Abstract

This is the design and implementation of a digital fuel pumping machine with

fuel level control, this system is based on microcontroller which controls the

entire circuit and also displays the event going on when the system is powered

on.

When this devices is powered, the microcontroller initializes the LCD display to

show the information from the control buttons and the pumping system; now,

when it is powered the microcontroller displays is welcome information and logs

out for the user to input the number of litres he/she wants and prices enter,

then the pump will be powered through a contact relay then the display will now

show the number of litres till the count is complete, then it will stop and initialize

count table. The system was designed to monitor when the fuel has finished and

if so it will not trigger the pump.

This system can be found in different gas and fuel stations for effective control

of gasouse liquid.
Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Background study

Counting systems are one of the major devices use in precision designs such

as fuel counters, digital visitors counters, traffic lights, temperature counters

and digital clock and calendar; many a time, the use of this system are very

efficient for effective daily actives which helps them to reduce stress and aid

accurate counting on the event they were exposed to.

In this project, we are to design a fuel counter and control system which has

the capability of detecting when fuel is low, and as a prototype of the real

system fuel counters are very easy to use; in the design and construction of

this project we made use of several components which microcontroller is

the major part of this, our technology was based on atmel89s52

microcontroller which played major role as a result of its multiple pins and

easy to configure using ANSI C programming language which is an embedded

language for Hardware programing, others are the resistor, capacitors, the

LCD display, the matrix buttons for typing and control of the system and the

motor, this are the major components in this design.

 A fuel dispenser is a machine at a filling station that is used to pump gasoline,

petrol, diesel, CNG, CGH2, HCNG, LPG, LH2, ethanol fuel, biofuels like

biodiesel, kerosene, or other types of fuel into vehicles. Fuel dispensers are

also known as bowsers, [1] petrol pumps (in Commonwealth countries), or

gas pumps etc

1.2 Statement of problems

Due to the demand of man in numbering system and control, machines help

to easy our everyday jobs in other to reduce stress. In fillings stations gases

are not good to exposed outside their tanks as many of them can react under

ultraviolet lights which will become harmful to man, so fuel counters help to

give the accurate amount of the litres being sold during discharging of fuel

to the consumer without getting in contact with the merchant.

1.3 Aims and Objectives

The aim of this project includes:

a. To design and implement the construction of a fuel dispenser with fuel

level control system

 b. To implement an electronic counting system which gives the number of

litres of fuel dispensed.

1.4 Scope of the project

In this project, a student should be to understand the working principal of a

fuel dispenser, how it can be used to dispense fuel, and its electronic design

and program implementation.

It will also exposed the researcher on how to design a number system

counter which can calculate and give result of its calculation.

1.5 Project limitation

As a prototype, this project is limited to many features which is not standard

to the required one in the society today, this includes:

a. It cannot be used in buck fuel business

b. It is limited to public because it is a prototype

c. It only calculates against litres to amount but cant calculate amount to

litres etc.

1.6 Merits of the design

a. It is easy to use
 b. It can make use of lower power

c. It makes sales easy and faster

d. It has enough pumping speed and can pump for a very long time

1.7 Project report organization

Chapter one carries the introduction, aim and objective, scope of study,

limitation of the work, significance and the project report organization of the

work. Chapter two carries the literature review of the work along with other

reviews of the project. Chapter three carries the project design methodology

and steps which lead to the construction of the project. Chapter four testing

the project design, observation and Bill of engineering. Chapter five carries

summary and conclusion.

Chapter two: Literature review

2.0 Origin of the project

A fuel dispenser is a machine at a filling station that is used to pump gasoline,

petrol, diesel, CNG, CGH2, HCNG, LPG, LH2, ethanol fuel, biofuels like

biodiesel, kerosene, or other types of fuel into vehicles. Fuel dispensers are

also known as bowsers (in Australia), [1] petrol pumps (in Commonwealth

countries), or gas pumps (in North America).

Fig 2.1 filling machine

History

The first gasoline pump was invented and sold by Sylvanus Bowser in Fort

Wayne, Indiana on September 5, 1885.[2] This pump was not used for

automobiles, as they were not yet being sold. It was instead used for some
kerosene lamps and stoves. He later improved upon the pump by adding

safety measures, and also by adding a hose to directly dispense fuel into

automobiles. For a while, the term bowser was used to refer to a vertical

gasoline pump. Although the term is not used anymore in the United States,

except as a term for trucks that carry and dispense fuel to large aircraft at

airports, it still is used sometimes in Australia and New Zealand.

The first fuel dispenser was patented by Norwegian John J. Tokheim in 1901.

Fuel retail industry giant Tokheim-OPW, was named after him.

Many early gasoline pumps had a calibrated glass cylinder on top. The

desired quantity of fuel was pumped up into the cylinder as indicated by the

calibration. Then the pumping was stopped and the gasoline was let out into

the customer's tank by gravity. When metering pumps came into use, a small

glass globe with a turbine inside replaced the measuring cylinder, but

assured the customer that gasoline really was flowing into the tank.

Design

Hydrogen station pump

A modern fuel dispenser is logically divided into two main parts an

electronic "head" containing an embedded computer to control the action

of the pump, drive the pump's displays, and communicate to an indoor sales

system; and secondly, the mechanical section which in a self-contained unit

has an electric motor, pumping unit, meters, pulsars and valves to physically

pump and control the fuel flow.

In some cases the actual pump may be sealed and immersed inside the fuel

tanks on a site, in which case it is known as a submersible pump. In general,

submersible solutions in Europe are installed in hotter countries, where

suction pumps may have problems overcoming cavitation with warm fuels

or when the distance from tank to pump is longer than a suction pump can

manage.

In modern pumps, the major variations are in the number of hoses or grades

they can dispense, the physical shape, and the addition of extra devices such

as pay at the pump devices and attendant "tag" readers.

Light passenger vehicle pump flow rate ranges up to about 50 litres (13 US

gallons) per minute[3] (the United States limits this to 10 US gallons (38

litres) per minute[4]); pumps serving trucks and other large vehicles have a

higher flow rate, up to 130 litres (34 US gallons) per minute in the UK,[3] and
airline refueling can reach 1,000 US gallons (3,800 litres) per minute.[5]

Higher flow rates may overload the vapor recovery system in vehicles

equipped with enhanced evaporative emissions controls[6] (required since

1996 in the US), causing excess vapor emissions, and may present a safety

hazard.

Historically, fuel dispensers had a very wide range of designs to solve the

mechanical problems of mechanical pumping, reliable measurement, safety,

and aesthetics. This has led to some popularity in collecting antique

dispensers, especially in the USA.[7]

Fuel Nozzles

Nozzles are attached to the pump via flexible hoses, allowing them to be

placed into the vehicle's filling inlet. The hoses are robust to survive heavy

wear and tear, including exposure to weather and being driven over, and are

often attached using heavy spring or coil arrangements to provide additional

strength. A breakaway valve is also fitted to the hose to allow the nozzle and

hose to break off and fuel flow to be stopped in the case a vehicle drives off

with the nozzle still in the filler, although this is largely prevented
today[citation needed] by the point-of-sale systems not allowing payment

for fuel until the nozzle is returned to its petrol pump holder.

The nozzles are usually color-coded to indicate which grade of fuel they

dispense, however the color-coding differs between countries or even

retailers. For example, a black hose and handle in the UK indicates that the

fuel dispensed is diesel, and a green dispenser indicates unleaded fuel; the

reverse is common in the US.

Some different types of fuel have specially sized of nozzles to prevent

accidentally filling a tank with an incompatible fuel. The nozzle on diesel

pumps is supposed to be larger so that it cannot fit into the filler pipe on a

vehicle tank designed for gasoline. However, the larger diameter diesel

nozzles are not an actual requirement, and many diesel pumps at auto

islands have been fitted with standard gasoline nozzles. Also, the nozzle for

leaded gasoline is wider than for unleaded, and the fill pipe on vehicles

designed for unleaded-only was made narrower to prevent "mis-fueling".

Some diesel fuel tanks are designed to prevent wrong type of nozzle to be

used.
Blending

In some countries, pumps are able to mix two fuel products together before

dispensing; this is referred to as blending or mixing. Typical usages are in a

"mix" pump to add oil to petrol for two-stroke motorcycles, to produce an

intermediate octane rating from separate high and low octane fuels, or to

blend hydrogen and compressed natural gas (HCNG). The benefit of blending

for retailers is that it allows them to offer 3 grades of fuel while only having

to maintain inventory of two grades. This frees up both working capital and

tank capacity and improves fuel turnover.

Flow measurement

One of the most important functions for the pump is to accurately measure

the amount of fuel pumped. Flow measurement is almost always done by a

4 stroke piston meter connected to an electronic encoder.[3] In older gas

pumps, the meter is physically coupled to reeled numerical displays (moving

wheels or cylinders with numbers on the side), while newer pumps turn the

meter's movement into electrical pulses using a rotary encoder. In the U.S.

flow speed is limited to 10 gallons per minute for cars and 40 gallons per

minute for trucks. This flow rate is based on the diameter of the vehicle's

fuel filling pipe, which limits flow to these amounts.

The metrology of gasoline

Gasoline is difficult to sell in a fair and consistent manner by volumetric

units. It expands and contracts significantly as its temperature changes. A

comparison of the coefficient of thermal expansion for gasoline and liquid

water at 20C indicates that the volume of gasoline changes at about 4.5

times the rate of water.

In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) specifies the accuracy of the measurements in Handbook 44,[8]

though states set their own legal standards. The standard accuracy is 0.3%,

meaning that a 10-US-gallon (37.9 L) purchase may actually deliver 9.97 US

gal (37.7 L) to 10.03 US gal (38.0 L).

The reference temperature for gasoline volume measurement is 60F or

15C.[9] Ten gallons of gasoline at that temperature expands to about 10.15

US gal (38.4 L) at 85 F (29 C) and contracts to about 9.83 US gal (37.2 L) at

30 F (1 C). Each of the three volumes represents the same theoretical

amount of energy. In one sense, ten gallons of gasoline purchased at 30F is

about 3.2% more potential energy than ten gallons purchased at 85F. Most
gasoline is stored in tanks underneath the filling station. Modern tanks are

non-metallic and sealed to stop leaks. Some have double walls or other

structures that provide inadvertent thermal insulation while pursuing the

main goal of keeping gasoline out of the soil around the tank. The net result

is that while the air temperature can easily vary between 30 and 85 F (1

and 29 C), the gasoline in the insulated tank changes temperature much

more slowly, especially in underground tanks, as deep soil temperature

tends to remain in a narrow range throughout the year, regardless of air

temperature.

Temperature compensation is common at the wholesale transaction level in

the United States and most other countries. At the retail consumer level,

Canada has converted to automatic temperature compensation, and the UK

is undergoing conversion, but the United States has not. Automatic

temperature compensation, known as Standard Temperature Accounting in

the UK, may add a tiny amount of additional uncertainty to the

measurement, about 0.1%.[9]

There are far fewer retail outlets for gasoline in the United States today than

there were in 1980. Larger outlets sell gasoline rapidly, as much as 30,000
US gal (110,000 L) in a single day, even in remote places. Most finished

product gasoline is delivered in 8,000- to 16,000-gallon tank trucks, so two

deliveries in a 24-hour period is common. The belief is that the gasoline

spends so little time in the retail sales system that its temperature at the

point of sale does not vary significantly from winter to summer or by region.

Canada has lower overall population densities and geographically larger

gasoline distribution systems, compared to the United States. Temperature

compensation at the retail level improves the fairness under those

conditions.

In the United States, each of the 50 states has a Department of Weights and

Measure, with the authority to perform all testing and certification, issuing

fines for non-compliance. For example, in 2007 Arizona found that 9% of all

pumps were at off by at least 2.5% (the threshold for fines), evenly split

between overcounting and undercounting fuel. [10]

In some regions, regular required inspections are conducted to ensure the

accuracy of fuel dispensers. For example, in the U.S. state of Florida, the

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services conducts regular

tests of calibration and fuel quality at individual dispensers. The department

also conducts random undercover inspections using specially designed

vehicles that can check the accuracy of the dispensers. The department

issues correction required notices to stations with pumps found to be

inaccurate.[11] Most other US states conduct similar inspections. In Canada,

inspections are regularly conducted by the federal government department

Measurement Canada. Inspection dates and test results are required, by law,

to be displayed on a sticker on fuel dispensers for consumers to see. Under

a recently proposed legislation by the House of Commons (C-14: Fairness at

the Pumps Act), fines for a vendor with a modified fuel dispenser or poorly

maintained dispenser would be up to $50,000. However, virtually all pumps

that fail inspection in Canada do so for general calibration errors caused by

use over time. Intentional modification for the purpose of deceiving

consumers is extremely rare.

The metrology of hydrogen

The hydrogen fuel dispensers [12] in use on hydrogen stations dispense the

fuel by the kilogram. [13] In the United States, the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) specifies the accuracy of the

measurements in Handbook 44. The current accuracy is specified at

2.0%.[14] Worldwide regulations are discussed under OIML R 139

(compressed hydrogen).[15]

Communications components

The technology for communicating with gas pumps from a point of sale or

other controller varies widely, involving a variety of hardware (RS-485, RS-

422, current loop, and others) and proprietary software protocols.

Traditionally these variations gave pump manufacturers a natural tie-in for

their own point-of-sale systems, since only they understood the

protocols.[16]

An effort to standardize this in the 1990s resulted in the International

Forecourt Standards Forum, which has had considerable success in Europe,

but has less presence elsewhere. ("Forecourt" refers to the land area on

which the fuel dispensers are located.)

Automatic cut-off in fuel dispenser

The shut-off valve was invented in Olean, New York in 1939 by Richard C.

Corson. At a loading dock at the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Corson

observed a worker filling a barrel with gasoline and thought it inefficient. The
sound of a toilet flushing later gave him the idea for a "butterfly float." After

developing a prototype with his assistant, Paul Wenke, Corson gave the

suggestion to the company who later filed for a patent in his name. The initial

intent of the device was to "allow a person to fill more than one barrel [of

gasoline] at the same time."[17] This mechanism eventually developed into

the modern gasoline pump cut-off valve.[18]

Most modern pumps have an auto cut-off feature that stops the flow when

the tank is full. This is done with a second tube, the sensing tube that runs

from just inside the mouth of the nozzle up to a Venturi pump in the pump

handle. A mechanical valve in the pump handle detects this change of

pressure and closes, preventing the flow of fuel.[19][20]

Other components

A modern fuel pump will often contain control equipment for the vapor

recovery system, which prevents gasoline vapor from escaping to the air. In

the UK for example any new forecourt with a predicted throughput in excess

of 500 m3 per month is required to have active vapour recovery installed.

Regulations
Since fuel dispensers are the focal point of distributing fuel to the general

public, and fuel is a hazardous substance, they are subject to stringent

requirements regarding safety, accuracy and security. The exact details

differ between countries and can depend to some extent on politics.