12.1.

1 Compount Events and Odds

1) The probabilities of events A, B, and A (upsidedown U) B are given.

a. Find P(A U B)
i. P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A updside down U B)
b. Odds in favor and odds against A
i. P(A):P(A) where P(A) are the odds of A NOT OCCURING
ii. Odds against opposite of odds of something occurring (switch numbers)
2) Sample space is partitioned into E1,E2,E3,E4 such that
a. Find P(E4)
i. P(E4)=1-(P(E1)+P(E2)+P(E3))
b. Find odds in favor of E4 occuring
i. P(E4):1-P(E4)
3) A car is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards
a. Find the odds against drawing a seven or a Red King
i. 4 Sevens + 2 Red Kingss equal 6 total
ii. Odds against 52-6:6 (simplified 23:3)
b. Odds in favor of drawing a seven AND a red king
i. Impossible, so odds 0:1
4) If the odds against S occurring are 7:6 then find P(S) and P(S)
a. P(S)=6/(7+6), use the 6 on top because they gave you odds against
b. PS)=7/13 (remaining part of fraction)
5) A milk display case at a grocery store is stocked with cartons of regular milk and soy
milk, in both normal calorie and light calorie options. The number of cartons of each
type is divided according to the following table.
a. Find P(R upside down N) and P(R U N)
i. R upside down N equals Regular and Normal Call
ii. P(R U N)=P(R)+P(N)-P(R upside down N)
b. Same procedure for L upside down S and P(L U S)
c. Odds of Regular occurring
i. # of regular: 1-non regular
d. Odds against L occurring
i. P(L):P(L)
e. Odds in favor of R upside down L Occuring
i. Odds of R and L
f. Odds agains S U N occurring
g. P(S U N)= P(S)+P(N)-P(S upsidedown N)
6) A poll of 229 students at a university reveals that 80 are taking lab science course, and
43 are members of the honors college, while 10 are taking a lab science and are
members of the honors college. Let L= the event that a student is taking a lab science,
and H = the event that a student is a member of the honors college.
a. Venn Diagram
i. P(L) and P(L upside down H) and explain
1. P(L)= n(L)/n(S)
 2. Make sure to use TOTAL in lab science, including those in both
ii. P(L upside down H)=n(L upside down H)/n(S)
iii. In lab and NOT in H
7) Shoppers at Pageturners bookstore are tracked with the following results: 41% visit the
periodicals sections, 50% visit the fiction section, 23% visit the childrens section.
Furthermore, 19% visit the periodicals and fiction section, 14% visit the periodicals and
childrens section, 14% visit the childrens and fiction section, and 8% visit all three
sections. A shopper is randomly chosen.
a. Explicitly stated
i. P(P)
ii. P(F)
iii. P(C)
iv. P(P upside down F)
v. P(P upside down C)
vi. P(F upside down C)
vii. P(P Upside down F upside down C)

12.2 Combinatorics: The multiplication principle and factorial notation.

1) At a computer store the costumer is considering 6 different computers, 10 different

monitors, 9 different printers, and 4 different scanners.
2) You need to arrange six of your favorite book along a small shelf. How many
different ways can you arrange the book?
3) In an experiment on social interaction, 9 people will sit in 9 rows.
a. Use whatever number they give you and factorial it
4) A room contains 6 people each of a different age. The people leave the room in a
random order one at a time. What is the probability they leave in ascending order of
their ages?
5) A true false test consists of 6 questions.
6) Radio stations in a certain country use a sequence of 4 or 4 letters as their station
identification call letters.
a. Write the expression 4*26*26, then simplify
b. 4*26^3
c. add 3 and 4 letter combos
d. (4*25*24)/(4*26*26) for 3 letters all different
7) the combination to a lock consists of a sequence of three numbers in the range 0-37
a. no two numbers the same: 38*37*37
b. all three numbers different: 38*37*36
c. probability of three different numbers: part b / (38^3)
d. at least one repeated number: 1-p(all different numbers)
12.3 Permutations and distinguishable arrangements
1) A club with fourteen members is to choose three different offices: president, vice
president and secretary treasurer.
- nPr= n!/(n-r)!
2) How many ways can five numbers be arranged around a circle
-(n-1)!
3)how many ways can five people be stead around a circular table if dave is always
immediately to the right of Pete
-(n-2)!
4) find the number of distinguishable permutations of the letters in the word INDIANA
-(total number of letters)!/(first letter! * Second letter!*Third Letter!....)
5) in how many ways can the expression a^2b^4c^3 be rewritten as a product without
exponents?
-9!/(2!4!3!)
12.4 Combinations and the Binomial Theory
1) An election ballot asks voters to select four four city commissioners from a group of
thirteen thirteen candidates. In how many ways can this be done?
- nCr= n!/(n-r)!r!
2) Jeanne makes floral arrangements. She has 13 different cut flowers and plans to use 4
of them. How many different selections of the 4 flowers are possible?
-n=13, r=4, nCr
3)Determine the total number of subsets of the set of letters from the English alphabet
{a,b,c.k)
-2^n where n is the number of letters in the set
4) Evaluate (7 0) + (7 1)+(7 2).
-7 choose 0 + 7 choose 1..
5) At Technodynamics Inc. a randomly selected hiring committee of 5 people is formed
from a group of 7 employees in marketing and 8 employees in management.
-Probability exactly 2 from marketing (7 choose 2)*(8 choose 3)/(10 choose 3)
-At least 1 from MKT
-1-(8 choose 5)/(Total)
-At most 1 from MGT
-0 in MGT+1 in MGT
12.5 Conditional Probability and the Hypergeome
1) Suppose that E and F are events such that n(E)=25, n(F)=14, n(E UD F)=3
-P(E|F)= (E UD F)/(F)
-P(F|E)= (F UD E)/(E)
2) The probabilities of events E, F, and E UD F are given below E=0.7,F=0.6,E&F=0.5
-Find P(E|F)= P(E&F)/P(F)=0.5/0.6
-Find P(F|E)= P(E&F)/(P(E))=0.5/0.7
-Find P(E|F)=(P(E)-P(E&F))/(P(F)=(0.7-0.5)/0.4
-Find P(F|E)=(P(F)-P(F&E))/P(E)=(0.6-0.5)/0.3
 3) Two fair 6-sided dice are rolled. Let A= the event that the dice add to 11, and let B=
the event that the dice add to an odd number. Find P(A|B) and P(A|B)
-P(A|B)= n(A UD B)/n(B)=2/18=19
-P(A|B)=0 bc cant get 11 if doesnt add up to odd number
4) Two fair six-sided dice are rolled. Let A= the event that the dice add to 6, and let C=
the even that the dice show the same number. Find P(C|A) and P(C|A)
-P(C|A)=n(C UD A)/n(A) showing same number and sum not equal to 6 (5) / not same
number (31) ..5/31
-P(C|A) (not showing same number and some not equal to 6)divided by (sum not equal
to 6)=26/31
5)Let P(E)=0.45, P(F)=0.32, and P(EUF)=.51
-Find P(E|F)= P(A UD B)/P(B)
-A U B= A+B-A UD B
-Find P(F|E)=P(E UD F)/P(E)
6) In a batch of 26 pedometers, 3 are believed to be defective. A quality control
engineer randomly selects 4 units to test. Let random variable X= the number of
defective units that are among the 4 units tested.
-Probability mass function= (3 c X)(26-3 c 4-x)/(26 c 4)
-As an ordered pair: fill in for x=0,1,2,3
-P(X=1) fill in 1 for x, exactly one of the 4 pedometers is defective
-P(X>=1), add x=1,2,3, at least one of the 4
7) A pharmaceutical company gives 23 subjects a new antihistamine, and gives 23 other
subjects a placebo. Afterwards 8 of the 46b selected at random to be studied further.
- (23 c x)(23 c 8-x)/(46 c 8)
-Follow steps from above
8) Use the test for independence to determine if events A and B are independent.
-Independent if P(A)*P(B)=P(A UD B)
9) Assume A and B are independent events with
-A UD B = A*B
- A U B=A+B-A*B
-A UD B= (1-A)(1-B)
-A UD B=(1-A)(B)
-A UD B=(A)(1-B)
12.6 Independent events, Bernoulli Trials
1) The number of types of parking tickets for an afternoon are shown to the right. Let M
be the event that the ticket was for an expired meter, D, that the ticket was for double
parking, E, that the ticket was issued on Elm Street, F that the ticket was issued on First
St.
a) Find P(E)=n(E)/n(S)
b) Find P(M)=n(M)/n(S)
c) Find P(E|M)= n(E UD M)/n(M)
d) Find P(M|E)=n(M UD E)/n(E)
e) Ind if P(M|E)=M and P(E|M)=E
 10.3 Discrete probability
1) A spinner marked off in three equal-sized regions, numbered 7,8, and 9, is spun twice.
Let the random variable X be the higher value resulting from 2 spins.
a) How is f(x)=P(X=x) calculated?
Divide the number of outcomes where X=x by the number of possible
b) Find the cumulative probability function, F, and draw its graph
-Add up the probabilities and make sure they add up to 1
c) Find f(8) and F(8)
-f(8) probability of getting a 8 as the higher value from two spins
-F(8) represents probability of getting a number less than or equal to 8 as
higher value from two spins
d) Find 1-F(8)
-Represents probability of getting a number greater than 8 as the higher
value
1) 50 people were asked how much they paid for the last smartphone app they
purchased. These data were collected. Let the random variable X be the price for the
app, and let f(x)=P(X=x) be the probability mass function based on the result of this
survey.
a) Write f as a set of ordered pairs
-Take the number at an individual price and divide by the total number
e) Find mu ---- take price* number of people for all values and divide by total ppl
2) Approximately 1 person in 10 is left handed. Suppose a group of 30 people is
randomly chosen let random variable X = the number of people in the group who are
left handed.
-P(X=7)=(30 c 7)(0.1)^7(0.9)^23
-Probability that exactly 7/30 are left handed
-Find P(X<=5), P(X=0,1,2,3,4,5), at most 30 people
-Find P(>=2)=1-(P(X=0)+P(X=1)), at least 2 of 30
-Find formula to find mu. Mu=n*p where n is the number of Bernoulli trials
-expected left-handed people out of 30
-P(X=mu)=(30 c 3)(0.1)^3(0.9)^27
-exactly mu of 30 people are lefty
3) (see above steps) at kirks audio emporium, 15% of the customers buy and extended
warranty for their items. For a randomly chosen group of 20 customers, let the random
variable X = the number of customers who buy an extended warranty.

10.5 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and the Normal Distribution

1) ln2/k