We didnt have a hard time
After the program, we had a conversation and review his reactions about the
therapy. The conversation manifested that he didnt enjoyed the practice. He only
enjoyed performing.
VII. Reference
Maria Loreto- Sia- Psychiatric Nursing, A Textbook and Reviewer, 2nd Edition,
2008
176
Grand Socialization
Place: MMH
Time: 9:00 AM
I. Objectives
illness.
communication
the Grand Socialization for all the patients handled by the BPSU nursing
177
students. Everyones busy decorating the place with red balloons, and multi
colored crepe papers. The music committee was all set up. The games,
programs and prizes were properly arranged. The chairs were arranged in 3
straight lines in front of the sound system facing the Grand Socialization
tarpaulin. The place was enough to accommodate all the patients and students
We received our client wearing his own set of wrinkled dirty white
Boysen shirt and green patterned shorts topped with blue male ward uniform.
He greeted us with a smile and reminded us that it was our grand socialization
day today. His gait is moderate with his arching back. He brushed his teeth
very hard and washed his face very thoroughly. After that, we accompany him
to the activity area. During the program, he was actively participating and
behaved well. During the games, he always raised his hands and always
willing to participate in the game. He was serious and focused himself to each
and every instructions of the game. When he won, he put his prizes inside of
his shirt. And when his fellow clients won the game, he was snatching some of
the prizes of his fellow patients. During the program, he was very happy. After
that he was very happy and satisfied on what his experiences on the grand
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III. Process Recording
179
knowledge.
SN: Oh! Mang JM anu Seeking Clarification The client recognizes his
po pangalan ko? student nurses.
SN: Mang JM last day Giving Information The client has provided
na po namin ngayon. necessary information for
him to expect what will
C: Oo nga. happen for the following
days.
SN: Pagkatapos po nito
hindi na po tayo
magkikita. According to Roy,
informing the patient
C: Oo, basta wag niyo know what to expect. All
sana kami other stimuli that
makakalimutan. strengthen the effect of
the focal stimulus.
SN: Syempre naman po
Mang Jm.
SN: Natatandaan niyo Exploring The client verbalize
pa po ang sayaw natin feelings concerning the
kahapon Mang JM? activity will be done
today.
180
C: Oo naman, diba ayun
ang gagamitin natin sa According to Henderson,
sayaw mamaya. one of the 14 basic needs
of an individual is
SN: Opo Mang JM, playing/ participating in
basta wag niyo pong various forms of
kakalimutang ang sign ng recreation.
pogi ah!
C: Oo. (Smiled)
SN: Sasabayan naman Offering Ones Self The client feels secured
namin kayo sumayaw and confident for the
mamaya. coming dance number.
According to Maslow,
one must fulfill safety
needs in order for him to
have self actualization.
SN: Alam niyo po ba Seeking Clarification The client has good
ang huling activity po recent memory. The
natin ngayon Mang JM? nurse has the chance to
re- evaluate clients
C: Oo naman, Grand remote memory.
Socialization.
According to Orem,
SN: Opo, magaling po nurses actions are to
Mang JM, ngayon po help the client
natin sasayawin yung develop/learn their own
sayaw natin kahapon po. self-care abilities through
knowledge, support and
C: Oo sige sige. encouragement.
SN: Gusto niyo po ba ng Focusing The client focuses to the
181
kornik Mang JM? topic that has been
introduced.
C: Oo, meron ba?
According to Parse, there
SN: Opo meron po, pero are three assumptions of
syempre po hindi po becoming a human being
naming basta basta one of those was human
ibibigay yun sa inyo becoming is freely
Mang JM kailangan po choosing personal
sumali po kayo sa mga meaning in situation in
games para po makakuha the intersubjective
kayo ng mga prices. process of relating value
priorities.
C: Ahh ganun ba?O sige
sige.
SN: (Silence)
SN: Nag- enjoy po ba Exploring The client shared his
kayo ngayon Mang JM? feelings about the games
for the previous
C: Oo nagenjoy ako. socialization.
SN: Kamusta po ba
According to Orem, self-
yung mga palaro? Nanalo
care comprises those
po ba kayo?
activities performed
182
C: Oo ito ito marami independently by an
ako napanalunan. individual to promote
and maintain person
SN: Wow, galing naman well-being.
po pala ni Mang JM.
C: (Smiled)
C: Salamat
salamat.(Smiled)
SN: Anu po bang Seeking Clarification Mang JM expresses
masasabi niyo ngayon himself about what he
Mang JM? did for today.
183
natatawagan eh. through their own
language and symbols.
SN: Anu pong dahilan at
hindi niyo na siya
tinatawagan?
SN: Talaga po Mang Voicing Doubt With this, the client will
JM? May sumunod po be able to explain more
pala sakanya. of his thoughts to prove
the truth which is not
C: Oo kapitbahay ko provided in the chart.
siya doon sa Manila si
184
Ella Iribe. According to Roger,
nursing is using
knowledge for human
betterment.
185
SN: Talaga po Mang Voicing Doubt With this, the client will
JM? be able to explain more
of his thoughts to prove
C: Oo, maniwala kayo the truth which is not
masama sa katawan yun, provided in the chart.
mabait ako.
According to Roger,
nursing is using
knowledge for human
betterment.
SN: Mang JM bukas po Formulating Plan of Mang JM was prepared
hindi niyo na po kami Action for our last duty. He
makakasama. demonstrates
understanding and ability
C: Oo nga eh, sana hindi to cope for our
kayo makalimot. termination phase.
186
ang kooperasyon niyo.
C: Ginawa? Hmm
naggawa ng salad,
nagsayaw at ngayon
grand socialization.
187
A. Theme identification
Content Theme
the client with others and assess his improvements throughout the
Interaction Theme
Mang JM participate well to the game. He was very cooperative and able
taught him yesterday. During our last conversation with him he maintained
Mood Theme
congruent to the questions being asked. He often smiled and laughed and
seldom looked away to divert his attention. He had a good eye contact
while having our conversation and his statements were clearly represented.
B. Nursing Diagnosis
188
IV. Nursing Interventions
the final stagein the nurse-client relationship. Both nurse and client usually have
feelings about ending the relationship; the client especially may feel the
We plan a grand socialization for our client where they will enjoy the food ang
this will help him to develop his confidence in facing crowd. We perform a dance
number with our client. During our conversation with Mang JM, we encourage
him to verbalize his feeling regarding the termination of our relationship with him,
by doing this we can evaluate what he feel about the termination. We encourage
Mang JM to verbalize what are the things he learn from the therapy we previously
done, by doing this we can evaluate if we solve the problem of Mang JM and if
we become an effective student nurses. We tell Mang JM that we enjoy the time
This was the last day that we had our care and conversation with the patient.
He seemed very happy during the grand socialization day. We let him participate
in the games and won many times. He kept his prizes inside his clothes and some
of it was shared to others. While eating his meal, we had the chance to talk to him
189
for the last time and to explain to him that this was the last day where we can able
He understood the termination of the care and wished that we wont forget him.
VI. Reference
Octavino Eufemia F., and Balita, Carl E> (2008). Theoretical Foundation of
190
PHARMACOLOGY
191
Name of Drug Mechanism Contraindication Indication Adverse Nursing
of Action Effect Consideration
192
Name of Mechanism Contraindica Indication Adverse Nursing
Drug of Action tion Effect Consideration
193
Name of Drug Mechanis Contraindica Indication Adver Nursing
m of tion se Consideratio
Action Effect n
Generic Exerts its No absolute > used for >dry 1. watch out
Name: actions contraindicati the mouth for seizures
through a ons treatment
Levomeproma central of 2. caution in
zine adrenergic- psychosis, combining
blocking, a particular levomeproma
dopamine- those of zine with
blocking, a schizophre other
serotonin- nia, and anticholinergi
blocking, manic c drugs
Brand Name: and a phases of
anticholiner bipolar 3. monitor
Nozinan gic disorder vital signs
blocking
Classification
:
Anti-psychotic
Dosage,
Route,
Frequency:
10mg tab,
HS
194
Name of Drug Mechanism Contraindication Indication Adverse Nursing
of Action Effect Consideration
Generic It inhibits the > With known >maintenance > dizziness 1. careful
Name: central hypersensitivity therapy of > observation
monoamine to the chronic headache for early
Flupentixol receptors, thioxanthenes schizophrenic symptoms of
particularly patients tardive
the dopamine > presence of whose main dyskinesia
D and D CNS depression manifestations
receptors. due to any cause, do not include 2. Observe
Brand Name: Therefore, it comatose states excitement, patient when
increases the agitation or administering
Fluanxol amount of hyperactivity medication to
serotonin and ensure that
noradrenaline medication is
that control swallowed and
mood and not hoarded.
thinking, and
Classification: improve
mood
Anxiolytic
Antidepressive
Mood
stabilizer
Dosage,
Route,
Frequency:
1cc, IM
195
Name of Mechanism Contraindi Indication Adverse Nursing
Drug of Action cation Effect Consideration
500mg 2tabs,
HS
196
UNIT V
(Psychotherapy)
197
Psychotherapy
198
Name of Therapy: Role Identification Therapy
Time: 9:30 AM
DEFINITION
This therapy uses a picture of people and their different kind of occupation.
This therapy involves identifying the different kinds of occupation in the picture and
OBJECTIVES
occupation roles.
To gain knowledge
PROCEDURES
2. Then the facilitator is responsible for asking questions to the client. They
will ask the client if they know what the picture is and what is represents.
199
3. If the client has wrong answer, the facilitator will correct them.
4. After that the clients was distributed to their own nursing student for
5. Finally the leader will gather the patient for evaluation of the therapy.
to his own intellectual capacity. He always laughed at his inmates whenever he felt
nursing interventions.
200
Name of Therapy: Bingo Social Therapy
Time: 9:30 AM
DEFINITION
This therapy is like the usual bingo we played. Instead of numbers, fruits and
vegetables were used in the game. This therapy is used for assessing knowledge of the
201
OBJECTIVES
To assess the knowledge perception of the client about different fruits and
vegetables.
PROCEDURES
4. During the working phase give recognition to the winning clients and provide
prizes.
With this kind of activity, we used fruits and vegetables on every BINGO
cards. Instead of numbers when we informed our client about the therapy, he was very
excited. He was very eager to win and get the prize. During the therapy, he listened
very carefully to every ball and wanted us to assists him in every pattern at the game.
The therapy went good and he enjoyed the game and very thankful for winning it.
According to King, perceptions, judgments and actions of the patient and the
202
Name of Therapy: Storytelling
Place: under the tree (MMH)
Time: 9:30 AM
DEFINITION
The book that is use is about the animals and it is short that the client will not
get bored reading it. It also have picture that show what the characters are doing.
Story telling is done to assess the reading comprehension of the client and his ability
OBJECTIVES
PROCEDURE
1. First the facilitator will explain to the client the name of the therapy
2. The facilitator will tell to the client the short story they will go to read.
3. The two student nurses will show to the client the short story they will go to
read.
203
5. The student nurses will asked the client what is the moral study of the story.
Today, the therapy was all about storytelling. We let the client read the story
and get lessons from it. During the therapy, we noticed that he had different ideas in
deciphering the story. We asked him questions to review every detail of the story.
Some of his answers were irrelevant to the situations and he will put some stories not
He didnt concentrate on the therapy because he had his own different stories
that he wanted to discuss with us. He can recall some of details in the stories but a
little different from the original one. We can say that he got bored reading the story
and during the therapy. Hes only active discussing his own stories.
influences, situational and behavioral factors that help predict in health promoting
behavior.
204
Name of Therapy: Food Festival
Time: 2:00 PM
DEFINITION
Food festival is a therapy done in order for the client to have basic knowledge
in preparing foods. This is done to assess the clients ability in following procedures
and to assess their memory while they are socially incline with other patients. This
OBJECTIVES
PROCEDURES
205
3. Inform the client about the each ingredient with their corresponding price.
independently following procedure. The facilitators of the said therapy oriented them
before doing every procedure. Mang JM looked excited for his turn to make his own
version of buko salad. He was able to identify the total amount of all the ingredients
needed in the therapy. While the facilitators were demonstrating every procedure he
was listening very well and focused on every detail of the procedure while others
were doing their turns in re-demonstrating the procedures he seemed bored and not
interested while silently demonstrating every procedure, he did it very well and was
given recognition for it. Before eating his meal, he offered his meal to everyone and
he wanted to share his meal with us. He enjoyed eating his meal and appreciated it
very much.
After the therapy, we conducted brief conversation about the recent activity.
He was none initiating that time and was looking around his environment. He said
that the food festival was good and it would help him get stronger for the day. Eye
contact was lacking that time because his attention was drowned around his
environment. His memory was good because he identified the ingredients of the salad
with its corresponding prices. He returned to the dorm with gratitude and
appreciation.
206
According to Peplau, interpersonal theory nurse assumes several roles which
empower and equip her in meeting the needs of the patient .Teaching Role Gives
instruct ions and provides training; involves analysis and synthesis of the learners
experience.
207
Name of Therapy: Dance Therapy
Time: 1:30 PM
DEFINITION
This therapy is done to assess the clients movement and coordination, as well
as his ability to memorize every step. This therapy is intended also to relieve their
anxiety and to create recreation. This is also done to develop the clients socialization
to others.
OBJECTIVES
anxiety
208
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION:
dance. We orient the patient about the therapy and showed them the dance. Mang JM
seemed uninterested and very silent while watching the steps of the dance.
During the therapy, Mang JM showed flatness of affect and non initiating
behaviors while we were teaching him every step. He can easily do the steps and
memorized each very well though he seemed silent throughout the entire practice.
After teaching the steps Mang JM performed the dance in front of his fellow
clients. We noticed that he had sudden change of mood while performing. He was
happy and proud while dancing. We didnt have a hard time assisting him in his
After the program, we had a conversation and review his reactions about the
therapy. The conversation manifested that he didnt enjoyed the practice of the dance
needs and concerns, developing goals and actions intended to enhance patients ability
and directing the activities related to the medical plan to improve the patients
condition.
209
UNIT VI
(Glossary)
210
GLOSSARY
Acute Dystonic Reaction- extreme contraction of the jaw muscles, which can result
in dislocation of the jaw bones and difficulty in opening the mouth. These symptoms
while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.
Akathisia- Motor restlessness ranging from a feeling of inner disquiet, often localized
Antipsychotic Drugs- class of medicines used to treat psychosis and other mental and
emotional conditions.
a normal reaction to a stressor. It may help a person to deal with a difficult situation
211
by prompting one to cope with it. When anxiety becomes excessive, it may fall under
logic; egocentric, subjective thinking lacking objectivity and connection with external
reality.
depression.
activity.
Clang Association- the sound of the words gives direction to the flow of thought.
Concrete Thinking- predominance of actual objects and events and the absence of
various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image. Healthy persons
normally use different defenses throughout life. An ego defense mechanism becomes
pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior such that the
212
Denial- failure to acknowledge an intolerance thought, feeling, experience or reality.
greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason.
disorders, in drug and alcohol intoxication, and, less commonly, after severe stress.
Dopamine- monoamine neurotransmitter formed in the brain from the amino acid
tyrosine essential for the healthy functioning of the central nervous system it has
Family Conflict- conflicts that occur within a family-between husband and wife,
parents and children, between siblings, or with extended families (grandparents, aunts,
uncles, etc.)
Flight Of Ideas- shifting of ideas from one subject to another in a somewhat related
way.
213
Fugue- a person suddenly, without planning or warning, travels far from home or
and attended by several clients who confront their personal problems together.
Immediate Memory- what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it.
expression of feelings.
Introjections- symbolic assimilation or taking into ones self a loved/ hated object.
214
Motor Hypoactivity- abnormally inactive.
Peer Pressure- social pressure by members of one's peer group to take a certain
Pharmacological Treatments- curing and treating illness that deals in the science of
Phobia- an exaggerated and often disabling fear usually inexplicable to the subject
and having sometimes a logical but usu. an illogical or symbolic objects or situation.
215
Psuedoparkinsonism- reversible syndrome resembling parkinsonism that may result
induced parkinsonism.
Reaction Formation- expression of feelings that is the direct opposite of ones real
feelings.
adjustment or response.
acceptable.
216
Substance Abuse- excessive use of a substance.
Substitution- replacing the desired unattainable goal with one that is attainable.
involuntary jerky movements of the face, tongue, jaws, trunk, and limbs, usually
217
UNIT VII
(References)
218
References
Books
Sia, Maria Loreto. Psychiatric Nursing, A Textbook and Reviewer, 2nd Edition, 2008
Electronics
disorder-a214502)
(http://ezinearticles.com/?Occupational-Stress-12---Burnout&id=2246896)
Hambrecht, Martin and Hfner, Heinz. Substance abuse and the onset of
schizophrenia. (http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-
3223(95)00609-5/abstract)
Hawes Liisa. The Ins and Outs of Peer Pressure. Calgary's Child Magazine
(http://www.calgaryallergy.ca/Articles/English/peerpressure.html)
219
UNIT VIII
(Documentation)
220
221
222
223
224
225
226