Additional Materials for BFC21103 Final Exam

Instructions: Section A: Answer all 3 questions

Section B: Answer any 2 questions from 3 questions.

Section A: Covers Chapters 1, 2, 3 & 4

Section B: Covers Chapters 1, 2, 5 & 6

*Ensure you can do the following questions with ease.

Good Luck!!
 BFC21103
Appendix I
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : I/2014/2015 PROGRAMME : 2BFF
COURSE NAME : HYDRAULICS COURSE CODE : BFC21103

Note that y > 20 cm

20 cm

20 cm

Figure Q4(c) / Rajah S4(c)

Table 1. Open channel flow section geometries

Section Area A Top width T Wetted perimeter P
T
y
By B B + 2y
B
Rectangular
T

1 y zy2 2zy 2y 1+ z2
z
Triangular
T
1 y
z By + zy2 B + 2zy B + 2y 1+ z2
B
Trapezoidal
T

D2 sin D
D y ( sin ) D
8 2 2

Circular

6
 BFC21103
Appendix II
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : I/2014/2015 PROGRAMME : 2BFF
COURSE NAME : HYDRAULICS COURSE CODE : BFC21103

Table 2. Best hydraulic sections

Cross Wetted Hydraulic Top width Hydraulic
Area A
section perimeter P radius R T depth D
Trapezoid y 4 3 3
3y 2 2 3y y y
2 3 4
Rectangle y
2y2 4y 2y y
2
Triangle 2 y
y2 2 2y y 2y
4 2
Semicircle y y
y2 2y y
2 2 4
Parabola 4 2 2 8 2 y 2
y y 2 2y y
3 3 2 3

Table 3. Sizing for USBR Type III stilling basin

Chute blocks Baffle blocks End sill
Fr
h1 = y1 h3 = y1 (0.168Fr1 + 0.63) h4 = y1 1 + 1
18
3 h
w1 = y1 w3 = h3 t= 3
4 5
3
s1 = y1 s 3 = h3 z 2 = 2 .0
4
h
t= 3
5
z1 = 1.0
4
L1 = y 2
5

7
 BFC21103
Appendix III
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : I/2014/2015 PROGRAMME : 2BFF
COURSE NAME : HYDRAULICS COURSE CODE : BFC21103

Some useful equations:

Q = AV

2 1 1 1
1
Q = A R 3 S o2 Q = ACR S 2 2
o
n

3 5
2 8
Q = C d 2 g LH 12 Q = C d 2 g tan H 12
3 15 2

3
2 4
Q= C d 2 g LH 12 L + H 1 tan
3 5

V VR
Fr = Re =
gD

V2 3
E = y+ E min = yc
2g 2

q2
yc = 3
g

y2 1
(
= 1 + 1 + 8Fr12
y1 2
) EL =
( y 2 y1 )3
4 y1 y 2

E 2 E1 n 2V 2
dx = where, S = i =
S o S ave 4

R3

2N
P = QH P= T
60

ND Q
H ND 3

P
D N3
5

8
Activity2.2
Water flows in a triangular channel with side slope 1.5(H) : 1(V),
bottom slope 0.0002 and Chezy coefficient of 67.4. The depth of
flow is 2.0 m. Find the flow rate and average velocity. Based on
Froudenumber,determinethestateofflow.

Giveny =2.0m,z =1.5,So =0.0002andC =67.4

A =zy2 =6m2,P =2y =7.211m,R =A/P =0.832m,D =A/T =6/2zy =1m

V = C RSo

V = 67.4 0.832 0.0002

V = 0.869m/s 1 y
z

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Q = AV
Q = 6 0.869
Q = 5.217m3 /s

V
Fr =
gD
0.869
Fr =
9.81 1
Fr = 0.277 subcritical flow

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
 Activity2.9
A trapezoidal channel 5.0 m wide and having a side slope of 1.5(H) :
1(V)islaidonaslopeof0.00035.Theroughnesscoefficientn =0.015.
Findthenormaldepthforadischargeof20m3/sthroughthischannel.

GivenB =5.0m,z =1.5,So =0.00035,n =0.015,andQ =20m3/s

A =By +zy2 =5y +1.5y2

1 + z 2 =5+2y
P =B +2y 3.25
A (5y + 1.5y 2 )
R= =
P (5 + 2 3.25y )
1 y
z
B
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

2 1
1
Manningequation, Q = AR 3 So2
n

ArrangingManningequationasafunctionofsectionfactor,
2
Qn
AR 3 = 1
So2
2

(5yo + 1.5y ) 5yo + 1.5yo = 20 0.0151

2 3
2

5 + 2 3.25y o
o
Bytrialanderror:
0.000352
(5y + 1.5y o2 )3
5

(5y )
5 o
yo (m)
+ 1.5y 2 3
(5 + 2 3.25y o )3
2
o o
= 16.036
(5 + 2 3.25y o )
2
3
1 5.391
2 19.159
Therefore,yo =1.820m 1.8 15.706
BFC21103Hydraulics 1.820 16.035
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity3.4
ForatrapezoidalchannelwithbottomwidthB =6mandsideslope
z = 2, find the critical flow depth if the discharge is 17 m3/s using
trialanderrormethod.

GivenQ =17m3/s,B =6m,z =2

Ac3 Q2
=
Tc g
(6y + 2y c2 ) 172
c
=
3

6 + 4yc 9.81
(3y + y c2 )
c
3

= 7.365 Q =17m3/s 1 y
3 + 2y c z =2

Fromtrialanderror, y c = 0.8468 m B =6m

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Q4. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2007/2008]
(a) Prove that the most efficient cross section for triangle is half of square
channel. (4 marks)

y 1
z

Flow area A = zy 2
A
z= 2 (1)
y

Wetted perimeter P = 2 y 1 + z 2 (1)

A2
P = 2y 1 +
y4
1
A2 2
P = 2 y 1 + 4
y
1
y2 A2 2
P = 2 y 2 + 4
y y
1
1 2 A 2 2
P = 2y 2 y +
2
y y
1
A2 2
P = 2 y 2 + 2
y
dP
For efficient section, with A constant, =0 (1)
dy
1

1 A2 2 A2
2 y 2 + 2
2 y 2 3 = 0
2 y y
A2
2y 2 =0
y 3

A2
=y
y3
y2 = A
Since for triangular A = zy 2
Therefore, z = 1
Or apex angle = 90, which is half of square channel. (1)

1
 Case3: H > Hmin y
y1 > yo andy3 < yc y
EGL E=
Subcritical Backwater E2 = Emin y1 = y1 yo
upstream yo
yo > yc Eo y1 y2 = yc y2 = yc
yo
y2 = yc < yo yc H y3 y3 yo
y1 > yo E
0 1 2 3 E2=Emin Eo E1,3
y3 < yc
Hmin
H>Hmin
y1 > yc andy3 < yo
y y
EGL y1 = y1 yo E=
Supercritical E2 = Emin
upstream
yo < yc Eo Jump y1 y2 = yc y2 = yc
y2 = yc > yo yo
yo yc H y3 yo
y1 > yo y3
E
y3 > yc 0 1 2 3 E2=Emin Eo E1=E3
BFC21103Hydraulics Hmin
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my) H>Hmin

ForCase3,
H > Hmin Usefulequations
H > Eo Emin Steps
Allsections Rectangularsection
E1 = E3 Eo 2 2
y2 = y c 1.Calculate Qn qn
yo andyc Manning: AR = 3
1 Manning: y oR 3 = 1
S 2
o So2
Ac3 Q2 q2
= yc = 3
Tc g g
2.Calculate Q2 q2
Eo = yo + E o = y o +
Hmin 2gA2 2gyo2
2
Q 3
Emin = y c + Emin = y c
2gAc 2
Hmin = E o Emin
3.Determine y1 y3 yo
y1,y2 &y3 E1,3 =Emin + H
Q2 q2
+
y1,3 = E1 ,3 +
y1,3 = E1 ,3
2gA12,3
BFC21103Hydraulics 2
2gy1,3
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity3.6
10m3/sofflowisconveyedinarectangularchannelof4mwidth,n
=0.015andSo =0.0075.Ifaweirwithheight0.92misbuiltinthe
channel,determinethedepthofflowontheweir.

GivenQ =10m3/s,B =4m,n =0.015,So =0.0075,andH =0.92m

Step1.Determineyo andyc
2
qn
yoR 3 = 1
So2
2 10 0.015
4 yo 4
3 y
yo =
4 + 2y o
1
0.00752 B
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

2
4 yo 3
yo = 0.4330
4 + 2y o
yo = 0.6804 m
2
10
q 2 3 4
yc = 3 = = 0.8605m yo < yc supercriticalflow
g 9.81

Step2.CalculateHmin 2
10
2
Eo = yo +
q
= 0.6804 + 4 = 1.369m
2gyo2 2 9.81 0.68042
3 3
Emin = y c = 0.8605 = 1.291m
2 2
Hmin = E o Emin = 1.369 1.291 = 0.078 m
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Step3.Determiney2
SinceH =0.92m> Hmin =0.078m Case3Hydraulicjump&
y2 = yc = 0.8605m

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Activity3.7
Arectangularchannelconveysflowatyo =1.6mandR =0.77m
onSo =1/3000andManningn = 0.01.

(a) What is the minimum height of weir to control the flow in

thechannel?

(b) Calculate depth of flow upstream, downstream and above

theweiriftheheightofweiris
(i) 0.6m.

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Givenyo =1.6m,R =0.77,So =1/3000,n = 0.01

(a) Step1.Determineyo andyc

yo = 1.6m
1
2 1 2
1.6 0.77 3
1 1 1 2
q = yoR 3 So2 = = 2.454m /s/m
3

n 0.01 3000
q 2 3 2.4542
yc = 3 = = 0.8499m yo > yc subcritical flow
g 9.81

Step2.CalculateHmin
q2 2.4542
E o = yo + = 1.6 + = 1.720m
2gyo2 2 9.81 1.62
3 3
Emin = y c = 0.8499 = 1.275m
2 2
Hmin = Eo Emin = 1.720 1.275 = 0.445 m
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

(b) (i) IfH =0.6m> Hmin = 0.445m Case3:Backwater

ForCase3, y2 = yc = 0.8499m
E1 ,3 = Emin + H = 1.275 + 0.6 = 1.875 m
q2
+
y1,3 = E1 ,3
2
2gy1,3
2.4542
+
y1,3 = 1.875
2
2 9.81y1,3
Throughtrialanderror,
y1 = 1.778mandy3 = 0.4669m
sincey1 > yo andy3 < yc

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity3.11
Flowinsidearectangularchannelof3.0mwidthhasavelocityof
3.0m/sat3.0mdepth.Thechannelisexperiencingastepof0.61
mhighatthechannelbottom.Whatistheconstrictiontobemade
to the channel width in order to ensure the depth of flow
upstreamdoesnotchange.

GivenV =3m/s,B =3m,yo =3m,andH =0.61m

Thus,q =yoV =3 3=9m2/s

Step1.Determineyo andyco
yo = 3.0m

q 2 3 92
y co = 3 = = 2.021m Sinceyo > yco subcriticalflow
g 9.81
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Step2.CalculateHmin
q2 92
Eo = yo + = 3 + = 3.459m
2gyo2 2 9.81 32
3 3
Emin = y c = 2.021 = 3.032m
2 2
Hmin = E o Emin = 3.459 3.032 = 0.427 m

Step3.Determiney1,y2 andy3
SinceH = 0.61m> Hmin = 0.427m
Case3:Backwaterupstreamofweir
E1 ,3 = Emin + H = 3.032 + 0.61 = 3.642 m
Inordertomaintainthesamespecificenergyandreduce
y1 toyo,q hastobeincreased,i.e.viawidthconstriction.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
 y(m)
y1 > yo andy3 < yc
EGL y
E=
Backwater Emin=3.032m y1 = y1 yo

Eo = yo=3.459
3.459m y1 yc=2.021m yc =2.021
3m
yc=2.021m 0.61m y y3 yo
3
E(m)
0 1 2 3 E2=Emin Eo E1,3
Hmin=0.427m
H=0.61m
y(m)
y1 > yo andy3 < yc
EGL y
E=
Backwater Emin=3.032m y1 = y1 yo

Eo = yo=3.459
3.459m y1 yc=2.021m yc =2.021 yc2
3m
yc=2.021m 0.61m y y3 yo
3
E2=Emin Eo E1,3 E1,3 E(m)
0 1 2 3
Hmin=0.427m
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my) H=0.61m

= E1 ,3 = 3.642 m
Emin

2 2
= 3.642 = 2.428m
y c 2 = Emin
3 3

qmax = gy c32 = 9.81 2.4283 = 11.85m2 /s

Q 3 3 3
Bmax = = = 2.278m
qmax 11.85

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
 y(m)

EGL y
E=
Emin=3.642m y1 =yo=3.459
Eo =
yc2 =2.021
3.459m 3m y1=3m yc2=2.428m
yc=2.021m y3
0.61m y
3
Eo Emin E1,3 E(m)
0 1 2 3
Hmin=0.427m
Planview H=0.61m

qo q2
B=3m B2=0.7595m

0 1 2 3

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
4.1RapidlyVariedFlow
Occurswhenthedepthofflowchangerapidlywithinshortdistance,
e.g.hydraulicjump.
Hydraulicjumpoccurswhensupercriticalflowchangessuddenlyto
subcriticalflowwithinashortdistance.

hydraulicjump

subcritical
y2
yc
y1
supercritical
1 2 Datum

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Activity4.3
A25mwidespillwayisdischargingflowwithvelocityof30m/sata
depthof1m.Hydraulicjumpoccursimmediatelydownstream.Find
theheightofthejumpandpowerlossduetothejump.

GivenB =25m,y1 =1m,V1 =30m/s

V1 30
Fr1 = = = 9.578
gy1 9.81 1

Conjugatedepthsequation,
y2 1
(
= 1 + 1 + 8Fr12
y1 2
)
y2 =
1
2
(
1 + 1 + 8 9.5782 )
y2 = 13.055 m
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
(i) Heightofjump H j = y2 y1
H j = 13.055 1
H j = 12.055 m

(y2 y1 )3
(ii) Energyloss EL =
4 y1 y 2
(12.055 1)3
EL =
4 1 12.055
EL = 28.019 m

Powerduetoenergyloss PL = gQE L
PL = 9810 (25 1 30 ) 28.019
PL = 206.15 MW
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Q2. A river of width 6 m conveys water at normal depth 2.0 m along a slope of 0.0002 and n
= 0.035, upstream of a water fall. The water falls to a depth of 1.9 m. Using direct step
method with N = 5 steps/ section, determine:

i. type of flow profile

ii. length of gradually-varied flow profile produced, and

iii. profile sketch

Given:
B = 6 m, yo = 2 m, So = 0.0002, n = 0.035, y = 2 m to 1.9 m, N = 5 steps/ section

i. Flow area A = By = 6 2 = 12 m2
Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y = 6 + 2(2 ) = 10 m (1)

Discharge per unit width for a rectangular section,

2 1
1
q = y o R 3 S o2
n
2
1
1 12 3
q= 2 0.0002 2
0.035 10
q = 0.9126 m3/s/m (1)
1
q2 3
Critical flow depth y c =

g
1
0.9126 2 3
y c =

9.81
y c = 0.4395 m (1)

yo = 2 m > yc = 0.4395 m M profile

yo = 2 m > y = 2 m to 1.9 m > yc = 0.4395 m M2 profile (1)

ii. length of gradually-varied flow profile produced

According to direct step method, horizontal distance dx for incremental dy is

E E1
dx = 2
So i
or
V2 V2
y 2 + 2 y1 + 1
2 g 2 g
dx =
S o S ave

n 2V 2
where S= 4

R3
 Uniform incremental of water depth over N steps
y y min
dy = max
5
2 1.9
dy =
5
dy = 0.02 m (1)

A q V2 V2 V2 n 2V 2 S2 + S1 V2 V2
By B+2y y+ y 2 + 2 y1 + 1 y 2 + 2 y1 + 1
P y 2g 2g 2 g 4 2 2 g 2 g
R 3
S o S ave

2
y A P R V V E E
dx
2g (= E2 E1) S Savg So Savg
(m)
(m) (m2) (m) (m) (m/s) (m) (m) (m)
2.00 12.00 10.00 1.2000 0.4563 0.0106 2.0106 0.00020

1.98 11.88 9.96 1.1928 0.4609 0.0108 1.9908 0.0198 0.00021 0.00020 0.000003 6928.03

1.96 11.76 9.92 1.1855 0.4656 0.0110 1.9710 0.0198 0.00021 0.00021 0.000009 2277.92

1.94 11.64 9.88 1.1781 0.4704 0.0113 1.9513 0.0198 0.00022 0.00021 0.000015 1340.80

1.92 11.52 9.84 1.1707 0.4753 0.0115 1.9315 0.0198 0.00022 0.00022 0.000021 938.55

1.90 11.40 9.80 1.1633 0.4803 0.0118 1.9118 0.0198 0.00023 0.00023 0.000028 714.98

Length of profile L = dx 12200.29

(9)
 M2 profile

iii. profile sketch

2.00 m

1.98 m

1.96 m

1.94 m

1.92 m
yc

1.9 m
Mild slope
6928.0 m
2277.9 1340.8938.6 715.0

L = 12200.3 m
(2)

If N = 3 steps:
A q V2 V2 V2 n 2V 2 S2 + S1 V2 V2
By B+2y y+ y 2 + 2 y1 + 1 y 2 + 2 y1 + 1
P y 2g 2 g 2 g 4 2 2 g 2 g
R3
S o S ave

2
y A P R V V E E
dx
2g (= E2 E1) S Savg So Savg
(m)
(m) (m2) (m) (m) (m/s) (m) (m) (m)
2.000 12.0 10.000 1.2000 0.4563 0.0106 2.0106 0.00020

1.967 11.8 9.933 1.1879 0.4640 0.0110 1.9776 0.0330 0.00021 0.00020 0.000005 6835.81

1.933 11.6 9.867 1.1757 0.4720 0.0114 1.9447 0.0330 0.00022 0.00021 0.000015 2226.32

1.900 11.4 9.800 1.1633 0.4803 0.0118 1.9118 0.0329 0.00023 0.00023 0.000025 1292.90

Length of profile L = dx 10355.03

Time howdotheflowconditionschangeovertimeataspecific
sectioninanopenchannelsystem.

c.Steadyflow depthofflowdoesnotchange/constant
duringthetimeintervalunder
considerationdy/dt =0

d.Unsteadyflow depthofflowchangeswithtime
dy/dt 0

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

2.3Conveyance
ConveyanceK ofachannelsectionisameasureofthecarrying
capacityofthechannelsectionperunitlongitudinalslope.Itis
directlyproportionaltodischargeQ.

1 1 1
1. Chezyformula Q = CAR 2 So2 K = CAR 2

2 1 2
1 1
2. Manningformula Q = AR 3 So2 K = AR 3
n n

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity2.16
A slightly rough bricklined trapezoidal channel carrying a
dischargeof25.0m3/sistohavealongitudinalslopeof0.0004.
Analysetheproportionsof

(a) themostefficientchannelsectionoftrapezoidalshape.

RoughbricklinedgivesManningroughnessn =0.017

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

If the side slope is not fixed, the side slope and other channel
characteristicsformostefficienttrapezoidalsectionare
1
ze = ze = 0.5774
3

ye
A = 3y e2 R=
2
2 1
1
FromManningequation, Q = AR 3 So2
n 2
1
1 2 ye 3
25 = 2.1056y e 0.0004 2
0.017 2
y e = 3.045 m

2
B= ye Be = 3.516 m
3 1 3.045m
0.5774
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my) 3.516m
Activity2.17
[Finalexamquestion,SemesterI,Session2013/2014]
Acompositechannelasshownisdesignedtoconvey19.8m3/sof
water. The channel on a longitudinal slope So = 1:2000 is to be
lined with concrete (n = 0.017). Determine the normal depth of
flowbasedongraphicalmethod.

3m 2
3

4m
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity5.2
Asuppressedrectangularweir0.75mhighand1.5mlongisused
todischargewaterfromatankunderaheadof0.5m.Estimatethe
dischargeoftheweirifCd =0.661.

0.5m

0.75m

1.5m

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Suppressedrectangularweir,P =0.75m,L =1.5m,H1 =0.5m

C d = 0.661

3
2
Q = C d 2g LH12
3
3
2
Q = 0.661 2 9.81 1.5 0.52
3
Q = 1.035 m3 /s

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity5.4
Calculatethedischargeofflowthroughatriangularnotchwith
vertexangleof60 andaheadH1 of0.5m.Assumecoefficientof
dischargetobe0.58.

Given = 60, H1 =0.5m,andCd =0.58

8
Q= C d 2 g H 15 2 tan
15 2
5
8 60 o
Q= 0 .58 2 9 .81 0 .5 2 tan
15 2

Q = 0 .1398 m 3 /s

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Q1. Explain the functions of these hydraulic structures:
a. sluice gate
b. weir
c. spillway
d. energy dissipator structures

Solution:
a. sluice gate is used to control and measure flow rate in open channel such as in
irrigation canal, river, tidal inlet, and reservoir. (1)

Vo
yo
vena contracta

V1
y1 y2

b. weir is an overflow structure built across an open channel (such as river) to

measure the flow rate. (1)

Q
P
`

sharp-crested weir

1/2
 c. spillway is built in a reservoir to allow the flow of excess water in the reservoir to
downstream as to ensure the safety of the reservoir. (1)

reservoir

spillway

d. energy dissipator structures are built downstream of a spillway to reduce the

velocity and energy of the flow. (1)

spillway chute block baffle block end sill

Q3. A trapezoidal weir with side slope 1:4 and width 0.5 m is used to measure flow rate of a
river. Compute the discharge if the head above the weir is 25 cm and Cd = 0.675.

Solution:

Trapezoidal weir with side slope 1:4 Cippoletti weir

Given L = 0.5 m, H1 = 0.25 m, and Cd = 0.675

Discharge over a Cippoletti weir

3
2
Q= C d 2 g LH 12
3
3
2
Q = 0.675 2 9.81 0.5 0.25 2
3
Q = 0.1246 m3/s (1)

2/2
Activity5.6
An8mwideweirofadamisdischarging80m3/sofflowwithH1 =30m,
andHo =5m.DesignanUSBRstillingbasintypeIIIdownstreamofthe
spillway.

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Step1. FindV1,y1,Fr1 andy2

V1 = 2g H1 o = 2 9.81 30 = 23.23m/s
H 5
2 2

Q 80
y1 = = = 0.4305m
BV1 8 23.23

V1 23.23
Fr1 = = = 11.30
gy1 9.81 0.4305

y2 =
y1
2
( )
1 + 1 + 8Fr12 =
0.4305
2
( )
1 + 1 + 8 11.32 = 6.668m

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Step2. DeterminelengthofbasinL
Fromthefigureoflengthofjumponhorizontalfloor,
L = 2.75y2 = 2.75 6.668 = 18.34 m

Step3. Determineh1,s1,w1 andquantityofchuteblocks(blockA)

h1 = y1 =0.4305m
s1 = y1 =0.4305m
w1 = y1 =0.4305m
B 8
No.ofblockA= = = 9.391 9blocks
( 1 1) (
s + w 0.4305 + 0.4305)

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Step4. DetermineL2,h3,s3,w3,t3 andquantityofbafflepiers(blockB)

L2 = 0.8y2 =0.8 6.668=5.334m
h3 = (0.168Fr1 +0.63)y1=(0.168 11.3 +0.63) 0.4305=1.088m
s3 = 0.75h3 =0.75 1.088=0.8160m
w3 = 0.75h3 =0.75 1.088=0.8160m
t3 = 0.2h3 =0.2 1.088=0.2176m
z3 = 1.0
B 8
No.ofblockB= = = 4.902 5blocks
(s3 + w3 ) (0.816 + 0.816)

Step5. Determineh4 forendsill(blockC)

h4 = 1 + 1 y1 =
Fr 11.3
+ 1 0.4305 = 0.7008m
18 18
z4 = 2.0
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
6.1Turbines
Turbineisahydraulicmachinethatutilisestheenergyoffluids to
moveothertypesofmachineries.

Acommonuseofturbineisinthe
hydroelectricpowergenerationplant.

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

6.2Pumps
Apumpisahydraulicmachinewhichsuppliesenergytofluid in
certainoperation,e.g.inwaterdistributionsystem.
Basedonthemodeofactionofconversionofmechanicalenergy
intohydraulicenergy,pumpsareclassifiedas:
a. rotadynamicpumps (centrifugalpump)and
b. positivedisplacementpumps.

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
 Activity6.1
Acentrifugalpumpisneededtosupply23m3/sofwaterforacity.
ThisoperationwillutiliseanetheadH =20mandspecificspeedN =
450rpm.IftheinflowpowerPs is5000kWanddensityofwater is
1000kg/m3 at5C,calculate:
(a) OutputpowerPd
(b) Overallefficiencyofthepump

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

GivenQ =23m3/s,H =20m,N =450rpm,Pi =5000kW, =1000kg/m3

(a) Outputpower

Po = QH = 9810 23 20 = 4512.6 kW

(b) Efficiencyofthepump
Po 4512.6
= = = 0.9025 = 90.25%
Pi 5000

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity6.3
Calculatethedischarge,pressurehead,totalpowerrequiredand overall
pumpsystemefficiencyfortwopumpslinkedinseries.Thepumps are
operatedat1750rpmandthesystemdesigndischargeis0.0473m3/s.
TheimpellerdiametersareDA =25.4cmandDB =30.5cm.

PumpA PumpB
HA =26.8m HB =33.5m
A =83% B =78%

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

GivenQ =0.0473m3/s
PumpA PumpB
HA =26.8m HB =33.5m
A =83% B =78%

QT = QA = QB = 0.0473m3 /s

HT = HA + HB = 26.8 + 33.5 = 60.3 m

PowerdeliveredatthedischargeendPd (oroutputpowerPo)
Pd = Po = QH

PowerofpumpatsuctionendPs (orinputpowerPi)
2N
Ps = Pi = T = T
60
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
 Activity6.5
A1:5modelofwaterturbinedevelops2kWofpowerat400rpmunder
aheadof3m.Finditsspecificspeed?
Assumingtheoverallefficiencyof0.85forboththemodeland
prototype,calculatetherotationalspeed,poweranddischargeofthe
prototypewhenrununderaheadof20m.

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Given1:5modelturbine,Pm =2kW,Nm =400rpm,Hm =3m, =0.85,Hp =20m

Nm Pm 400 2
N sm = 5
= 5
= 143.3
H4
m 3 4

Forprototype,
NmDm NpDp
=
Hm Hp
Dm Hp 1 20
Np = Nm = 400 = 206.6rpm
Dp Hm 5 3

Pm P
3 5
= 3p 5
NmDm Np Dp
Np3 Dp5 3 5
P =
206.6 5
Pp = 5 m 2 = 861.2kW
400 1
3
Nm Dm
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
 Np Pp 206.6 861.2
Specificspeedforprototype, Nsp = 5
= 5
= 143.3 = Nsm
H 4
p 20 4

Powerdevelopedbyprototype Pop = 861.2 kW atefficiency =0.85.

Po 861.2
Powersuppliedbywater Pi = = = 1013.2kW
0.85

Thus, pQpHp = 1013.2 103

1013.2 103 1013.2 103

Qp = = = 5.164m3 /s
pHp 9810 20

BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)