UNIVERSITY

OF ILORIN
DESIGN OF POWER PRESS FOR
EMBOSSEMENT ON A LEATHER WORK

BY

YUSUF AJIBOLA SARAFADEEN

04/30GD132

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WARD OF BACHELOR
OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING ILORIN, NIGERIA.
 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certify that this project report prepared by Yusuf Ajibola

Sarafadeen (04/30GD132) entitled “DESIGN OF POWER SCREW PRESS

FOR EMBOSSMENT ON A COBBLER TEACHER” meets the requirement of

the Department of Mechanical Engineering for the Award of Bachelor of

Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering.

----------------------------- ---------------------------

Dr. J.O. Awoda Date

Supervisor

------------------------------ ---------------------------

Prof. H.D Olusegun Date

Head of department

----------------------------- ---------------------------

External Examiner Date

ii
 DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to Almighty Allah the provider and the

giver of wisdom for spearing my life and guiding me through my endeavour from

the beginning to the end of this project.

iii
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

To Almighty Allah be the everlasting adoration for the fulfillment and completion

of this stage of my life. My profound gratitude goes to my project supervisor and

academic adviser Dr. J.O. Aweda for his assistance toward the accomplishment of

this project. Many thanks go to other lecturers in department for their counsel

during the entire course duration

The project could not take been completed and successful, without being grateful

to my loving and caring parents Mr. and Mrs. Yusuf for their parental care and

support for me throughout the period of my study.

My appreciation further goes to my entire faming Allaji M.K.Bello, Olamilekan

Ismail Yusuf, Isiaka Olatundosun Yusuf, Shakirat Oluwatoyin Yusuf, Olagunju

fatai, Olagunju Olakunle, Medinat Yusuf Bello, Shamsudeen Raluem, Also to the

entire members of the S.S. Deen family, not leaving behind my friends,

colleagues, and course mates, Salami Adeyinka, Salawudeen Olamilekan Saheed,

Shamsudeen O.Tijani, Toafik Eniola Quadri. Alao to my very good friends:

lilyunazi, Monsurat, Lawal. and Olawumi Ajibola to mention but a few fo their

support and encouragement on the success of this project work. I pray that

Almighty Allah will continue to shower. His mercy upon every one of us (Amin).

iv
 NOMENCLATURE

ROMAN LETTERS

SYMBOL NON-DIMENSIONAL FORM MEANING

P pitch, pin

a,c Tread thickness

w Acting board

p Effort, pressure

D.d Diameter

T Torque

R Reaction

L,L Length

E Modulus of elasticity

C End-fixity coefficient

N Number of threads

M Bending moment

I moment of inertia

e,y Distance

A Cross- sectional Area

Z Section modulus

GREEK LETTERS

α Helin angle

v
β Thread angle

N Coefficient of friction

Ǿ friction angel

ạ Deflection

σ stress

SUBSCRIPTS

O outer

C core critical

N Normal

Cr critical

Y Yield

B bending bearing

S screw

e effective

t Tearing

ABBREVIATIONS

M.A Mechanical Advantage

V.R Velocity ratio

F.S Factor of safety

Eff Efficiency

Max Maximum

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION .................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION..................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEGEMENT ....................................................................................... iv

NOMENCLATURE .............................................................................................. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... x

CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 CONCEPT OF A SCREW PRESS ......................................................... 1

1.1.2 BRIEF HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF SCREW PRESSES ............ 2

1.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ........................................................................ 6

1.3 REQUIREMENT OF POWER SCREW ...................................................... 7

1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 7

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE DESIGN .................................................................. 8

1.6 APPLICATION OF NEW IDEA ................................................................. 9

vii
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................. 11

2.0 ANALYSIS OF MOTION TRANSMISSION BY POWER SCREW ...... 11

2.1 THREADS OF POWER SCREW............................................................ 11

2.2 TYPES OF THREAD .............................................................................. 12

2.3 FORCES ACTING ON POWER SCREW .............................................. 13

2.4 RAISING OF LOAD ............................................................................... 15

2.5 LOWERING OF LOAD .......................................................................... 17

2.6 OVERHAULING AND SELF LOCKING SCREWS. ............................. 19

2.7 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE AND VELOCITY RATIO .................. 20

2.8 EFFICIENCY OF SQUARE THREADED SCREW ............................... 21

2.9 TRANSFORMATION OF SQUARE THREAD TO ACME THREAD .. 22

2.10 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION ............................................................ 23

2.11 STRESSES IN POWER SCREWS ....................................................... 25

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................. 29

3.0 ANALYSIS OF MOTION TRANSMISSION BY THE PRESS SYSTEM

29

3.1 DIFFERENTIAL SCREW MOTION TRANSMISSION ............................... 30

viii
 3.2 SINGLE SCREW MOTION TRANSMISSION ........................................ 32

3.3 COMPONENTS OF THE PRESS SYSTEM ............................................. 34

3.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION .................................................................. 35

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................... 37

4.0 DESIGN CALCULATION FOR COMPONENT PARTS OF THE PRESS

SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 37

4.1 DESIGN OF THE SCREW ........................................................................ 37

4.2 DETERMINATION OF TORQUE REQUIREMENT. .............................. 39

4.3 DESIGN OF THE NUT (number of thread (n) ) ........................................ 41

4.4 DESIGN OF THE HANDLE ..................................................................... 44

CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................. 46

5.1 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 46

5.2 RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................. 46

REFERENCE ...................................................................................................... 48

APENDIX 1......................................................................................................... 49

APENDIX II ........................................................................................................ 50

ix
 ABSTRACT

Embossment on a cobbler’s leather is usually carried out with presses. Presses

operate by exerting pressure on the leather to be embossed. Depending on the type

of leather we are working with, we may press the dye with cold on a moistened

piece of leather with high pressure and heat to make the impression.

The project is aimed at designing power screw (fly press) that will create

embossment on a cobbler’s leather works at a faster rate of motion transmission

taking advantage of the cold deformation pressure of cobbler’s works.

The analysis of this press system will reduce the tedious process of embossment

on a cobble leather work. This is because smaller effort is being applied to raise a

comparatively large load that bring about increase in mechanical

advantage.notwithstanding the period of application of such force is even small

due to fast speed of motion transmission.

x
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Shoemaking is a traditional handicraft profession, which has now been largely

superseded by industrial manufacture of footwear. Shoemakers or cordwainers

(cobblers being, historically, those that repair shoes) may produce a range of

footwear items, including shoes, boots, sandals, clogs and moccasins. Such items

are generally made of leather, wood, rubber, plastic, jute or other plant material,

and often consist of multiple parts for better durability of the sole, stitched to

leather upper.

Most shoemakers use a last—made traditionally of iron or wood, but now often of

plastic—on which to form the shoe. Some lasts are straight, while curved lasts

come in pairs: one for left shoes, the other for right shoes. The shoemaking

profession makes a number of appearances in popular culture, such as in stories

about shoemaker's elves, and the proverb "The shoemaker's children are often

shoeless".

1.1.1 CONCEPT OF A SCREW PRESS

A machine press, commonly shortened to press, is a machine tool that changes the

shape of a workpiece. [1] A screw press is a type of machine press in which the

1
ram is driven up and down by a screw. The screw shaft can be driven by a handle,

or a wheel. It works by using a coarse screw to convert the rotation of the handle

or drive-wheel into a small downward movement of greater force. The overhead

handle usually incorporates balls as a flyweight. This weight helps to maintain the

momentum and thrust of the tool to make it easier to operate. A press is a

metalworking machine tool used to shape or cut metal by deforming it with a die.

It is frequently used to punch holes in sheet metal in one operation, rather than by

cutting the hole or drilling.

If used as a punch, the tool itself consists of a punch and a matching die, into

which it very closely fits. Both are usually precision machined and then hardened.

The material is introduced between the punch and die, and the machine operated.

The punch will cut through the material in one movement by shearing it. The

punch and die may be of any desired shape, so odd shaped holes and cutouts may

be created. If used as a forging tool the dies can be many different shapes varying

from flat to various shapes that will mold the metal to the desired configuration.

1.1.2 BRIEF HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF SCREW PRESSES

The printing press machine Gutenberg (Johann Gensfleisch, c1400-68) of

Germany invented in 1400s was modified one from a wooden screw type press

machine for squeezing grapes and olive oil. This was exactly the root of the screw

2
presses and all press (stamping) machines, stamping inked print boards onto paper

with the screw mechanism (the terminology of “press” in printing and publishing

industry actually came from the same root). This is the type of machine to apply

static pressure (taking time compression).

Some screw press machines to perform hot forging by static pressure are exhibited

at some European Museum and is suspected that the machines were used to

produce steel doors and window hardware for European castles or churches in

medieval times.

The current forging screw press commonly used progressed as it was equipped

with flywheel (swinging) that availed to accumulate energy on the upper end of

the male screw axes. That manual rotating flywheel was very hard task and

eventually the improvement was made to rotate the flywheel all the time with

motive power by means of two rotate friction discs on the upper part of the

machine. A link lever alternatively contacts the flywheel covered with cowhide

right and left. This was the friction driven screw press, or so-called the friction

screw press.

Before the World War II (before 1945), the main stream was manual driven type

manipulated by an operator. Everything in slide movements of up and downward,

and stamping press power adjustment was relied on the operator's skill. After the

3
War, a method was employed in which the link lever was eliminated, and the

changes were made to hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder and push button or foot

switch by the control with electrical relay, in addition, a method of ram speed

control (press energy control) by detecting slide speed with encoder was

introduced. Also, many kinds of driving method have been innovated not only

friction clutch but also hydraulic motor type, AC motor type, etc. Since the drive

method for flywheel axis by servomotor has been introduced in market, the market

demand significantly shifted from friction drive to servomotor drive method based

on the superior performance , which resulted more than 80% of current products

becoming servo type.

Since the technological improvement and transition are so rapid, many machine

types are only touched in the history among the following description on each

screw press machine. The friction driven type of machine is already things of the

past and following types, (1) and (4) through (11) , have less or extremely rare of

production. The Vincent type, (6) , is servomotor driven in its driving type. Most

of the screw press machines employed as forging are limited to (12) and (14) in

the following:

Manual screw Press

(1)Hand Screw Press

4
(2) Vice (Self-made locking mechanism)

Friction Driven Type (Friction Screw Press)

(3)General Type

(4) Hasenclever Type

(Modified model with only friction clutch portion)

(5) Roll Driven Type (Roll driven instead of friction disc)

(6)Vincent Type (Vertical Upset Type)

(7)Double-Screw Type (A male screw has both CW thread and CCW thread

together. for both thread, 2 female screw eguipped.)

(8)Four disc Type(Two friction discs for slide down direction)

(9)Clutch Type (Male screw and flywheel contact through clutch)

Hydraulic Driven Type

(Hydraulic motor driven flywheel)

(10)General Type

(11)Twin-Screw Type (Two-screw axes type)

5
Direct Motor Driven Type

(The type, a flywheel becoming a motor core)

(12)General Type

Servomotor Driven Type

(13)Direct Axis Coupling Type (Ram speed, position and torque control method

without flywheel)

(14)Energy Control Type (Flywheel revolution control method)

(Formerly, C-frame was used, however, most machines are now using straight side

frame type.)

1.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Embossment on a cobbler’s leather is usually carried out with presses. Presses

operate by exerting pressure on the leather to be embossed. Depending on the type

of leather we are working with, we may press the dye with cold on a moistened

piece of leather with high pressure and heat to make the impression. Two types of

presses that are commonly used for this purpose are the screw type press and

hydraulic jack type. The screw press type is the most widely used due to its low

cost of production.

6
Improvement in the capacity of the screw – type press to be able to carry more

loads with reduction in the time taking for is embossment and therefore makes

more of its products available on time.

1.3 REQUIREMENT OF POWER SCREW

A power screw is employed to convert rotary motion in rectilinear motion. Power

screws is used as load drives to transmit large forces at comparatively low speed in

jack screw, screw presses and pressing screws. They are widely used in machine

tools, measuring instrument and machines for setting up, working and idle travel

that may require high precision.

The advantages of power screws include simple design high velocity ratio, self –

locking and possibility of producing it with high pitch accuracy. Among its

disadvantages is comparatively high friction in the thread with resulting rapid wear

and low efficiency.

Since power screw is applied in the design of screw – type presses, hence, its

limitations need to be checked in order to save a lot in man power and materials

replacement. This will reduce the cost of production and increase the productivity.

1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

7
The fly screw – type press that is being used for embossment on a cobbler’s

leather works can be classified into two:

(1) Those in which the machine press in which the ram is drawn up and down

by a screw. The screw shaft is driven by a handle or a wheel. It works by using a

coarse screw to convert the rotation of the handle or drive – wheel into a small

downward movement of greater force.

(2) Those in which the screw shaft is driven by a flywheel or paw of fly weight

at the ends of the bar. The wheel can either be cranked by hand or driven by a

motor using friction coupling.

Base on these two categories, several modifications have been made on power

screw in order to improve their service condition. Power screw with low friction,

which uses a ball between screw and nut. It one of the modification. The

mechanical advantage of power screw has been improved by using large screw

which brings about increase in linear screw movement and consequently operating

torque.

The analysis of this design focuses on adding to the improvement of the power

screw for more efficient and easier motion transmission.

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE DESIGN

8
The displacement of nut or screw depends on the pitch of their thread. very small

displacements require a very small pitch and this result in a weak thread. Any

increment on the pitch of thread brings about increase in the nut displacement

screw.

The project is aimed at designing power screw (fly press) that will create

embossment on a cobbler’s leather works at a faster rate of motion transmission

taking advantage of the cold deformation pressure of cobbler’s works.

Also, the design caters for

(1) Reduction in friction and wear.

(2) Reduction in applied effort

(3) Improvement in mechanical advantage

(4) More efficient and easily operated system

(5) Interchangeability of power screw of the system.

1.6 APPLICATION OF NEW IDEA

The two categories of fly screw press type for embossment on a cobblers leather

works that is described above is used in design analysis of this project. Therefore

relative motion between a bolt and a nut can be described as:

9
(1)The nut may turn and move axially along the bolt while the latter is stationary

(1) The bolt may turn about its axis and move axially while the nut is

stationary.

(2) The bolt may turn without axial motion while the nut does not turn but

move axially along the bolt.

Option (3) is adopted for this project.

10
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ANALYSIS OF MOTION TRANSMISSION BY POWER SCREW

Screw motion involves a system of joint to activate the desired function. This joint

system is a screw pair (or helical pair) in which only one degree of freedom is

available because the sliding and rotation are related to the helix angle of the

thread.

2.1 THREADS OF POWER SCREW

Screw threads are helix generated by either externally on rods or internally on

circular holes. Threads may be right-hand threads,which moves away from

operator when rotated clock wisely, whereas the nut on a left-hand thread moves

towards the operator when rotated clock wisely too. There are various forms of

threads, which are used based on the efficiency required. The efficiency of a

power screw depends on the profile angle of the thread. The larger the angle the

lower the efficiency

11
2.2 TYPES OF THREAD

(1) ACME THREAD: this is a modification of square thread, which allows

free movement of the mating thread but with lower efficiency. It is more easily

machined than the square thread. Its diagram is shown in figure 2.2

Acme thread will be adopted for motion transmission in this project due to its

advantages over other thread forms. However, its limitation is checked to some

extent for more efficiency motion transmission.

(2) VEE THREAD: This is used for transmission of small loads. It is generally

used only where accuracy of adjustment and low production cost is required and

the power demands are quite small.

(3) BUTTRESS THREAD: This is used when large forces act along the screw

axis in one direction only as shown in figure 2.3

It has higher efficiency and it is easily machined. It has limited use for power

transmission but used for light jack screw and vices.

(4) SQUARE THREAD: This is used for power transmission in either

direction. It provides maximum efficiency but difficult to be machined. It cannot

be easily compensated for wear. It is used in screw jack, presses and clamping

devices. Its diagram is as shown in figure 2.1

12
2.3 FORCES ACTING ON POWER SCREW

13
For any power screw, there is need of effort to raise or release a load from its

initial position. Fig 2.4(a) shows a typical square thread form with all its

components. The load to be raised or lowered is placed on the platform. Effort is

applied at the end of the lever arm in order to rotate the screw.

Figure 2.4(a) Typical Square Thread

Fig 2.4 typical square thread form

Helix Angle: is the angle between any helix and an axial line on its right, circular

cylinder or cone

14
Mean diameter: the meandiameter of the thread

Let P = Pitch of the screw

dm = Mean diameter of the screw

a= Helix angle

= Effort applied to lift the load

W = Load to be lifted

µ = Coefficient of friction between the screw and the nut

= TanØ, where Ø is the friction angle.

From geometry of figure 2.4(b)

= (1)

Applied Torque, T, at the end of level arm

= × = (2)

Where = length of the lever arm

= effort applied to turn the handle

2.4 RAISING OF LOAD

15
 The torque required to raise load by square thread screw can be deducted

from figure 2.4(b)

Figure 2.4(b) Forces acting in raising load

Summation of parallel forces = 0

cos = sin + (3)

Summation of perpendicular forces = 0

sin = − cos (4)

Substitute equation (4) into (3)

16
 cos = sin + { cos + sin }

= tan + + tan

= tan + sin

(1 − tan ) = (tan + )

tan +
=
1 − tan

= tan

= tan ( + ∅) (5)

If T1 is the torque required to overcome friction between the screw and the nut in

rising of load, then,

×
= ( ×∅)
(6)

2.5 LOWERING OF LOAD

The torque required to lower load by square threaded screw can be deducted from

fig 2.5

17
Fig 2.6 forces acting in lowering load

Summation of parallel forces = 0

cos = − sin (7)

Summation of perpendicular forces = 0

cos =− + cos

= cos − sin (8)

Substitute equation (8) into (7)

cos = ( cos − sin ) − sin

cos = − tan − tan

(1 + tan ) = ( − tan )
18
 ( )
= ( )

= tan ∅

= tan(∅ − ) (9)

If T is the torque require to overcome friction between the screw and the nut in

lowering of load, then,

= × = tan(∅ − ) (10)

2.6 OVERHAULING AND SELF LOCKING SCREWS.

Screws can be overhauled or self-locked depending on some design parameters.

This can be deducted from the expression for lowering of load by square threaded

screw given by equation (10).

Overhauling of screws occurs when Ø is lesser than (α) which gives a negative

expression for the torque required lowering the load. At this point, the load will

start moving downward without application of any torque.

Self-locking of screws occurs when Ø is greater than (α) which gives a positive

expression for the torque required to lower the load and at this point am effort is

required to lower the load.

19
For analysis of this design, it is ensured that the tangent of helix angle is lower

than the coefficient of friction so that an effort is always applied to the lower load.

2.7 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE AND VELOCITY RATIO

Mechanical advantage of power screw is

( )
. = ( )

×
, = × =

. =

= = { tan( + ∅)}

= tan( × ∅) (11)

Velocity ratio of power screw is,

Distance moved in 1 revolution by the effort (P1)

V. R =
Distance moved in 1 revolution by load (W)

20
 tan =

= tan

V. R = = (12)

2.8 EFFICIENCY OF SQUARE THREADED SCREW

The efficiency of power screw is the ratio of effort required to move the load

neglecting friction (ideal effort )to the effort required to move the load with

consideration of friction (actual effort.)

Efficiency, Eff = ideal effort = Po

Actual effort P

Where P = Wtan a (a + Ø) and Po = Wtan a

= (
= (
(13)
∅) ∅)

This equation shows that efficiency is independent of the applied load.

∅
Maximum efficiency of square threaded screw occurs if ∅ = 45° −

Hence, maximum efficiency is

21
 ∅
=
∅

For self – locking screw, Ø ≥ a hence, its efficiency is

∅
≤ (∅ ∅)

≤1 2− ∅ (14)
2

This expression shows that the efficiency is less than ½, otherwise the screw

becomes overhauling.

≤1 2

2.9 TRANSFORMATION OF SQUARE THREAD TO ACME THREAD

Since ACME thread is modification of square thread, hence all equations of square

threaded screw also hold good for ACME threads. Acme threads have thread

angle, β, which has a value of 14.5o

For acme thread to be equivalent to square thread,

= = tan ∅ (14)

Where µ3 = virtual coefficient of friction

22
 Ø = virtual friction angle

Therefore µ3 (i.e. tan Ø3) will be substituted in place of µ (i.e. tan Ø) in all the

expressions of square thread.

2.10 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

Screw and nut are made from a number of materials. Depending on application

condition, their materials are choosing in order to keep wear to a maximum. The

coefficient of friction depends on all factors that are considered for selecting screw

and nut.

Table 2.1 shows various values of coefficient of friction for steel and cast iron or

bronze nut under different conditions.

23
Table 2.1 coefficient of friction under different conditions

Conditions Average Coefficient Of Friction

Starting Running

1.High grade materials 0.14 0.10

and workmanship and

best running conditions

2. Average quality of 0.18 0.13

materials and

workmanship and average

running conditions.

3. Poor workmanship or 0.21 0.15

very slow and in frequent

motion within different

lubrication or newly

machined surface.

24
2.11 STRESSES IN POWER SCREWS

A power screw must have sufficient strength to withstand axial load and the

applied torque. The following types of stresses are induced in the screw.

Torsional shear stress: this is set up due to twisting moment experienced by the

screw. It is obtained by considering the minimum cross sectional area of the screw

(Ac) and the torque the torque transmitted by the screw, which is given by

× ( )
=

= ( )
(15)

Where dc = core diameter of the screw, since both torsional shear stress and direct

stress are present, hence, maximum shear stress theory is used

=1 2 ( )2 + 4 (16)

Therefore, maximum principal stress (tensile or compressive) is

( )=1 2 + ( )2 + 4 (17)

25
Direct tensile or compressive stress due to an axial load: this is obtained by

dividing the axial load(W)by the minimum cross sectional area of the screw (Ac)

Direct stress = = (18)

Where dc = core diameter of the screw. This is valid if the axial load is

compressive and the unsupported length of the screw between the load and nut is

short. However, if the unsupported length of the screw between load and nut is too

great. S.B Johnson’s formula is applied to find the cross sectional area

corresponding to core diameter.

= ×

= (19)

Where Wcr = critical load

y = yield stress

L = length of screw

K = least radius of gyration

C = End – fixity coefficient

26
 E = modulus of elasticity

c = stress is induced due to load W

Shear stress due to axial load: Axial load may cause the threads of screws at core

diameter and the threads of nut at major diameter to shear. Assuming uniformly

distributed load over the thread in contact.

Shear stress for screw, ( ) = (20)

And shear stress for unit, ( )= (21)

Where w = Axial load on the screw

n = Number of thread in engagement

= Core diameter of the screw

= Major diameter of the nut or screw

a = Thickness or width of thread

Bearing pressure: in power screws design, bearing pressure depends on material of

screw and nut, their relative velocity and the nature of lubrication. It must be

within limits in order to reduce wear of the screw and nut. The bearing pressure is

given by equation (22) basic on uniform distribution of load over the threads.

27
 = = (22)
[ ] [ ]

Where dm = Mean diameter screw.

n = number of threads in contact with the nut

n = height of nut/pitch of thread =

Table 2.2 shows limited value of bearing pressures for various material

combination and application.

28
Table 2.2 limiting values of bearing pressures

Materials Safe Rubbing

Application Bearing Speed at
Of Pressure thread
Screw Screw Nut (N/mm 2 pitch
) diameter

(1)Hand 17.5- Low Speed

Press Steel Bronze 24.5 Well
lubricated

(2)Screw Cast 12.6- Low Speed

Jack Steel Iron 17.5 <
2.4m/min

11.2- Low Speed

Steel Bronze 17.5 <
3m/min

(3) Cast- 4.2- Medium

Hoisting Steel iron 7.0 Speed 6-
Screw 12m/min

5.6- Medium
Steel Bronze 9.8 Speed 6-
12m/Min

(4) Lead 1.05- High Seed

Screw Steel Bronze 1.7 >
15m/min

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ANALYSIS OF MOTION TRANSMISSION BY THE PRESS

SYSTEM

29
 Power screws can be designed to transmit large force at fast speed. The fast

movement of screws may be achieved by using single star threads. Single star

thread involved the use of one parallel thread to reduce the ratio of screw rotation

to nut displacement. it reduces mechanical advantage but increase efficiency

because of increased helix angle. However, single thread require expensive

machining and the loss of self locking property. Meanwhile differential screw and

single screw are used for motion transmission in place of single star thread.

3.1 DIFFERENTIAL SCREW MOTION TRANSMISSION

This screw has one thread of the same hand in series. For every revolution, the

screw will move one pitch downwards the press bed.

Its arrangement is as shown in figure 3.1

30
If p = pitch of the screw

D =mean diameter of screw.

µ =coefficient of friction between the screw and nut.

μ =tan α,

α = helix angle of the screw

31
Then torque required to overcome friction at the screw

(∝ +∅) + ∅
= =
2 2 1− ∅

Total torque required to overcome friction at the thread surface.

= ×

Total torque required when there is no friction

= ∝
2

= ×
2

w(p)
=
2π

3.2 SINGLE SCREW MOTION TRANSMISSION

This screw is employed for fast motion transmission. its arrangement is similar to

the differential screw. their main difference is that the one thread of single screw

must always be opposite hand.

32
Figure 3.2 single screw arrangement

To allow for interchangeability of the power screw. This project adopt single

screw of the same pitch p helix angle a, and friction angle ø. Hence ,the total

torque required to overcome friction at the thread surfaces

= ×

= (∝ +∅)

since Acme thread is to be used for the thread

33
Where =

= (∝ +∅)-----------------------------(24)

where µ = µ/cos β = tan ø.

Total torque required when there is no friction

= ∝
2

p
=
π

unlike multiple thread screw with set back at large helix angle, single screw

maintains self- locking characteristic of screw.

3.3 COMPONENTS OF THE PRESS SYSTEM

The press system comprises of single screws nuts bearings, handles heads&

platforms. The description of each of the component parts is as follows.

Single screw:- one member of uniform single screw are required. The thread of

each screw should be uniform in the pitch and length.

34
Bronze nut sleeved into a nut block:- Right hand threaded nuts should be provided

for the screw. The uniformity of the nuts and that of the screw permits

interchangeability of one part for the other.

Bearings:- one unit of rolling contact ball thrust bearing is required to support that

die head.

Handle:- A rod is required for rotating the screws of the system.

Head:- the head is provided with one hole at right angles to accommodate the

handle for rotating the screw. A head with a handle is required for the screw.

Platform:- One number rectangular steel of uniform section with provision to

accommodate the female die.

3.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The process of embossing on a cobblers leather work by this press system is

quite simple and efficient. You set the required die, the female or the press bed,

the male on the press head then effort is applied at the turning bar (clock wisely)

initiating the turning of the screw to move longitudinally downward the male die

towards, the female die with the workplace in between and the applied force

sustain and then the right impression effect is created on the worker piece either

35
unrepeated basis or fixed and the work piece is released by antilock wisely turning

the screw.

36
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DESIGN CALCULATION FOR COMPONENT PARTS OF THE

PRESS SYSTEM

In the operation of the machine, several forces act in different direction. The

stresses that resulted from such force must be maintained below the allowable

stresses of the material of the system. If this is achieved, the press system will be

stable under the designed load. The dimension for each component part of the

machine can then be fixed.

4.1 DESIGN OF THE SCREW

The screw is to be made from medium carbon steel. The steel has ultimate

crushing stress of 320N/mm², yield stress (Ϭc) in compression of and shear

stress ( ) of .

The load was selected to be average human effort

×
( )= ( )
.

×
( )( = 2)
.

37
 (3.142) (32. 5) × 200
( )= × = 82968 = 82.968
4 2

Selected screw core diameter ( ) = 32.5 .

Selected stress diameter ( ) = 40 .

The thread height = 3.75 .

Pitch diameter =7

Therefore 82968N is the design deliverable by the press with reference to figure

2.3, other dimension of the ACME thread are:

7
= = = 2.6
2.7 2.7

= − 0.0052

= 2.6 − 0.0052

= 2.594

ℎ = 0.5 + 0.01

ℎ = 0.5(7) + 0.01

38
 = 3.51

Where (a) = thread thickness

(c)= root threads thickness

(h) = height of the thread

.
Screw mean diameter, ( )= =

= 36.25

7
tan = =
3.142 ×

7
= = 0.06145
3.142 × 36.25

= tan(0.06145) = 3.520

Where α = helix angle

4.2 DETERMINATION OF TORQUE REQUIREMENT.

Since ACME thread is the modification of square thread, hence all equation of the

square threaded screw also hold good for ACME thread. It has a threads angle B

which has a value of 14.5º

39
Total torque required to over come friction at the thread surface of the screw

= tan( + ∅)

ℎ tan ∅ =

= 14. 5 = 0.15( 2.1)

.
tan ∅ = = 0.155
.

∅ = tan (0.155) = 8.810

= tan( + ∅)

= 82968(36.25) tan(3.52 + 8.81)

= 65741381.2 /

= 65700 × 10 /

COMPRESSIVE STRESS ON THE SCREW DUE TO AXIAL LOAD

82968
6 = − = 99 /
3.142
× (32. 5)
4

SHEER STRESS ON THE SCREW DUE TO TORQUE

16 16 × 65741381.2
= + = 9752.2 /
( ) 3.142(32.5)
40
Maximum principal stress (compression)

1
6 (max) = 6 + (6 ) + 4( )
2

1
= 99 + (99) + 4(9752.2)
2

= 9801.8 /

All these values are save as the system application cannot be any way closer to

them

Maximum shear stress

1
( )= (6 ) + 4( )
2

1
= (99) + 4(9752.2)
2

= 9752.4 /

4.3 DESIGN OF THE NUT (number of thread (n) )

The nut is required to be made from phosphor bronze which has yield stress (Ϭ )

in compression to be 100N/mm² and sheer street (Ԏ) of 80N/mm². the bearing

pressure between this nut and its screw is obtained from table 2.2 as 17.5N/mm².

41
assume that the load is distributed uniformly over the cross- sectional area of the

nut, the bearing pressure Pb is

=
× (( ) −( ) )
4

=
× [( ) −( ) ]
4

82968
=
3.142
× 17.5 × (402 − 32.52)
4

= 11.10

When n is the number of thread in the nut the value n = 11.10 is the nominal value

of thread number. To allow for factor of safety. This value need to be multiplied

by certain values between 1 and 2 in order to obtain the design value.

Hence design value is n = 1.5 x 11 .10 =16.65threads

Height of nut = n x p = 16. 65 x7 = 116. 55mm

Shear stress induced in the screw is

( )=
. .

42
where a = thickness of the thread = 2.6mm

82968
( )=
3.142 × 16.65 × 32.5 × 2.6

= 18.77 /

Shear stress induced in the nut is

82968
( )= = = 15.25 /
. . 3.143 × 6.65 × 40 × 2.6

Since these maximum stresses are within limits of bearing pressure of the material

of the screw and nut (i.e Pb = 17.5N/mm²) hence, the design for nut is safe the

tearing strength of the nut is

6 ( )
6 = =
. × [( 1) − ( ) ]
4

Where D1 = outer diameter of the nut

82968
100 =
× { 1} − {40}
4

43
 82968
1 = + 40
3.142
100 ×
4

= 2656.24443

1 = √2656.2443

= 51.54

This value D1= 51.54mm is the nominal value. The design value is chosen as

1 = 51.54 × 2

= 100

4.4 DESIGN OF THE HANDLE

The maximum force that must be applied by an operator on the handle should not

exceed 300N. Total torque required over come friction at the thread surface is

Pl = T

Where p = maximum applied effort of 300N

L= length of the handle

= 65740 × 10 /

L Length of handle required is

44
 65740 × 10
= = = 219133.33
300

The practical length shall be a function of the applied force or our applied effort

(which is not to exceed 300N) to deliverable load of 82968N (1:276.56) to this end

the computed value is divided by 276.56.

Hence we have a value of 792mm long tommy bar

= 300 × 792

= 237.6 × 10

The handle should be made from medium carbon steel (i.e the same material as the

screw) with tensile yield stress of 200N/mm2 if this handle is of diameter D then

its bending moment is,

6
= × ×
32 .

237.6 × 10 = × ×

237.6 × 10 × 32
= = 24198.5996
100 × 3.142

= 28.92 = 29

45
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION

The analysis of this press system will reduce the tedious process of embossment

on a cobble leather work. This is because smaller effort is being applied to raise a

comparatively large load that bring about increase in mechanical

advantage.notwithstanding the period of application of such force is even small

due to fast speed of motion transmission. The most compliant component of the

machine is the screw because of its high cost of machining in order to save cost,

Acme thread form is used for its threading.

Wearing of threads that might have occurred has been greatly minimized by using

pins. During loading of the platform, the deflection that might occured. Would be

absorbed by the pins and thus protect both the screw and the nuts.

Meanwhile, this machine is expected to work for a long period of time with very

little or no material replacement. The threads of the power screw permit their

interchangeability. This will reduce the rate of wear on the threads that is

experiencing more wear before.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

46
New development needs to be introduced in manufacturing process in order to

increase productivity. The previous method of embossment on a cobbler leather

work should be replaced with modern one. If this machine is adopted in shoe

industries, it will increase the quantity of output of shoe product.

The operation of the machine requires an operation. However the rotation of the

screw is by mechanical means. This rotation could still be achieved with an

electric motor.

The efficiency of the system could have been increased if square thread is used for

the threading of the screw.

Hence, further modification of this machine for more efficient and cost reduction

will be highly appreciated.

47
 REFERENCE

(1) kurmi R.S and J.K Gupta (2004) ‘ A text book of machine Design’’ 2nd

Edition, Eurasia Publishing House (PUT) LTD RAM Nagar new Delhi pp 559-

606.

(2) Raymond F.N ‘Applied strength of material’’ John Willey and Son, New York,

pp 304- 321.

(3) Richard M.P (1957) fundamental of mechanical design’’ 3rd edition mc Graw –

Hall inc- new York, pp95- 100, 146- 148.

(4) Robert H.C (1968) ‘machine Design’ 2nd Edition, Addision- Wesley publishing

company, inc pp 277 – 286.

(5) Dorbrovolsky V. and Zablonsky K. (1968) ‘machine Element’ Mir publisher

Moscow, pp 419 – 423.

(6) Collins J.A (1981)a ‘ failure of material in mechanical Design (analysis

prediction and prevention)’’ 1st Edition John Wiley and Son, new York, pp 559 –

574.

48
 APENDIX 1

BASIC DIMENSION FOR ACEM THREADS

Nominal or major Minor or core Pitch (e) mm Area of core (Ac)

diameter (do) mm diameter (dc) mm mm2

30 23.5 434
32 25.5 6 511
34 27.5 594
36 29.5 683

38 30.5 731
40 32.5 830
42 34.5 7 935
44 36.5 1045
46 37.5 1704

48 39.5 1221
50 41.5 8 1353
52 43.5 1486

55 45.5 1626

58 48.5 9 1847
60 50.5 2003
62 52.5 2165

49
 APENDIX II

PRINCIPAL DIMENSION FOR RADIAL BALL BEARINGS

Bearing Bore(mm) Outside Diameter Width (mm)

dimensions

204 20 47 14
304 52 15
404 72- 19

205 25 52 15

305 62 17
405 80 21

206 30 62 16
306 72 19
406 90 23

207 35 72 17
307 80 21
407 100 25

208 40 80 18
308 90 23

408 100 27

209 45 85 19
309 100 25
409 120 29

50