Analytical Design Equations of Simple Matching Networks

JIS College of Engineering
An Autonomous Institution
Analytical Design Equations of Simple

Matching Network
without Smith Chart
Dr. Rakesh Sinha
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

JIS College of Engineering
May 17, 2017

Outline I
1 Introduction
2 Preliminary Concept
3 L-match Network
4 Inverted L-match Network
5 Single Series Stub Matching Network
6 Single Shunt Stub Matching Network
Matching Network c
( Rakesh Sinha, 2017) 2
Introduction
q The impedance matching network (IMN) is one of the fundamental

and crucial component spanning over the entire spectrum of RF,
microwave and millimetre-wave.
q The IMNs are in general passive, reciprocal,lossless, two-port
networks
q Application: antenna feed network, amplifier input and output
matching, power combiners and dividers, RFID, impedance
compensation network for energy harvesting and WPT etc.
q When delivering ac power, maximum real power is delivered to the
complex load, when the load impedance as seen through an IMN,
by the complex source is equal to the complex conjugate of the
source impedance
Matching Network c
Introduction
(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) A two-port lossless passive reciprocal network transforming a load

impedance ZL = RL + jXL into complex conjugate of the source impedance
ZS = RS jXS ; (b) The same network transforming the source impedance
ZS = RS + jXS into complex conjugate of the load impedance ZL = RL jXL
Matching Network c
Introduction
q Depending on the frequency of operation, the IMNs can be

implemented using lumped inductor and capacitor or using
distributed transmission line (TL) or combination of lumped and
distributed elements.
q Lumped elements topology: L-match, Inverted L-match, -match
and T-match.
q Distributed elements topology: Single section TL, Stepped
impedance, L-type or single stub (series and shunt), -type or
double stub and T-type.
q Most of the book follow Smith Chart method to design a Matching
Network. So one have to carry Smith Chart and geometry box to
design a matching network.
q In this presentation four analytical techniques are provided to
design simple matching network like L-match, inverted L-match
and single stub matching network (series and shunt).
Matching Network c
Preliminary Concept
q Impedance of a load in general define as Z = R + jX, where the

real part R is resistive part responsible for loss and the imaginary
part X is the reactive part responsible for stored energy.
q Similarly, Admittance of a load in general define as Y = G + jB,
where G is conductance responsible for loss and B is the
susceptance responsible for stored energy.
1 R X 2 2 2
q Y = Z; G=|Z|2
; B = |Z| 2 ; |Z| = R + X
q Similarly, Z = Y1 ; R= G
|Y |2
; X = |YB|2 ; |Y |2 = G2 + B 2
q Impedance of an inductor of inductance L is Z = jL, similarly
j
admittance is Y = L .
q Admittance of an capacitor of capacitance C is Y = jC, similarly
j
impedance is Z = C .
Matching Network c
Preliminary Concept
q If the imaginary part of a load impedance is positive, then the load

is inductive in nature.
q Else if the imaginary part of a load impedance is negative, then
the load is capacitive in nature.
q If the imaginary part of a load admittance is positive, then the load
is capacitive in nature.
q Else if the imaginary part of a load admittance is negative, then
the load is inductive in nature.
q If the real part of load impedance or admittance is zero, then load
is purely reactive in nature.
q If the imaginary part of load impedance or admittance is zero, then
load is purely resistive in nature.
Matching Network c
Preliminary Concept-ABCD parameter
Figure 2: Two-port Network
q The ABCD parameter of a two-port network shown in Fig. 2 can

be defined as
V1 A B V2
= . (1)
I1 C D I 2
q When port-2 as input port the ABCD matrix define as

V2 1 D B V1
= . (2)
I2 AD BC C A I 1
Matching Network c
q For a reciprocal two-port network
AD BC = 1. (3)
q For lossless network the ABCD parameters define as

A B a jb
= (4)
C D jc d
q where a, b, c and d are pure real number.

q For a lossless reciprocal two-port network
ad + bc = 1. (5)
q For a symmetric network

A = D. (6)
Matching Network c
Circuit ABCD parameters of a

Series
Impedance
Z is:
A B 1 Z
=
C D 0 1
Shunt Admittance
Y is:
A B 1 0
=
C D Y 1
Transmission Line of characteristic
impedance Z0 or admittance Y0 = Z10 and
electrical
length
= l is:
A B cos jZ0 sin
=
C D jY0 sin cos
Matching Network c
Preliminary Concept-Input Impedance
Figure 3: Port-2 of a two-port network terminated by load impedance ZL
q The input impedance seen at port-1, when port-2 is terminated by

load impedance ZL or admittance YL , is given as
V1 AV2 BI2 AZL + B A + BYL
Zin1 = = = = (7)
I1 CV2 DI2 CZL + D C + DYL
q The input impedance seen at port-2, when port-1 is terminated by
load impedance ZL admittance YL , is given as
DZL + B D + BYL
Zin2 = = (8)
CZL + A C + AYL
Matching Network c
Preliminary Concept-Input Admittance
q The input admittance seen at port-1, when port-2 is terminated by

load admittance YL or impedance ZL , is given as
DYL + C D + CZL
Yin1 = = (9)
BYL + A B + AZL
q The input admittance seen at port-2, when port-1 is terminated by
load admittance YL or impedance ZL , is given as
AYL + C A + CZL
Yin2 = = (10)
BYL + D B + DZL
Matching Network c
Input Impedance/Admittance of TL
q The input impedance of a transmission line of characteristic

impedance Z0 and electrical length is terminated by load
impedance ZL or admittance YL , is given as
ZL cos + jZ0 sin Y0 cos + jYL sin

Zin = Z0 = Z0 (11)
jZL sin + Z0 cos jY0 sin + YL cos
q The input admittance of a transmission line of characteristic

impedance Z0 and electrical length is terminated by load
impedance ZL or admittance YL , is given as
YL cos + jY0 sin Z0 cos + jZL sin

Yin = Y0 = Y0 (12)
jYL sin + Y0 cos jZ0 sin + ZL cos
Matching Network c
Input Impedance/Admittance of short/open
circuited TL
q The input impedance/admittance of a short circuited (i.e., ZL = 0

or YL = ) transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 and
electrical length , is given as
Zin = jZ0 tan ; Yin = jY0 cot (13)
q The input impedance/admittance of a open circuited (i.e., ZL =

or YL = 0) transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 and
electrical length , is given as
Zin = jZ0 cot ; Yin = jY0 tan (14)
Matching Network c
L-match Network
Figure 4: L-match network consist of shunt susceptance B1 and series

reactance X2 , matches the complex load impedance ZL = RL + jXL to a
real source impedance Z0 = 1/Y0 or admittance Y0 = 1/Z0 .
q The system can be normalized with respect to real source

impedance and the normalized parameters are given as
X2 ZL RL +jXL
b1 = B1 Z0 ; x2 = Z0 ; zL = rL + jxL = Z0 = Z0 (15)
Matching Network c
L-match Network
Figure 5: Normalized L-match network consist of shunt susceptance b1 and

series reactance x2 , matches the complex load impedance zL = rL + jxL to
a real source impedance z0 = 1 or admittance y0 = 1.
q The input admittance yin2 can be calculated as

1 1
yin2 = 1 jb1 = = (16)
zL + jx2 rL + j(xL + x2 )
Matching Network c
L-match Network
q The above equation (16) can be rewritten as
(1 jb1 ) (rL + j(xL + x2 )) =1

(17)
rL + b1 (xL + x2 ) + j ((xL + x2 ) rL b1 ) =1
q By separating the real and imaginary parts of (17), one can obtain
1 rL
(xL + x2 ) = (18)
b1
(xL + x2 ) = b1 rL (19)
q By comparing the above equations one can obtain the solution b1 and x2
of L-match network as r
1 rL
b1 = (20)
rL
p
x2 = xL (1 rL )rL (21)
Matching Network c
L-match Network
q The solution of renormalized L-match network for capacitive shunt

element (B1 > 0) can be given as
r
1 rL
B 1 = Y0 (22)
rL
p
X2 = Z0 xL (1 rL )rL (23)
q The solution of renormalized L-match network for inductive shunt

element (B1 < 0) can be given as
r
1 rL
B1 = Y0 (24)
rL
p
X2 = Z0 xL + (1 rL )rL (25)
Matching Network c
L-match network
Problem-1
Design a lumped L-match Network which matches load impedance of
ZL = 40 j30 to a source having internal impedance of ZS = 50 at 1.2
GHz frequency.
Solution-1
q From the problem statement one can write
Z0 = 50 ,Y0 = 0.02 f, ZL = 40 j30 , zL = 0.8 j0.6

rL = 0.8, xL = 0.6, f0 = 1.2 GHz
q The first solution set with capacitive shunt element can be written as
r
1 rL
B1 = Y0 = 0.01 f (26)
rL
p
X2 = Z0 xL (1 rL )rL = 50 . (27)
Matching Network c
L-match network
Solution-1
q As shunt element B1 is positive can be implemented using
capacitor C1 and the series element can be implemented using
inductor L2 due to positive value of X2 .
B1 X2
C1 = = 1.3263 pF L2 = = 6.6315 nH
2f0 2f0
q The second solution set with inductive shunt element can be

written as r
1 rL
B1 = Y0 = 0.01 f (28)
rL
p
X2 = Z0 xL + (1 rL )rL = 10 . (29)
Matching Network c
L-match network
Solution-1
q As shunt element B1 is negative can be implemented using inductor L1
and the series element can also be implemented using inductor L2 due
to positive value of X2 .
1 X2
L1 = = 13.263 nH L2 = = 1.3263 nH
2f0 B1 2f0
(a) (b)
Figure 6: L-match network: a. first solution b. second solution
Matching Network c
Inverted-L-match Network
Figure 7: Inverted L-match network consist of series reactance X1 and shunt

susceptance B2 , matches the complex load impedance ZL = RL + jXL or
admittance YL = GL + jBL to a real source impedance Z0 = 1/Y0 or
admittance Y0 = 1/Z0 .
q The system can be normalized with respect to real source admittance Y0
and the normalized parameters are given as
B2 YL GL +jBL
x1 = x1 Y0 ; b2 = Y0 ; yL = gL + jbL = Y0 = Y0 (30)
1 rL jxL
gL + jbL = = (31)
rL + jxL |zL |2
Matching Network c
Inverted L-match Network
Figure 8: Normalized inverted L-match network consist of series reactance

x1 and shunt susceptance b2 , matches the complex load admittance
yL = gL + jbL to a real source impedance z0 = 1 or admittance y0 = 1.
q The input impedance zin2 can be calculated as
1 1
zin2 = 1 jx1 = = (32)
yL + jb2 gL + j(bL + b2 )
q Note that L-match (16) and inverted L match (32) are dual
problem and the solutions are similar to each other.
Matching Network c
(1 jx1 ) (gL + j(bL + b2 )) =1

(33)
gL + x1 (bL + b2 ) + j ((bL + b2 ) gL x1 ) = 1
1 gL
(bL + b2 ) = (34)
x1
(bL + b2 ) = x1 gL (35)
q By comparing the above equations one can obtain the solution x1 and b2
of L-match network as r
1 gL
x1 = (36)
gL
p
b2 = bL (1 gL )gL (37)
Matching Network c
q The solution of renormalized inverted L-match network for

inductive series element (X1 > 0) can be given as
r
1 gL
X1 = Z0 (38)
gL
p
B2 = Y0 bL (1 gL )gL (39)
q The solution of renormalized inverted L-match network for

capacitive series element (X1 < 0) can be given as
r
1 gL
X1 = Z0 (40)
gL
p
B2 = Y0 bL + (1 gL )gL (41)
Matching Network c
Inverted L-match network
Problem-2
Design a lumped inverted L-match network which matches load impedance
of ZL = 40 j30 to a source having internal impedance of ZS = 50 at 1.2
GHz frequency.
Solution-2
Z0 = 50 ,Y0 = 0.02 f, ZL = 40 j30 , yL = 0.8 + j0.6

gL = 0.8, bL = 0.6, f0 = 1.2 GHz
q The first solution set with inductive series element can be written as
r
1 gL
X1 = Z0 = 25 (42)
gL
p
B2 = Y0 bL (1 gL )gL = 0.004 f (43)
Matching Network c
Solution-2
q As series element X1 is positive can be implemented using
inductor L1 and the shunt element can also be implemented using
inductor L2 due to negative value of B2 .
X1 1
L1 = = 3.3157 nH L2 = = 33.157 nH
2f0 2f0 B2
q The second solution set with capacitive series element can be

written as r
1 gL
X1 = Z0 = 25 (44)
gL
p
B2 = Y0 bL + (1 gL )gL = 0.02 f (45)
Matching Network c
Solution-2
q As series element X1 is negative can be implemented using capacitor
C1 and the shunt element can be implemented using inductor L2 due to
negative value of B2 .
1 1
C1 = = 5.3052 pF L2 = = 6.6315 nH
2f0 X1 2f0 B2
(a) (b)
Figure 9: Inverted L-match: a. First solution b. Second solution
Matching Network c
Single Series Stub Matching Network
Figure 10: Single series stub matching network consist of series stub
(characteristic impedance Z0 and electrical length s = ls ) having input
impedance of jX and main line (characteristic impedance Z0 and electrical
length m = lm ), matches the complex load impedance ZL = RL + jXL to a
real source impedance Z0 = 1/Y0 or admittance Y0 = 1/Z0 .

impedance Z0 and the normalized parameters are given as
X ZL RL +jXL
x= Z0 ; zL = rL + jxL = Z0 = Z0 (46)
Matching Network c
Figure 11: Normalized single series stub matching network, matches the
complex load impedance ZL = rL + jxL to a real source impedance z0 = 1 or
admittance y0 = 1.
q The input impedance zin2 can be calculated as

zL cos m + j sin m (rL + jxL ) cos m + j sin m
zin2 = 1 jx = =
jzL sin m + cos m j(rL + jxL ) sin m + cos m
(47)
Matching Network c

(1 jx) (j(rL + jxL ) sin m + cos m )
= (rL + jxL ) cos m + j sin m
cos m (xL xrL ) sin m + j ((rL + xxL ) sin m x cos m )
= rL cos m + j (xL cos m + sin m )
(48)
1 rL
tan m = (49)
xL rL x
xL + x
tan m = (50)
xxL (1 rL )
q By comparing the above equations one can write
1 rL xL + x
= (51)
xL rL x xxL (1 rL )
Matching Network c
q The the equation (68) can be rewritten as

(1 rL )xxL (1 rL )2 = xL 2 + xxL rL xxL rL x2 (52)
(1 rL + xL )2 2
x2 = (53)
rL
q The above equation has two solutions: one is inductive series stub
(x > 0) and other one is capacitive series stub (x < 0). The
solution are given as
s
(1 rL )2 + xL 2
x= (54)
rL
q The parameters related to main line electrical length can be obtain
as
1 rL 1 rL
t = tan m = = p (55)
xL rL x xL rL (1 rL )2 + rL xL 2
Matching Network c
q The electrical length of the main line and shunt line can be
obtained as
m = tan1 (t) (56)
s = tan1 (x) f or short stub
(57)
= cot1 (x) f or open stub.
q If m,s is negative then add 180 to it, when m,s is in degree. The
physical lengths of the main line and shunt line can be obtained as
m,s
lm,s = g (58)
360
q Here g is the guided wavelength of the transmission lines.
Matching Network c
Problem-3
Design a single series stub matching network which matches load
impedance of ZL = 40 j30 to a source having internal impedance
of ZS = 50 at 1.2 GHz frequency.
Solution-3
Z0 = 50 ,Y0 = 0.02 f, ZL = 40 j30 , zL = 0.8 j0.6

rL = 0.8, xL = 0.6, f0 = 1.2 GHz
q The first solution set with inductive series stub can be written as
s
(1 rL )2 + xL 2
x= = 0.70711 (59)
rL
Matching Network c
Solution-3
q The parameters related to main line electrical length can be obtain as
1 rL
t = tan m = = 0.17157 (60)
xL xrL
q The electrical length of the main line and the series stub can calculated
as
m = tan1 (t) = 170.26 s (short) = tan1 (x) = 35.264
s (open) = cot1 (x) = 125.26
q Corresponding physical length are given as
m s
lm = g = 0.47296g ls (short) = g = 0.097957g
360 360
s
ls (open) = g = 0.34796g
360
Matching Network c
Solution-3
q The second solution set with capacitive series stub can be written
as s
(1 rL )2 + xL 2
x= = 0.70711 (61)
rL
as
1 rL
t = tan m = = 5.8284 (62)
xL xrL
q The electrical length of the main line and the series stub can
calculated as
m = tan1 (t) = 99.736 s (short) = tan1 (x) = 144.74

s (open) = cot1 (x) = 54.736
Matching Network c
Single Shunt Stub Matching Network
Figure 12: Single shunt stub matching network consist of shunt stub (
electrical length s = ls ) having input admittance of jB and main line (
electrical length m = lm ), matches the complex load admittance
YL = GL + jBL to a real source admittance Y0 = 1/Z0 .

admittance Y0 and the normalized parameters are given as
b = BZ0 ; yL = gL + jbL = YL Z0 = (GL + jBL )Z0 (63)
Matching Network c
Figure 13: Normalized single shunt stub matching network, matches the
complex load admittance yL = gL + jbL to a real source admittance y0 = 1.
q The input admittance zin2 can be calculated as

yL cos m + j sin m (gL + jbL ) cos m + j sin m
yin2 = 1 jb = = (64)
jyL sin m + cos m j(gL + jbL ) sin m + cos m
q Note that series stub matching (47) and shunt stub matching (64) are
dual problem and the solutions are similar to each other.
Matching Network c

(1 jb) (j(gL + jbL ) sin m + cos m )
= (gL + jbL ) cos m + j sin m
(65)
cos m (bL bgL ) sin m + j ((gL + bbL ) sin m b cos m )
= gL cos m + j (bL cos m + sin m )
1 gL
tan m = (66)
bL gL b
bL + b
tan m = (67)
bbL (1 gL )
q By comparing the above equations one can write
1 gL bL + b
= (68)
bL gL b bbL (1 gL )
Matching Network c
q The the equation (??) can be rewritten as
(1 gL )bbL (1 gL )2 = bL 2 + bbL gL bbL gL b2 (69)
(1 gL )2 + bL 2
b2 = (70)
gL
q The above equation has two solutions: one is capacitive shunt stub
(b > 0) and other one is inductive shunt stub (b < 0). The solution are
given as s
(1 gL )2 + bL 2
b= (71)
gL

1 gL 1 gL
t = tan m = = q (72)
bL gL b
bL gL (1 gL )2 + gL bL 2
Matching Network c
q The electrical length of the main line and shunt line can be
obtained as
m = tan1 (t) (73)
s = tan1 (b) f or open stub
(74)
= cot1 (b) f or short stub.
q If m,s is negative then add 180 to it, when m,s is in degree. The
physical lengths of the main line and shunt line can be obtained as
m,s
lm,s = g . (75)
360
q Here g is the guided wavelength of the transmission lines.
Matching Network c
Problem-4
Design a single shunt stub matching network which matches load
impedance of ZL = 40 j30 to a source having internal impedance
of ZS = 50 at 1.2 GHz frequency.
Solution-4
Z0 = 50 ,Y0 = 0.02 f, ZL = 40 j30 , yL = 0.8 + j0.6

gL = 0.8, bL = 0.6, f0 = 1.2 GHz
q The first solution set with capacitive shunt stub can be written as
s
(1 gL )2 + bL 2
b= = 0.70711 (76)
gL
Matching Network c
Solution-4
1 gL
t = tan m = = 5.8284 (77)
bL bgL
q The electrical length of the main line and the series stub can calculated
as
m = tan1 (t) = 80.264 s (open) = tan1 (b) = 35.264
s (short) = cot1 (b) = 125.26
q Corresponding physical length are given as
m s
lm = g = 0.22296g ls (open) = g = 0.097957g
360 360
s
ls (short) = g = 0.34796g
360
Matching Network c
Solution-4
q The second solution set with inductive shunt stub can be written
as s
(1 gL )2 + bL 2
b= = 0.70711 (78)
gL
as
1 gL
t = tan m = = 0.17157 (79)
bL bgL
q The electrical length of the main line and the series stub can
calculated as
m = tan1 (t) = 9.7356 s (open) = tan1 (x) = 144.74

s (short) = cot1 (x) = 54.736
Matching Network c
Thanks.

Analytical Design Equations of Simple Matching Networks

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Analytical Design Equations of Simple Matching Networks

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

JIS College of Engineering

Analytical Design Equations of Simple

Dr. Rakesh Sinha

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

May 17, 2017

4 Inverted L-match Network

5 Single Series Stub Matching Network

6 Single Shunt Stub Matching Network

q The impedance matching network (IMN) is one of the fundamental

Figure 1: (a) A two-port lossless passive reciprocal network transforming a load

q Depending on the frequency of operation, the IMNs can be

q Impedance of a load in general define as Z = R + jX, where the

q If the imaginary part of a load impedance is positive, then the load

Figure 2: Two-port Network

q The ABCD parameter of a two-port network shown in Fig. 2 can

q For a reciprocal two-port network

q For lossless network the ABCD parameters define as

q where a, b, c and d are pure real number.

q For a symmetric network

Circuit ABCD parameters of a

Figure 3: Port-2 of a two-port network terminated by load impedance ZL

q The input impedance seen at port-1, when port-2 is terminated by

q The input admittance seen at port-1, when port-2 is terminated by

q The input impedance of a transmission line of characteristic

ZL cos + jZ0 sin Y0 cos + jYL sin

q The input admittance of a transmission line of characteristic

YL cos + jY0 sin Z0 cos + jZL sin

q The input impedance/admittance of a short circuited (i.e., ZL = 0

Zin = jZ0 tan ; Yin = jY0 cot (13)

q The input impedance/admittance of a open circuited (i.e., ZL =

Zin = jZ0 cot ; Yin = jY0 tan (14)

Figure 4: L-match network consist of shunt susceptance B1 and series

q The system can be normalized with respect to real source

Figure 5: Normalized L-match network consist of shunt susceptance b1 and

q The input admittance yin2 can be calculated as

q The above equation (16) can be rewritten as

(1 jb1 ) (rL + j(xL + x2 )) =1

q The solution of renormalized L-match network for capacitive shunt

q The solution of renormalized L-match network for inductive shunt

Z0 = 50 ,Y0 = 0.02 f, ZL = 40 j30 , zL = 0.8 j0.6

q The second solution set with inductive shunt element can be

Figure 7: Inverted L-match network consist of series reactance X1 and shunt

Figure 8: Normalized inverted L-match network consist of series reactance

q The above equation (32) can be rewritten as

(1 jx1 ) (gL + j(bL + b2 )) =1

q The solution of renormalized inverted L-match network for

q The solution of renormalized inverted L-match network for

Z0 = 50 ,Y0 = 0.02 f, ZL = 40 j30 , yL = 0.8 + j0.6

q The second solution set with capacitive series element can be

q The system can be normalized with respect to real source

q The input impedance zin2 can be calculated as

q The above equation (47) can be rewritten as

q The the equation (68) can be rewritten as

Z0 = 50 ,Y0 = 0.02 f, ZL = 40 j30 , zL = 0.8 j0.6

q Corresponding physical length are given as

m = tan1 (t) = 99.736 s (short) = tan1 (x) = 144.74

q The system can be normalized with respect to real source

q The input admittance zin2 can be calculated as

q The above equation (64) can be rewritten as

q The the equation (??) can be rewritten as

(1 gL )bbL (1 gL )2 = bL 2 + bbL gL bbL gL b2 (69)

q The parameters related to main line electrical length can be obtain as

Z0 = 50 ,Y0 = 0.02 f, ZL = 40 j30 , yL = 0.8 + j0.6