NAME__Brandon Valery_______________HOMEWORK Essentials of Human Anatomy

and Physiology, 11e, Global Edition (Marieb) Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System

11.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions

Using Figure 11.1, identify the following:

1) The Purkinje fibers are indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: ___E____

2) The sinoatrial (SA) node is indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: ___A____

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3) The atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) is represented by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: ___C____

4) The atrioventricular (AV) node is indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: ___B____

5) The bundle branches are indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: ___D____

6) The layer of the heart wall that receives the stimulus from letter E is called the ________.
A) pericardium
B) epicardium
C) endocardium
D) myocardium
Answer: ___D____

7) The partition where the bundle branches are located is called the ________.
A) left atrioventricular groove
B) interatrial septum
C) interventricular septum
D) right atrioventricular groove
Answer: ___C____

8) The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the ________, rests on the diaphragm and
is oriented toward the left hip.
A) base
B) mediastinum
C) apex
D) pericardium
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Answer: ___A____

9) The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is actually the same layer as the ________.
A) epicardium
B) myocardium
C) fibrous pericardium
D) endocardium
Answer: ___A____

10) The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the ________, while the two
inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the ________.
A) ventricles; atria
B) atria; ventricles
C) arteries; veins
D) veins; arteries
Answer: ___B____

11) The valves located between the atria and ventricles are known as the ________ valves.
A) pulmonary
B) atrioventricular (AV)
C) aortic
D) semilunar
Answer: ___B____

12) Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the ________.
A) pulmonary trunk
B) aorta
C) superior vena cava
D) coronary sinus
Answer: ___B____

13) The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left
side of the heart is known as ________ circulation.
A) systemic
B) cardiac
C) pulmonary
D) coronary
Answer: ___C____

14) The tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the
ventricles are called the ________.
A) chordae tendinae
B) ligamentum arteriosum
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C) ductus venosus
D) myocardium
Answer: ___A____

15) Oxygenated blood nourishing the myocardium comes from vessels that branch off the aorta
called ________.
A) pulmonary arteries
B) pulmonary veins
C) coronary arteries
D) venae cavae
Answer: ___C____

16) The walls of the ________ are substantially thicker because that chamber acts as the more
powerful systemic pump of the heart.
A) left atrium
B) left ventricle
C) right atrium
D) right ventricle
Answer: ___B____

17) The bicuspid valve is also referred to as the ________ valve.

A) mitral
B) pulmonary
C) semilunar
D) aortic
Answer: ___A____

18) When ventricles ________, the AV valves are closed.

A) relax
B) open
C) contract
D) dilate
Answer: ___C____

19) The coronary veins empty blood from the myocardium into a large vein on the posterior side
of the heart known as the ________.
A) pulmonary vein
B) inferior vena cava
C) superior vena cava
D) coronary sinus
Answer: ___D____

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20) The sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium of the heart, is often called the ________.
A) pacemaker
B) pericardial cavity
C) atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
D) auricle
Answer: ___A____

21) The length of the cardiac cycle is normally ________ second(s) in length.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 0.8
D) 0.3
Answer: ___C____

22) The electrocardiogram (ECG) wave that results from the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node is
the ________ wave.
A) QRS
B) T
C) P
D) S-T
Answer: ___C____

23) The first heart sound, "lub," is caused by the closure of the ________ valves.
A) semilunar
B) pulmonary
C) atrioventricular (AV)
D) aortic
Answer: ___C____

24) The term that means heart contraction is ________.

A) diastole
B) tachycardia
C) systole
D) fibrillation
Answer: ___C____

25) During mid-to-late diastole, blood flows from the atria to the ________.
A) ventricles
B) lungs
C) aorta
D) pulmonary trunk
Answer: ___A____
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26) The average heart beats about ________ times per minute.
A) 35
B) 50
C) 75
D) 105
Answer: ___C____

27) The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heartbeat is known as ________.
A) heart rate (HR)
B) stroke volume (SV)
C) cardiac output (CO)
D) blood pressure (BP)
Answer: ___B____

28) The vagus nerve operates under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system and
causes the ________.
A) heart rate to decrease
B) heart rate to increase, then decrease
C) heart rate to increase
D) blood pressure to increase
Answer: ___A____

29) Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ________.
A) arteries
B) capillaries
C) veins
D) venae cavae
Answer: ___A____

30) Tunica ________, the middle layer of a typical blood vessel, contains smooth muscle and
elastic fibers.
A) intima
B) externa
C) media
D) adventitia
Answer: ___C____

31) Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue. The exceptions to this rule
are the ________ arteries and veins.
A) systemic
B) hepatic
C) coronary
D) pulmonary
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Answer: ___D____

32) Capillary beds are drained by vessels known as ________.

A) venules
B) venae cavae
C) arterioles
D) arteries
Answer: ___A____

33) Large veins have ________ to prevent the backflow of blood.

A) tunics
B) sphincters
C) valves
D) shunts
Answer: ___C____

34) The flow of blood through a capillary bed is called ________.

A) pulmonary circulation
B) hepatic portal circulation
C) systemic circulation
D) microcirculation
Answer: ___D____

35) The largest artery in the body is the ________.

A) brachiocephalic artery
B) pulmonary trunk
C) aorta
D) common carotid artery
Answer: ___C____

36) The organs served by the renal arteries and veins are the ________.
A) ovaries
B) kidneys
C) testes
D) lungs
Answer: ___B____

37) The longest veins in the body drain the leg and are the ________.
A) femoral veins
B) great saphenous veins
C) venae cavae
D) anterior and posterior tibial veins
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Answer: ___B____

38) Veins draining the head and arms empty into the ________, which carries blood to the right
atrium of the heart.
A) superior vena cava
B) inferior vena cava
C) common iliac vein
D) great saphenous vein
Answer: ___A____

39) The single vessel that drains blood from the digestive tract organs to the liver is the
________.
A) hepatic vein
B) hepatic portal vein
C) renal vein
D) inferior vena cava
Answer: ___B____

40) Branches of the common carotid arteries, known as the ________, travel through the neck
into the skull through the temporal bone to supply the brain and cerebral arterial circle (circle of
Willis) with blood.
A) external carotid arteries
B) internal carotid arteries
C) brachiocephalic trunk
D) subclavian arteries
Answer: ___B____

41) The vessel that carries oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the fetus is the ________.
A) hepatic portal vein
B) umbilical vein
C) ductus arteriosus
D) umbilical artery
Answer: ___B____

42) The flaplike opening in the interatrial septum of the fetus through which blood is shunted
directly from the right atrium to the left atrium is the ________.
A) ductus arteriosus
B) ligamentum arteriosum
C) ductus venosus
D) foramen ovale
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Answer: ___D____

43) The pressure that draws fluid into capillaries since blood has a higher solute concentration
than interstitial fluid is known as ________.
A) blood pressure
B) systolic pressure
C) osmotic pressure
D) diastolic pressure
Answer: ___C____

44) The alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left
ventricle creates a pressure wave known as a(n) ________.
A) cardiac output
B) pulse
C) pressure point
D) stroke volume
Answer: ___B____

45) The narrowing of blood vessels is known as ________.

A) vasodilation
B) diastole
C) vasoconstriction
D) systole
Answer: ___C____

46) Sustained elevated arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is a condition known as
________.
A) hypertension (high blood pressure)
B) orthostatic hypotension
C) circulatory shock
D) myocardial infarction
Answer: ___A____

47) Fluid tends to be forced out of a capillary bed by ________ while ________ tends to draw
fluid into the capillary bed.
A) systolic pressure; diastolic pressure
B) blood pressure; osmotic pressure
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C) osmotic pressure; diastolic pressure
D) osmotic pressure; blood pressure
Answer: _______

11.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions

1) The heart is situated within the medial section of the thoracic cavity known as the ________.
A) mediastinum
B) hiatus
C) pleural cavity
D) hilus
E) diaphragm
Answer: ____A___

2) The layer of the heart wall synonymous with the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is
________.
A) myocardium
B) endocardium
C) epicardium
D) parietal layer of the serous pericardium
E) either endocardium or epicardium
Answer: ___C____

3) Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow to and from the heart and the ________.
A) body
B) digestive organs
C) skin
D) lungs
E) brain
Answer: ___D____

4) The left atrium receives blood from the ________.

A) pulmonary arteries
B) superior vena cava
C) aorta
D) pulmonary veins
E) inferior vena cava
Answer: ___D____

5) Pulmonary arteries transport ________.

A) oxygenated blood to the lungs
B) blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs
C) oxygenated blood to the heart
D) oxygenated blood directly to the aorta
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E) blood rich in carbon dioxide to the right atrium of the heart
Answer: ___B____

6) What structure divides the left atrium from the right atrium?
A) interventricular septum
B) interatrial septum
C) bicuspid valve
D) tricuspid valve
E) chordae tendinae
Answer: ___B____

7) When the ventricles contract, the bicuspid (mitral) valve prevents blood from flowing from the
________.
A) right ventricle to the right atrium
B) left ventricle to the left atrium
C) left atrium to the right atrium
D) right atrium to the left atrium
E) left ventricle to the right ventricle
Answer: ___B____

8) The tricuspid valve is located between the ________.

A) right atrium and left atrium
B) right atrium and right ventricle
C) left ventricle and pulmonary artery
D) left ventricle and aorta
E) right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Answer: ___B____

9) What anchors the flaps of the atrioventricular valves to the walls of the ventricles?
A) ligamentum arteriosum
B) fossa ovalis
C) chordae tendinae
D) interatrial septum
E) coronary sulcus
Answer: ___C____

10) Which one of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood?
A) superior vena cava
B) inferior vena cava
C) coronary sinus
D) pulmonary artery
E) pulmonary vein
Answer: ___E____

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11) Which valve guards the base of the aorta and opens when the ventricles are contracting?
A) mitral valve
B) aortic semilunar valve
C) bicuspid valve
D) pulmonary semilunar valve
E) tricuspid valve
Answer: ___B____

12) Which blood vessels are direct branches of the left coronary artery?
A) circumflex and marginal arteries
B) anterior and posterior interventricular arteries
C) anterior interventricular and marginal arteries
D) anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries
E) posterior interventricular and marginal arteries
Answer: ___D____

13) The sinoatrial node is located in the ________.

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) left atrium
D) right ventricle
E) interventricular septum
Answer: ___B____

14) Which one of the following represents the correct path for the transmission of an impulse in
the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
A) atrioventricular (AV) node, sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His),
right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
B) atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), sinoatrial (SA) node,
Purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches
C) sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), atrioventricular (AV) node,
Purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches
D) sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), atrioventricular (AV) node,
right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
E) sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His),
right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Answer: ___E____

15) Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from cardiac circulation to the right atrium of the
heart?
A) coronary sulcus
B) coronary artery
C) coronary sinus
D) circumflex artery
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E) pulmonary vein
Answer: ___C____

16) Which of these events is NOT associated with ventricular systole?

A) atrioventricular valves close
B) heart is relaxed
C) blood rushes out of the ventricles
D) pressure in ventricles rises
E) semilunar valves open
Answer: ___B____

17) The mitral valve is normally closed ________.

A) when the ventricle is in diastole
B) when the ventricle is in systole
C) when the atrium is contracting
D) by the movement of blood from the atrium to the ventricle
E) when the ventricle is relaxed
Answer: ___B____

18) A person with a heart rate of 75 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 60 mL per beat has
a cardiac output of ________.
A) 4500 mL/minute
B) 1.25 mL/minute
C) 0.8 mL/minute
D) 6000 mL/minute
E) 120 mL/minute
Answer: ___A____

19) The heart sounds "lub" and "dup" result from ________.
A) opening of the heart valves
B) firing of the nodes of the intrinsic conduction system
C) blood rushing through the chambers
D) closure of heart valves
E) contraction of the heart
Answer: ___D____

20) The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each beat of the heart is called the
________.
A) cardiac output
B) cardiac cycle
C) stroke volume
D) heart rate
E) diastolic pressure
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Answer: ___C____

21) The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is ________.
A) arterioles, arteries, capillary beds, venules, veins
B) arterioles, arteries, capillary beds, veins, venules
C) arterioles, arteries, venules, veins, capillary beds
D) arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, veins, venules
E) arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins
Answer: ___E____

22) You notice a missing P wave on a patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) and believe there is a
problem with the ________.
A) atrioventricular (AV) node
B) Purkinje fibers
C) left bundle branch
D) atrioventricular (AV) bundle
E) sinoatrial (SA) node
Answer: ___E____

23) Which of the following increases heart rate?

A) low levels of calcium
B) parasympathetic nervous system stimulation
C) vagus nerve stimulation
D) cold
E) epinephrine
Answer: ___E____

24) Veins ________.

A) carry blood away from the heart
B) branch into smaller vessels called arterioles
C) transport oxygen-rich blood
D) operate under high pressure
E) often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
Answer: ___E____

25) Which type of vessel is constructed only from tunica intima?

A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) veins
E) venules
Answer: ___C____

26) The correct sequence of layers of a typical blood vessel, from superficial to deep, are
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________.
A) tunica media, tunica intima, tunica externa
B) tunica media, tunica externa, tunica intima
C) tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
D) tunica externa, tunica intima, tunica media
E) tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
Answer: ___C____

27) Which of the following blood vessels is a direct branch of the ascending aorta?
A) right subclavian artery
B) left internal carotid artery
C) right pulmonary artery
D) left brachiocephalic artery
E) right and left coronary arteries
Answer: ___E____

28) Which one of the following does NOT receive blood directly from the aortic arch?
A) brachiocephalic artery
B) left subclavian artery
C) left common carotid artery
D) right common carotid artery
E) thoracic aorta
Answer: ___D____

29) Which of the following arteries is the first branch of the abdominal aorta?
A) splenic artery
B) superior mesenteric artery
C) celiac artery
D) femoral artery
E) hepatic artery
Answer: ___C____

30) Which of these pathways correctly traces blood as it travels from the aortic arch to the left
arm?
A) aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, right common carotid artery
B) aortic arch, left common carotid artery, left internal carotid artery
C) aortic arch, left subclavian artery, left axillary artery, left brachial artery
D) ascending aorta, right coronary arteries
E) abdominal aorta, celiac trunk, left gastric artery
Answer: ___C____

31) The external carotid artery serves the skin and muscles of the head and ________.
A) armpit
B) groin
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C) neck
D) abdomen
E) leg
Answer: ___C____

32) Which vein returns blood to the superior vena cava?

A) brachiocephalic vein
B) renal vein
C) hepatic portal vein
D) common iliac vein
E) great saphenous vein
Answer: ___A____

33) The internal iliac vein empties blood directly into the ________.
A) femoral vein
B) common iliac vein
C) superior vena cava
D) hepatic portal vein
E) external iliac vein
Answer: ___B____

34) What organ receives blood from the hepatic portal vein?
A) liver
B) kidney
C) pancreas
D) large intestine
E) brain
Answer: ___A____

35) The brachial vein ________.

A) drains blood from the radial and ulnar veins, then empties that blood into the axillary vein
B) drains blood from the internal jugular vein, then empties that blood into the superior vena
cava
C) drains blood from the popliteal vein, then empties that blood into the external iliac vein
D) drains blood from the axillary vein, then empties that blood into the superior vena cava
E) drains blood from the popliteal vein, then empties that blood into the femoral vein
Answer: ___A____

36) The umbilical vein carries ________.

A) metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide from the fetus to the placenta
B) metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide from the placenta to the fetus
C) oxygen and nutrients from the fetus to the placenta
D) oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus
E) blood from the navel into the inferior vena cava
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Answer: ___D____

37) Which fetal shunt bypasses the lungs by directly connecting the right atrium and the left
atrium?
A) ligamentum arteriosum
B) umbilical vein
C) foramen ovale
D) ductus arteriosus
E) ductus venosus
Answer: ___C____

38) Which one of the following areas is NOT a pressure point?

A) renal artery
B) radial artery
C) facial artery
D) dorsalis pedis artery
E) posterior tibial artery
Answer: ___A____

39) Which of the following vessels has the lowest blood pressure?
A) veins
B) capillaries
C) venae cavae
D) arteries
E) arterioles
Answer: ___C____

40) The friction blood encounters as it flows through the vessels is called ________.
A) cardiac output
B) stroke volume
C) peripheral resistance
D) blood pressure
E) diastolic pressure
Answer: ___C____

41) What is the effect of parasympathetic nervous system control on the vascular system?
A) little to no effect
B) heart rate increases
C) blood pressure increases
D) vasoconstriction
E) epinephrine release brings about many changes
Answer: ___A____

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42) Which of the following hormones promotes sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney in order
to increase blood pressure and blood volume?
A) glucagon
B) thyroxine
C) epinephrine
D) aldosterone
E) antidiuretic hormone
Answer: ___D____

43) Which of the following is NOT a method or pathway of movement for substances traveling
across a capillary wall?
A) intercellular clefts
B) diffusion
C) endocytosis or exocytosis
D) desmosomes
E) fenestrated capillaries
Answer: ___D____

44) Substances tend to leave the bloodstream at the arterial end of the capillary because
________.
A) the osmotic pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end of the capillary
B) the osmotic pressure of the blood is higher at the venule end of the capillary
C) blood pressure is higher at the arterial end of the capillary
D) blood pressure is higher at the venule end of the capillary
E) interstitial pressure is higher at the arterial end of the capillary
Answer: ___C____

45) Coronary artery disease results from ________.

A) persistent parasympathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart
B) the accumulation of fatty substances within blood vessels
C) temporary loss of oxygen to the heart
D) incompetent venous valves
E) scar tissue in the myocardium of the heart from repeated myocardial infarctions
Answer: ___B____

11.3 True/False Questions

1) The fibrous pericardium is superficial to the serous pericardium surrounding the heart.
Answer: TRUE
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2) Blood is returned to the right side of the heart from the lungs.
Answer: FALSE/

3) The chordae tendinae anchor the semilunar valves to the walls of the ventricles.
Answer: FALSE

4) The alternate name for the bicuspid valve is the mitral valve.
Answer: TRUE

5) The semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles are
contracting.
Answer: FALSE

6) The sinoatrial (SA) node is the pacemaker of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart.
Answer: TRUE

7) During ventricular systole, blood is ejected from the ventricles through the large arteries
connected to the heart.
Answer: TRUE

8) The heart sounds, "lub" and "dup," occur when the atria contract and subsequently when the
ventricles contract.
Answer: FALSE

9) The part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart that directly supplies the walls of the
ventricles is the Purkinje fibers.
Answer: TRUE

10) The QRS wave on an electrocardiogram is representative of ventricular repolarization.

Answer: FALSE

11) The average heart beats approximately 75 times each minute at rest.
Answer: TRUE

12) During ventricular diastole, the bicuspid and tricuspid (mitral)valves are closed.
Answer: FALSE

13) Cardiac output is the product of the stroke volume and the systolic blood pressure.
Answer: FALSE

14) Reductions in venous return cause reductions in both stroke volume and cardiac output.
Answer: TRUE

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15) An increased firing of the parasympathetic nervous system causes increased cardiac output.
Answer: FALSE

16) Arteries branch into smaller vessels known as arterioles.

Answer: TRUE

17) Capillaries are composed only of tunica intima.

Answer: TRUE

18) Exchanges between blood and tissue cells occur in capillary beds.
Answer: TRUE

19) When precapillary sphincters are closed, blood flows through the shunts and bypasses the
tissue cells.
Answer: TRUE

20) The portion of the aorta in the abdominopelvic cavity is known as the thoracic aorta.
Answer: FALSE

21) The three branches of the aortic arch are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid
artery, and the left subclavian artery.
Answer: TRUE

22) The renal veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the kidneys.

Answer: FALSE

23) The common iliac vein drains blood into the inferior vena cava.
Answer: TRUE

24) The inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from all body regions above the diaphragm.
Answer: FALSE

25) The hepatic veins drain the blood from the liver and return it to the inferior vena cava.
Answer: TRUE

26) The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) involves blood flow through the liver.
Answer: FALSE

27) The major vessels involved in hepatic portal circulation are the inferior and superior
mesenteric arteries, the splenic artery, and the left gastric artery.
Answer: FALSE

28) The umbilical vein carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
Answer: TRUE
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29) In fetal circulation, blood travels directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the
foramen ovale.
Answer: TRUE

30) Diastolic pressure is the blood pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction.
Answer: FALSE

31) Blood pressure is highest in the arteries and declines to zero or negative pressure in the vena
cavae.
Answer: TRUE

32) Hypotension is diastolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg.

Answer: FALSE

33) Blood cells and proteins typically cannot pass across the walls of capillaries and are thus
prevented from leaving or entering the capillaries.
Answer: TRUE

11.4 Matching Questions

Match the following:

A) left ventricle
B) left atrium
C) right atrium
D) right ventricle

1) Heart chamber with the thickest wall___A____

2) Inferior discharging chamber on the left side of the heart___A____

3) Heart chamber that pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk___D____

4) Heart chamber that contains the sinoatrial node___C____

5) Roof of this chamber contains the bicuspid valve___A____

6) The coronary sinus empties blood from cardiac circulation into this chamber___C____

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7) The four pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to this chamber___B____

8) The fossa ovalis is visible in this chamber___C____

Match the following:

A) T wave
B) QRS wave
C) P wave

9) Wave seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG) representing ventricular depolarization___B____

10) Wave visible on the electrocardiogram (ECG) representing atrial depolarization___C____

11) Wave visible on the electrocardiogram (ECG) representing ventricular

repolarization___A____

12) Wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) that follows the firing of the sinoatrial (SA)
node___C____

Match the following:

A) systole
B) diastole

13) Semilunar valves are forced open as pressure in the heart rises___A____

14) Blood is ejected from the ventricles through the pulmonary trunk and aorta___A____

15) Ventricular relaxation___B____

16) Pressure in the heart is low__B_____

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17) Atrioventricular (AV) valves shut as pressure in the heart rises___A____

18) Ventricular contraction___A____

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Match the following:

A) capillaries
B) arteries
C) veins

19) These vessels carry blood away from the heart___B____

20) These vessels return blood to the heart___C____

21) Superior and inferior vena cava are classified as these types of vessels___C____

22) The aorta is classified as one of these vessels___B____

23) These vessels have thicker walls and a heavier tunica media___B____

24) Nutrient and gas exchange occur in these vessels___A____

25) Blood pressure in these vessels is low or even negative___C____

26) These vessels have thinner walls and transport oxygen-poor blood___C____

27) Some of these larger vessels have valves to prevent backflow___C____

28) Venules drain these tiny beds of vessels___A____

11.5 Essay Questions

1) Trace the path of a drop of blood, starting at the right atrium and returning to the right atrium,
through the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system. Identify the chambers,
valves, and vessels (except specific systemic blood vessels that are not directly associated with
the heart), and indicate whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated in each area.
Answer: Deoxygenated blood in the right atrium, deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary
tricuspid valve, deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood through the
pulmonary semilunar valve, deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary trunk, deoxygenated blood in
the right and left pulmonary arteries, deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary capillaries in the
lungs, oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins, oxygenated blood in the left atrium, oxygenated
blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve, oxygenated blood in the left ventricle, oxygenated
blood through the aortic semilunar valve, oxygenated blood in the aorta, oxygenated blood in the
systemic arteries, oxygenated blood in the systemic arterioles, oxygenated blood in the systemic
capillaries, deoxygenated blood in the systemic venules, deoxygenated blood in the systemic
veins, deoxygenated blood in the superior and inferior vena cava, deoxygenated blood in the
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right atrium.

2) Identify the five major parts of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart in their normal
order, beginning with the pacemaker.
Answer: Sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium, atrioventricular (AV) node at the junction of
the atria and ventricles, atrioventricular (AV) bundle or bundle of His in the interventricular
septum, right and left bundle branches in the interventricular septum, Purkinje fibers in the
muscle of the ventricle walls.

3) Amanda is exercising and noticed her heart rate has nearly doubled from her resting heart rate
of 68 beats per minute. Explain what affects her increased heart rate will have on cardiac output
and stroke volume, if any.
Answer: Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV).
When heart rate increases, as is the case for Amanda since she is exercising, both stroke volume
and cardiac output will also increase. Exercise is a physical factor that leads to these increases.

4) Describe how arteries, capillaries and veins are structurally different.

Answer: Arterial walls are thicker, heavier, stronger, and stretchy enough to handle expansion
and recoil as blood under high pressure is transported. Veins have thinner walls; these vessels
operate under low or even negative pressure. The lumens of veins are larger than those of
corresponding arteries. Veins also have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Capillaries are
composed of only the tunica intima and are only one cell layer thick.

5) Explain the role of valves in heart functioning.

Answer: Valves allow blood to flow in one direction through the heart chambers (from atria to
ventricles) and out the two arteries leaving the heart.
There are two types of valves found in the heart:
1. The atrioventricular, or AV, valves are located between the atrium and ventricle on each side of
the heart. These valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria when the heart contracts. In
summary, these AV valves are open during heart relaxation and closed during heart contraction.
2. The semilunar valves guard the base of the two large arteries, aorta and pulmonary trunk,
leaving the heart via the two ventricles. These valves close after blood has passed through the
arteries on its way out of the heart. They prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles from
the arteries. In summary, these valves are closed during heart relaxation and open during heart
contraction.

6) Name two shunts that bypass the lungs in a fetus. Briefly explain the structures these shunts
connect.
Answer:
1. The foramen ovale is a opening between the right atrium and the left atrium of the fetal heart.
Some of the blood entering the right atrium flows directly into the left atrium, bypassing
pulmonary circulation.
2. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. Blood that
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happens to enter the right ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary trunk, supposedly on its way to
the lungs. However, that blood is transported from the pulmonary trunk through ductus arteriosus
into the aorta.

7) Describe the two types of pressures controlling fluid movement in a capillary bed. Explain the
role of each pressure in fluid movement.
Answer: Blood pressure forces fluids and solutes out of capillaries while osmotic pressure pulls
fluid back into capillaries. Osmotic pressure is created by plasma proteins in the blood. At the
arterial end of the capillary, blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure, so fluids and solutes
are pushed out of the capillary and into the interstitial space. As fluid is forced out of the
capillary, blood pressure drops. Therefore, at the venous end of the capillary, osmotic pressure is
higher than blood pressure so fluid is pulled back into the capillary from the interstitial space at
the venous end.

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