Chapter 3 - Supplemental Exercises - Answers 1

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CHAPTER 3 - MORPHOLOGY - SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES

Intuitive Knowledge of Word Structure

This exercise lends itself to group work. It focuses students attention on their knowledge of the
underlying morphological system that enables them to create new words from nonsense words.

1. glubbify, glub
2. glubber
3. glubbish
4. glubbishly
5. glubbiphobe

Dividing Words Into Meaningful Units

The parts of speech are indicated below, although at this point students are expected only to
recognize independent words.

1. under# score
{under} is a preposition meaning below
{score} is a verb meaning to mark with lines

2. re# form
{re-} means repetition of a stated action (redo)
{form} is a verb meaning to shape or mold

3. dark# en
{dark} is an adjective meaning without light
{-en} creates verbs from adjectives (deepen)

4. coward# ly
{coward} is a noun meaning one who lacks courage
{-ly} creates adjectives from nouns (friendly)

5. child# ish
{child} is a noun meaning a person between birth and puberty
{-ish} creates adjectives meaning having the quality of (foolish)

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6. dough# nut# s
{dough} is a noun meaning a mixture of flour and liquids that is baked
{nut} is a noun meaning a hard-shelled, one cell fruit
{-s} indicates that a noun is plural (car/cars)

7. non# believe# er
{non-} changes the meaning of a word to its negative (nonstarter)
{believe} is a verb meaning to accept as true
{-er} creates a noun meaning one who does (scribbler)

8. clue# less
{clue} is a noun meaning anything that guides in the solution of a problem
{-less} creates adjectives meaning free of (heedless)

9. dis# approve# al
{dis-} changes the meanings of verbs to their opposite (disappear)
{approve} is a verb meaning to regard favorably
{-al} creates nouns from verbs (removal)

10. un# fashion# able

{un-} changes the meaning of a word to its opposite (unlikely)
{fashion} is a noun meaning the current style
{-able} is from the adjective able, meaning capable of

11. re# ignite# ed

{re-} means repetition of a stated action (reassure)
{ignite} is a verb meaning to cause to burn
{-ed} indicates the past tense of a verb (walk/walked)

12. de# class# ify

{de-} indicates reversal or undoing
{class } is a noun meaning a division by quality, rank, or grade
{-ify} creates verbs from nouns and adjectives (terrify, falsify)

Dividing Words Into Morphemes

1. Fred# find# s# the# old# elevat# or# un# bear# able.

2. The# manag# er# listen# ed# im# patient# ly# as# the# clerk# s# claim# s# be# came# increas#
ing# ly# in# cred# ible

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Chapter 3 - Supplemental Exercises - Answers 3
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Meanings of the Present Tense

1. A - A regular activity assumed to occur in the past, the present, and the future

2. D - Something that will occur in the future

3. E - Something that occurs at an indefinite time

4. B - Something in a narrative that occurred in the past but is told as though it were
happening in the present

5. A - A regular activity assumed to occur in the past, the present, and the future
E - Something that occurs at an indefinite time

6. CC - Both verbs indicate something that is continuously ongoing in the past, present, and
future.

7. C - Something that is continuously ongoing in the past, present, and future

D or E - Something that will occur in the future or that occurs at an indefinite time

8. BB - Both verbs indicate something in a narrative that occurred in the past but is told as
though it were happening in the present.

Past Tense and Past-Participle Morphemes

1. thought, thought
2. sank, sunk
3. blinked, blinked
4. swept, swept
5. bleeped, bleeped
6. burned/burnt, burned/burnt
7. turned, turned
8. swam, swum
9. trimmed, trimmed
10. hit, hit
11. gritted, gritted
12. sat, sat

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Adding Inflectional Morphemes

1. Noun The concretes surface was very rough.

2. Verb I reconciled my checkbook last month.

3. Noun Only a few stars are visible when the moon is bright.
Verb Johnny Depp has starred in many movies.

4. Noun Well have three tables of bridge tonight.

Verb The committee tabled the motion after a long discussion.

5. Noun They keep soft drinks in their refrigerator during the summer.
Verb Barbara drank water constantly while working out.

6. Adjective You can drop me off at the far corner.

Adverb His robot didnt go far before it ran off the road and fell into a ditch.

7. Verb Joe freed the dog from its leash when they reached the park.
Adjective I have never felt freer in my life.

8. Noun Hell be wearing 28 longs before winter.

Verb The service men and women longed to spend Thanksgiving at home.
Adjective June 6, 1944, has been called The Longest Day.
Adverb Jimmy balanced the ball on his nose longer than anyone else.

Distinguishing Between Bound and Free Morphemes

1. {fore-} bound derivational prefix meaning before in time (forecast)

{shadow} free base

2. {dis-} bound derivational prefix indicating negation (disunite)

{approve} free base
{-al} bound derivational noun-making suffix meaning act or process (refusal)

3. {hyphen} free base

{-ate} bound derivational verb-making suffix meaning to apply (pollinate)

4. {techno-} bound base meaning concerned with technology

{-crat} bound derivational suffix meaning a participant or supporter (democrat)

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5. {be-} bound derivational verb-making prefix meaning to cause a condition to

exist (becalm)
{stir} free base

6. {en-} bound derivational verb-making prefix meaning to put into or on

(encompass)
{throne} free base
{-ment} bound derivational noun-making suffix meaning state or action
(government)

7. {marvel} free base

{-ous} bound derivational adjective-making suffix having or possessing
(odorous)

8. {en-} bound derivational prefix meaning in or within (encase)

{close} free base
{-ure} bound derivational noun-making suffix indicating act or process
(indenture)

Words Unable to Accept Morphemes

1. fast accepts inflectional suffixes (as a verb, fasts/fasted; as an adjective or

adverb faster/fastest)

2. quite cannot accept change

3. river accepts inflectional suffixes (rivers)

4. might cannot inflect, but accepts derivational suffixes (mighty)

5. backward accepts derivational suffixes (backwards)

6. cook accepts derivational (cookery) and inflectional suffixes (cooks, cooked)

7. attractive accepts derivational (attractively)

8. among cannot accept change

9. imagine accepts derivational affixes (unimaginable, imaginability)

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REVIEW EXERCISES

Morphological Analysis

1. {bag} free base meaning pouch-like container

{-age} bound derivational suffix meaning relationship or pertaining to
(parentage)

2. {style} free base meaning sort or kind

{-ist} bound derivational suffix meaning a person skilled in a special field
(physicist)
{-ic} bound derivational suffix meaning characteristic of (mythic)

3. {in-} bound derivational prefix meaning not (ineligible)

{digest} free base meaning to assimilate food
{-ion} bound derivational suffix meaning an act or process (revision)

4. {semi-} bound derivational prefix meaning partial or half (semicircle)

{conduct} free base meaning to direct the course of
{-or} bound derivational suffix meaning something that performs the action
(operator)

5. {out} free base meaning away from inside

{side} free base meaning an area separated from another

6. {grump} free base meaning a cranky person

{-y} bound derivational adjective-making suffix (rainy)
{-est} bound inflectional suffix indicating the superlative

7. {paint} free base meaning to cover with a liquid used as a decorative coating
{-er} bound derivational suffix meaning person who performs an action
(wrestler)
{-ly} bound derivational suffix creating adjectives from nouns (brotherly)

8. {margin} free base meaning an edge or border

{-al} bound derivational suffix indicating connection with (adjectival)
{-ize} bound derivational verb-making suffix meaning to cause to become
(idolize)

9. {in-} bound derivational prefix meaning not (ineligible)

{capable} free base meaning having the ability
{-ity} bound derivational suffix indicating a state or quality (authenticity)

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10. {re-} bound derivational prefix meaning repetition of a previous action

(reapply)
{deploy} free base meaning to spread out troops
{-ment} bound derivational noun-making suffix meaning indicating action or state
(appeasement)

11. {un-} bound derivational prefix meaning not (unfair)

{de-} bound derivational prefix meaning undo (deselect)
{cipher} free base meaning code
{-able} bound derivational suffix meaning capable of (arguable)

12. {house} free base meaning residence

{hold} free base meaning something held
{-er} bound derivational suffix meaning person who performs the action
{-s} bound inflectional suffix indicating the plural

Inflectional Morphemes

is verb present tense (third person singular)

smallest adjective superlative
states noun possessive
growing verb present participle
is verb present tense (third person singular)
keeping verb present participle
becoming verb present participle
gardeners noun plural
Its A contraction of two words: the pronoun It and the verb is (present tense, third
person singular)
crops noun plural
vegetables noun plural
have verb present tense (plural)
lacked verb past participle
faster adverb comparative
days noun plural
fruits noun plural
reported verb past tense
cabbages noun plural
grew verb past tense
were verb past tense (plural)
had verb past tense
been verb past participle
chilled verb past participle

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exploded verb past tense

rose verb past tense
said verb past tense
was verb past tense (singular)
bigger adjective comparative
records noun plural
holds verb present tense (third person singular)
has verb present tense (third person singular)
produced verb past participle
was verb past tense (singular)
largest adjective superlative
weighed verb past tense
grown verb past participle

Practical Applications - New Coinages

1. wikipedia an interactive web-based encyclopedia

{wiki} + {-pedia}, as in encyclopedia

2. wiktionary an interactive web-based dictionary

{wiki} + {-tionary}, as in dictionary

3. wikiblog an interactive web log

{wiki} + {blog} (a compound word)

4. wikitorial a short-lived L.A. Times interactive web-based editorial page

{wiki} + {-torial}, as in editorial

5. wikify, wikiate

6. wikster, wikimaniac, wikiac

7. wikisphere, wikidom, wikiverse

8. bliki, bloki

9. linki, liki, cliki