Professional Documents
Culture Documents
script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-
558X2016000400009&lang=pt
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT
Objective: To know the nutritional status of children from 3 to 5 years old living in the
districts of Villa el Salvador, San Juan de Miraflores and San Juan de Lurigancho for the
period from April to June 2016. Material and methods: Prospective, transversal, non-
experimental study. The information includes 1,416 children from the districts of Villa
El Salvador, Villa Maria del Triunfo and San Juan de Lurigancho (340, 322 and 754
respectively). The information collected included data on weight, height and age and
based on this information, chronic malnutrition, acute malnutrition, overweight and
obesity was determined according to the reference standard of the World Health
Organization. S/Aand W/S indicators was calculated. Results: It was determined that
the population of San Juan de Lurigancho had higher chronic malnutrition (8.6 %) and
higher overweight (11.0 %) , the population of the district of Villa Maria del Triunfo
had higher acute malnutrition (1.3 %) and population of Villa El Salvador greater
obesity (4.6 %). Conclusion: In recent years the nutritional issue has a major boost
by the Peruvian government through social programs, focusing on the determinants
level of causality. Today only food security, maternal and child care and environmental
quality are observed, neglecting health approach causality, considered the most
important approach to the problem. Large national guidelines on nutrition strategies
should include not only reduction of nutritional problems but also preventing these.
http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1020-49892017000100229&lang=pt
Rev Panam Salud Publica vol.41 Washington 2017 Epub June 08, 2017
INVESTIGACIN ORIGINAL
Roco Vargas-Machuca3
1
Organizacin Panamericana de la Salud, Quito, Ecuador
2
Centro para la Investigacin y Rehabilitacin de las Ataxias Hereditarias, La Habana,
Cuba
3
Equipo de Analistas, Proyectistas y Consultores en Salud, Lima, Per
4
Academia Internacional de Ciberntica Social Proporcionalista, Bogot, Colombia
RESUMEN
Objetivos
Mtodos
Resultados
Los nios de reas rurales, hijos de madres con baja escolaridad y pertenecientes a
hogares con necesidades bsicas insatisfechas exhiben valores ms bajos en las dos reas
del desarrollo. El retraso se incrementa al aumentar el nmero de condiciones de riesgo.
Conclusiones
ABSTRACT
Objectives
The objective of the study was to demonstrate the influence of several socioeconomic
factors on the motor and language development of children under 5 from the baseline study
conducted within the framework of the Joint Program for Children, Food Security, and
Nutrition, implemented by five United Nations agencies across 65 districts in the
departments of Loreto, Ayacucho, Huancavelica, and Apurmac, Peru.
Methods
Results
Children living in rural areas, those whose mothers had low educational attainment, and
those from households with unmet basic needs exhibited poorer outcomes in the two areas
of development assessed. As the number of risk factors increased, so did the
developmental delay.
Conclusions
Evaluation of child development and follow-up of families during the child-rearing process
should be prioritized by health systems and social programs. The instruments used were
sensitive to three criteria for validation.
http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325-00752016000600016&lang=pt
http://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2016.570
ACTUALIZACIN
http://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2016.570
Recibido: 30-6-2016
Aceptado: 5-7-2016
RESUMEN
El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la literatura cientfica sobre el rol de los micronutrientes en el
desarrollo de la estructura y funcin cerebral infantil. De esta manera, se busca aportar al pediatra
mayor conocimiento sobre la importancia de la incorporacin equilibrada de todos los nutrientes
bajo el hilo conductor de la composicin de la leche humana.
Fueron revisadas las bases de datos de MEDLINE va PubMed, TRIP database y LILACS.
Un adecuado aporte de micronutrientes, como calcio, cobre, colina, cinc, hierro, cido flico, iodo y
vitaminas, durante el embarazo, la lactancia y la alimentacin complementaria impactar sobre el
desarrollo cerebral y/o su funcionamiento.
http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325-
00752016000500012&lang=pt
http://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2016.441
ARTCULOS ORIGINALES
http://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2016.441
Financiamiento: Ninguno.
Recibido: 13-2-2016
Aceptado: 20-5-2016
RESUMEN
http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342016000200010&lang=pt
Rev. per. med. exp. salud publica vol.33 no.2 Lima abr./jun. 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2016.332.2100
ORIGINAL BREVE
1
Carrera de Nutricin y Diettica. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad San
Sebastin. Chile.
a
Nutricionista, PhD; b nutricionista; c nutricionista, Msc.
RESUMEN
El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociacin entre menor nmero de horas de
sueo y sobrepeso/obesidad en estudiantes de nutricin de primero a cuarto ao, de la
Universidad San Sebastin en Chile. Se evaluaron 635 estudiantes, de los cuales el
86,4% fueron mujeres. A cada estudiante se aplic la encuesta de sueo de Pittsburg,
una evaluacin antropomtrica y se calcul el ndice de masa corporal. Se realizaron
anlisis de regresin logstica crudo y ajustado. El 57,1% de estudiantes duerme
menos de lo recomendado. Dormir menos se asocia con sobrepeso u obesidad en el
modelo ajustado por edad y somnolencia diurna (ORa: 1,84; IC 95%: 1,26-2,68) y
ajustado por edad, consumo de tabaco, lcteos, frutas, verduras, leguminosas,
somnolencia diurna (ORa: 1,83; IC 95%: 1,29-2,76). Existe asociacin entre menos
horas de sueo y mayor peso corporal en esta poblacin, siendo un factor que
considerar en la prevencin de sobrepeso.
Palabras clave: Sobrepeso; sueo; estudiantes del area de la salud (fuente: DeCS
BIREME).
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to determine the association between fewer hours of sleep
and excess weight/obesity in first- to fourth-year nutrition students at Universidad de
San Sebastian in Chile. A total of 635 students were evaluated, of whom 86.4% were
women. The Pittsburg sleep survey was administered to each student along with an
anthropometric evaluation, and the body mass index of each was calculated. A raw and
adjusted analysis of logistic regression was performed. A total of 57.1% of students
slept less than the recommended amount. Sleeping less was associated with excess
weight or obesity in the model adjusted for age and daytime sleepiness (adjusted OR
[aOR], 1.84; 95% CI, 1.26-2.68), and adjusted for age, smoking, dairy, fruit, and
legume consumption; and daytime sleepiness (aOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.292.76). There
is an association between fewer hours of sleep and higher body mass in this
population; this should be considered in excess weight prevention.
Key words: Overweight; sleep; students, health occupations (source: MeSH NLM).
http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1022-51292015000300011&lang=pt
ARTCULOS ESPECIALES
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT
http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1025-55832015000300007&lang=pt
http://dx.doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v76i2.11141
ARTCULOS ORIGINALES
1
Instituto de Investigaciones Clnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Per.
2
Centro Nacional de Alimentacin (CENAN), Instituto Nacional de Salud, Per.
3
Servicio de Endocrinologa. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Per.
Resumen
Abstract
Introduction: Teenagers represent somehow a fifth of the population and are not
away from nutritional problems. Objectives: To determine the nutritional status,
growth and some determining factors in adolescents in Peru. Design: Descriptive,
observational, transversal study. Participants: Adolescents. Interventions: Weight,
height, body mass index were obtained from 14 753 adolescents 10-19 year old. Must
percentile reference and WHO Z score were used. Main outcome
measures: Averages and DE, prevalence CI 95%, OR IC 95%, chi-square and multiple
regressions were obtained. Results: Prevalence of deficit, underweight, normal,
overweight and obesity found respectively were 2.6; 5.9; 79; 9.3 and 3.2 (Must); 0.2;
1.1; 82.6; 12.5; 3.5% (WHO). Overweight-obesity predominated in urban areas, in
non-poor areas, the coast, jungle and Metropolitan Lima, and in those lived below 3
000 masl. Risk factors for deficit underweight were: male gender, extremely poor,
non-extremely poor, living in the northern coast and central sierra; and as protective
factor living below 1 000 masl. Risk factors for overweight-obesity were living in urban
areas, southern coast and below 1 000 masl, and living between 1 000 and 2 999
meters; and protective factors were being extremely poor, and not extremely poor,
living in the northern coast, northern sierra, central sierra, southern sierra and in the
jungle. Growth retardation was found in 28.5% of adolescents 10 to 17 years. Risk
factors for growth retardation were living in rural areas, in most geographic domains
except the southern coast, extreme and non-extreme poverty levels, altitude 1 000-2
999 and above 3 000 masl. Conclusions: Overweight-obesity was a problem of
greater magnitude and confirmed its tendency to increase with time. Height attained
was far from satisfactory and reflected maintenance of unsatisfied basic needs.
http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1025-55832015000300005&lang=pt
http://dx.doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v76i2.11139
ARTCULOS ORIGINALES
Resumen
Abstract
Introduction: Child chronic malnutrition and anemia represent a major public health
problem whose consequences are manifested throughout the life cycle. The Peruvian
State is characterized by hosting one of the largest ethno-cultural wealth of the
Americas, being the Peruvian Amazon region the one that has the greatest diversity of
indigenous groups in the country. Objective: To determine the prevalence of chronic
malnutrition and anemia in children under 5 years of indigenous households in
Peru. Design: Secondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Survey
(DHS) 2013, National Institute of Statistics and Informatics. Institution: Second
Specialization in Public Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de
San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Participants: Children under 5 years of households from the
Amazon region where the primary language is indigenous. Main outcome
measures: Chronic malnutrition (<-2 Z-scores for height for age) and anemia (<11
g/dL hemoglobin adjusted for altitude). Results: Chronic malnutrition affected 43%
and anemia 43.5% of children under 5 years of indigenous households. There was no
statistically significant association between chronic malnutrition and sex or age of the
child, nor between anemia and gender of the child; however an association between
the child's age and anemia was found (p<0.001). Conclusions: Chronic malnutrition
and anemia were high in children under 5 years of indigenous households in the
Amazon region of Peru, evidencing the large disparities in poverty, basic services and
health in indigenous children.
http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1025-55832015000200003&lang=pt
http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v76i1.11070
ARTCULOS ORIGINALES
Abstract
http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-english-edition--382-articulo-
microbiome-bacterial-translocation-in-cirrhosis-S2444382416301201?referer=buscador
Review
a
Centro de Investigacin Biomdica en Red de Enfermedades Hepticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd),
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
b
Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dabi, United Arab Emirates
c
Departamento de Medicina Clnica, Universidad Miguel Hernndez, San Juan de Alicante,
Alicante, Spain
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative changes in gut microbiota play a very important role in
cirrhosis. Humans harbour around 100 quintillion gut bacteria, thus representing around 10
times more microbial cells than eukaryotic ones. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest
surface area in the body and it is subject to constant exposure to these living
microorganisms. The existing symbiosis, proven by the lack of proinflammatory response
against commensal bacteria, implies the presence of clearly defined communication lines
that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the host. Therefore, alterations of gut
flora seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and progress of multiple liver and
gastrointestinal diseases. This has made its selective modification into an area of high
therapeutic interest.
Bacterial translocation is defined as the migration of bacteria or bacterial products from the
intestines to the mesenteric lymph nodes. It follows that alteration in gut microbiota have
shown importance, at least to some extent, in the pathogenesis of several complications
arising from terminal liver disease, such as hepatic encephalopathy, portal hypertension and
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
This review sums up, firstly, how liver disease can alter the common composition of gut
microbiota, and secondly, how this alteration contributes to the development of
complications in cirrhosis.
Resumen
La traslocacin bacteriana se define como el paso de bacterias y/o sus productos desde el
intestino a los ganglios linfticos mesentricos. Por tanto, las alteraciones en la microbiota
intestinal han mostrado su importancia, al menos parcialmente, en la patognesis de varias
complicaciones que surgen en la enfermedad heptica en fase terminal, tales como la
encefalopata heptica, la hipertensin portal y la peritonitis bacteriana espontnea.
En esta revisin se resume, por un lado, cmo la enfermedad heptica puede alterar la
composicin habitual de la microbiota intestinal, y por otro, cmo esta alteracin
contribuye al desarrollo de complicaciones en la cirrosis.
Keywords
Palabras clave
ENFERMEDAD AO
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
1. Ulcera gstrica 1.36 1.29 1.13 1.17 1.24 1.27
2. Colelitiasis 0.97 0.82 0.75 0.65 0.63 0.21
3. Pancreatitis aguda 0.74 0.81 0.79 0.8 0.87 0.9
4. Apendicitis 0.42 0.58 0.45 0.43 0.12 0.26
5. Ulcera duidenal 0.26 0.32 0.34 0.43 0.21 0.18
6. Pancreatitis crnica 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0
7. Ulcera esofgica 0.01 0.002 0 0.005 0.005 0.01
8. Colitis ulcerativa 0.005
HEPATITIS
GRUPOS DE EDAD CIRROSIS CARCINOMA HEPATITIS
VIRAL NO
en aos HEPATICA HEPATOCELULAR VIRAL B
ESPECIFICADA
1-5 0.33 0.05 0.09 0.37
6-14 0.18 0.09 0.10 0.21
15-24 0.58 0.28 0.14 0.35
25-49 7.00 0.48 0.18 0.38
50-65 61.03 4.31 0.56 0.88
4.8
Hace cerca de 16 aos, Eugene V. Koonin, renombrado acadmico del Centro Nacional para la
Informacin Biotecnolgica, de Bethesda, Estados Unidos, report que un ser humano requiere
entre 100 mil y 150 mil genes para vivir en condiciones ideales, pero el proyecto de secuenciacin
del genoma humano mostr que no tenemos tal nmero de genes.
De manera clsica se aceptaba que la informacin gentica que requiere el ser humano para
existir est en su genoma cromosomal. Sin embargo, el concepto contemporneo de
almacenamiento y transmisin de la herencia gentica reconoce actualmente que los genes que
nos permiten vivir y funcionar se encuentran en al menos tres genomas diferentes: el cromosomal,
el mitocondrial y el microbioma (Figura 1).
Figura 1
Los tres genomas residentes en el humano.
Para el caso del microbioma, normalmente el nuevo ser adquiere de parte de la madre un inculo
inicial de la microbiota durante el parto que es muy importante. Luego del nacimiento, la riqueza y
la abundancia de los componentes de la microbiota aumentan durante la lactancia y varan durante
la interaccin con el ambiente a lo largo de la vida.
El microbioma y las enfermedades
De esta forma, podramos concluir que los humanos funcionamos basados en la expresin de
entre 9 x 1017 a 227 x 1017 genes totales de los tres genomas a lo largo de la vida (Figura 3). La
importancia del microbioma para la salud humana se valora cuando existe una perturbacin en la
diversidad de la microbiota, lo que afectara a cerca de 18 por ciento de los genes que requerimos
para vivir.
http://www.mynewgut.eu/publications
http://miradorsalud.com/microorganismos-que-alteran-la-mente-el-impacto-de-la-microbiota-
intestinal-en-el-cerebro-y-el-comportamiento/
Igualmente, los autores encontraron que las dietas ricas en azcar se asociaban a
un deterioro de la memoria a corto y largo plazo.
Estos resultados son consistentes con los hallazgos de otros estudios sobre el
impacto que tienen las dietas con alto contenido de grasas y azcar en la funcin
cognitiva y el comportamiento y sugieren que algunos de estos problemas de
aprendizaje y memoria podran estar relacionados con los cambios que este tipo
de alimentacin produce en la microbiota intestinal.
Los ratones han demostrado ser un buen modelo de investigacin para estudiar
tpicos pertinentes a los seres humanos como el envejecimiento, la memoria
espacial, la obesidad y otros problemas.
Los ratones que consumieron dietas con alto contenido de grasa o de azcar
experimentaron, al cabo de cuatro semanas, una reduccin del desempeo de
varias pruebas que medan las funciones fsicas y cognitivas, en comparacin con
los roedores que consumieron una dieta normal. Uno de los cambios ms
significativos fue el deterioro de la flexibilidad cognitiva, que es la capacidad de
buscar una solucin alternativa, cuando no se puede hacer algo a lo que se est
acostumbrado.
Los autores sealan que las bacterias pueden liberar compuestos que actan
como neurotransmisores, estimulan los nervios sensoriales, el sistema
inmunolgico y afectan a una amplia gama de funciones biolgicas. No estamos
seguros exactamente que mensajes se estn enviando, pero estamos rastreando
las vas y los efectos.
Por otra parte, estudios previos sugieren que la ingesta de alimentos con
propiedades de prebiticos y probiticos inducen cambios favorables en la
composicin de la microbiota intestinal y podran incluirse como parte de una
estrategia novedosa en el manejo de algunos trastornos relacionados con
el estrs como la depresin, la ansiedad, el sndrome del intestino irritable y los
trastornos del neurodesarrollo como el autismo.
Cultivar una microbiota intestinal saludable podra contribuir con una buena salud
mental.
http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n10/full/nrn3346.html?foxtrotcallback=true
ARTICLE TOOLS
o Send to a friend
o Export citation
o Export references
o Rights and permissions
SEARCH PUBMED FOR
o John F. Cryan
o Timothy G. Dinan
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rise of the gut microbiota as a major topic of research
interest in biology. Studies are revealing how variations and changes in the composition of
the gut microbiota influence normal physiology and contribute to diseases ranging from
inflammation to obesity. Accumulating data now indicate that the gut microbiota also
communicates with the CNS possibly through neural, endocrine and immune pathways
and thereby influences brain function and behaviour. Studies in germ-free animals and in
animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotic bacteria or antibiotic drugs
suggest a role for the gut microbiota in the regulation of anxiety, mood, cognition and pain.
Thus, the emerging concept of a microbiotagutbrain axis suggests that modulation of the
gut microbiota may be a tractable strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex
CNS disorders.
https://www.nutribiotica.es/microbiota-cerebro/
Microbiota y Cerebro
ltimos avances en la comprensin del papel que
desempea la microbiota intestinal en la salud y las
patologas cerebrales
A da de hoy son cada vez ms las evidencias cientficas que afirman la estrecha
relacin que existe entre nuestra microbiota intestinal y el desarrollo de
patologas psiquitricas y neurolgicas, como la depresin, el autismo, el
Parkinson, Alzheimer o el accidente cerebro-vascular.
Enfermedad de Alzheimer
Se trata de una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que se caracteriza por la
acumulacin de placas amiloides, tau-fibras y neuroinflamacin generalizada que
culmina en graves trastornos cognitivos, como la prdida de memoria a largo
plazo y otros sntomas, como la incapacidad fsica y el agotamiento.
Tras observar este y otros estudios, los investigadores concluyen que intentar
dirigir y equilibrar el eje #microbiota-intestino-cerebro puede ayudar a aliviar
algunos de los sntomas neurolgicos y gastrointestinales de la enfermedad de
#Parkinson.
Esclerosis mltiple
La esclerosis mltiple es una enfermedad autoinmune neurodegenerativa causada
por la prdida progresiva de las cavidades mielnicas que rodean los axones de
las neuronas.
La enfermedad degenerativa se caracteriza por una variedad de sntomas
neurolgicos, tales como alteracin de la visin, ataxia, espasmos musculares,
parlisis en casos graves y fatiga. Adems, tambin se han reportado sntomas
relacionados con la vejiga y el sistema gastrointestinal en la esclerosis mltiple.
Por ejemplo, Buscarinu et al. demostr recientemente que existe un aumento de
la permeabilidad intestinal junto con una reduccin en la absorcin
intestinal en pacientes con la forma recurrente/remitente de la afeccin.
Los estudios preclnicos analizados en este caso, han proporcionado una mayor
percepcin de cmo el eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro est afectado en la
esclerosis mltiple y si contribuye a la patologa observada.
Sin embargo, ellos mismos dicen que, aunque los datos son ciertamente
prometedores, los estudios prospectivos que evalan el potencial teraputico de
los psicobiticos para el tratamiento de la depresin requerirn el reclutamiento a
gran escala de pacientes deprimidos para determinar la extensin de su eficacia.
Autismo
Uno de los puntos que se trata en este bloque, de gran inters cientfico, lo
proponen a modo de pregunta abierta: Las terapias basadas en el microbioma
para el tratamiento del autismo: extravagancia o esperanza?
Los autores dicen que aunque se requiere ms informacin sobre cmo las
bacterias intestinales influyen en los comportamientos sociales y otros aspectos
del comportamiento asociados con el autismo, la evidencia reciente sugiere que
la modulacin de la microbiota a travs de la dieta, los probiticos y la
transferencia de microbiota es capaz de modificar algunos aspectos del
comportamiento relativos al autismo.
Aunque la mayora de los estudios que han demostrado los efectos benficos de
la modulacin de la microbiota han sido preclnicos, un reciente pequeo estudio
abierto de Kang et al. demostr que la transferencia de una mezcla estandarizada
de microbiota de intestino humano fue capaz de mejorar los sntomas
gastrointestinales y de conducta en nios autistas.
Por otra parte, estas mejoras a los sntomas gastrointestinales y de
comportamiento a travs de la transferencia de microbiota se mantuvieron
durante un mximo de 8 semanas despus de la cesacin de la terapia, lo que
sugiere que la intervencin tuvo efectos duraderos sobre la microbiota.
Si bien estos resultados son preliminares y carecen de controles adecuados, apoya
el uso de terapias basadas en microorganismos en el futuro para manejar los
sntomas gastrointestinales y de conducta del autismo.
Sin embargo, siendo el autismo un trastorno gentico, se necesita ms
investigacin para entender la relacin entre la gentica del husped y la
microbiota intestinal en la aparicin del autismo.
La investigacin preclnica emergente sugiere que las cepas bacterianas
especficas son capaces de mejorar los sntomas de conducta bsicos del autismo.
En el modelo de inmunidad materna del autismo, Hsiao et al. demostraron que B.
fragilis era capaz de mejorar los comportamientos estereotipados y relacionados
con la ansiedad en este modelo animal, al mismo tiempo que mejoraba la
permeabilidad intestinal.
Esto llev a Gilbert et al. a la provocacin y, quizs prematuramente, proponer el
concepto de probiticos para tratar el autismo.
Ms recientemente, Buffington et al, en un modelo animal de autismo observ
que los niveles fecales de Lactobacillus reuteri fueron menores en los animales
enfermos en comparacin con los controles no autistas. Estos ratones de tipo
autista tambin mostraron una reduccin de la inmunoreactividad de la oxitocina
en el ncleo paraventricular (PVN) del hipotlamo. Curiosamente, la
suplementacin con L.reuteri ha provocado una mejora en el comportamiento de
estos ratones a travs de la mejora de la oxitocina inmunoreactiva en el PVN del
hipotlamo. Dada la asociacin de la oxitocina con los comportamientos sociales
y el autismo, es probable que la hormona juegue un papel en los efectos
psicobiticos de la bacteria. Todava quedan varias preguntas sin respuesta sobre
los efectos de L.reuteri en este campo.
Por ejemplo, se requiere ms informacin sobre el efecto de L.reuteri en otras
regiones cerebrales relacionadas con el procesamiento de comportamientos
sociales (es decir, la amgdala). En el estudio de Buffington et al., los autores
observaron que no haba efecto de la cepa bacteriana en comportamientos
repetitivos o relacionados con la ansiedad. Por lo tanto, se requiere una mayor
comprensin de los neurocircuitos afectados en el #autismo. Adems, es este
efecto en la conducta una consecuencia directa del consumo de L. reuteri? O
esta cepa bacteriana altera la microbiota del husped, que luego mejora el
comportamiento social?
Al igual que el uso de probiticos, recientemente se ha demostrado que el
butirato (SCFA) mejora los comportamientos relacionados con el autismo en
ratones BTBR.
El tratamiento con butirato mejor los defectos en los comportamientos sociales
y repetitivos en ratones BTBR mientras que tambin modulaba la expresin de
genes relacionados con la neurotransmisin excitatoria e inhibitoria, lo que
sugiere que tales metabolitos microbianos pueden presentar una potencial
oportunidad teraputica para el tratamiento del comportamiento autista.
4. Microbiota y adiccin
Los autores reflexionan que, a da de hoy, poco se sabe sobre el papel que juegan
los microbios intestinales en el abuso de sustancias. Cuando consideramos la
adiccin a las drogas y cualquier posible asociacin con una microbiota alterada,
es importante considerar las comorbilidades, como la depresin y la ansiedad.
Por otra parte, en las personas toxicmanas es probable que haya un dficit en su
dieta, lo que tambin puede afectar a la composicin de su microbiota.
Adems, tienen en cuenta que el consumo de muchos agentes farmacolgicos,
incluyendo psicotrpicos, pueden tener efectos directos sobre la microbiota, lo
que complica cualquier interpretacin. Sin embargo, hay evidencia creciente de
que la microbiota puede modular comportamientos y cambios fisiolgicos
relevantes en el abuso de sustancias.
Una dieta de estilo mediterrneo (frutas, verduras, frutos secos sin sal, pescado,
carne magra, etc.) se relaciona con una menor probabilidad de desarrollo de
depresin en comparacin con la dieta al estilo occidental donde hay mayor
riesgo de desarrollar patologas relacionadas con el estado de nimo.
Adems, los datos preclnicos emergentes sugieren que la dieta tambin es capaz
de mejorar el comportamiento relacionado con el autismo. Por ejemplo, se ha
demostrado que una dieta cetognica, pobre en hidratos de carbono, mejora los
defectos en los comportamientos sociales y comportamientos repetitivos en los
ratones BTBR, as como en los modelos ambientales del autismo y la activacin
inmunitaria materna.
Si bien estos estudios ponen de relieve los efectos beneficiosos que la dieta puede
tener sobre el comportamiento, se requiere una mayor comprensin de los
mecanismos subyacentes en cmo la dieta o los componentes dietticos mejoran
el comportamiento social y el estado de nimo.
Conclusiones:
La evidencia cientfica sugiere que la microbiota, a travs del eje de
comunicacin bidireccional conocido como el eje del intestino-cerebro, est
involucrada en procesos fisiolgicos, como el estado de nimo y el
envejecimiento.
Los estudios preclnicos han sido beneficiosos para dilucidar cmo est
involucrada la desregulacin de microbiota en tales condiciones.
Tabla 1
Panorama general de gneros y especies selectas de bacterias intestinales
comnmente afectadas por la dieta
esp. especies, LPS lipopolisacridos, EII enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, T H T
helper, FG Gangrena de Fournier, HS Hidradenitis supurativa, receptores TLR que
actan como puntos de control, MALT tejido linfoide asociado con la mucosa.
Fuente: Foster JA, Lyte M, Meyer E, Cryan JF. Gut microbiota and brain function: An
evolving field in neuroscience. 2015. Disponible
en: http://ijnp.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/11/17/ijnp.pyv114
Yolanda Sanz
0.
First published: 20 September 2016Full publication history
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600252 View/save citation
Cited by (CrossRef): 3 articlesCheck for updates
Citation tools
Funding Information
Abstract
Diet has been shown to be a major factor in modulating the structure of the mammalian gut
microbiota by providing specific nutrient sources and inducing environmental changes (pH,
bile acids) in the gut ecosystem. Long-term dietary patterns and short-term interventions
have been shown to induce changes in gut microbiota structure and function, with several
studies revealing metabolic changes likely resulting from the host microbiota cross-talk,
which ultimately could influence host physiology. However, a more precise identification
of the specific dietary patterns and food constituents that effectively modulate the gut
microbiota and bring a predictable benefit to the host metabolic phenotype is needed to
establish microbiome-based dietary recommendations. Here, we briefly review the existing
data regarding gut microbiota changes induced by different macronutrients and the
resulting metabolites produced via their respective fermentation, including their potential
effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders. We also discuss major limitations of
current dietary intervention studies as well as future needs of applying cutting-edge omic
techniques and of progressing in functional microbiota gene discovery to establish robust
causal relationships between the dietary microbiota induced changes and metabolic health
or disease.
Abbreviations
CRC
colorectal cancer
FFAR
free fatty acid receptor
FOS
fructooligosaccharides
GI
gastrointestinal
GLP-1
glucagon-like peptide-1
GOS
galactooligosaccharides
HDAC
histone deacetylase
HFD
high-fat diet
HPD
high-protein diet
RS
resistant starch
WG
whole grain
1 Introduction
Recent evidence suggesting a role of intestinal dysbiosis
in promoting or aggravating different diseases such as
obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease
[1] has sparked a revolutionary shift in regarding the gut
microbiota as a significant player in human health rather
than just being a commensal hitchhiker. Components of
the gut microbiota are now considered to play significant
roles in areas as diverse as the regulation of intestinal
function, metabolism, behavior, blood vessel formation,
and immune function [2]. Many interactions of the
commensal gut microbiota with host physiology have
been defined as beneficial, such as providing vitamins
and essential nutrients, improving the digestibility of
nutrients (e.g. complex polysaccharides), maintaining
normal gut motility and immune function and releasing
chemicals potentially involved in cancer prevention [3-5].
In contrast, emerging evidence has suggested a
contributory role of intestinal dysbiosis and specific
microbial metabolic products in the development of
diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular
diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and some cancers.
Intestinal health and its impact beyond the gut is now
viewed as at least partially dependent on the composition
and function of the gut microbiota and its respective
metabolic products that can interact with and influence
host physiology [3]. This concept has reinforced the
necessity to identify the environmental factors that can
modify the gut microbiota and understand how these
changes affect the microbiota metabolic output and
ultimately host physiology and health.
Diet has emerged as an instrumental factor in defining
and shaping the mammalian gut microbiota [6, 7].
Although the gut microbiota is relatively stable in healthy
adult human populations [8], short-term alterations in diet
have been demonstrated to rapidly change microbial
composition, which can occur within 24 h of diet
intervention [9, 10], although more profound changes
could require longer dietary modifications [8]. Long-term
dietary patterns appear to have a substantial effect on
shaping the human gut microbiota [10], as common
microbial features are observed in humans from
geographically distinct countries with similar diets higher
in plant-derived polysaccharides (South America,
Malawi, Africa/Burkina Faso) compared to humans from
countries with typical Western diets rich in fat and
protein (US and Europe) [11, 12]. Dietary effects on
human gut microbiota have also been directly
demonstrated recently in dietary intervention studies of
different durations (reviewed in [13]). The gut microbiota
has also been demonstrated to some extent to be resilient,
whereby microbial compositional changes in mice have
been shown to revert back to the original structures after
short dietary disturbances are removed and the animals
are returned to the original diet [14]. Recently, however,
the long-term impact on mice fed low-fiber diets over
successive generations was shown to cause a progressive
loss of certain fiber-fermenting bacteria that could not be
restored solely by fiber-rich diets [15], thus
demonstrating the potentially serious effects that
sustained diets can have on modulating the microbiota
composition.
The mammalian gut environment is profoundly different
in distinct compartments traveling along the length of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, creating specific environments
for different species or functional bacterial assemblages.
For instance, the small intestine has faster transit times,
higher bile acid concentrations, and greater oxygen
availability than the large intestine [16], thus allowing
more bile-resistant facultative anaerobes to thrive in these
areas of the gut compared to the colon. These differences
are pronounced when comparing the proximal and distal
regions of both the small and large intestines and also
locally between the intestinal lumen and mucosal surfaces
[3]. Intestinal pH, which varies significantly along
different regions of the GI tract [17], is another critical
factor in shaping bacterial species composition and
metabolic output [18]. Thus, environmentally diverse
subcompartments within the human GI tract facilitate
heterogenous bacterial assemblages, and hence accurate
representation of the gut microbiota is largely dependent
on very specific regions of the gut that are sampled. Since
human fecal samples are largely the choice for analyzing
the microbiota because intestinal biopsy samples are
difficult or impossible to obtain, much of the present
work characterizing the human gut microbiota is biased
toward the community present in the lumen of the distal
large intestine. Furthermore, the number of studies that
correlated gut microbiota dietary-induced changes with
their potential physiological and clinical consequences is
very limited, thus precluding the understanding of their
significance to human health [19].
In this review, we analyze the existing data regarding
how dietary interventions with different types of
macronutrients (fats, carbohydrates/fibers, and proteins)
affect the mammalian gut microbiota composition. We
then discuss the metabolic intermediate and end products
of bacterial metabolism associated with each of the three
aforementioned macronutrients and their possible role or
influence in the development of obesity and related
metabolic disorders. Finally we discuss the future
challenges existing in this research area and suggest
potential ways to overcome these limitations.
2 Dietary fat and high-fat diets
(HFDs)
Ingestion of dietary fats leads to a release of digestive
enzymes including lipases that aid in breaking down
complex triacylglycerol molecules to free fatty acids and
monoglycerides. Bile acids are released into the
duodenum and associate with free fatty acids and
monoglycerides to form micelles, which facilitate
transport to the enterocyte plasma membrane and
eventual absorption of the freely dissolved fatty acid.
Dietary fatty acids are mostly absorbed and utilized in the
small intestine, although a small percentage is able to
reach the colon and can be excreted in feces [13].
2.1 Lipid-degrading bacteria
Although a large focus of study has been conducted on
the relationship of the gut microbiota and diet-related
diseases such as obesity, surprisingly little is known
regarding dietary fat degradation in vivo within the
mammalian gut, as well as the dominant active lipid
degrading bacterial species present in the gut. It is known
that microbes from ruminants are able to biohydrogenate
certain PUFAs such as linoleic acid into the saturated
fatty acid stearic acid [20], and similar biotransformation
of linoleic acid has been observed in numerous strains of
human gut bacteria in vitro [21]. In this latter study,
substantial linoleate isomerase activity was detected in
the bacterial groups Roseburia spp., Butyrivibrio
fibrisolvens and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermani, and a
range of metabolic products such as conjugated linoleic
acids, vaccenic acid and hydroxy-18:1 fatty acid was
detected [21]. Evidence for the ability of gut bacteria to
metabolize dietary PUFAs in vivo was also recently
demonstrated in mice [22, 23].
A great deal of work on known lipid-degrading bacteria
has also been conducted in the biotechnology sector, with
a focus on bacterial lipases for commercial enzymatic
use. From this work, bacterial lipases have been
identified in numerous bacteria, including some common
gut microbial genera or
species: Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Ente
rococcus, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus,
and Serratia marcescens [24, 25]. However, most of these genera
are not dominant members of the mammalian gut
microbiota, and little is known regarding degradation of
lipids by the more dominant bacterial members. Although
not directly isolated from the gut, ipinyt et al. [26]
found that Enterobacter aerogenes, a common human gut
bacterium, has very high lipase activity in vitro and is
capable of degrading different types of fatty acids,
ranging from saturated (palmitic and stearic) and
unsaturated (oleic and linoleic) fatty acids to
tryiglycerides. Theoretically, the fraction of the dietary
fat that reaches the colon could be partially metabolized
by gut bacteria, although direct evidence is lacking, due
to the fact that the main energy sources are known to be
primarily carbohydrates and then protein products.
Although it is well known that cholesterol is degraded by
gut microbiota to the metabolic end product coprostanol,
thus increasing its excretion in feces [27], the ultimate
consequences on human health are poorly understood.
Further work on identifying lipid-degrading bacterial
strains is needed in order to improve the existing
knowledge of the microbiota's primary role in fat
metabolism.
2.2 Effects of HFD on microbiota composition
Recent observations in animal studies have found that
HFDs stimulate substantial changes in certain taxonomic
groups from the gut microbiota compared to control diets
(Table 1). In contrast, very few controlled human
interventional studies examining the effects of HFDs on
gut microbiota composition have been carried out to date
(Table 1). Among these human studies, Wu et al. [10]
examined the changes in the gut microbiota of ten
individuals given either a high fiber/low-fat diet or a low
fiber/HFD and found that interindividual variation in
microbial composition masked possible variation from
short-term dietary changes. During this 10-day study, the
enterotype identities (characterized by increased
abundance of specific genera, namely Bacteroides and Prevotella)
that were assigned to each individual remained stable
despite rapid changes in microbiota composition within a
single day of dietary intervention [10]. Duncan et al. [28]
also carried out a controlled human study that examined
changes in the gut microbiota after a shift from a weight
maintenance diet (30% of total calories from fat) to a
high fat/protein, low carbohydrate diet
(protein:carbohydrate:fat = 30%:4%:66% of total
calories) labeled a HPLC diet. However, the primary goal
of this study was to examine the effect of changing
carbohydrates and protein content instead of fat. In fact,
this study reported reductions in common fiber-
fermenting bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Roseburia spp.,
and Eubacterium rectale. This trend in reduced fiber-fermenting
bacteria has also been observed in mice subjected to HFD
studies that reduced the carbohydrate (and possibly fiber)
percentages at the expense of increasing the fat
percentages in the HFDs [29].
Table 1. Summary of recent dietary studies utilizing high fat (HF) diets that describe effects on gut
microbiota
% dietary
Dietary Method
component Duration
change/ Subjects for Effect on microbiota
(% carb/% (wk)
intervention profiling
prot/% fat)
% dietary
Dietary Method
component Duration
change/ Subjects for Effect on microbiota
(% carb/% (wk)
intervention profiling
prot/% fat)
1. All dietary components are in percentages unless stated otherwise. Duration indicates the amount of time the dietary change/intervention was given
adults unless specifically stated otherwise. All samples were derived from fecal samples unless specifically stated otherwise.
2. HH, healthy human; M C57BL/6NCrl mice, male C57BL/6NCrl mice; Mice RELM, RELM KO mice; F C57BL/6NCrl mice, female C57BL/6NC
Sprague Dawley rats; Fout, Female outbred mice; M SD rats intestinal mucosa, intestinal mucosal samples from male Sprague Dawley rats; Pyroseq
pyrosequencing; MiSeq, Illumina; MITChip, Mouse Intestinal Tract microarray chip; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; qPCR, quantitative
diet.
Fat
HFD vs. chow HF diet: 3 Mice RELM qRT-PCR, HFD: Firmicutes (Clostridiales) and Delta-
diet 35/20/45 Pyroseq proteobacteria.
Chow:
Bacteroidales.
60/28/12
% dietary
Dietary Method
component Duration
change/ Subjects for Effect on microbiota
(% carb/% (wk)
intervention profiling
prot/% fat)
High saturated 60% kcal from 12 F C57BL/6J Pyroseq Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. At species
fat diet (HFD) fat, 34% was mice Lactobacillus and Oscillibacter.
saturated fat
Purified HFD 35/20/45 8 M C57Bl/6J MITChip Clostridium clusters XI, XVII, and XVIII
containing mice
palm oil (HF-
PO; P/S 0.4)
HFD vs. LFD LFD: 70/20/10 8-12 SD rats qPCR HFD: Bacteroidales and Clostridiales In DIO-
HFD: (obesity prone) rats: Enterobacteriales
35/20/45
% dietary
Dietary Method
component Duration
change/ Subjects for Effect on microbiota
(% carb/% (wk)
intervention profiling
prot/% fat)
HFD vs. chow HFD 16 SD rats Pyroseq HFD: Blautia producta, Morganella
diet (Chow) (pelleted): morgani, Phascolarctobacterium, B.
40/17/43
fragilis, Parabacteroides distasonis, B. vulgatus
Modified groups Bacteroidaceae, Lachnospiraceae,
chow Enterobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae,
(saturated Veillonellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae and
animal Erysipelotrichaceae. Lactobacillaceae(Lactob
fat/condensed
intestinalis).
milk):
38/10/51
HFD not NA 7 Fout mice 16S qPCR Firmicutes and the order Enterobacteriales
supplemented
HFD with Oleic 27.5/23.5/ 7 Fout mice 16S qPCR Clostridium cluster XIVa and Enterobacterial
acid-derived 34.3/Fiber 6.5
compound
HFD with n-3 27.5/23.5/ 7 Fout mice 16S qPCR Firmicutes and the group Lactobacillus
fatty acids 34.3/Fiber 6.5
(EPA and DHA)
% dietary
Method
Dietary change/ component (% Duration
Subjects for Effect on microbiota
intervention carb/% prot/% (wk)
profiling
fat)
1. All dietary components are in percentages unless stated otherwise. Duration indicates the amount of time the dietary change/intervention was given
adults unless specifically stated otherwise. All samples were derived from fecal samples unless specifically stated otherwise.
2. HH, healthy human; A w/MS, adults with metabolic syndrome; IV, in vitro fecal samples; W, women; OW, obese women; H (D & EN), underwen
nutrition; C W, constipated women; over, overweight; Adoles girls, adolescent girls; OM, obese men; OH, obese human; HITChip, Human Intestin
3. DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.
Whole grain
Inulin + FOS Fiber: 50% inulin 4.1 W receiving FISH Lactobacillus and Bifidobacter
and 50% fructo- radiotherapy
oligosaccharide.
Placebo:
maltodextrin (6 g)
Formula milk + 0.8 g/dL Orafti First 16 Infants qPCR Similar to microbiota of breastfe
inulin + Synergy1 wk of life
oligofructose (oligofructose-
enriched inulin)
supplemented
infant formula
% dietary
Method
Dietary change/ component (% Duration
Subjects for Effect on microbiota
intervention carb/% prot/% (wk)
profiling
fat)
Long-chain Agave fructans with 12 days O mice qPCR Long-chain fructans: Bifidobac
fructans/Short- diff. degree of Short-chain fructans: no bifidoge
chain fructans polymerization (DP)
profiles. 5 g/kg b.w.
Inulin and apple NA 1.7 IV/HH MiSeq, qPCR Bacteroides, Eubacterium elig
pectin prausnitzii. Bacteroides spp.
GOS
GOS twice a day 0, 2.5 or 5 g GOS 3 Adoles girls DGGE and Bifidobacterium
% dietary
Method
Dietary change/ component (% Duration
Subjects for Effect on microbiota
intervention carb/% prot/% (wk)
profiling
fat)
qPCR
GOS supplemented Suppl GOS (0.4 From day Infants qPCR Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus
formula milk g/100 mL) formula 15 of life Clostridium
RS
% dietary
Dietary Method
component Duration
change/ Subjects for Effect on microbiota Refs.
(% carb/% (wk)
intervention profiling
prot/% fat)
1. All dietary components are in percentages unless stated otherwise. Duration indicates the amount of time the dietary change/intervention
was given. All subjects were adults unless specifically stated otherwise. All samples were derived from fecal samples unless specifically
stated otherwise.
Protein
Hyperproteic- (HP) 53% 2.1 Cecal and qPCR, DGGE Clostridium [109]
hypoglucidic whole milk colonic coccoides, C. leptum, F.
isocaloric diet protein with content/ prausnitzii in cecum and
(HP); CH2O not 54% reduced Wist M colon. Microbiota
specified or sucrose and rats diversity higher in cecum
controlled corn starch but lower in colon.
Normoproteic (NP) 14% 2.1 Cecal and qPCR, DGGE No significant changes [109]
diet (NP) whole milk colonic
protein content/
Wist M
rats
Show more
Highlights
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that there is a window of
opportunity within the early developmental period, when
microbiota-based interventions could play a major role
in modulating the gut-brain axis and, thereby, in
preventing mood disorders. This study aims at
evaluating the effects and mode of action
of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 in a
murine model of chronic stress induced by maternal
separation (MS). C57Bl/6J male breast-fed pups were
divided into four groups, which were subjected or not to
MS and supplemented with placebo or B.
pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 until postnatal period
(P) 21 and followed-up until P41. Behavioral tests were
performed and neuroendocrine parameters were
analyzed including corticosterone, cytokine/chemokine
concentrations and neurotransmitters. Microbiota was
also analyzed in stools by 16S rRNA gene
sequencing. B. pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765
administration attenuated some aspects of the
excessive MS-induced stress response of the
hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, particularly
corticosterone production at baseline and in response
to subsequent acute stress in adulthood. B.
pseudocatenulatumCECT 7765 also down-regulated
MS-induced intestinal inflammation (reducing interferon
gamma [IFN-]) and intestinal hypercatecholaminergic
activity (reducing dopamine [DA] and adrenaline [A]
concentrations) at P21. These effects have a long-term
impact on the central nervous system (CNS) of adult
mice since MS mice fed B. pseudocatenulatum CECT
7765 showed lower anxiety levels than placebo-fed MS
mice, as well as normal neurotransmitter levels in the
hypothalamus. The anti-inflammatory effect of B.
pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 seemed to be related
to an improvement in glucocorticoid sensitivity in
mesenteric lymph node immunocompetent cells at P21.
The administration of B. pseudocatenulatum CECT
7765 to MS animals also reversed intestinal dysbiosis
affecting the proportions of ten Operational Taxonomic
Units (OTUs) at P21, which could partly explain the
restoration of immune, neuroendocrine and behavioral
alterations caused by stress in early and later life. In
summary, we show that B. pseudocatenulatumCECT
7765 is able to beneficially modulate the consequences
of chronic stress on the HPA response produced by MS
during infancy with long-lasting effects in adulthood, via
modulation of the intestinal neurotransmitter and
cytokine network with short and long-term
consequences in brain biochemistry and behavior.
Keywords
Bifidobacterium
Stress
Anxiety
Depression
Neurotransmitters
Inflammation
5.0
Sabas que hay una relacin entre la flora intestinal, las emociones y el comportamiento humano?
De acuerdo a un estudio publicado en Psychosomatic Medicine: Journal of Behavioral Medicine la flora
intestinal no slo afecta a nuestra salud fsica, sino tambin a nuestros pensamientos y emociones.
La flora o microbiota intestinal est conformada por bacterias que viven en el en el intestino, las
cuales, la mayora de ellas son beneficiosas para la salud. El ser humano tiene aproximadamente 2
mil especies bacterianas diferentes, de las cuales solamente 100 pueden llegar a ser perjudiciales.
Esta investigacin ha identificado relaciones entre dos tipos de flora y su incidencia sobre algunas
respuestas emocionales en los seres humanos. Segn los autores de este estudio, se trata de la
primera demostracin emprica de la relacin entre diferentes comportamientos humanos y la
composicin microbiana de seres humanos sanos.
El estudio consisti en analizar muestras fecales de 40 mujeres sanas, en un rango de edad entre
18 y 55 aos. Los resultados de los anlisis se dividieron en dos grupos, de acuerdo a la funcin
de la composicin de su flora intestinal. El primer grupo mostr una mayor abundancia de un tipo
de bacteria llamada Bacteroides, mientras que el otro grupo dispona de una abundancia mayor de
otra bacteria denominada Prevotella.
En el segundo grupo tenan menos desarrolladas esas mismas reas cerebrales, confirmando que
existe una estrecha relacin entre las regiones emocionales, sensoriales y las de la atencin, que
tenemos en el cerebro, y la composicin de la flora intestinal.
Cuando los investigadores mostraron imgenes negativas, las participantes que tenan ms
bacterias Pretovella mostraban una actividad ms pobre en la regin del hipocampo, al mismo
tiempo que presentaban niveles de ansiedad, estrs e irritabilidad ms elevados cuando miraban
las imgenes.
Un hipocampo menos involucrado a las imgenes negativas puede estar asociado a una reaccin
emocional desproporcionada, escriben los autores en el artculo. Segn los investigadores, estos
cambios emocionales implican un dficit caracterstico de determinados trastornos mentales como
la depresin, el sndrome del estrs post-traumtico y los trastornos de personalidad. Los
investigadores sealan que estos resultados no deben considerarse concluyentes, ya que la
muestra analizada es pequea. Por ello se proponen realizar este estudio con muchas ms
personas con la finalidad de comprender mejor la relacin, ya esbozada, entre la flora intestinal, las
emociones y el comportamiento humano.
Brain Structure and Response to Emotional Stimuli as Related to Gut Microbial Profiles in Healthy
Women
Tillisch, Kirsten MD; Mayer, Emeran A. MD, PhD; Gupta, Arpana PhD; Gill, Zafar BSc; Brazeilles,
Rmi MSc; Le Nev, Boris PhD; van Hylckama Vlieg, Johan E.T. PhD; Guyonnet, Denis PhD; Derrien,
Muriel PhD; Labus, Jennifer S. PhD
Psychosomatic Medicine: October 2017 - Volume 79 - Issue 8 - p 905913
doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000493
Original Articles
Abstract
Author Information
Objective: Brain-gut-microbiota interactions may play an important role in human health and
behavior. Although rodent models have demonstrated effects of the gut microbiota on emotional,
nociceptive, and social behaviors, there is little translational human evidence to date. In this study,
we identify brain and behavioral characteristics of healthy women clustered by gut microbiota
profiles.
Methods: Forty women supplied fecal samples for 16S rRNA profiling. Microbial clusters were
identified using Partitioning Around Medoids. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was
acquired. Microbiota-based group differences were analyzed in response to affective images.
Structural and diffusion tensor imaging provided gray matter metrics (volume, cortical thickness,
mean curvature, surface area) as well as fiber density between regions. A sparse Partial Least
Square-Discrimination Analysis was applied to discriminate microbiota clusters using white and
gray matter metrics.
Results: Two bacterial genus-based clusters were identified, one with greater Bacteroides
abundance (n = 33) and one with greater Prevotella abundance (n = 7). The Prevotella group
showed less hippocampal activity viewing negative valences images. White and gray matter
imaging discriminated the two clusters, with accuracy of 66.7% and 87.2%, respectively. The
Prevotella cluster was associated with differences in emotional, attentional, and sensory
processing regions. For gray matter, the Bacteroides cluster showed greater prominence in the
cerebellum, frontal regions, and the hippocampus.
http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bvrevistas/gastro/vol_22n4/mortalidad_enfermedades.htm
MORTALIDAD POR ENFERMEDADES DEGESTIVAS
Y HEPATOBILARES EN EL PER, 1995-2000
RESUMEN
Digestive diseases in Peru account for the second cause of mortality and
malignant tumors of the digestive tract rank the third place. It was
therefore proposed to study the mortality rates for each digestive and
hepatobiliary disease and establish their frequency and geographical
distribution in Peru.
Results: The first five causes for each year are liver cirrhosis (mortality
rate: 6.53 10.64), malignant stomach tumors (mortality rate: 8.7
10.36), liver and biliary tract malignant tumors (mortality rate: 2.19
3.96), malignant colon tumor (2.03 2.06), gall bladder malignant
tumors (1.66 1.7), pancreatic tumors (1.60 1.75), and gastric ulcer
(1.27). Amongst tumoral diseases, gastric cancer has the highest
mortality rate and pancreatic tumors are within the top five causes of
death. Amongst liver diseases, liver cirrhosis has the highest mortality
rate, which correlates with the high prevalence of viral hepatitis B in
certain areas of Peru